Life on the margins: the inequality of food and nutrition securityFOOD AND NUTRITION (IN)SECURITY

PowerPoint presentation by Médecins Sans Frontières / Doctors Without

Borders (MSF) UKSchools Team: Mary Doherty and Severa von Wentzel

January 2014

FOOD AND NUTRITION (IN)SECURITY

Food security and insecurity

Food security: a situation that exists when all people, at all times, have physical, social and economic access to sufficient, safe and nutritious food that meets their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life. Based on this definition, four security dimensions can be identifies: food availability, economic and physical access to food, food utilisation and stability over time.

Food insecurity A situation that exists when people lack secure access to sufficient amounts of safe and nutritious food for normal growth and development and an active and health life. IT may be caused by the unavailability of food, insufficient purchasing power, inappropriate distribution or inadequate use of food at the household level. Food insecurity, poor conditions of health and sanitation and inappropriate care and feeding practices are the major causes of poor nutritional status. Food insecurity may be chronic, seasonal or transitory.Clip on food insecurity http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=z76ljy6uNZkSource: FAO “Undernourishment around the world”, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0876e/i0876e02.pdf; Source:http://www.unscn.org/files/Statements/Bdef_NutCC_2311_final.pdf

Nutrition securityNutrition security is a tributary of food security. People need enough to eat and they need enough of the right kind of foods when they need them. That is, nutrient needs are met for each individual according to their needs, and nutrient needs vary through the life cycle. • Since the nutritional needs vary by age, gender, whether

pregnant/breast feeding , nutrition security must be analysed either individual by individual or at least by vulnerable group: pregnant and breast feeding women, infants 0-6 months, infants 6-23 months, adolescent girls, adolescent boys to a lesser extent, and individuals with chronic illness.

• Vulnerability is both socio-economic (less economic power) and physiologic (higher nutrient demands): for example, a poor 18-month-old child is more vulnerable than a poor 18-year-old adult.

• Nutrition security combines food security with sanitary environment, adequate health services and proper care and feeding practices.

Dimensions of food security (FAO)

Further info and source: FAO “Undernourishment around the world”, ftp://ftp.fao.org/docrep/fao/012/i0876e/i0876e02.pdf; An introduction to the basic concepts of Food Security http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/al936e/al936e00.pdf

Food security is a complex concept. It has four pillars and many indicators. There are complex correlations between the many parameters.

Food Security Risk

contents

• The Maplecroft Food Security Risk Index measures quality and safety, affordability and availability.

• The Food Security Index map is similar to the Maplecroft. • The Famine Early Warning Systems Network works at a finer

scale than Maplecroft.

Further info• “Food is the ultimate security need, new map shows”

http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/damian-carrington-blog/2011/aug/31/food-security-prices-conflict#

• About FEWS: http://www.fews.net/docs/special/fews-net-brochure-en.pdf)

Maps• Maplecroft Map Risk Index 2013

http://reliefweb.int/map/world/world-food-security-risk-index-2013

• Food security Index map 2013 http://www.guardian.co.uk/global-development/graphic/2012/oct/10/food-security-risk-index-map

• Interactive chart: http://foodsecurityindex.eiu.com/Index

Maplecroft Food Security Risk Index

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FAO food security dimensions • The dimensions are still framed as a problem of under-

consumption, an outdated paradigm, rather than one of growing malnutrition where hunger and obesity are the same side of the coin.

• Utilisation does refer to health in the sense of nutrition, but the dimensions do not mention the environment or sustainability.

• Major reports* on food security do mention the environment and sustainability and share a common sense of urgency about environmental, economic, socio-cultural trends and pressures, but write little on health.*E.g., IAASTD/World Bank & FAO (2008); Chatham House (2008); FAO HighLevel Task Force (2008); French Agrimonde (2010); UK Foresight (2011)

Source: “Food Security and Sustainability: One Can’t Make an Omelette Without Cracking Some Eggs” http://vimeo.com/24914046

Availability Access

Utilisation Stability

FOOD

Eco-nutrition securityThere is growing recognition that the international focus should move from food security not just to nutrition

security, but ultimately to eco-nutrition security. The term and concept captures the relationship between food, human

health, environment, agriculture and economic development.

Eco-nutrition focuses on • Total diet• Verifiable standards• Sustainability• Seasonality • Full-cost accounting including the economic, social and

environmental costs

Food security modelwith ecology and sustainability

Source: Oshaug, A and L.Haddad “Nutrition and Agriculture”, http://www.unsystem.org/scn/Publications/foundation4dev/06Agriculture.pdf

Model about how to provide the food, water and energy to sustain human health and social well-being whilst sustaining resources and the environment

Factors affectingfood security and sustainability

Direct causes Indirect root causes

Economic

Price volatilityExternalised costs (cost of production or consumption off loaded onto third party)Energy reliance

Socio-cultural

Aspirations for more: rise of middle classes and changed food tastesInequalitiesGlobalisation

Environmental

Natural disasters (e.g., floods, drought), Land useBiodiversity:Water

Climate change

Health

Malnutrition, non-communicable diseases, health care costs

Action for students: Place and group factors in the table. Some may fit more than one cause. Population growth; Inequality of: income, access, gender; Infrastructure and servicesHealthcare; Land security / tenure (e.g. land grabs); Source of food supply, food stocks, hoarding, waste; Governance, corruption, debt repayments, trade restrictions and subsidies; Conflict, IDPs, refugees; Degradation, desertification, deforestation, overcropping, overgrazing, urban sprawl, pests, pollution; The slides on factors of the global food crisis may be helpful.Source: IAASTD / World Bank & FAO (2008) ; Source: “Food Security and Sustainability: One Can’t Make an Omelette Without Cracking Some Eggs”

http://vimeo.com/24914046; Edexcel Student Guide Unit 4, Option 3; http://www.edexcel.com/migrationdocuments/GCE%20New%20GCE/Unit-4-Option-3-Life-on-the-margins-Food-supply-problem-final.ppt.

Challenges to food and nutrition supply and security• Demographic challenges - Population growth, urbanisation, insecurity

and conflict stemming from urban areas and mostly from developing countries will mean more demand for better food and need for good infrastructure and good governance (institutions, government capacity, security of property rights, functioning legal and tax system)

• Climate change is affecting food production patterns and may place regions and countries most vulnerable to food insecurity at even greater risk. Need for ecosystem perspective.

• Agriculture and bio fuel, a transport fuel made from biomass. US and EU mandates for ethanol production have contributed to increasing demands and are likely to continue pushing up food prices as they divert crops toward the production of fuel. Bio fuel has become more competitive player as a producer of energy and alternative outlet for agricultural production because of rising oil prices and concern for fuel emissions (Kyoto protocol).

• Food prices have been notably higher since 2000 than in the previous two decades, They continue to be volatile. Volatility and higher food prices lead poor households to consume food of lower nutritional value, entrenching them in a cycle of poor nutrition.

Further info on policy responses to food price volatility: http://www.fao.org/fileadmin/templates/cfs/Docs1011/FVP/CFS_FVP_Policy_Responses.pdf

Source: http://www.who.int/pmnch/media/press_materials/pr/2012/201205_g20_watch/en/index4.html

Food insecurity factors in the UK (1)

Source: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/pdf/food-assess100105.pdf

Food insecurity factors in the UK (2)

Source: http://archive.defra.gov.uk/foodfarm/food/pdf/food-assess100105.pdf

Food insecurity factors in the drylands

According to the UN Convention to Combat Desertification

Internal drivers:• Inherent poor soil• Water scarcity• Land degradation• Low growth on

agricultural yields• Population growth• Poverty• Gender • Malnutrition

Worsening factors:• High prices on the

commodity market• Lack of investment• Governance issues and

land grabbing• Lack of regional

cooperation and conflicts

• Migration • Climate change

Further info and source: http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/Thematic-Priorities/Food-Sec/Pages/Internal-factors.aspx

Food security mind map

Action for students: Create your own mind map of all issues involved at global and local scales in food security using the previous slides for reference. • Discuss food insecurity as chronic, temporary, sporadic or seasonal,

rare/common to compare areas in terms of their vulnerability to food insecurity.

• Discuss why socio-economic factors often exert a very significant impact on the geography of food security; often more so than climate, soil or geographical factors?

• Explain why drylands can be food insecure, but also can be food secure and give examples.

Note for students: The Jan 2010 exam question asked students to discuss management strategies at ‘all scales’ Examiners commented there was a lack of awareness of what is meant by ‘all scales’ Make sure you are aware!

More equitable regional and global trade

* Accountability making use of information to hold decision-makers to account for their actions and promises.Source: IAASTD Factsheet http://www.globalonenessproject.org/sites/default/files/downloads/IAASTD%20Fact%20Sheet.pdf

• To meet the food and livelihood security needs of developing countries, establish more equitable regional and global trade arrangements to enable rural communities and developing countries;

• To address global equity and biodiversity issues, revise intellectual property laws toward a more equitable system with recognition of farmers’ rights to save and exchange seeds;

• To improve corporate accountability* and help ensure that public sector research responds to public interest goals, enforce strong codes of conduct to guide public-private partnerships;

• To help break up the monopoly control of the food system, establish and strengthen international competition rules and anti-trust regulations; to enforce labour standards and regulation

• To strengthen local and regional food systems, establish local policy councils.

DISASTERS:NATURAL AND MAN-MADE

Humanitarian emergencies

Humanitarian emergencies are likely to affect more people in the coming decades for many reasons,

including • Rapid population growth, particularly in disaster-prone

areas.• Continued mass urbanisation, often unplanned and

unsafe.• Climate change and climate-related disasters because

of its effects on sea levels, global rainfall and storm patterns – an estimated 375 million people will be affected every year by 2015 compared to 263 million in 2010.

Hazard, Disaster or Emergency

• A hazard is natural or human-made event that adversely affects human life, property or activity. Meteorological hazards make up most of the natural hazard events. In addition to the rise in weather-related natural hazards, more reporting thanks to better communication may make it seem like the frequency and destruction of natural hazards and disasters are increasing more than they actually are.

• “A disaster is an occurrence disrupting the normal conditions of existence and causing a level of suffering that exceeds the capacity of adjustment of the affected community.”(WHO/EHA 2002)

• Impacts can be direct or indirect; short or long-term; tangible or intangible; negative or positive.

• Caused by the impacts of disasters, whether man-made, natural or both, humanitarian emergencies call for urgent and immediate relief or aid. The can be complex with multiple effects and impacts. Impacts can be physical, social or economic.

Source: http://www.ifpri.org/blog/price-spikes-volatility-and-global-food-markets

Impact of natural hazards on food security compounded by human factors

THE IMPACT OF CLIMATE CHANGEON FOOD SECURITY

Climate change

Image DOHA: http://2.bp.blogspot.com/-JC9RaD_Ybn4/ULQuZzrggOI/AAAAAAAABpo/oy2bLbqhku4/s1600/COP+18CMP8-4.jpg; Image Falling off the scale http://www.economist.com/news/science-and-technology/21574461-climate-may-be-heatingup-less-response-greenhouse-gas-emissions

The negative impact of climate change on food security

Climate change has wide-ranging impacts, including on water resources, agriculture and food security. It affects food and nutrition security in that it makes:

• Natural disasters more frequent and intense• Water scarcer and harder to access

– Changing rainfall patterns are likely to cause severe water shortages and/or flooding as well as accelerate land degradation.

– Melting of glaciers are likely to lead to flooding and soil erosion. • Increases in productivity harder to achieve.

– Rising temperatures will cause shifts in crop growing seasons, which affect food security, and changes will place more people at risk from diseases.

Source: World Bank, “Adaptation to Climate Change in Agriculture and Natural Resource Management”http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/TOPICS/ENVIRONMENT/EXTTOOLKIT3/0,,contentMDK:22285979~menuPK:6409827~pagePK:64168445~piPK:64168309~theSitePK:3646251,00.html)

Climate change and food and nutrition security

“Climate change impacts will disproportionately fall on people living in tropical regions, and particularly on the most vulnerable and marginalised population groups. This is the injustice of climate change – the worst of the impacts are felt by those who contributed least to causing the problem.“ - Robinson, the former Irish president (http://www.mrfcj.org/media/pdf/HNCJ-Conference-Report.pdf)

Regions already sensitive to water shortages and extreme weather events have limited resources to cope with the impact of climate change and the added pressure of increasing populations.

As soon as 2030 negative impacts of climate change on local food security for several crops and regions are expected to become significant with South Asia, Southern Africa, the West African Sahel and Brazil projected to be most affected.

Action for students: Read about the effect of climate change on food security worldwide. Why are the poorest and most vulnerable most affected?The Guardian “How a warming World is a threat to our food supplies”, 13 April 2013, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/13/climate-change-threat-food-supplies?INTCMP=SRCH

Agriculture and climate change

Agriculture is expected to be affected most by climate change, which is in turn affected in part by our consumption choices. (see WWF clip on the effect of our choices on climate change and resources http://www.wwf.org.uk/what_we_do/changing_the_way_we_live/food/)

The causes of climate change are largely man-made:• Increased emissions of greenhouse gases because of burning of

fossil fuels• Deforestation of rainforests• Methane from agriculture and nitrous oxide emissions (mostly

from nitrogen losses from fertilisers and manure)

“Modern farms produce particulate matter and gases that affect the environment and human health and add to rising atmospheric greenhouse-gas levels. European policymakers have made progress in controlling these emissions, but US regulations remain inadequate.” A Meat Eater’s Guide to Climate Change and Health by Environmental Working Group http://static.ewg.org/reports/2011/meateaters/pdf/report_ewg_meat_eaters_guide_to_health_and_climate_2011.pdf

Projected change in agricultural production due to climate change

Source: http://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/10701/Climate_food_commission-SPM-Nov2011.pdf?sequence=6; Source: http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2013/apr/13/climate-change-threat-food-supplies?INTCMP=SRCH

“Climate change affects agricultural production through its effects on the timing, intensity and variability of rainfall and shifts in temperatures and carbon dioxide concentrations” (Guardian Apr 13 2013)

Food security in the face of climate changeAction for students: Read the executive summary and make a note of how different issues are linkedhttp://cgspace.cgiar.org/bitstream/handle/10568/10701/Climate_food_commission-SPM-Nov2011.pdf?sequence=6

Climate change:Africa, Asia and Oceania

Further info and source: http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/2013/apr/13/climate-change-threat-food-supplies?INTCMP=SRCH

Impact of climate change, vulnerability and adaptive capacity:

Asia

Source: OECD “Poverty and Climate change”, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf

Impact of climate change, vulnerability and adaptive capacity:

Africa

Source: OECD “Poverty and Climate change”, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf

Potential impacts of climate change on MDGs (1)

Source: OECD “ Poverty and Climate change”, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf

Potential impacts of climate change on MDGs (2)

Source: OECD “ Poverty and Climate change”, http://www.oecd.org/env/cc/2502872.pdf

THE IMPACT OF CONFLICTON FOOD AND NUTRITION SECURITY

Fragile statesProtracted crises

Fragile states and protracted crises require special and immediate attention as well as long-term responses to protect and promote people’s livelihoods, support institutions and improve food security.

Fragile States “fundamental failure of the state to perform functions necessary to meet citizens’ basic needs and expectations. Fragile states are commonly described as incapable of assuring basic security, maintaining rule of law and justice, or providing basic services and economic opportunities for their citizens” (http://www.gsdrc.org/go/fragile-states/chapter-1--understanding-fragile-states/definitions-and-typologies-of-fragile-states)

Protracted crisis are “those environments in which a significant proportion of the population is acutely vulnerable to death, disease and disruption of livelihoods over a prolonged period of time. The governance of these environments is usually very weak, with the state having a limited capacity to respond to, and mitigate, the threats to the population, or provide adequate levels of protection.” (www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e03.pdf)Source and images: www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e03.pdf; http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e00.pdf

Protracted crises, agriculture and rural economy

Source: Groundswell International “Escaping the hunger cycle: Pathways to resilience in the Sahel”, http://www.e-alliance.ch/fileadmin/user_upload/docs/Publications/Food/2012/Escaping_the_Hunger_Cycle_English.pdf; http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e00.pdf

In protracted crises, investment of aid in agriculture and the rural economy is especially important to support key sectors for supporting livelihoods to support immediate needs and address structural issues.

Fragile states“By 2030 nearly two thirds of the world’s poor will be living in states now deemed “fragile” (like Congo and Somalia). Much of the rest will be in middle income countries. This poses a double dilemma for donors: middle income countries do not really need aid, while fragile states cannot use it properly.” “Briefing Poverty: Not always with us”, The Economist, June1st 2013, http://www.economist.com/news/briefing/21578643-world-has-astonishing-chance-take-billion-people-out-extreme-poverty-2030-not

“In Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea, human failings mean a severe drought has tipped millions into famine. It's a textbook case of why things go wrong. War begets poverty, leaving food unaffordable. Devastated infrastructure destroys both food production and the ability to truck in emergency food. The collapse of society means the effects of extreme weather such as drought cannot be dealt with. And the fear of violence turns people into refugees, leaving their livelihoods and social networks behind.”(http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/damian-carringtonblog/2011/aug/31/food-security-prices-conflict# )

State Fragility Index 2011

Image: http://www.systemicpeace.org/CTfig19.htm

Protracted crises and food insecurity

Source: FAO Countries in protracted crisis: what are they and why do they deserve special attention?www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e03.pdf

Countries in protracted crisis

Action for students: 1.Read FAO’s “Countries in protracted crisis: what are they

and why do they deserve special attention?” http://www.fao.org/docrep/013/i1683e/i1683e00.htm

2.Watch Franco Pagetti's film "The Malnutrition that Shouldn't Be" which shows the daily struggle to survive in Congo's North Kivu region, where conflict is making food fatallyscarce http://www.msf.org.uk/article/malnutrition-shouldnt-be-starved-attention

3.What are the common features?4. How are women and men affected differently?

Further info and Sources: World Bank Food Price Watch http://siteresources.worldbank.org/EXTPOVERTY/Resources/336991-1311966520397/Food-Price-Watch-April-2012.htm;The Guardian “Food riot fear after rice price hits high”, 6 April 2008, http://www.theguardian.com/environment/2008/apr/06/food.foodanddrink

Crisis threshold, unrest and conflict

“The big threats over the coming decade are the ones we already face: conflict first and foremost, a variety of natural disasters, and major macroeconomic disruptions. The climate scientists don’t talk seriously of change over the course of a decade.” - Christopher Barrett http://www.irinnews.org/report/98469/analysis-the-future-of-food-aid

Conflict, refugees and food insecurity

Action for students:In Southern Sudan, by the Congolese border, MSF teams assist tens of thousands of Congolese refugees and internally displaced Sudanese fleeing violent attacks by Ugandan rebel group, the Lords Resistance Army (LRA).

1. Look at Photographer Brendan Bannon’s reflections on his visit to the area, 25 August, 2011, 5m24s; http://media.msf.org/C.aspx?VP3=SearchResult_VPage&VBID=24BHZO8ZVX&SMLS=1&RW=1280&RH=899

2. Watch a month in focus on the refugee crisis in Southern Sudan http://www.msf.org.uk/article/video-month-focus-july-2012

3. Watch Franco Pagetti's film "The Malnutrition that Shouldn't Be" which shows the dailystruggle to survive in Congo's North Kivu region, where conflict is making food fatallyscarce http://www.msf.org.uk/article/malnutrition-shouldnt-be-starved-attention

Conflict and drought hotspots

Source: http://www.careclimatechange.org/files/reports/Implications_overall_vulnerability_south_asia_2.jpg

Stranded in the Sahel: Mali and Mauritania

Action for students: Use the resources below to add to or construct a fact sheet for a mini case study of food production, food security, food supply, and the impact of desertification in the Sahel. Compare your fact sheet with a partner, amend your fact sheet if appropriate

Stranded in the Desert: http://www.msf.org.uk/document/stranded-desert

Conflict in Mali affects Sahel region http://www.msf.org.uk/article/mali-death-and-hunger-among-refugees-mauritaniahttp://www.msf.org.uk/article/sahel-malian-refugees-dire-conditions-across-region

Refugee camp:Dadaab, Kenya

The Dadaab camps, in Kenya’s north-eastern province, were established 20 years ago to shelter refugees fleeing violence in neighbouring Somalia. Dadaab holds the shameful title of the largest refugee camp in the world.

Envisaged as a temporary solution to house refugees from Somalia’s civil war, the Dadaab refugee camps are now 20 years old, and have become a permanent home for the majority of those who have sought shelter there. In Dagahaley – one of the five camps of Dadaab – hunger is still a daily reality for many refugees. In one of MSF’s health posts, hundreds of people have come to get medical assistance. Years of living without a functioning health system in Somalia have left their mark.

Action for students: Watch the clip on the refugee camp. Make notes on the long journey of the refugees. http://passthrough.fw-notify.net/download/183988/http://olstreaming.s3.amazonaws.com/MSF/WebHigh/b/9/0/1/MSF117419.mp4Also available as a report: http://www.msf.org.uk/sites/uk/files/Shadows_of_Lives_Dadaab_report_201206144447.pdf

Somalia's refugees arrive

Photos: Lynsey Addario/VII

Most families fleeing Somalia arrive exhausted, hungry, and with little to no belongings after making sometimes a month-long journey often on foot

“In Somalia, Ethiopia and Eritrea, human failings mean a severe drought has tipped millions into famine. It's a textbook case of why things go wrong. War begets poverty, leaving food unaffordable. Devastated infrastructure destroys both food production and the ability to truck in emergency food. The collapse of society means the effects of extreme weather such as drought cannot be dealt with. And the fear of violence turns people into refugees, leaving their livelihoods and social networks behind.”(http://www.guardian.co.uk/environment/damian-carringtonblog/2011/aug/31/food-security-pricesconflict# )

Make shift shelter

Photo: Michael Goldfarb

A typical Somali refugee dwelling stands in a makeshift settlement on the outskirts of the Dagahaley Refugee Camp in Dadaab, Kenya. Severe overcrowding in the camp, and the influx of Somali refugees every day has given rise to informal camps, many of which lack basic services.

Lynsey Addario/VII

Photo: Brendan Bannon

Further info: Testimonies from Somalia: http://www.msf.org.uk/sites/uk/files/Somalia_HearMyVoice_2013_201302205129.pdf

MSF resource

TEACHER RESOURCE SLIDES

Conceptual framework for food and nutrition security

.Action for students: Discuss this framework and annotate it keeping in mind Places, People and Power

Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf

Source: http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3434e/i3434e.pdf

Source: http://www.ifpri.org/blog/price-spikes-volatility-and-global-food-markets

Impact of natural hazards on food security compounded by human factors

Percentage of population in urban areas (2011)

Source: http://esa.un.org/unup/pdf/WUP2011_Highlights.pdf

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Accelerated and declining city growth rate

Source: http://www.un.org/esa/population/meetings/EGM_PopDist/Moreno.pdf

Cities do not inevitably grow. Urban growth and decay are two sides of the same coin: urban change. K

Source: http://documents.wfp.org/stellent/groups/public/documents/newsroom/wfp229182.pdf

Source: http://www.fao.org/resources/infographics/infographics-details/en/c/180754/