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The Nature of the geologic

recordPart 1 Elements, Minerals, Rocks,

Strata, and Geologic processes

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Element a substance composed of only one kind ofatom. The basic stuff that composes the earth.

Examples: gold, silver, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, iron

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Gold

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Carbon

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Silicon

El b d i h h

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Element abundance in the earths crust

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Mineral - a naturally occurring crystalline substancecomposed of two or more elements.

Examples of common minerals: quartz, feldspar, mica,

clay, ferromagnesians (hornblende & augite),

calcite, gypsum, salt (NaCl)

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(SiO2)

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Quartz

Variety: Agate

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Feldspar

(K, Na, Ca +AlSiO)

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Feldspar

(K, Na, Ca +

AlSiO)

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The ferromagnesian mineral: Hornblende

(Fe,Mg, Ca + AlSiO)

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Mica

(AlSiO +)

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Clay

(AlSiO+)

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Calcite

(CaCO3)

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Gypsum

(CaSO4)

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Gypsum Variety: Selenite

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Rock a combination of two or more minerals,crystallized or cemented together

Examples: granite, lava, sandstone, shale, limestone,

marble

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Types of Rock

Igneous rock that has cooled and crystallizedfrom a molten mass.

Intrusive cools slowly underground andforms large crystals (granite)

Extrusive extruded on the surface and

cools quickly, forming small crystals(lava, obsidian)

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Types of Rock

Sedimentary rock deposited as fragments and

later hardened by cementation or compaction.

Conglomerate large rock fragmentscemented together

Sandstone sand sized particles cementedtogether

Shale clay sized particles cemented orcompacted together

Limestone composed of calcium carbonate

Evaporite materials deposited by theevaporation of water (gypsum, salt)

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Sedimentary rock - conglomerate

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Sedimentary rock:

Conglomerate

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Sedimentary rock - sandstone

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Sedimentary rock: Shale

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Limestone

Sedimentary rock: Evaporite (Gypsum)

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Sedimentary rock: Evaporite (Gypsum)

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Salt deposited in Lake Bonneville

Salt crystals (NaCl) in Lake Bonneville

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Salt crystals (NaCl) in Lake Bonneville

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Types of RockMetamorphic rock altered by heat, pressure and

movement.

Gneiss & schist metamorphosed igneous

rocks

Marble metamorphosed limestone

Quartzite metamorphose sandstone

Slate Metamorphosed shale

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Gneiss

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Metamorphic rock: Schist

M t hi k S hi t

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Metamorphic rock: Schist

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Marble

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Quartzite

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Slate

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Strata layered or bedded masses of rocks depositedsequentially by various geologic processes.

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Geologic Processes

Uplift (Folding, faulting andearthquakes)

Weathering

Erosion (wind, water & glaciers)Deposition (sedimentary rocks)

Evaporation

Igneous intrusion (intrusive rocks)

Volcanism (extrusive rocks)

Metamorphism

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Uplift - faulting

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Deep weathering of

crystalline rocks

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Erosion and deposition by ice

Glacial till

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Glacial till

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Wind erosion and deposition

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Metamorphism

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End