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1/31/2018
1
FEEDING YOUNG GROWINGHORSESFebruary Educational Webinar
2018
Dr Tania Cubitt
Performance Horse Nutrition
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OUTLINE
• Nutrient Requirements– In utero
– Post natal
• Disorders
– Role of nutrition
– Ideal Diets
NUTRITIONAL REQUIREMENTS
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WHY FEEDING IMPORTANT
• FUTURE EQUINE ATHLETES
• RAPID SKELETAL GROWTH
• MINERALS ARE BEING DEPOSITED
IN BONE
• IF POOR NUTRIENT INTAKE - POOR
SKELETON
5
BEFORE BREEDING
Ashworth & Antipatis, 2001; Hostetler et al., 2003
Phase Element Vitamin
Before Implantation Ca, Fe, Cu, Zn, Co, I, Mn, Se
Vit. A, E, B12, Choline, Folic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, inositol
After Implantation Ca, Cu, Zn, Se, I, Co, Fe, Cd
Vit. A, E, B12, Folic acid, pantothenic acid, riboflavin, inositol
Factors influencing the development of fertilized egg cell in several mammalian species
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Nutrition is the key to success”
IN UTERO
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FOAL FEEDING – IN UTERO
EARLY GESTATION
• <6 MONTHS
• EARLY EMBRYONIC LOSS
• FEED
• ENVIRONMENT
• 1ST 40 DAYS CRITICAL
• HEART DEVELOPED
• ~DAY 18-20
• ZN, CU, VITAMIN A & D
Day 9
Day 24
Day 40
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FOAL FEEDING – IN UTERO
Mid Gestation• Months 7 & 8
• Energy and protein increasing
• ~90 g/day fetal growth
• Vitamins & minerals crucial for fetal development
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FOAL FEEDING – IN UTERO
Late Gestation
• Months 9,10 & 11
• Gain ~ 80% BW
• 0.5 kg/d growth
• Fortifying fetal liver stores
• Increased energy & protein
requirements
• Increased mass = fat and muscle
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Fetal Growth in the Horse is Not Linear
At 7 months of pregnancy
•~ 20% birth weight
•< 2% of mare’s weight
Fetal Growth in the Horse is Not Linear
Last 3 months of
pregnancy critical
for trace mineral
storage in fetal
liver
•zinc
•manganese
•iron
•copper
12
IN UTERO DEFICIENCY
• LOW CALCIUM INTAKE OF PREGNANT MARES IS FOUND TO REDUCE INTRAUTERINE
WEIGHT GAIN OF THE FOALS (AUSTBØ AND DOLVIK, 1996).
• PROBABLY BY DEPRESSED BONE MINERALIZATION
• LOW VITAMIN A STATUS DURING PREGNANCY AFFECTS FETAL GROWTH AND THE HEALTH STATUS
OF THE NEWBORN (BASU ET AL., 2003, GAZALA ET AL., 2003, ANTIPATIS ET AL., 2000).
• REDUCED ORGAN WEIGHT
• LOWERED ELASTIC FIBERS
• DELAYED LUNG MATURATION
• REDUCED GENE EXPRESSION
• MARES AT PASTURE VITAMIN A DEFICIENCY IS RARE, STABLED HORSES, LOW
SUPPLEMENT, POOR QUALITY HAY (SCHUBERT ET AL., 1991)
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IN UTERO DEFICIENCY
• COPPER STORED IN FETAL
LIVER
• MARES MILK LOW IN
COPPER
• COPPER DEFICIENCY CAN
PRODUCE BONE PROBLEMS IN
THE HORSE(COENEN ET AL., 2003; VAN WEEREN, 2003).
Copper in the equine fetal liver and in foals after birth (Hebeler et al., 1996; Van Weeren et al., 2003).
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IN UTERO EXCESS
PLACENTA CANNOT PREVENT DETRIMENTAL UPTAKE OF IODINE BY
THE FETUS – BE CAREFUL WITH SUPPLEMENTS CONTAINING
SEAWEED
CONSEQUENCES OF IODINE INTAKE BY THE MARE DURING LATE GESTATION AND THE
INCIDENCE OF GOITER IN NEW-BORN FOALS (MEYER, 1998).Iodine intake of the mare
(mg/day)Goiter incidence (%) other
6-7 0 --
48-55 3 Weakness, depressed muscle development
56-69 10 Contracted tendons
100-300 25 Retarded growth of skeleton
83 33 Disturbed leg conformation
288-432 50 Long hair
375 100 Absorption, osteopetrosis, disturbed leg conformation
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POSTNATAL GROWTH
BONE: 3 months
before until 9 months
after birth
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NUTRIENTS
• ENERGY
• PROTEIN
• ESSENTIAL AMINO ACID LYSINE
• SINGLE MOST IMPORTANT AMINO ACID FOR GROWING HORSES
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NUTRIENT REQUIREMENTS – NRC 2007
Growing animals
Wt. (kg)
Wt. (lb)
ADG/Milk (kg/day)
ADG/Milk (lb/day)
DE (Mcal)
CP (g)
Lys(g)
Ca (g)
P (g)
4 mo. 168 370 0.84 1.85 13.3 669 28.8 39.1 21.7
6 mo. 216 476 0.72 1.59 15.5 676 29.1 38.6 21.5
12 mo. 321 708 0.45 0.99 18.8 846 36.4 37.7 20.9
18 mo. 387 853 0.29 0.64 19.2 799 34.4 37 20.6
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FEED CONSUMPTION
Forage Concentrate Total
Nursing Foal 0 1.0 – 2.0 2.5 – 3.5
Weanling, 6mo. 0.5 – 1.0 1.5 – 3.0 2.0 – 3.5
Yearling, 12 mo. 1.0 – 1.5 1.0 – 2.0 2.0 – 3.0
18 mo. 1.0 – 1.5 1.0 – 1.5 2.0 – 2.5
2 yr. 1.0 – 1.5 1.0 – 1.5 1.75 – 2.5
Expected Feed Consumption by growing horses (% Body Weight), NRC 2007.
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COMMON QUESTIONS
• WHEN TO BEGIN FEEDING?
• MARES MILK PRIMARY
NUTRIENT SOURCE
• PEAK MILK PRODUCTION PRIOR
TO 3 MONTHS
• FOALS NEED SUPPLEMENTAL
FEED BY 90 DAYS OF AGE
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CREEP FEEDERS
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CREEP FEED RATION
• BEFORE FOUR MONTHS OF AGE, THE FOAL SHOULD BE OFFERED
UP TO 0.5 TO 1 LB OF FEED PER 100 LB OF BODY WEIGHT PER
DAY.
Nutrient Amount
Crude Fiber 6%
Fat 3%
CP 16%
Lysine 0.7%
Ca 0.8%
P 0.5%
DE/kg 3.08 Mcal
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MINERALS
GROWTH DISORDERS
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GROWTH DISORDERS
DEVELOPMENTALORTHOPEDIC DISEASE(DOD)
• DOD IS AN UMBRELLATERM THAT INCLUDES:
• OSTEOCHONDROSIS• PHYSITIS• ANGULAR LIMB
DEFORMITIES• FLEXURAL DEFORMITIES• CERVICAL VERTEBRAL
MALFORMATIONS
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D.O.D
• NUMBER ONE REASON FOR
FAILURE OF RACEHORSES TO
PERFORM IN USA, UK &
FRANCE
• 2004 : STUDY IN NORMANDY
• 35 % OF THE FOALS AFFECTED
• KENTUCKY : 1998
• COST: $50 MILLION
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GROWTH DISORDERS
APPROXIMATE TIME OF ONSET OF CLINICAL SIGNS & SITES
INVOLVED FOR DEVELOPMENTAL SKELETAL PROBLEMS
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BONE GROWTH IN YOUNG HORSES
• AT BIRTH HORSES HAVE ONLY 17% OF THEIR MATURE BONE
MINERAL CONTENT
• BY 60 DAYS OF AGE, A HORSE SHOULD GROW TO AT LEAST 75% OF MATURE WITHER HEIGHT.
• MOST LOWER LIMB GROWTH IS COMPLETE BEFORE THE
YEARLING PHASE
• BY 18 MONTHS OF AGE, THE AVERAGE LIGHT HORSE WILL REACH
90% OF HIS MATURE HEIGHT.
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STAGES OF BONE GROWTH
• Fetus
• Osteoblasts living in cartilage deposit spongy bone (Gray)
• Osteoblasts on shell of bone deposit compact bone (Black)
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STAGES OF BONE GROWTH
• Late Fetus to Foal
• Osteoblasts colonize the ends of bone and create separate centers of ossification (epiphyses)
• Marrow cavity develops
• Hyaline cartilage develops to protect ends of long bones
• Growth Plate remains
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STAGES OF BONE GROWTH
• Horse
• Marrow Cavity expands to full size
• Hyaline cartilage remains on the ends of bone
• Growth plate is converted to bone
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OSTEOCHONDROSIS
1. RESULTS FROM FAILURE OF NORMALENDOCHONDRAL OSSIFICATION
a) CALCIFICATION OF CARTILAGE DIDNOT TAKE PLACE
b) CARTILAGE IS RETAINED (NOTREPLACED BY BONE)
c) SUBSEQUENT STRESS BREAKS DOWNCARTILAGE & CAUSES A FLAP TOSEPARATE
= “OSTEOCHONDRITISDESSICANS” (OCD)
d) OR RETAINED CARTILAGEUNDERGOES NECROSIS AND FORMSA FLUID-FILLED POCKET
= “BONE CYST”
OCD in on MCIII in
fetlock joint
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OSTEOCHONDROSIS
2. CAN AFFECT THECARTILAGE IN THEARTICULAR SURFACE ORTHE GROWTH PLATE
3. MOST COMMON SITEFOR OCD: STIFLE ORHOCK JOINT
4. MOST COMMON SITEFOR BONE CYST: MEDIALCONDYL OF FEMUR ANDFETLOCK JOINT
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PHYSITIS
1) RESULTS FROM FAILURE OFNORMAL ENDOCHONDRALOSSIFICATION
a) CARTILAGE PRODUCTIONOUTPACES CONVERSION OFCARTILAGE TO BONE
b) UNLIKE OSTEOCHONDROSIS, CARTILAGE IS NOT RETAINED
c) RESULTS IN ENLARGEMENT OFGROWTH PLATE ANDSOMETIMES PAIN ANDLAMENESS
Normal Physitis
Growth Plate
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4 – 8 mo of age
In the distal end of metacarpal III
Gives fetlock an “hourglass” shape
Two common timeframes for physitis
to develop:
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10 – 18 mo of ageIn the distal radius
Often referred to as “open knees”
Can also be seen in the distal tibia
Two common timeframes for physitis
to develop:
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Crooked Leg - Rotation
Uneven Weight Bearing
Uneven Growth Plate LoadingGrowth Plate Damage
ANGULAR LIMB DEFORMITY
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FLEXURAL DEFORMITIES
• CONGENITAL PRESENT AT
BIRTH
• ACQUIRED
PRESENT DURING
GROWTH
• BOTH CAN BE:UNI OR BILATERAL
FRONT OR REAR
DIFFERENT JOINTS
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FACTORS THAT CONTRIBUTE TO
DOD
• NUTRITION
• GENETICS
• INJURY
• STRESS -MECHANICAL
• DISEASE
ROLE OF NUTRITION
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FEEDING THE FOAL
Why feeding is important•Nutrition mistakes are amplified
•Mistakes may result in reduced performance potential
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NUTRITION AND DOD
• ENERGY
• FOCUS ON MINERAL NUTRITION
• MACRO- MINERALS CA + P
• TRACE MINERALS COPPER ZINC
MANGANESE
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NUTRITION’S ROLE IN DOD
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
• EXCESS DE
• GROWTH RATE
• FOAL’S ACTIVITY, PUTS MORE STRESS/TRAUMA ON BONE
• FEEDING 129% NRC ENERGY REQUIREMENTS TO FOALS FROM 130 DAYS OF AGE RESULTED IN AN
INCREASED INCIDENCE OF LESIONS COMPARED WITH THE CONTROL GROUP (FED 100%) (SAVAGE ET
AL., 1993).
• CYMBALUK ET AL., 1990 REPORTED AD LIBITUM CUBE FEEDING RESULTED IN A HIGHER INCIDENCE
OF CONFORMATIONAL AND LOCOMOTOR ABNORMALITIES AT 25MONTHS OF AGE THAN THE MORE
RESTRICTED DIET.
• GLADE AND BELLING IN 1984 COMPARED THE GROWTH OF FOALS FED EITHER 70 (R) OR 130% (H) OF THE NRC (1978) RECOMMENDED LEVELS FOR ENERGY. THE H GROUP SHOWED DEVELOPMENTAL
DISTURBANCES OF GROWTH PLATES WHEREAS THE R GROUP HAD NORMAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE
BONES BUT AT REDUCED SPEED.
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OSTEOCHONDROSIS
Plasma glucose and insulin after glucose load in healthy foals and foals withosteochondroticlesions (Ralston, 1996).
Mare Nutrition?
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ENERGY TYPE
• CYCLICAL CHANGES IN GLUCOSE AND OR INSULIN MAY
INFLUENCE BONE MATURATION VIA EFFECTS ON THE
SOMATOTROPIC AXIS INCLUDING:• GROWTH HORMONE (FREUD ET AL., 1939).
• THYROXINE AND TRIIODOTHYRONINE (GLADE AND REIMERS, 1985).
• INSULIN-LIKE GROWTH FACTOR I AND EQUINE CHONDROCYTES(CYMBALUK AND SMART, 1993; HENSON ET AL., 1997; STANIAR ET AL., 2001A; STANIAR ET
AL., 2001B; STANIAR ET AL., 2002; BURK ET AL., 2003).
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OSTEOCHONDROSIS
• FOALS WITH EXTREME GLYCEMIC RESPONSES HAD ATYPICAL
INCIDENCE OF OCD• HIGH RESPONSE HIGH OCD
• LOW RESPONSE LOW OCD
• BODY WEIGHT AND CONDITION OF WEANLING POSSIBLE FACTORS
• CAN INCIDENCE OF OCD BE REDUCED BY FEEDING A LOW
GLYCEMIC FEED?
• HIGH SUGAR & STARCH VS. HIGH FAT & FIBER DIETS
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NUTRITION’S ROLE IN DOD
DIGESTIBLE ENERGY
• EXCESS DE• JUST BECAUSE DIET IS HIGH IN DE DOESN’T GUARANTEE DOD
• IF PROTEIN, MINERALS AND VITAMINS ARE INADEQUATE TO SUPPORT THE
RATE OF GROWTH PERMITTED BY HIGH DE, DOD MORE LIKELY TO RESULT
• IF ALL NUTRIENTS ARE SUPPLIED IN PROPORTION TO DE, MAY NOT CAUSE
BONE GROWTH PROBLEMS
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NUTRITION’S ROLE IN DOD
PROTEIN
• EXCESS PROTEIN
• OFTEN IMPLICATED, BUT NOT SUPPORTED BY RESEARCH
• A HIGH PROTEIN DIET DOES NOT MAKE FOAL GROW FASTER THAN A DIET
THAT JUST MEETS NRC MINIMUM PROTEIN REQUIREMENTS
• NO EFFECT OF INCREASING PROTEIN ON THE INCIDENCE OF DOD (SCHRYVER
ET AL., 1987; SAVAGE ET AL., 1993A)
• LOW PROTEIN (QUALITY)• IMPAIRS GROWTH; COULD LEAD TO DOD
• PROTEIN COMPONENT OF BONE & CARTILAGE
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NUTRITION’S ROLE IN DOD
CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS
• EXCESS CA
• GENERALLY NOT A PROBLEM
• HIGH CA ZN, MN & FE ABSORPTION INOTHER SPECIES, BUT NOT IN HORSES
• EXCESS P• ONLY A PROBLEM IF CA CONTENT IS LOWER
THAN P• OPTIMUM RATIO CA:P 2:1• MAXIMUM RATIO CA:P 5:1• A TIGHTER RATIO MORE IMPORTANT IN
FOALS THAN MATURE HORSES
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NUTRITION’S ROLE IN DOD
CALCIUM & PHOSPHORUS
• DEFICIENT CA & OR P• CAN CAUSE DOD
• SO FAR THERE ARE NO REPORTS OF DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF HIGHCALCIUM INTAKE (UP TO 5 TIMES REQUIREMENTS) IN GROWINGHORSES, PROVIDED THE INTAKE OF PHOSPHOROUS IS ADEQUATE(NRC, 1989; MEYER AND COENEN, 2002).
• JORDAN ET AL. (1975) REPORTED SOME EFFECTS OF ACALCIUM/PHOSPHORUS RATIO OF 6 :1 ON THE RELATIVE SIZE OFMEDULLARY REGION (LARGER) AND CORTICAL BONE AREA (SMALLER) IN PONIES
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NUTRITION’S ROLE IN DOD
• COPPER
• DEFICIENT COPPER
• CAN CAUSE DEVELOPMENTAL PROBLEMS
• CU PART OF LYSYL OXIDASE; CARTILAGE CROSS-LINK FORMATION
• COMMON TO SUPPLEMENT 2 – 3X REQ’MT
• REQUIREMENT: 10 MG/KG
• INDUSTRY: 20 – 30 MG/KG
Copper Supplementation in Pasture-Fed New Zealand Thoroughbreds and its Role in
Developmental Orthopedic DiseaseSimon Pearce, BVSc, PhD
Massey University
Palmerston North, New Zealand
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COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION
FOUR TREATMENT GROUPS
• MARES SUPPLEMENTED WITH COPPER, BUT THEIR FOALS WERE
NOT SUPPLEMENTED (S/C)
• BOTH MARES AND FOALS WERE SUPPLEMENTED WITH COPPER
(S/S)
• MARES WERE NOT SUPPLEMENTED, BUT THEIR FOALS RECEIVED
COPPER SUPPLEMENTATION (C/S)
• NEITHER MARES NOR FOALS RECEIVED SUPPLEMENTATION (C/C)
Articular cartilage lesions at 150 days of age
3.3 3.2
1.2
2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
no/no
no/yes
yes/no
yes/yes
Mare received no
copper = 3.3Mare received copper
supplemented = 1.6
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SCIENTIFIC EVALUATION OF CU & OC
Harris, P. et al., Effect of exercise and diet on the incidence of DOD. In: The rowing horse: nutrition and prevention of growth disorders. P 273.
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COPPER
• PARAGON ET AL. (2002) DID NOT FIND DIFFERENCES IN THE
INCIDENCE OF DOD IN RELATION TO COPPER INTAKE. IN THIS
STUDY COPPER REQUIREMENTS OF 10 MG/KG DRY MATTER
WERE MET OR EXCEEDED.
• KNIGHT ET AL. (1985) A HIGH INCIDENCE OF DOD WAS
ASSOCIATED WITH LOWER COPPER INTAKE.
• PRUDENT TO INCREASE COPPER CONTENT IN ADDITIONAL FEEDS
FOR SUCKING FOALS TO 20-25 MG/KG DRY MATTER (MEYER, 1994), IN ORDER TO INCREASE THE COPPER CONTENT IN THEIR
DIET TO A TOTAL OF AT LEAST 10 MG/KG DRY MATTER
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NUTRITION’S ROLE IN DOD
ZINC
• DEFICIENT ZINC• CAN CAUSE DOD• COMPONENT OF METALLOENZYMES; CELL REPLICATION & PROTEIN SYNTHESIS
• HARRINGTON ET AL. (1973) FED FOALS A PURIFIED DIET WITH EITHER5 OR 40 MG ZN/KG DRY MATTER. THE FOALS EATING 5 MG ZN/KGDRY MATTER DEVELOPED CLINICAL SIGNS OF DEFICIENCY WHEREASTHE OTHER GROUP GREW NORMALLY.
• EXCESS ZINC (>200 MG/KG) • MAY CAUSE DOD• CA ABSORPTION
• CU ABSORPTION (IN OTHER SPECIES)
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
2007
• STANDARDBRED FOALS
• 122 FOALS
• FEEDING PROGRAM – MARES WERE NOT
EATING FORTIFIED DIET
• 50% (61 FOALS) HAD OCD LESIONS
• 28% HAD LESIONS IN MORE THAN 1 JOINT
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MINERAL NUTRITION
• MORE MINERAL IS NOT ALWAYS
BETTER
• MINERAL INTERACTION
• OTHER METHODS TO INSURE
ADEQUATE ABSORPTION
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PROTEINATED TRACE MINERALS
A PROTEINATE IS A TRACE MINERAL (ZN, CU, MN, FE, OR CO)
THAT IS CHELATED TO AMINO ACIDS AND/OR PEPTIDES
C
R NH2
NH2 RO
C O
O
OTrace
Mineral
IDEAL DIETS
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TIMELINE
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FOAL FEEDING – TREATMENT
TREATMENT
• DIET
• WEAN FOAL
• REDUCE ENERGY
• SLOW GROWTH
• ANALYZE DIET
• REDUCE EXERCISE
• STALL REST
• PREVENT DAMAGE
• MAINTAIN PROTEIN VITAMINS AND MINERALS• DAC COLT GROWER
63
DODMANAGEMENT
• CONTROL GROWTH RATE AMOUNT OF HAY/GRAIN
• ADEQUATE MINERAL FORTIFICATION ADJUST
MINERAL INTAKE TO GROWTH RATE
• CONTROL EXERCISE
• MEDICAL TREATMENT OF SYMPTOMS
• EXAMPLE DIET
LOW ENERGY, ADEQUATE PROTEIN, VIT/MIN
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Pace Diet
Used with horses experiencing
DOD (Growth Problems)
Restrict Growth Rate
80% of Normal
Control energy intake
Maintain Intake
Protein
Vitamins
Minerals
Common Mistake
Eliminate all grain
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• Limit Dietary Energy
Horses often switched low rich hay to grass hay
Grain is often eliminated
• Yearling will still grow, must make other nutrients adequate
Protein, Ca, P, Cu, Zn, etc.
• Utilize low intake protein, vitamin and mineral pellet
Grass Hay free
choice
Dac Colt Grower –
2oz
Alfalfa – 1-2 lbs/day
PACE DIET
Dac Colt
66
Nutrition is the key to success”
SUMMARY
• Mare nutrition is the key to foal health
• In-utero
• Adequate nutrition
• Strong healthy foals