PPATH. RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2018

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PPATH. RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2018

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Agricultural Research Center

Administration:

Prof. Dr. Ashraf El Saied Khalil Director of Plant Path. Res. Inst.

Prof. Dr. Mahmoud Ahmed Kamhawy Deputy of Plant Path. Res. Inst.

Reviewers:

Prof. Dr. Salah Mohamed Abdel Momen

Prof. Dr. Mamdouh Abdel Fattah Khalifa

December 2019

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Dedication

To whoever strives for an

abundant and safe

agricultural production, we

humbly introduce this effort

إهــــداء

لكل من يبذل الجهد من اجل انتاج

زراعى وفير وآمن نتقدم بهذا الجهد

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

SUBJECTS Pages

ACKNOWLEDGMENT 5

WHEAT DISEASES 8 - 16

RICE DISEASES 18 - 21

VEGETABLE DISEASES 23 - 31

ONION , GARLIC AND OIL CROP DISEASES 33

COTTON AND FIBER CROP DISEASES 35 - 38

MAIZE AND SUGER CROPS DISEASES 40

BACTERIAL DISEASES 42 -50

VIRAL AND PHYTOPLASMIC DISEASES 52 - 61

FRUIT AND WOODY TREE DISEASES 63 - 67

POST– HARVEST DISEASES 69 - 70

NEMATOLOGY AND NEMATODE DISEASES 72

ORNAMENTAL, MEDICINAL AND AROMATICA PLANT DISEASES 74 - 75

GENERAL SUBJECTS 77 - 86

REFERENCES 88 - 97

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Gebril, E. E.; M. A. Gad and A. M. S. Kishk (2018). Effect of Sowing Dates on Potential Yield and Rust Resistance of some Wheat Cultivars. J. Plant Production, Mansoura Univ., 9 (4): 369 – 375.

Abstract:

Wheat production influenced by stripe, stem and Leaf rusts all over the world and

Egypt. In the present study, effect of sowing dates (1st November, 15th November, 1st

December and 15th December) on rust fungi causing agents and their impact on

potential yield of nine wheat cultivars. (Giza 171, Shandaweel 1, Misr 1, Misr 2, Sakha

94, Sakha 95, Sids 12, Gemmeiza 11 and Gemmeiza 12) were evaluated during 2015/16

and 2016/17 seasons. Results showed that among sowing dates, rust severity was lower

in early sowing (1st November and 15th November) and sever infection was in late

sowing (1st December and 15th December). In the early sowing has paramount

importance to combat rust severity effectively. Results also revealed that sowing in

Nov.15th resulted in high number of days to heading, plant height, number of spikes/m2,

biological yield, number of grains/spike and straw yield in both seasons. Meanwhile

sowing in 1st November resulted in high values of days to maturity, grain weight/spike

and 1000 kernel weight. Wheat cultivars notably differed in all previous mentioned

characters. Gemmeiza 11 was early in heading while Misr 2 was delayed in both

seasons. Sids 12 and Gemmeiza 11 were early in maturity while Shandaweel 1 was vice

versa. Sakha 95 cultivar surpassed other cultivars in grain yield/fed followed by Misr 2.

Moreover Sakha 95 expressed high rust resistance followed by Shandaweel 1 and Giza

171 in both seasons. Results exhibited that rust disease severity has a strong negative

correlation with grain yield and the interaction effects among sowing dates and

different wheat cultivars were significant on all studied characters in both seasons.

Finally, delaying sowing date caused considerable reduction in previous studied

characters in both seasons and increase rust severity.

Omara, R.I.; Kh. A. A. Abdelaal (2018). Biochemical, histopathological and genetic analysis associated with leaf rust infection in wheat plants (Triticuma estivum L.). Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 104: 48-57.

Abstract:

The response of Egyptian wheat cultivars (Gemmeiza-7, Gemmeiza-10, Gemmeiza-11

and Gemmeiza-12) against leaf rust was studied at adult stage at two locations during two

seasons. The results differentiated cultivars to susceptible and resistant depend upon the

epidemiological parameters; FRS (%), AUDPC and r-value. The resistant cultivars,

(Gemmeiza-10 and Gemmeiza-12) have the resistant genes; Lr10and Lr19. However,

Gemmeiza-7 and Gemmeiza-11 haven't any resistant genes. The discoloration of superoxide

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and hydrogen peroxide was decreased in moderately resistant and resistant cultivars

compared to the susceptible cultivars. Also, electrolyte leakage increased in susceptible

cultivars. Catalase and peroxidasea ctivities were increased in resistant cultivars. Our results

were confirmed with the anatomical studies which proved that epidermis

thickness, mesophyll and phloemtissues were decreased in susceptible cultivars. Therefore,

this explains why these cultivars still resistant till now.

Abdelaal, Kh. A. A., R.I. Omara; H.M. Yaser; Samar M. Esmail and A. El Sabagh (2018). Anatomical, biochemical and physiological in some Egyptian wheat cultivars inoculated with Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici .Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27(1): 296-305.

Abstract:

The resistance stability or breakdown to Egyp- tian wheat cultivars against Puccinia

graminis f.sp. tritici, was studied. The final rust severity (%), AUDPC and r-value of

Gemmeiza-12, Gemmeiza- 10, Sids-13 and Gemmeiza-11 cultivars were signif- icantly

decreased, but in Misr-1, Misr-2 and Sids-1 were significantly increased. This perhaps, due

to changes in the reactive oxygen species levels mainly, superoxide, hydrogen peroxide and

enzyme activities such as catalase, peroxidase and polyphenoloxidase. Reactive oxygen

species were increased in the sus- ceptible cultivars compared with others conse- quently;

chlorophyll concentrations were decreased in susceptible cultivars compared with resistant

cul- tivars. These results were ensured with the anatomi- cal investigations in which proved

that the thickness of epidermis, ground tissue and phloem thickness (µ) were increased in

resistant cultivars compared with susceptible. Consequently, grain yield were in- creased in

resistant cultivars. According to our knowledge, this is the first record that Misr-1 and Misr-2

cultivars became susceptible and the re- sistance was broken. These new results are very

im- portant for plant breeders to protect and develop re- sistant cultivars. It can be

recommended to give more attention of annually evaluation of such as these wheat

cultivars to avoid epidemic infection and resistance breakdown to wheat stem rust fungus.

El-Orabey, W. M.; R. I. Omara and M. A. Abou-Zeid (2018). Diversity and Virulence

Dynamics within Puccinia triticina Populations in Egypt. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura

Univ., 9 (11): 735-745.

Abstract:

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is one of the most common diseases of

wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Egypt and worldwide. To investigate the population genetic

structure of the causal pathogen, 468 single isolates were obtained from 193 samples

collected from 12 Egyptian governorates and analyzed during 2016/17 and 2017/18

growing seasons. A total of 125 and 101 leaf rust pathotypes were designated during

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2016/17 and 2017/18 growing seasons. The most frequent pathotype was STTTK (9.81%

frequency), followed by race PTTNS (2.80% frequency) during 2016/17. While, pathotype

PTTTT was occurred at a high frequency (12.16% frequency), followed by the four

pathotypes; TTTBT, PTTGS, TTTTT and PTTCT (5.88, 5.10, 5.10 and 4.31%, respectively),

during 2017/18. Pathotype STTTK is the most geographically distributed as it was detected

in nine governorates in 2016/17, but in 2017/18, PTTTT is the most geographically

distributed pathotype, where it was found in seven governorates. High similarity was found

between leaf rust populations in the five locations, i.e.Domiatta, Sohag, Alexandria, Kafr El-

Sheikh and BaniSweif, during 2016/17 growing season. Also, high similarity was found

between leaf rust pathogen populations of Kafr-Elsheikh, Sohag, Beheira, Dakahlia,

Sharqiya, Domiatta, Gharbiya, Fayoum and Minufiy, during 2017/18 growing season. The

phenotypic diversity within different populations under study was characterized using the

three indexes; Shannon, Gleason and Simpson. Shannon index proved to be more suitable

to accurately measure the phenotypic diversity between the tested populations of the

causal pathogen, as it was sensitive to sample size, number of isolates, number of races and

standard deviation of race frequency than the others.

El-Orabey, W. M. (2018). Virulence of some Puccinia triticina races to the effective wheat leaf rust resistant genes Lr. 9 and Lr. 19 under Egyptian field conditions. Physiological and Molecular Plant Pathology, 102: 163-172.

Abstract:

Most predominant Leaf rust resistance genes Lr9 and Lr19 were previously highly

effective against the races of Puccinia triticina in Egypt. In 2015/2016 growing season,

susceptible field reaction was recorded on these two genes where rust severity reached

about 40S for Lr9 and 5S for Lr19 under Egyptian field conditions at four locations i.e. El-

Behira, El-Minufiya, El-Qalubiya and El-Fayom governorates. Eight leaf rust field samples

were collected from these governorates (four from each of Lr9 and Lr19). Forty single

isolates were derived from the collected samples of Lr9 and Lr19 (each with 20 isolates).

Eight pathotypes were identified from Lr9 and only two pathotypes were identified from

Lr19. The most frequent pathotypes virulent to Lr9 were KTSPT (30%) followed by

TTTMS (25%). Moreover, the other pathotypes ranged from 5 to 10%. Whereas, the

most frequent pathotype virulent to Lr19 was CTTTT (85%) and the lowest PKTST was

15%. Pathotypes i.e. PRSTT, NTKTS and TTTMS identified from Lr9 were more aggressive

on most of the tested leaf rust monogenic lines, as they were virulent to 36, 35 and 35

lines, respectively from a total of 39 lines. The two pathotypes; PKTST and CTTTT

identified from Lr19 were virulent to 36 and 35 lines, respectively. Moreover, leaf rust

pathotypes i.e. NPTNK and PRSTT from Lr9 and PKTST from Lr19 were the most

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aggressive on the tested wheat cultivars at seedling stage. The Lr2a was the most

effective leaf rust resistance genes against the tested pathotypes at adult plant stage.

Wheat cultivars Misr 1, Misr 2 and Nubariya 1 were the most resistant cultivars against

the tested pathotypes at adult plant stage.

Elkhwaga Amal A., A. A. Elzaawely, I. S. Draz, A. A. Ismail, H. M. El-Zahaby (2018). Potential of some plant extracts in controlling wheat leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks. Environment Biodiversity and Soil Security, 2: 95-102.

Abstract:

Leaf rust, caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is among the most common wheat

rust diseases in Egypt causing major losses in the grain yield. The objective of this study

was to evaluate the efficacy of water and 80%-methanol extracts prepared from seven

different plants (henna, blue gum, acalypha, chinaberry, pomegranate, basil, and

lantana) in controlling the leaf-rust disease of wheat. In an in vitro experiment, all

methanol extracts inhibited the germination of the fungus spores by more than 98%,

while water extracts were less effective. The methanol extracts of henna, lantana,

acalypha, chinaberry, and pomegranate exhibited a 100%-inhibition of spore

germination. In addition, no significant differences were recorded between the

methanol extracts of these five plants and the synthetic fungicide Fungshow. In a field

experiment, wheat plants were one- and two-time sprayed with henna, lantana,

acalypha, chinaberry, and pomegranate water or methanol extracts. The results

revealed that all plant extracts not only decreased the disease severity of the leaf rust,

but also enhanced the grain yield components including spike weight, the 1000-kernel

weight, and the test weight. Furthermore, the two-time spray application was more

effective than the one-time spray. Our study indicated that water and methanol extracts

of henna, lantana, acalypha, chinaberry, and pomegranate might be utilized for the

control of wheat leaf-rust disease as a safe and environmentally friendly alternative to

synthetic fungicides.

Keywords: Wheat leaf rust, Plant extracts, Biological control, Disease management

Draz, I. S. (2018). Pathotypic and molecular evolution of contemporary population of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici in Egypt during 2016–2018 Puccinia striiformis 2016 – 2018. Journal of Phytopathology. Journal of Phytopathology, 167(1):26–34

Abstract:

The contemporary races of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. Tritici (Pst) in Egypt during

2016-2018 were differentiated based on virulence and molecular patterns. Virulence

patterns based on the reaction of the 17 World/European differential sets carrying

stripe rust resistance genes (Yr-genes) resulted in ten races including four new (first

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recorded in Egypt) and six old (previously recorded in Egypt). The new races were

identified as 64E0 (virulence [V] Yr4, Su), 0E16 (V Yr8, 19), 66E0 (V Yr4, 7, 22, 23, Su) and

4E130 (V Yr2, 6, 7, 25, HVII), while the old were 0E0 (avirulence), 2E0 (V Yr7, 22, 23),

2E16 (V Yr7, 8, 19, 22, 23), 4E0 (V Yr2, 6), 6E4 (V Yr2, 6, 7, 22, 23, 25) and 70E4 (V Yr2, 4,

6, 7, 22, 23, 25, Su). Cluster analysis differentiated Pstraces based on virulence

frequency to Yr-genes. Simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers were used to detect the

molecular polymorphism of the Pstraces. Clustering separated the old and new races

into two groups, indicating their common ancestry since the new races were very

distinct from the old races. Although clustering based on virulence revealed some

evolutionary patterns, where the new races 64E0 and 66E0 may have probably evolved

from the old races (2E16, 2E0, 6E4, 70E4) and the new race 4E130 may be evolved from

the joint race 4E0. However, clustering based on molecular patterns indicated that the

new races appear to be genetically distinct and may represent an exotic introduction

rather than a mutation in isolates of the old races. A weak association between

virulence and molecular patterns revealed that they are independent of each other. The

SSR markers did not correspond to the virulences in the pathogen. Further studies on

the potential virulence genes of the detected Pst virulences are needed.

El-Orabey, W. M.; R. I. Omara and M. A. Abou-Zeid (2018). Diversity and Virulence Dynamics within Puccinia triticina Populations in Egypt. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 9 (11):735 – 745.

Abstract:

Leaf rust caused by Puccinia triticina Eriks., is one of the most common diseases of

wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Egypt and worldwide. To investigate the population

genetic structure of the causal pathogen, 468 single isolates were obtained from 193

samples collected from 12 Egyptian governorates and analyzed during 2016/17 and

2017/18 growing seasons. A total of 125 and 101 leaf rust pathotypes were designated

during 2016/17 and 2017/18 growing seasons. The most frequent pathotype was STTTK

(9.81% frequency), followed by race PTTNS (2.80% frequency) during 2016/17. While,

pathotype PTTTT was occurred at a high frequency (12.16% frequency), followed by the

four pathotypes; TTTBT, PTTGS, TTTTT and PTTCT (5.88, 5.10, 5.10 and 4.31%,

respectively), during 2017/18. Pathotype STTTK is the most geographically distributed as

it was detected in nine governorates in 2016/17, but in 2017/18, PTTTT is the most

geographically distributed pathotype, where it was found in seven governorates. High

similarity was found between leaf rust populations in the five locations, i.e. Domiatta,

Sohag, Alexandria, Kafr El-Sheikh and Bani Sweif, during 2016/17 growing season. Also,

high similarity was found between leaf rust pathogen populations of Kafr-Elsheikh,

Sohag, Beheira, Dakahlia, Sharqiya, Domiatta, Gharbiya, Fayoum and Minufiy, during

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2017/18 growing season. The phenotypic diversity within different populations under

study was characterized using the three indexes; Shannon, Gleason and Simpson.

Shannon index proved to be more suitable to accurately measure the phenotypic

diversity between the tested populations of the causal pathogen, as it was sensitive to

sample size, number of isolates, number of races and standard deviation of race

frequency than the others.

Keywords: Wheat, leaf rust, Puccinia triticina, virulence dynamics, phenotypic diversity.

Omara, R. I.; A. A. M. Abu Aly and M. A. Abou-Zeid (2018). Characterization of Partial Resistance to Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) in some Egyptian Wheat Cultivars. Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 9 (2): 111 - 119.

Abstract:

Partial resistance (PR) to stripe rust (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici) in 12 Egyptian

wheat cultivars was experimentally measured and characterized, using three

epidemiological parameters; final rust severity (FRS %), area under disease progress

curve (AUDPC) and rate of disease increase (r-value) at two locations, i.e.Sharkyia and

Kafr El-Sheikh Governorates, during 2015/16 and 2016/17 growing seasons. All of these

parameters found to be lower in the partially resistant (PR) cultivars; Sakha-94, Sakha-

95, Misr-1 and Misr-2, rather than those in the highly susceptible or fast-rusting

cultivars; Sids-12 and Gemmeiza-11, as well as the check variety; Morocco, during the

study. Each of the four partially resistant cultivars had the potentiality to decrease the

amount of stripe rust infection, also retard the disease development, during an

epidemic, in both years and under the two locations. Additionally, higher amounts of

both 1000 kernel weight (g) and grain yield/plot (kg) were obtained from the partially

resistant cultivars. More than 90% of the differences in a disease response of the tested

cultivars against stripe rust were mainly due to it’s genetic structure. Where, the genetic

make-up of the tested cultivars found to be relatively contributed by 97.59, 97.10 and

95.16% in 2015/16 and 97.43, 96.87 and 94.98% in 2016/17, to the expression of the

aforementioned three epidemiological parameters, respectively. The expression of

resistance was slightly affected by a very little change in environmental conditions

between the two locations or from one year to another, as the relative contribution of

the environment (locations) was very low (less than 5%). These results were ensured

with the high estimates of heritability (%), during the two growing seasons of the study,

which indicated that most of the phenotypic variation in these PR components were

essentially due to a genetic structure (genetic make-up) of the tested cultivars. Also, the

high heritability estimates of the studied parameters, clearly demonstrated that any of

these parameters could be used as a good criterion for evaluating and selecting PR

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wheat genotypes, under field conditions.Correlation matrix gave evidence to the

importance of these disease parameters, especially FRS (%), as it considered being a

good and more reliable indicator for evaluation partial resistance (PR) of the tested

wheat cultivars against stripe rust. Thus, partial resistance to stripe rust could be

accurately measured, characterized, screened and selected equally well in different

wheat genotypes under field conditions, using one or more of these convenient and

more reliable epidemiological parameters; FRS%, AUDPC and r- value.

Abou-Zeid, A. M.; A. Gohnium, and M. Hassan (2018). Evaluation of new Wheat Genotypes with Genetic Diversity for Stem Rust Resistance and Some Yield Components under Egyptian field Conditions.Egypt. J. Plant Breed, 22 (8): 849 – 871.

Abstract:

One hundred wheat genotypes derived from the International Maize and Wheat

Improvement Center (CIMMYT) with the susceptible control Morocco (check variety

were evaluated against stem rust (Puccinia graminis f.sp. tritici), Some agronomic traits

estimated, i.e, thousand kernel weight in grams, plant height in centimetres, spike

length in centimeters, as well as pseudo black chaff predictive phenotype associated

with resistance gene Sr2 were recorded on these genotypes at Sids Research Station

during 2015/16 and 2016/17 growing seasons. Seven genotypes i.e., BW-35, BW-36,

BW-37, BW-47, BW-97, BW-98 and BW-99, showed (resistance to moderately

resistance) R-MR response to stem rust in both seasons with significantly low

percentages of final rust severity FRS and low values average coefficient of infection

(ACI), Relative area under disease progress curve (rAUDPC). Fifteen wheat lines in

2015/16, and only nine linesin 2016/17, have displayed high levels of adult plant

resistance to stem rust infection under field conditions. These genotypes gave the

highest values of 1000-kernel weight and number of tillers, indicating genetic variation

which could be exploited in breeding for resistance to stem rust. The negative

relationship between agronomic variables involving plant height, spike length and 1000-

kernel weight showed harmful effects of stem rust on plant characteristics including

yield. Data revealing that most phenotypic changes were due to hereditary factors or

genetic structure of the genotypes studied. Also, it is evidence of the possibility of

achieving great success in restoring the genes required to resist rust in future

generations. Moreover, it means that genetic changes have been less affected by

changes in environmental conditions from season to season. The stem rust resistant

genotypes with good agronomic traits could be introgressed into adapted Egyptian

backgrounds while the genotypes showing presence of PBC could be utilized to develop

durable stem rust resistant wheat. It can be concluded that FRS (%) and AUDPC are the

most appropriate indicators, to examine large numbers of breeding materials, because it

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was easy to apply or deal with breeders, which facilitates the success of selection

process during the national education program without more time in consumption;

Inheritance studies to elucidate the exact genes conferring resistance to stem rust could

be conducted for breeders to exploit their genetic variability.

Shahin A.; W. Youssif and M. Hasan (2018). Occurrence of the Warrior Race of Wheat Stripe Rust (Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici) in Egypt, 2015. BGRI 2018 Poster, https://www.globalrust.org.

Abstract:

Wheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, [Pst] is a widespread

and damaging disease of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), causing significant losses in yield

and quality. During the 2015, eight stripe rust physiological races were identified in

greenhouse tests i.e. 0E0, 6E4, 70E20, 128E28, 134E244, 143E245, 250E174, and

450E214. Race 0E0 was the most common and avirulent race, and races 143E245, and

450E214 had high virulence on most of tested Yr resistance gene wheat lines. In the

same season, an unusual stripe rust infection occurred in spring wheat at Sakha region

in Egypt. Some of the most important commercial cultivars such as (Misr 2, Giza 168 and

Sakha 61), known as resistant to the previously characterized races of Pst in Egypt have

become susceptible under field conditions. Infections of stripe rust was observed on

some wheat lines with Yr genes previously known to be resistant, such as Yr1, Yr17 and

Yr32, in a yellow-rust trap nursery at Sakha (30.601400 ºN, 31.510383 ºE), northern

Egypt. Independent race analysis of collected samples from four governorates i.e. Kafr

Elsheikh, Al-Sharqia, Dakahleia and Damietta at Sakha Agricultural Research Station in

Kafr Elsheikh confirmed the detection of a new Pst race in Egypt. Aggressive races with

virulence to Yr27 were detected on differentials with Yr27 (Yr27/6*Avocet S), and (Ciano

97) during the 2012 in Egypt. In addition, the Warrior race (virulent on: Yr1, Yr2, Yr3,

Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr9, Yr17, Yr25, Yr32, and YrSp) was observed in the 2015 crop season,

which indicated continued changes in the Pst the population. In Europe, the Warrior

race first identified in 2011 in the United Kingdom has caused significant change in

yellow rust susceptibility of several varieties of both wheat and triticale. In a conclusion,

some of wheat cultivars, known to be resistant, were shifted to susceptible due to these

new races.

Hasan M.; A. Shahin, and M. Abou Zaid (2018). Adult plant stem rust resistance of selected Egyptian and exotic bread wheat varieties. BGRI 2018 Poster Abstrachttps://www.globalrust.org.

Abstract:

Resistance genes Sr2, Sr22, Sr24, Sr25 and Sr26 confer adult plant resistance to Pgt

race TTKSK (=Ug99). Ten Egyptian wheat varieties and four bread wheat entries from

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CIMMYT were screened with five DNA markers to determine the presence of these

genes, and were evaluated for stem rust response at Sakha and Sids during the

successive growing seasons of 2015/16 and 2016/17. Varieties Giza 171, Sakha 94,

Gemmeiza 11, and CIMMYT lines 6043, 6091, 6107 and 6197 were resistant with

severities ranging from TrR to 5MR/MS. Sr2 was present in all entries; Sr24 was present

in one local Egyptian cultivar (Misr2); Sr25 was present in Misr 1, Misr 2, Gemmeiza 9,

Gemmeiza 11, and lines 6091 and 6197; and Sr26 was present in line 6197.

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El-Shafey, R.A.S.; K. A. Attia; Fatma A. Mostafa; Rabab M. Elamawi (2018).Incidence and Molecular Identification of Cochliobolus carbonum as Causal Organism of Rice Seedling Blight. Beni-Suef University Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 7(4): 652–662.

Abstract:

During last few years, seedling blight and black lesions along culm of rice seedlings

have been appearing frequently in nurseries. Identification of the causal organism was

the objective of this research. The identification was done based on morpho-

pathological characteristics and Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region sequencing

analysis. The pathogen effects on germination and development of rice seedlings were

studied under laboratory and greenhouse conditions. Based on the morphological

examination, 10 isolates were identified as Cochliobolus carbonum fungus. This

organism recorded different levels of pathogenicity, and most of the isolates showed

high virulence, up to 56% as seedling infection with isolate ECC-5. The germination

percentage was reduced to 73% for cultivar Sakha 101. Sakha 101 recorded highest

infected seedlings percentage (44%) under artificial inoculation. The isolates reaction

was more variable on seedlings than on leaves of Egyptian rice cultivars. Infection

severity on leaves of isolate ECC-5 recorded highest average for infection, while isolate

ECC-3 did not exhibit any infection. Most of C. carbonum isolates were induced severe

infection on rice seedlings. Therefore, the identified isolates were recorded as a novel

pathogen causing seedling blight disease on rice. Soaking in crude extract filtrate of C.

carbonium isolates culture reduced germination percentage to 1.55% with Sakha101

and inhibit the shoots and roots growth. The molecular variation using ISJ markers

reflected a high level of genetic variation between isolates. The ITS region sequencing of

two isolates ECC-7 and ECC-9 was successfully analyzed, and alignment with 19 isolates

of Bipolariszeicola worldwide with 97% identity. Phylogenetic analyses of sequences

resulted in a well-resolved phylogeny. The data suggested that ITS region analysis was a

potential tool for phylogenetic reconstruction of the new isolates and as was DNA

barcode for identification of the fungalspecies. It confirmed that this organism is a rice

seed-borne pathogen that causes seedling blight disease.

Keywords: C. carbonum, Rice seedling blight, Internal Transcribed Spacer (ITS) region, sequencing analysis

Elamawi, Rabab M.; Fatma A. Mostafa and R. A. S. El-Shafey (2018). Monitoring of Tricyclazole and Isoprothiolane Residues and their Effects on Blast Disease, Yield and Its Components, Grain Quality and Chemical Components of Rice. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 9 (9): 557–566.

Abstract:

The systemic fungicides tricyclazole (Beam 75% WP) and isoprothiolane (Fuji-one

40% EC) are widely used to control Pyricularia oryzae infection causing riceblast disease in

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Egypt. A field experiment was conducted at Rice Research and Training Center farm,

Sakha, Kafr Elsheikh, Egypt during 2015 and 2016 seasons on susceptible cultivar

Sakha101. The impact of tricyclazole (0.5mg/L) and isoprothiolane (2ml/L) on P. oryzae

infection, yield and its components, grain quality and chemical components of rice were

evaluated. Meanwhile, the fungicides residue dynamics on rice straw, husk and milled rice

were determined using Quick Easy Cheap Effective Rugged and Safe (QuEChERS) method

combined with HPLC-MS/MS detection after 30 and 60 days post-harvest.The results

indicated that tricyclazole and isoprothiolane were significantly possessed a high level of

controlling blast disease whereas, both fungicides reduced disease severity, areas under

disease progress curve (AUDPC), and rate of leaf blast progress (r-value) disease

parameters in both seasons. Residue analysis of tricyclazole in rice straw (1.06 mg/kg) was

higher than the residue in the husk and milled rice (0.19 and 0.14 mg/kg, respectively)

after 30 days post-harvest. The residues of tricyclazole in the husk and milled rice were

lower than the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). Also, isoprothiolane residue analysis in

milled rice was 0.58 mg/kg after 60 days post-harvest and below the MRL. Also, most of

the yield and yield components were significantly increased by the application of both

fungicides over the untreated plots. Tricyclazole and isoprothiolane treatments enhanced

the grain chemical components concentration as carbohydrates, fats, ash, and fiber.

Finally, the investigation revealed that tricyclazole and isoprothiolane were effective

against rice blast disease and considered safe fungicides according to the European Food

Safety Authority. Based on our residue analysis results and Egyptian rice consumption, we

suggested that determine our own Egyptian MRL. Whereas, our total rice consumption

reaching 4 million ton/year in2016, it was considered fourth fold than Europe

consumption (1 million ton/year).

Keywords: Rice, Tricyclazole, Isoprothiolane, P. oryzae, Grain yield, Quality, Fungicides

residue

Elshafey, R. A.S.; A. M. Tahoon and F. A. El-Emary (2018). Analysis of varietal response to bakanae infection Fusarium fujikuroi and gibberellic acid through morphological, anatomical and hormonal changes in three rice varieties. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management, 5(2): 63-87.

Abstract:

Fusarium fujikuroi, the causal organism of bakanae disease, is mainly seed borne pathogen on rice. The response of different rice varieties have more concern to understand pathogenesis process and host pathogen interaction complex. Therefore, the present study had some objectives: to determine response of some rice genotypes to bakanae infection and Gibberellic acid (GA3) treatment through morphological, anatomical and plant hormones changes. The highly virulent isolate no. 10 of F. Fujikuroi was used in evaluation of three rice cultivars; Sakha 101, Giza 179 and promising line GZ

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10101-5-1-1-1. Changes in all morphological, anatomical traits and plant hormones activities Gibberellic acid (GA3), Indol Acetic acid (IAA) and Abscisic Acid (ABA) with bakanae infection and GA3 treatment were assessed from 15-60 days after inoculation and GA3 treatment during season 2018. Results indicated that bakanae infection caused severe morphological changes as abnormal elongation, degradation of chlorophyll and seedling death. Morphological changes were associated with wide anatomical changes of leaf as deformation of motor cell, mesophyll layer. For stem, infection and GA3 induced significant increase in the No. of aerenchyma and their diameter and increase pith diameter, and stem elongation. As well as, anatomical changes in roots were significant increase in diameter of epidermis, cortex layers, vascular cylinder, and reduction in diameter of xylem vessels. Out of anatomical results, Fusarium fujikuroi prefer to grow in aerenchyma, pith, cortex, vascular bundle of both sheath and stem. There is a significant increase in plant hormones Gibberellic acid (GA3), Indol Acetic acid (IAA) and Abscisic Acid (ABA) with bakanae infection and GA3 treatment combined with bakanae infection and GA3 treatment. GZ 10101-5-1-1-1 was recorded the lowest response to GA3 treatment with the lowest infection % and stem elongation%. While Sakha 101 and Giza 179 were the highly susceptible cultivars to bakanae with the highest infection %, stem elongation% and response to GA3. The fast and highest stem elongation %, No. of nodes and internode length was considered as remarkable phenotypic markers it can be used as valuable and early selection marker of susceptibility in breeding program to bakanae disease. GZ 10101-5-1-1-1 as new promising line and high tolerant to bakanae and low response to GA3 could be used as a good source in bakanae resistance breeding program.

Keywords: rice, Gibberella fujikuroi, elongation, bakanae, gibberellic acid, IAA, ABA,

anatomical traits.

Kanika Narula; Pooja Choudhary; Sudip Ghosh; Eman Elagamey ;Niranjan Chakraborty; Subhra Chakraborty (2018). Comparative Nuclear Proteomics Analysis Provides Insight into the Mechanism of Signaling and Immune Response to Blast Disease Caused by Magnaporthe oryzae in Rice. Proteomics 2018, 19, 1800188, p1-14.

Abstract:

Modulation of plant immune system by extrinsic/intrinsic factors and

host‐specific determinants fine‐tunes cellular components involving multiple

organelles, particularly nucleus to mount resistance against pathogen attack. Rice

blast, caused by hemibiotrophic fungus Magnaporthe oryzae, is one of the most

devastating diseases that adversely affect rice productivity. However, the role of

nuclear proteins and their regulation in response to M. oryzae remains unknown. Here,

the nucleus‐associated immune pathways in blast‐resistant rice genotype are

elucidated. Temporal analysis of nuclear proteome is carried out using 2‐DE coupled

MS/MS analysis. A total of 140 immune responsive proteins are identified associated

with nuclear reorganization, cell division, energy production/deprivation, signaling, and

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gene regulation. The proteome data are interrogated using correlation network

analysis that identified significant functional modules pointing toward immune‐related

coinciding processes through a common mechanism of remodeling and homeostasis.

Novel clues regarding blast resistance include nucleus‐associated redox homeostasis

and glycolytic enzyme–mediated chromatin organization which manipulates cell

division and immunity. Taken together, the study herein provides evidence that the

coordination of nuclear function and reprogramming of host translational machinery

regulate resistance mechanism against blast disease.

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Hafez, Y. M.; Asmaa S. El-Nagar; A. A. Elzaawely; S. M. Kamel and H. F. Maswada (2018). Biological control of Podosphaera xanthii the causal agent of squash powdery mildew disease by upregulation of defense-related enzymes. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control, 28(57): 400-407. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0058-8.

Abstract:

Squash (Cucurbita pepo L.), one of the most important vegetable crops for human

nutrition all over the world, is infected by many diseases, particularly powdery mildew

caused by Podosphaera xanthii (syn. Sphaerotheca fuliginea), which is considered the

most serious disease-causing yield losses. This research study was conducted to

investigate the role of Bacillus subtilis, Bacillus chitinosporus, Bacillus pumilus, Bacillus

megaterium, Bacillus polymexa, Trichoderma harzianum, and Trichoderma viridi on

squash leaves infected with P. xanthii under laboratory and greenhouse conditions.

Results indicated that all treatments significantly inhibited the conidial germination of P.

xanthii than the control. A significant decrease in the disease symptoms, severity, and

the area under disease progress curve (AUDPC) was registered in squash plants sprayed

with the tested bio-agents, particularly B. subtilis, B. pumilus, and T. harzianum. The

activity of defense-related enzymes, i.e., catalase (CAT), peroxidase (POX), and

polyphenol oxidase (PPO), were significantly upregulated as results of most treatments.

Light and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) investigation showed that the

morphological shape of P. xanthii was abnormal and the pathogen growth was limited in

bio-agent-treated plants compared to control plants that showed dramatic infection.

Bio-agent treatments significantly increased growth and yield attributes of squash

plants over control. Overall, the results showed possibility of using the tested bio-agents

to control squash powdery mildew disease as an alternative to fungicides’ use that is

harmful for human health and polluting the environment.

Keywords: Bacillus sp; Trichoderma sp.; Powdery mildew; Squash; Spore germeination.

El-Shoraky Fathia S.; S. M. Kamel; H. A. Ketta and Fatma A. Mostafa (2018). Pivotal Role of Humic Acid against Powdery and Downy Mildews of Cucumber under Plastic House Conditions. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 9 (8): 471 – 477.

Abstract:

Evaluating the efficacy of humic acid in controlling powdery (Sphaerotheca

fuliginea Schlecht., Pollacci) and downy (Pseudoperonospora cubensis Berk. and Curt.)

mildews of cucumber and enhancing the cucumber yield components was explored

through experiments of plastic houses under pathogens pressure during two growing

seasons 2016/2017 and 2017/2018. Three concentrations 5, 10 and 15 ml/l of humic

acid were sprayed five times with seven days interval against powdery and downy

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mildews compared to bio-agents (Bacillus subtilis and Trichoderma asperellum) and

chemical registered fungicides Ridomil Gold MZ 68 WG with downy mildew and Topas

100 EC with powdery mildew. Maximum reduction percent in disease severity of both

powdery (85.23 and 80.88) and downy (70.36 and 81.14) mildew diseases was recorded

with the third concentration (15 ml/l) of humic acid compared to other used

concentrations during both seasons respectively. The significant reduction effect on

powdery and downy mildew diseases was increased with increasing of humic acid

concentrations. All treatments increased peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase activity

compared with control treatments at all periods of activity. Enzymes of peroxidase and

polyphenol oxidase showed the highest activity when induced by T. asperellum as well

as humic acid at the third concentration. The highest activity was induced by T.

asperellum and humic acid at concentration of 15 ml/l during the growing season

2016/2017. Similar results were obtained during the second season 2017/2018. Foliar

application of humic acid by different concentrations increased significantly the plant

height, chlorophyll content, fresh and dry weights as well as yield components and fresh

fruit shelf life. These results established that humic acid could play an essential role

either for controlling powdery and downy mildews of cucumber through enzymes

induction or advantage of enhancing the plant growth, yield and fresh fruit shelf life.

Farag, F.M. (2018). Stemphylium botryosum and Cladosporium cucumerinum: A new challenge in watermelon production in Egypt (Note). J Plant Physiol Pathol 2018, Volume 6, Page 33, DOI: 10.4172/2329-955X-C3-021.

Abstract:

In February 2017, a severe disease with typical symptoms of small brown spots (1

to 2 mm in diameter) was observed on the leaves of watermelon. On the other hand,

different lesions were observed on leaves and petioles brown to dark brown in color

with or without a chlorotic halo. Shape of lesions was circular to oval and on leaves they

were generally 1 to 14 mm in diameter in Minia County, Egypt. The pathogens were

consistently isolated from leaf lesions on Potato Dextrose Agar (PDA) incubated at 25 °C

for 7 days. Identification of the isolated fungi was verified at Assiut University

Mycological Center based on their morphological characteristics. Microscopic

observations revealed that conidia of Stemphylium botryosum were muriform, mostly

oblong to ovoid but occasionally nearly globose, subhyline to variant shades of brown,

mostly constricted at the median septum and measured 12 to 14×8 to 10 μm (average

13.4×8.9 μm). On the other hand, Cladosporium cucumerinum conidia measured 2 to 8 ×

1 to 3 μm (average 4.94×1.94 μm). Pathogenicity tests were performed by spraying a

conidial suspension (105 conidia ml-1) on healthy watermelon (cv. Giza 1), plants, at the

5-true-leaf stage. Disease symptoms appeared on watermelon, which were similar to

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those observed under natural infection conditions. S. botryosum and C. cucumerinum

were consistently re-isolated from artificially infected watermelon tissues, thus

confirming Koch's postulates. For the diseases reported here, we suggest the name

Stemphylium leaf spots and Cladosporium leaf spot. This is the first report of a disease

of watermelon caused by a species of Stemphylium and Cladosporium.

Abdlla, M. E.; A. M. Tohmy; I. A. Rashid and Noha E. Ahmed (2018). Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Potato Black Scurf Disease (Rhizoctonia solani) in Egypt. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 8 (9): 473 – 478.

Abstract:

Rhizoctonia solani is the biological causal agent of the potato black scurf disease.

The symptoms were examined on vegetative and tuber potato plants in eight Egyptian

governorates (Aswan, Behera, Dakahlyia, Gharbia, Giza, Ismailia, Menofyia, and New

Valley) during 2012-13 and 2013-14. Representative infected samples of Diamant,

Hermes, Lady Rosetta and Spunta cultivars were collected randomly from different

conventional and organic farms. Field survey produced a total of 182 isolates. The

highest disease severity occurred in Ismailia and Behera, while the lowest severity was

in Menofyia. The cultivar Herms was resistant in greenhouse and field trials, while Lady

Rosetta was the susceptible. Disease incidence and severity were higher in organic than

conventional cultivation farms. The 182 isolates were subdivided into 14 group based on

the morphological examination. The anastomosis test on 50 selected isolates produced

four different interactive groups (C0-C3). Sequence analysis was performed on the

internal transcribed spacer (ITS) 18s rDNA of 35 selected isolates and confirmed the

identified groups. High molecular similarity and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP)

were produced between the representing ITS sequences of the (AG3, AG4, AGA, and

AGF) groups using the comparative analysis. The AG3 and AG4 groups included 25 and

six isolates; respectively and severely infected potato. The AGA and AGF groups included

three and one isolates; respectively, and unregistered for potato invasion. These results

of great applications at the level of potato black scurf disease characterization in Egypt.

Keywords: Potato, Plack scurf, Rhizoctonia solani, Anastomosis group, Molecular characterization.

Alkolaly, Asmaa M.A. and Mervat R. Helal (2018). Infection suppression of verticillium wilt disease in eggplant by some Fungecides, Biocides and salicylic acid. Zagazig J. Agric Res., 45(5):456-477.

Abstract:

The ability of some modern fungicides, biocides and organic acids to reduce

verticillium wilt in Eggplant was carried out in this study. Three Fungicides i.e. Eleven

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(Fludioxnil + Tebuconazole), Vincint (Flutriafol) and Meta Z (Metalaxyl + Thiram), as well

as, biocide i.e. Clean root (Bacillus subtilis) and salicylic acid were investigated by

treating transplants of eggplant through dipping their roots in the recommended doses

of these biocides. The disease incidence was significantly reduced in case of fungicides

followed by clean root and salicylic acid in comparison with control treatment. The

fungicides Vincint and Meta Z recorded the highest efficacy as 77% and 76.6%,

respectively, hence both of them are systemic fungicides. They followed by the

fungicide eleven which gave 70% efficacy. Meanwhile, salicylic acid was the least

effective where it revealed 44% efficacy. Growth parameters and yield of eggplant

measurements revealed high record with fungicides more than the other treatments.

Concerning to peroxidase and polyphenoleoxidase activities in leaves of eggplant, it was

observed that clean root and the fungicides Vincint, Meta Z and Eleven ones recorded

high levels of activity for both enzymes.

Keyword: Eggplan, verticillium wilt, systemic fungicides, biocides, salicylic acid, oxidative enzymes.

Arafa, R. A.; Nour Elden K. Soliman; Olfat M. Moussa; S. M. Kamel and Kenta Shirasawa (2018). Characterization of Egyptian Phytophthora infestans population using simple sequence repeat markers. Journal of General Plant Pathology, 84(2): 104–107.

Abstract:

The plant pathogenic oomycete, Phytophthora infestans, is the causal agent of

late blight disease in tomato and potato. For characterizing Egyptian P. infestans isolates

by DNA marker analysis, 40 isolates of P. infestans were collected from different

locations in Egypt during two growing seasons (2012/2013 and 2013/2014). The 40

isolates were grouped into seven genotypes, in which 24 alleles were detected. The

identified genotypes were not completely associated with geographic location and

sample collection years. These results provide genetic and geographical information for

developing a program to manage late blight disease.

Arafa, R.A. and Kenta Shirasawa (2018). Technical review of molecular markers and next generation sequencing technology to manage plant pathogenic oomycetes. African Journal of Biotechnology, 17(12): 369-379.

Abstract:

To feed the world human population which is expected to reach 10 billion in the

next three decades, agricultural sustainability is required for stable food production.

However, crops always suffer from many biotic and abiotic stresses. Among them, plant

pathogens often cause severe yield losses. Plant pathogenic oomycetes are one of the

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most destructive plant diseases, which include Phytophthora infestans in potato and

tomato, Phytophthora capsici in peppers, Phytophthora sojae in soybean, Phytophthora

fragariae var. fragariae in strawberry, Plasmopara viticola in grapevine, and

Pseudoperonospora cubensis in cucurbits. Therefore, rapid, robust and sophisticated

molecular technologies are required for accurate identification and characterization of

the oomycetes, to manage crop diseases resistances. In addition, breeding highly

disease resistant varieties is also essential for sustainable agriculture. Molecular marker

technology, especially recent advanced next-generation sequencing-based methods,

would provide helpful information to monitor the pathogen endemicity and to breed

the resistant cultivars through a gene pyramiding strategy. In this review, there was

focus on both conventional and novel genotyping techniques for oomycete

characterization and resistant gene identification in crops, to discuss future outlook for

successful disease management

Zaki, M.H.; T.G. Tomader; G. Abd-el Raman and Fahima; H. Ayoub (2018). Grafting technique onto cucurbit rootstocks for control soil born diseases and enhance the productive behavior for melon (Cucumis melo) in Egypt. Menoufia J. Plant Prod., 3: 63-84.

Abstract:

Two experiments were conducted at two successive seasons 2015/2016 and

2016/2017 during the activity of the project "Grafting techniques to improve production

and to solve the problems in melon" under plastic greenhouse by supporting the

Agriculture Development Programme in Egypt. The first experiment was conducted to

evaluate two melon cultivars i.e., Hybrid London (Galia type) and Hybrid Magd (Ananas

type) and eight cucurbit rootstocks for their resistance and/or susceptibility to soil

borne diseases such as (Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium albo-atrum) which

considered the most serious pathogens that cause soil born diseases on melon crop. The

data revealed that the Squash No3, Super Shintoza, Coplt, FliexFort, Ferro RZ, and Nun

6001 rootstocks were resistant to the previous pathogens in infested and non-infested

soil except Pakistani luffa rootstock which was susceptible to the two pathogens.

Moreover Squash No3, Ferro RZ, and Nun 6001 rootstocks are considered the highly

resistant to F. oxysporum while Squash No3, FliexFort and Nun 6001 rootstocks are

considered highly resistant to Verticillium albo-atrum. On the other hand the two tested

melon varieties {Hybrid London and Hybrid Magd} were highly susceptible to the

previous pathogens. The second experiment was conducted to compare between the

effect of the previous resistant rootstocks and between three grafting methods (hole

insertion grafting, splice grafting and tongue-approach grafting) on melonplant growth

and yield components of Hybrid Londoncompared with non-grafted plants which used

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as control. The highest success rate of grafted melon seedlings was recorded by tongue-

approach grafting method followed by hole insertion grafting method. Moreover, the

plants survival rate, vegetative growth characteristics (stem length, leaves number and

shoot fresh weights), of grafting melon seedlings varied depending on grafting methods,

rootstocks and the combination between grafting methods and rootstocks and

difference between scion and rootstocks hypocotyls. The data revealed that the grafting

onto Squash No3, Super Shintoza, Coplt, FliexFort, Ferro RZ and Nun 6001 rootstocks are

suitable method for commercial melons production under greenhouse conditions in

Egypt by provides sufficient protection against Fusarium oxysporum and Verticillium

albo- atrum especially. This result due to the survival rate of plants grafted onto these

rootstocks was extremely high. Moreover, the grafting melon seedlings by hole insertion

and splice grafting methods onto Fliex Fort, Ferro RZ and Nun 6001 gave vigour growth,

higher yield under greenhouse conditions without exhibiting any detrimental effects on

melon fruit quality of the Hybrid London cultivar.

Khafagi, Eman Y. (2018). Effect of planting distance of certain cultivars on incidence of root and crown rot diseases in strawberry nurseries. Zagazig j. Agric. Res., 45 (1): 189-195.

Abstract:

The effect of planting distances on the development of root and crown rot

diseases of strawberry in the transplanting nursery was studied in two successive

seasons of 2015 and 2016. Three Super Elite mother plants of Festival, Florida and

Sweet Charlie were tested. Seven Planting distances (0.6, 0.9, 1.2, 1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4 m)

were used between mother plants. The first three planting distances (0.6, 0.9, 1.2 m)

were the standard distances used by strawberry growers in the commercial nurseries.

The rest of planting distances (1.5, 1.8, 2.1, 2.4 m) represented the suggested modified

distances. The obtained results showed a considerable amount of reduction (%) on root

and crown rot diseases on the produced transplants of the modified planting distances.

The modification of planting distances in strawberry nurseries could be used as one of

banned methyl bromide alternatives.

Khafagi, Eman Y.; Sozan E. El-Abeid; Maali Sh. Soliman; Shereen E. M. El-Nahas and Yosra Ahmed (2018). Role of Arbuscular Mycorrhizae Fungi and Humic Acid in Controlling Root and Crown Rot of Strawberry. Plant Pathology Journal, 17(2):65 – 74.

Abstract:

Background and Objective: Strawberry plants are threatened by root and crown

rot diseases during nursery stage and under field conditions leading to substantial losses

in production. This investigation aimed to control root and crown rot of strawberry

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plants in nursery and field using Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) and humic acid as

alternative means to fungicides. The experiments were carried out for two seasons in

naturally infested nursery and field in Al-Qalyubia governorate, Egypt. Methodology:

Humic acid and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) (a mixture of Claroideoglomus

etunicatum, Rhizophagus diaphanous and R. intraradices), singly and in combination

were used to control root and crown rot in nursery and field. The effect of treatments

on disease severity and different growth parameters was investigated in addition to the

effect of treatments on sugar content, phenols and firmness of the fruits. Occupation of

roots by AMF was also examined in the different treatments. Results: The AMF and

humic acid significantly reduced the disease severity in both nursery and field. The

combined treatment of AMF and humic acid in the nursery did not improve their

efficiency in reducing disease severity compared to the single treatments with either

one, while in the field the combined treatment of AMF and humic acid improved their

efficiency in reducing disease severity compared to single treatments. However, results

revealed that the root occupation with AMF was reduced by adding humic acid to

treatments. The dual effect of humic acid and AMF was clear in increasing both early,

total yield and healthy seedlings production in the nursery. The AMF was the most

effective treatment in increasing sugar content of the fruits. Data also revealed the lack

of correlation between disease severity and each of total and free phenols. Conclusion:

The AMF and humic acid can be recommended for controlling root and crown rot of

strawberry plants in nursery and field. The use of these two treatments in disease

control during nursery stage led to the production of healthy and vigorous seedlings to

be used commercially in the fields.

Keywords: Strawberry, Root rot, Crown rot, Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), Humic acid, Fungicides, Total sugars, Phenols, Fruit firmness, Anthocyanin

Mustafa, M.S., Hala A.M. Eldaker, Asmaa M.A. Alkolay (2018). Impact of Bioagents and organic acids on Altenria solani the causal organism of tomato early blight disease and the side effect assessment. Global Journal of Advanced Research, 5 (7): 234-242.

Abstract:

Pesticides have a specific purpose in society; they are intended to control insects,

fungi, bacteria and weeds that damage crops; however, pesticides can adversely affect

some nontarget living organism. Even the least-toxic products, and those that are

natural or organic products, can cause human health problems. In this work, we studied

the effect of a biocide "Bio Arc (Bacillus megaterium)", the resistance inducer “salicylic

acid” and the growth promoter “humic acid” were studied on Alternaria solani the

causal of tomato early blight disease, compared with the recommended biocide, Bio

Zeid (Trichoderma album). Since the most of tomato fruits are permanently consumed

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fresh, therefore it was very important to assess the possible toxicological risk of long-

term consumption of tomato fruits harvested from plants treated with any of the

aforementioned biocides. In vivo study, Bio Arc was the most effective one (67.8%)

followed by Bio Zeid (43%) then salicylic acid (40%), in contrast to humic acid, which

resulted in very low efficacy (35.4%). However, while disease severity on plants treated

with Bio Zeid increased gradually tell after the third spray, on plants treated with Bio Arc

and salicylic acid increased gradually tell the second spray. feeding rats for 4 weeks on

fodder, mixed with juice of tomato fruits harvested from plants treated with salicylic

acid, Bio Zeid or Bio Arc compared with two control treatment (control+) and (control-)

revealed that: in case of salicylic acid, no significant adverse effect was noticed on

Alanineaminotransferase (ALT), High density lipoprotein (HDL) and albumin; in contrast

to Aspertateaminotranferase (AST), cholesterol, triglyceride, Low density lipoprotein

(LDL), creatinin and urea which were significantly increased. BioZeid showed no

significant adverse effect on AST, cholesterol, HDL or albumin; in contrast to ALT,

triglyceride, LDL, creatinin and urea .Bio Arc showed no significant adverse effect on ALT

and AST, on the other hand, the levels of cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, creatinin and

urea significantly elevated. In contrast, HDL and albumin which significantly decreased.

Elevation of AST and ALT in case of salicylic acid, Bio Zeid respectively indicated that, the

rats liver may be hurt, especially liver weight of rats fed on fodder mixed with tomato

treated with Bio Zied significantly decreased. Raised of creatinin and urea level in blood

of rats fed on fodder mixed with tomato treated with salicylic acid ,Bio Zied or Bio Arc

indicating that the rats kidneys may be adversely affected, especially kidney weight of

rats fed on fodder mixed with tomato treated with Bio Zied significantly decreased.

Keyword: Biocides, BioZied, BioArc, Salycalicacid, Humic acid, toxicological studies. El Gobashy, S. F.; Wafai Z. A. Mikhail; A. M. Ismail; A. Zekry; Anotonio Moretti; Antonella Susca and Amira Sh. Soliman(2018). Phylogenetic, toxigenic and virulence profiles of Alternaria species causing leaf blight of tomato in Egypt. Mycological Progress, 17:1269–1282.

Abstract:

Species of Alternaria are serious plant pathogens, causing major losses on a wide range of crops. Leaf blight symptoms were observed on tomato leaves, and samples were collected from various regions. Isolation was done from symptomatic tomato leaves, and 15 representatives were selected from a collection of 65 isolates of Alternaria species. The virulence of Alternaria isolates was investigated on detached leaves (DL) and whole plants of tomato cv. Super strain B. A phylogenetic analysis was performed based on three partial gene regions, the glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), the RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2) and the Alternaria major allergen gene (Alt a 1). The potentiality of Alternaria isolates to

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produce toxins was also investigated on the basis of thin-layer chromatography (TLC). Our investigations revealed that Alternaria isolates showed different levels of virulence either on tomato plants or DL. Based on the phylogeny of three genes, Alternaria isolates encompassed two species of small-spored morphospecies: A. alternata (14 isolates) and A. arborescens (single isolate). The produced toxins varied among Alternaria isolates with tenuazonic acid (TeA) being the most abundant mycotoxin produced by most isolates. This study highlighted on other Alternaria species in Egypt that might represent a serious concern for tomato producers as causal agents of leaf blight over other species, i.e. A. solani.

Keywords: Alternaria Leaf blight Mycotoxin Pathogenicity Tomato

Youssef, M. A. A.; A. Z. Aly; M. R. A. Tohamy and M. I. Ghonim (2018). Studies on fungi associated with pea seeds and their effect on germination and some seed characters. Zagazig J. Agric. Res., 45(4):1291-1308.

Abstract:

Seed borne fungi of 45 pea seed samples of Master-B cultivar were examined.

These samples were collected from main production area of Egypt. A total number of 28

species, representing 19 genera of fungi was isolated and identified from pea seeds. The

agar plate method was more accurate for detection of the most associated seed borne

fungi compared with blotter method. Test tube agar method of 50 seeds from each of

Master-B, Entsar 1, Entsar 2 and Sugar gum cultivars revealed incidence of 10 species,

representing 8 fungi genera. These fungi were isolated from different seedling parts.

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was used to examine seed borne fungi in dry seed

surface of two pea cultivars Cambados (curly) and Oregon sugar (smooth).The curly

cultivar hosted more fungi than the smooth one. Six categories of discoloration pea

seeds were investigated using agar plate method. A total of 27 species, representing 19

genera were isolated and identified from pea seeds with different color categories. The

effect of discoloration on seed characters and germination were examined.

Discoloration of deteriorated seeds was associated with decreased total protein, total

phenols, weight of 1000 dry seeds and seed germination percentages comparing with

healthy ones. On the contrary, moisture contents in healthy seeds recorded lower

percent compared with all discoloration seed categories and insect infection. Key words:

Pea-seed borne fungi, blotter method, test tube agar method, pea seed discoloration,

scanning electron microscopy (SEM).

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Ahmed Hoda A. M.; Naglaa G. Ahmed and Hala F. M. El – Bably (2018). Resistance inducer for root and charcoal rots caused by Macrophomina phaseolina and their impact on sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) growth parameters. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management, 5 (1): 22 - 34.

Abstract:

The present work was carried out to study the effect of some safety compounds,

e.g. biocides i.e. plant guard & Rhizo-N, plant extracts i.e. Ocimum & Eucaliptus and

antioxidants i.e. salicylic acid & ascorbic acid compared to Rizolex-T in controlling root

and charcoal rots of sunflower plants (Giza 102). Growth and quality parameters in

greenhouse and open field during 2016 and 2017 growing seasons were determined.

Most treatments significantly protected sunflower plants from diseases and increased

growth parameters compared to control plants. Under field conditions, naturally

infected sunflower plants with Macrophomina phaseolina were significantly decreased

compared to infected control. Vegetative growth parameters as plant height, head

diameter, 1000 seed weight, percentage oil, protein of sunflower were increased

significantly. The results provide an alternative and safe measures for control of

sunflower root and charcoal rots. Further trials with other safe compounds may be

recommended.

Mahdy Hala A.; Nawal A. Eisa; M.M.A. Khalifa; Kh. E. Eid and G. A. Ahmed (2018). Identification of Fusarium species causing basal rot in Egypt and their virulence on seed seedlings and bulbs. Annals of Agric. Sci., Moshtohor, 65(1):79- 88.

Abstract:

Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cepae is the causal agent of onion basal rot disease.

Onion basal rot disease caused by various Fusarium species is one of the economically

important diseases of onion in Egypt. Identification of the prevalent pathogenic species

causing onion basal rot disease is essential for designing management strategies,

especially to develop resistant cultivars. Fourteen Fusarium isolates were obtained from

onion bulbs collected from infected fields of of four different Governorates (Sharkia,

Garbia, Behaira and Monofia) in Egypt. Inoculating onion bulbs (cv. Giza 20) with 14 of

Fusarium isolates indicated that the fourteen tested isolates were pathogenic of onion.

These isolates were identified as F. oxysporum, F. proliferatum and F. solani based on

their morphological and molecular characteristics. As for virulence of each one of the

isolates on bulbs and seedlings of onion, F. oxysporum caused severe basal rot and

damping-off as a highly virulent species. F. proliferatum attacked onion bulbs while, F.

solani caused pre- and post-emergence damping-off over 50%.

Keywords: Identification, Fusarium species, Onion basal rot, virulence, Egypt.

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Asran, Amal A., M. T. M. Mansour, M. S. Khalil, A. Z. A. Ashour, S. M. E. Zayed ,Marian M. Habeb and A. A. Aly (2018). Screening a collection of cotton genotypes for Fusarium wilt resistance under greenhouse conditions in 2017. Egypt J. Agric. Res., 96 (2), 365- -373.

Abstract:

The genotypes evaluated in this study was a part of the National Screening

Program for Fusarium Wilt Resistance. This program is conducted annually in the

greenhouses of Cotton and Fiber Crops Diseases Research Dept., PPRI. The present

study included 50 of Upper Egypt experimental genotypes and 875 families of six

commercial cultivars. The experimental genotypes were supplied by Cotton Breeding

Dept., and the six commercial cultivars were provided by Cotton Maintenance Dept.,

Cotton Research Institute .Healthy survival rate of seedlings of the genotypes was used

as a criterion to evaluate the reactions when the genotypes were grown in autoclaved

highly infested soil with a mixture of race 3 of Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. vasinfectum

isolates. The majority of the tested genotypes (48%) were very highly resistant while

22% were very highly susceptible. All the families of the commercial cultivars Giza 90,

Giza 95, Giza 86, Giza 87, and Giza 88 were very highly resistant while only 99.30% of

Giza 92 families showed this level of resistance, which deserves more attention in

monitoring its families in the future to avoid any varietal deterioration.The present work

provides new and useful sources of resistance to FOV race 3isolates.

El-Shoraky Fathia S. and A. Y. Shala (2018). Antifungal Activity of spearmint and peppermint essential oils against Macrophomina phaseolina root rot of cotton. J. Plant Pathol. Mansoura Univ., 9(11) 755-781.

Abstract:

Essential oils as natural antifungal substances one of the alternative methods for

plant disease control. The present study was conducted during 2015 and 2016 to

investigate the antifungal activity and oil constituents of volatile oils from spearmint

(Mentha viridis L.) and peppermint (Mentha piperita L.) against cotton root rot pathogen

(Macrophomina phaseolina). Gas chromatographic analysis revealed that spearmint

volatile oil was constituted by carvone (60.16%) as a major component followed by 1,8

cineole (8.67%), limonene (7.40 %), dihydro carvone (5.86 %), β- ocimene (4.29%) and

pulegone (3.23%). While peppermint volatile oil was rich in menthone (46.52%),

menthol (25.88%), limonene (7.72%) menthyl acetate (3.90%), iso menthol (2.10%) and

sabinene (2.03%). Both essential oils with different concentrations were evaluated in

vitro against three fungus isolates. The two tested oils exhibited 89.55 inhibition percent

for the crude oils, against all the tested fungal isolates. Moreover, it was noticed that as

PPATH. RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2018

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oil concentrations decreased, the inhibitory effect also decreased. At the same time, a

highly significant effect of oils at all concentrations was observed during sclerotial

formation (number and size). The use of essential oils as seed treatment exhibited a

highly significant reduction in disease incidence of cotton which has been artificially

infested with root rot pathogen, compared to fungicide and untreated control

treatments under the greenhouse conditions. This reduction was calculated to be

between 4.56 and 100% compared with a 26.67% reduction with the utilization of

Topsin M treatment at the pre-emergence stage. At the post-emergence stage, all

applied treatments were able to decrease the percentage of root-rot incidence.

Reduction ranged between 66.67 and 100% over the untreated control. Reduction in

disease incidence was reflected in a survival plants increase of 34.62–96.17% and 73.09–

126.9% for spearmint and peppermint volatile oils, receptively. Results in the current

study demonstrated, that application of peppermint essential oils has an observer

influence on the plant growth (plant height), which differ significantly from this of

spearmint oil.

Hussein, E. M.; A. A. Aly; A. A. El-Awamri and Marian M. Habeb (2018). Use of serological interactions to differentiate between Trichoderma harzianum and Trichoderma longbrachiatum isolated from cotton roots J. Agric. Chem. and Biotechnol., Mansoura Univ.,9(2):67-75.

Abstract:

Double diffusion (DD) and immunoelectrophoresis (IE) techniques were used to

differentiate among Trichoderma isolates. Each of T. longbrachiatum and T. harzianum

isolates tended to group together based on their antigenic composition, which indicated

a remarkable overall serological similarity among isolates of each species. However, the

serological differences among the isolates did not always reflect the taxonomic

differences because some isolates of T. longbrachiatum and T. harzianum showed

considerable serological similarity. Thus, DD and IE were not useful techniques in

identification of Trichoderma isolates.

Asran, Amal A.; K.M.A. Baker; M.T.M. Mansour and A.A. Aly (2018). Evaluation of correlation between resistances to Fusarium wilt disease and fiber traits in some cotton genotypes. Egypt J. Agric. Res., 96 (2), 375-387.

Abstract:

Field trials were carried out at Giza Agricultural Research Station in 2015 and 2016

growing seasons. In 2015, 18 cotton genotypes were self- pollinated .In 2016, the

genotypes were grown in a randomized complete block design with three replications. A

random sample of four guarded plants of each genotypes was chosen from each plot to

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determine some technological traits .The tested technological traits were fiber length at

2.5% (mm), fiber length uniformity ratio (%), and fiber strength (g/tex).The genotypes

were screened under greenhouse conditions in 2017 against a mixture of 50 isolates

(race3) of the wilt fungus. Healthy survival rate (HSR) was used as a criterion to evaluate

the reaction of tested genotypes to Fusarium wilt. Nine (50%) of the tested genotypes

were very highly resistant. Within this group, HSR ranged from 91.67 to 100% such as

genotypes 1, 3, 4 and 5 within this narrow range, no significant differences were

observed. The significant correlations between some of the technological traits and

some of the wilt symptoms were sensitive to changing environmental conditions, that is,

the significant correlation in one year was nonsignificant in the other year. Grouping the

genotypes by cluster analysis based on the profiles of their fiber traits was not related to

their reaction class (resistance level). The results of the present study demonstrated

that resistance to Fusarium wilt symptoms of fusarium wilt may positively or negatively

affected the improvement of technological traits depending on the trait under

consideration and the prevailing environmental conditions during cotton growing

season.

Hussein, E. M; A. A. Aly; A. A. El-Awamri and Marian M. Habeb (2018). Use of Electrophroretic patterns of proteins and Isozymes to Characterize Trichoderma isolates from cotton roots J. Agric. Chem. Biotechnol., Mansoura Univ., 9(10): 219 – 222.

Abstract:

Proteins of 15 isolates of Trichoderma longbrachiatum and T. harzianum were

compared by polyacrylamid gel electrophoresis (PAGE) and sodium dodecyl sulfate-

polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Gels were stained with silver nitrate.

Protein banding patterns of the isolates were subjected to cluster analysis by the

unweighted pair-group method based on arithmetic mean (UPGMA). Apart from T.

harzianum isolates T6 in PAGE and T27 in SDS-PAGE, which occupied separate positions

in the phenograms, it was possible to delineate the isolates of each species on the basis

of the results of PAGE and SDS-PAGE. Peroxidase (EC 1.11.1.7) and esterase (EC 3.1.1.1)

isozymes from mycelium and conidia of Trichoderma isolates were separated by PAGE,

and the obtained banding patterns were visualized by using specific staining systems.

Cluster analysis indicated that delineation of the isolates of each species was not

possible on the basis of the electrophoretic patterns of peroxidase. On the contrary,

patterns of esterase isozymes provided a reliable method for grouping the isolates of

each species with the exception of T9 and T14 of T. longbrachiatum, which occupied

separate positions in the phenogram.

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Osman, Eman A. (2018). Differentiation between Resistance and Susceptibility of Flax Cultivars to Powdery Mildew by Molecular Techniques. J. Agric. Chem. Biotech., Mansoura Univ., 9 (3): 91 – 97.

Abstract:

Six flax cultivars (Linum usitatissimum L.) were evaluated for powdery mildew

resistance in outdoor experience. Cultivars wilden, Bombay and Dakota were resistant

(disease severity was 62.80, 58.77 and 69.70% respectively), while cultivars Cortland,

sofie, and C.I. 2008 were susceptible (disease severity was 98.10, 97.90, and 87.07%

respectively). DNA was extracted from cultivar leaves and subjected to random

amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis by using five random primers. Primer no.5

was partially successful in differentiating between susceptible cultivars sofie and

C.I.2008 and the other resistant cultivars. Extracted DNA was subjected to inter – simple

sequence repeat (ISSR) by using five random primers. Primer no.9 was successful in

differentiating between the resistant cultivars and the susceptible ones. Primers no. 7

and no. 10 were partially

Mohamed, Heba I.; Hossam S. EL-Beltagi; A. A. Aly and Hanan H. Latif (2018). The role of systemic and nonsystemic fungicides on the physiological and biochemical parameters in Gossipum barbadence plant, implications for defense responses. J. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin, 27 (12): 8585-8593.

Abstract:

Fungicides using for an effective control of plant diseases have become crucial in

the last decades in the agricultural system. The efficiency of seed dressing fungicides in

controlling damping off caused by Rhizoctonia solani under greenhouse conditions and

its effect on plant growth and metabolism of cotton plant seeds was studied by

treatment with systemic and contact fungicides. The results showed that Monceren

showed the highest efficiency (72%) while each of Montoro and Sumi-8 showed the

lowest efficiency (48% and 36 % respectively) in controlling damping off. Significant

decrease in plant height, dry weight of plant, phytohormones, photosynthetic pigments,

soluble sugars, soluble proteins, total free amino acids, polyphenol oxidase caused by

Bastin fungicide, but caused significant increases in total phenols, flavonoids,

antioxidant enzymes, reduced glutathione, lipid peroxidation and hydrogen peroxide as

compared with untreated plants. On the other hand, Topsin and Monceren fungicides

increased all the above recorded parameters except phenols, MDA and H2O2 as

compared with untreated plants. Our results indicated that Topsin M, Monceren and

Premis fungicides can be used as growth regulators and decreased plant diseases.

Key words: Amino acid, Flavonoid, Hydrogen peroxide, Phenols, Lipid peroxidation, Photosynthetic pigments.

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El-Fawy M. M., R. M. I. El-Sharkawy and K. A. M. Abo-Elyousr (2018). Evaluation of certain Penicillium frequentans isolates against Cercospora leaf spot disease of sugar beet Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 28 (49): 1-11. 201828:49 https://doi.org/10.1186/s41938-018-0053-0

Abstract:

The impact of six local isolates of Penicillium frequentans recovered from healthy

sugar beet (Beta vulgaris L.) leaves was evaluated against Cercospora beticola, the

causal pathogen of Cercospora sugar beet leaf spot under laboratory and field

conditions. In in vitro studies, all the six isolates were able to inhibit the mycelial growth

of C. beticola with variation in their antagonistic capability. P. frequentans isolates

produce pectinase and cellulase at different degrees. There was a correlation between

enzyme activity and the antagonistic ability for each isolate. The high antagonistic ability

isolates had the most enzyme activity. In field studies, some adhesives such as agar,

starch flour, white glue, gum, and commercial adhesive (Triton Mok) were added to

conidia spore suspensions of P. frequentans at 1% to improve conidial adhesion to sugar

beet plant surface. Data also showed that all adhesives increased (P = 0.05) the

efficiency of the spore suspension of P. frequentans to control the disease. The starch

flour at 1% gave a significant reduction in disease severity from 43.23 to 10.42% pre-

infection and from 43.23 to 10.52% post-infection. The application of P. frequentans led

to improved root yield and the sugar percent of sugar beet crop in two tested seasons.

Keywords: Biological control, Penicillium frequentans, Isolates, Cercospora leaf spot disease, Sugar beet, Antagonist, Sugar content, Root yield

Abdel Azeez O. E.; Enas A.E. Hassan; M. Al – Assiuty and E. M. Ramadan (2018). Application as same strains of fluorescent Pseudomonas in mangaging root – infecting pathogens of maize, Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., 26 (1): 349-357.

Abstract:

Possibility of manipulating some of the efficient strains of fluorescent Pseudomonads to manage the root-infecting pathogens of maize was studied throughout this study. Out of 110 isolates 24 of Pseudomonas species, recovered from the plant rhizosphere showed to have inhibitory effect against two major root-infecting pathogens of maize, namely Cephalosporium maydis and Fusarium verticillioides in vitro. Pot experiment revealed that just 4 isolates could reduce infection with both pathogens and enhance the plant growth as well. Based on the genotypic identifications of these four isolates showed that they were: Pseudomonas putida strain Pau9, P.putida strain Pau11, P.putida strain Psf3 and P. aeruginosa strain Psf9. Keywords: Maize; Fluorescent pseudomonads; Cephalosporium maydis; Fusarium

verticillioides; Biological control.

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Abd El- Rahman A. F.; A. A. El – Kafrawy; Omnia A. Abd – El – Hafez and R. E. A. Abd El – Ghany (2018). Evaluation of some fungicides effectiveness in control of black leg and common scab of potato. Egyptian journal of Agiculture Research, 96(4): 1307 – 1323.

Abstract:

Antimicrobial potential of Controller, Impose, Phostrol, Ridomil Gold plus and

Roxyl Plus was determined for Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Streptomyces scabies.

The cidal effect against P. atrosepticum was only shown by the fungicide Controller. S.

scabies was highly affected by Controller, Impose and Roxyl Plus compared to Ridomil

Gold plus, and Phostrol that did not inhibit the growth. The MIC of Controller was found

to be 4000 ppm for P. atrosepticum and S. scabies. On the other hand, the MICs of

Impose and Roxyl Plus were found to be 4000 ppm and 3000 ppm respectively for S.

scabies. Application of Controller against blackleg disease significantly decreased the

incidence of blackleg of potted potato plants. Application of Controller, Impose and

Roxyl Plus at 3.0g/l to control common scab significantly decreased the disease. Better

conclusive results were obtained by 4.0 g/l application Residues of ingredients of these

fungicides in potato tuber 60 day after application were below the maximum approved

residue level (MRL).

Ahmed, A. A. ; K. M. Elhalag; H. S. Addy; M. A. Nasr – Eldin; A. S. Hussien and Q. Huang (2018). Sequencing, genome analysis and host rang of a novel Ralstonia phage, RsoP1EGY, isolated in Egypt. Archives of Virology, Vol. 163, Issue 8, pp: 2271–2274. Doi: 10.1007/s00705 – 018 – 3844 – 4.

Abstract:

A novel Ralstonia phage was isolated from soil in Egypt. It was designated

Ralstonia phage RsoP1EGY using our phage identifier naming approach to reflect the

phage's bacterial host species, characteristics and origin. When tested, this phage

specifically infected only race 3 biovar 2 phylotype IIB sequevar 1, and not non-race 3

biovar 2 strains of Ralstonia solanacearum. The phage has an icosahedral capsid of

60 ± 5 nm in diameter with a short tail of 15 ± 5 nm in length, typical of a podovirus. The

genome of RsoP1EGY is 41,297 bp in size, containing 50 open reading frames, with no

significant sequence identity to any other reported R. solanacearum or non-Ralstonia

phages, except to the recently deposited but unreported and unclassified Ralstonia

phage DU_RP_I. RsoP1EGY is the first sequenced and characterized R. solanacearum

phage isolated in Egypt.

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Hamed, Seham M. and Nevein A. S. Messiha (2018). Suppression of bacterial wilt disease by some marine macro algal extracts isolated from Safaga coast of Red Sea, Egypt. Egyptian journal of Agiculture Research , 96(4):1275 1289.

Abstract:

Marine macroalgae are an excellent source of biologically active compounds.

Among tested 8 different marine macroalgal species, we intensively studied

antibacterial activity of the methanol extract of four selected algal species; Ulva lactuca

Linnaeus C. Agardh Legolis, Caulerpa racemosa, Acanthophora spicifera and Sargassum

dentifolium Grunow against Ralstonia solanacearum, the causal agent of bacterial wilt.

In vitro assay showed that U. lactuca had the highest antibacterial activity while

Sargassum dentifolium was the lowest one. In contrast, A. spicifera extract was the most

disease suppressive in the vivo study. The suppressive effects of extracts were generally

low in sandy soil compared to clay one. The inter-relation between growth inhibition of

R. solanacearum, wilt suppression and phenolic constitutions produced by algal extracts

were investigated. Results showed that gallic and coumaric acids were correlated with

inhibition of the pathogen in vitro while hydrxybenzoic, chlorogenic, vanillic, salicylic

and freulic aids were in vivo correlated with disease suppression under greenhouse

conditions. Use of algal extracts, as a strong antibacterial and antioxidant, can be

employed in plant as in part integrated program for controlling of plant diseases.

Further investigations are needed on feasibility of application.

Balabel, Naglaa M.; N. Farag; T. A. El – Sharkawy; Faten S. Mansour (2018). Fire blight in pear in Egypt: Chronological background and new finding. Egyptian journal of Agiculture Research 96(4):1291 – 13 05.

Abstract:

The influence of different rootstocks on growth habits of pear grafts and their

respective influence on disorders in concern must be fully investigated. The occurrence

of the pear Orchards inspections in El-Behera. The rootstocks dominating in Egypt are

P.communis, P.betulaefolia and P.calleryana. The effect of such rootstocks on" MKM"

grafted pear cultivar was compared. The differences in the blooming date and variation

in the occurrence and severity of such a disorder was evaluated. The earlier blooming,

as shown influenced by the rootstock effect, the lower the disease expression.

P.calleryana and P.betulaefolia showed full blooming in the third week of March, and

escaped severe infection. The remarkable late onset of flowering of P.communis, grafted

trees commencing at the end of March, resulted in greater disease complications, due

to possible discharge of bacteria from holdover cankers, and late intense blooming

because of favorable temperature and higher insect's activity governorate revealed

obvious scorching on foliage of some trees, without noticeable seeping under many

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circumstances. The syndrome disputed plant pathologists in many institutions, because

of the validated absence of such scorching on apple trees raised in the same pear

orchard. Samples collected from different pear organs of sporadically affected trees,

were subject to isolate the pathogen on either high sucrose or Miller- Schroth (MS),

media selective for Erwinia amylovora. Macroscopic, biochemical and molecular

determinations revealed no obvious variation among isolates recovered from different

pear tree organs. The obtained results indicated that, the isolated bacteria belonged to

Erwinia amylovora. Isolates from cankerous branches, however, were more pathogenic

compared to those recovered from other plant organs. Disorder described as fire blight

has long been disputed in Egypt due to dry relatively climate unfavorable for the disease

epidemic. Efforts were carried out in the present work to clarify the cause of confusion

and to elucidate some aspects of such discrepancies associated microscopic mites

accidentally observed must be seriously considered, which might contribute to explain

the cause of the reported discrepancy among scientists and the contradictory remarks

on fire blight epidemics in Egypt.

Hanafy, M.S.; G.M. El-Habbaa; F.G. Mohamed; Naglaa M. Balabel and G.A. Ahmed (2018). Surveying and fast detection of Ralstonia solanacearum bacterium in some Egyptian governorates. Annals of Agric. Sci., Moshtohor, 56(2):405 – 416.

Abstract:

Naturally infected potato plants showing bacterial wilt symptoms were collected

from different habitats and used for isolation of R. solanacearum pathogen. Also,

isolation was carried out from soil, water canals, weeds and some other common crops

(Pepper, Tomato, Banana, Snap Bean, Corn, Eggplant, Onion, Cabbage and Clover). All

isolates showed typical and atypical morphological growth of R. solanacearum on

Selective Medium South Africa medium (SMSA). Out of suspected 321 isolates of R.

solanacearum, only 209 isolates were positive when identified using

Immunofluorescence antibody stain test (IFAS) while the rest were negative. When

these 209 isolates were identified again by growing on SMSA medium, only 194 isolates

were positive as typical forms of R. solanacearum while the rest 15 isolates appeared as

atypical forms of R. solanacearum. Selected sixty-six isolates of those identified as

typical or atypical forms of R. solanacearum were tested for their virulence. Results

indicate that all tested 66 isolates could infect potato plants (cv. Spunta), where disease

severity (DS %) ranged between 26.4% - 100 % when incubated for 20 days. In this

respect, MktT-17 (Menofia - EL Kawady - typical - tuber isolate) isolate was the highest

infective one. While, the least infective isolate was BhhaWa-53 (Beheira – Kom Hamada

- atypical – water) isolate, at the same period of incubation. Also, the rest of other

isolates were infective and caused bacterial wilt symptoms below 98.4% and over

PPATH. RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2018

45

28.0%. All atypical forms of R. solanacearum isolates were less infective than the typical

forms which were more virulent in this respect. Also, all sixty-six tested isolates of

typical or atypical R. solanacearum were infective and caused bacterial wilt symptoms of

tomato plants (cv. Ponto) which reached 100% DS but they differed in the time of

incubation. The typical isolates were more virulent and fast in their infection on tomato

plants (cv. Ponto). The highest DS% on tomato plants (cv. Ponto) was recorded with the

typical R. solanacearum isolate MktT-17 (Menofia - EL Kawady - typical - tuber) to be

100% at 4 days of incubation period. While, the lowest DS% was recorded with MmtOB-

47 (Menofia - Om saber – typical – other common crop – Banana) isolate where it

recorded 100% DS at 10 days of incubation period. Moreover, the fastest atypical form

of R. solanacearum was GhzaS-55 (Gharbia - Kafr el Zayat - atypical - Soil) isolate which

causing 100% wilt DS on tomato plants (cv. Ponto) at 9 days of incubation period while,

the slowest atypical ones were BhhaS-56 (Beheira – Kom Hamada - atypical - soil), GdaS-

62 (Giza - Wardan – atypical - soil) and GHzaOT-64 (Gharbia- Kafr el zayat atypical- other

common crop - Tomato) isolate which caused 100% wilt DS on tomato plants (cv. Ponto)

at 15 days of incubation period.

Key words: Wilt and brown rot diseases, typical and atypical forms, Potato plants, R. solanacearum, Virulence.

Elhalag K., M. Nasr-Eldin, A. Hussien and A. Ahmad (2018). Potential use of soilborne lytic Podoviridae phage as abiocontrol agent against Ralstonia solanacearum. Journal of Basic Microbiology, (58): 658–669.

Abstract:

A new podovirus RsPod1EGY Ralstonia phage (GenBank accession no MG711516)

with a specific action against R. solanacearum phylotype IIa, sequevar I (race 3,biovar 2)

was isolated from Egyptian soil. The potential efficacy of the isolated phageto be used as

biocontrol agent was evaluated in vitro and under greenhouse conditions.The podovirus

phage produced a plaque size of 3.0 – 4.0 mm in diameter and completed its infection

cycle in 180 min after infection with a burst size of 27 virionsper infected cell. On the

basis of restriction endonuclease analysis, the genome size ofthe phage was about 41 kb

of double-stranded DNA. In vitro studies showed that RsPod1EGY is stable at higher

temperatures (up to 60 °C), and at a wide pH range (5–9). SDS–PAGE analysis indicated

the major structural protein to be approximately32 kDa. Bacteriolytic activity of

RsPod1EGY against R. solanacearum was detected at different multiplicity of infection

(MOI). RsPod1EGY proved to be effective in reduction and prevention of formation of

surface polysaccharides of R. solanacearum, during the exponential growth phase of the

latter. Interestingly, RsPod1EGY was effective in suppression of R. solanacearum under

greenhouse conditions. AllPhage-treated tomato plants showed no wilt symptoms or

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46

any latent infection during the experimental period, whereas all untreated plants have

wilted by 10 days post infection.The lytic stability of RsPod1EGY phage at higher

temperature as well as its effective suppression of wilting symptoms under greenhouse

conditions would contribute to biocontrol the bacterial wilt disease in Egypt under field

conditions.

Abd El-Rahman A.F., H. Abd El-Ghany; Z. Moussa and E.A. Salem (2018). Management of Potato Soft Rot by Gamma Irradiation. Arab Journal of Nuclear Sciences and Applications, 50(3):159-173.

Abstract:

This investigation aims to apply a safe practice to minimize potato losses due to

soft rot disease of tubers kept under ambient temperature. In this regard, gamma

irradiation was used to extend keeping quality through its effect on soft rot bacteria.

Eight bacterial isolates were recovered on Logan’s medium from kitchen kept tubers

with symptoms of soft rot disease. Five isolates were found pathogenic and tentatively

identified as Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Pectobacterium carotovorum sub sp.

Brasiliense on the basis of the usual bacteriological methods. A molecular method using

16SrDNA sequence analysis for verification of the identity of two isolates was made. The

two bacterial isolates, Pectobacterium atrosepticum and Pectobacterium carotovorum

subsp. brasiliense, were irradiated by different doses of gamma rays. Complete

inhibition occurred at doses 2.5 and 2.0 KGy for high densities (Approximately 4.0 x109

CFU/ml) of P. atrosepticum and P. carotovorum subsp. brasiliense, respectively. The D10

value of gamma irradiation was 0.24 KGy for P. atrosepticum and 0.20 KGy for P.

carotovorum subsp. brasiliense. Irradiation of artificially infected tubers with soft rot

bacteria using the two mentioned D10 doses for the two bacterial species increased the

shelf life of tubers kept under ambient temperature. The internal chemical quality of

tubers was shown to be improved by keeping the tubers under ambient temperature

after irradiation by the two D10 doses 0.24 and 0.20 KGy.

Mohamed Eman A. H., Azza G. Farag, Sahar A. Youssef. (2018). Phosphate Solubilization by Bacillus subtilis and Serratia marcescens Isolated from Tomato Plant Rhizosphere. Journal of Environmental Protection, 9, 266-277.

Abstract:

Plants need phosphorus for many physiological activities in a form of phosphate

anions. Three different bacterial strains (Bacillus subtilis PH, Serratia marcescens PH1,

and Serratia marcescens PH2), recently isolated from tomato plant rhizosphere, have

high phosphate solubilization index (SI from 2.8 to 3.2) on Pikovskaya agar medium

(which contains calcium phosphate). Moreover, phosphate release from calcium in

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Pikovskaya broth over 5 days is increasing with cell growth for the different isolates. The

most efficient phosphate solubilization case is the mixed culture of the 3 strains

(OD475 is almost 1). On the other hand, pH values decreased dramatically with time due

to organic acids secretion and the maximum acidification level is recoded for Serratia

marcescens PH2 (pH = 1.94). Interestingly, the isolates are resistance to important

pesticides (oxamyl, thiophanate methyl, and captan) that are commonly used in the

sampling area. This resistance is very favorable and increases the persistence of the

phosphate solubilizing bacteria in contaminated soils. The isolates are therefore plant

symbionts and growth promoting agents.

Ali E. A.; Kamel M. Elhalag; A. S. Hussien; M. A. Nasr-Eldin; H. S. Addy and Qi Huang (2018). Sequencing, genome analysis and host range of a novel Ralstonia phage, RsoP1EGY, isolated in Egypt. Archives of Virology, doi.org/10.1007/s00705-018-38444.

Abstract:

A novel Ralstonia phage was isolated from soil in Egypt. It was designated

Ralstonia phage RsoP1EGY using our phage identifier naming approach to reflect the

phage’s bacterial host species, characteristics and origin. When tested, this phag

especifically infected only race 3 biovar 2 phylotype II Bsequevar 1, and not non-race 3

biovar 2 strains of Ralstonia solanacearum.The phage has an icosahedral capsid of 60 ±

5 nm in diameter with a short tailof 15 ± 5 nm in length, typical of apodovirus. The

genome of RsoP1EGY is 41,297 bp in size, containing 50 open reading frames, with no

significant sequenceidentity to any other reported R. solanacearum or non-Ralstonia

phages, except to the recently deposited but unreportedand unclassified Ralstonia

phage DU_RP_I. RsoP1EGY is the first sequenced and characterized R. solanacearum

phage isolated in Egypt.

El–Shahat R., Enas Hssan, Abeer El - Hadidi; Naglla Balabl and Nirhan Eid (2018).Use of rhizobacteria as biocontrol agents against Ralstonia solanacearum: Principles, mechanisms of action and characterize its bioactive compounds. Current Science International, 7(2): 242-256.

Abstract:

Five rhizobacterial isolates were had potent effect against Ralstonia

solanacearum race 3 which causing bacterial wilt in vivo expressed as biocontrol

efficiency. In this study the five isolates were identified as: Bacillus pseudomycoides M3,

Brevibacillus brevis M4, Stenotrophomonas maltophilia M5, Stenotrophomonas

maltophilia BG4 and Streptomyces toxytricini C5 based on 16S rRNA gene sequences.

Further studies with antagonistic bacterial strains were characterized for production of

PPATH. RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2018

48

antibiotics, metabolites and volatiles. The assessment of cyanide hydrogen and

siderophore production for selected antagonists revealed that Bacillus pseudomycoides

M3 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia M5 isolates gave the highest values of HCN

whereas maximum siderophore production was recorded by Brevibacillus brevis M4 and

Stenotrophomonas maltophilia M5. The recovered of antimicrobial compounds from

supernatants of these strains were conducted using chlorophorm, petroleum ether and

ethylacetat individually to find that chlorophorm phase at 100 ppm for Bacillus

pseudomycoides M3, Streptomyces toxitricini C5 and Stenotrophomonas maltophilia M5

gave high broad spectrum of antagonistic effect against selected R. solanacearum

strains whereas petroleum ether phase at 50 ppm inhibited the most selected strains of

R. solanacearum in vitro. The efficient organic phase of each strain was separated to

many fractionated bands by Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC).

Mohamed, Eman and Fatma Abd El-Motaleb Moustafa (2018). Captan Utilization by a Soil Bacterium Planomicrobium flavidum Strain EF. Sains Malaysiana 47(1): 85–89.

Abstract:

The fungicide captan, which is commonly used to control fungal diseases in many

plants, causes soil infertility and cancer to human beings. Hence, this fungicide was

tested for utilization as a sole carbon source by a newly soil isolate, Planomicrobium

flavidum strain EF. This bacterium resists captan up to 2000 ppm and showed higher

growth patterns in minimum salt medium supplemented with captan only, if compared

with minimum salt medium without captan. Moreover, almost 77.5% of captan has

been utilized by Planomicrobiu flavidum after only 2 h of growth under shaking

conditions and only 0.8% of the fungicide was remained after 24 h of bacterial growth.

Captan residues in both soil samples and minimal salt medium were accurately

estimated using GC-ECD (gas chromatography - electron detector) and GC-MS/MS (gas

chromatography - mass spectrum) technologies. According to current results,

Planomicrobium flavidum strain EF is highly recommended for captan and may be other

fungicides bioremiation.

EL-Hefny, Mervat; Abeer A. Mohamed; M. Z.M. Salem; M. S.M. Abd El-Kareemd and H. M. Ali (2018). Chemical composition, antioxidant capacity and antibacterial activity against some potato bacterial pathogens of fruit extracts from Phytolacca dioica and Ziziphus spina-christi grown in Egypt. Scientia Horticulturae, (233): 225–232.

Abstract:

In the present study, the effects of n-hexane extracts from Phytolacca dioica L.

and Ziziphus spina-christi L. fruits were evaluated against the growth of potato brown

and soft rot bacterial pathogens, namely, Ralstonia solanacearum, Dickeya solani,

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49

Pectobacterium carotovorum subsp. carotovorum, Enterobacter cloacae, and Bacillus

pumilus. The chemical components of the oils were analyzed using GC/MS, and the

antioxidant activity was determined using 2,2-dipheny-1-picrylhydrazyl radical-

scavenging (DPPH) and β-carotene-linoleic acid assays. Aromatic hydrocarbons such as

6-phenyl-dodecane and 7-phenyl-tridecane were the most abundant compounds

identified in n-hexane from both fruits. Also, some volatile compounds such as α-

citronellol (2.46%), and dodecane (2.27%) were found in P. dioica and m-cymene

(1.95%), crypton (1.58%), and α-pinene (1.20%) found in Z. spina-christi fruit extracts. Z.

spina-christi fruit extract showed antioxidant activity, with IC50 values of 5.5 ± 0.1 and

4.1 ± 0.1 μg/mL, while P. dioica fruit extract showed values of 5.2 ± 0.1 and 6.3 ± 0.1

μg/mL, as measured by DPPH and β-Carotene-linoleic acid, respectively. The minimum

inhibitory concentration values for Z. spina-christi fruit extract ranged from 32 to 125

μg/mL against the studied bacteria. For P. dioica, the MIC values ranged from 32 to 64

μg/mL. The extracts from P. dioica and Z. spina-christi fruits exhibited different levels of

activities against the growth of potato brown rot, soft rot and blackleg bacterial

pathogens.

Messiha NAS, MH Hagag, AM Khairy, HM Ibrahim, MT Saker and, SMA Farag (2018). Potato bacterial wilt suppression and plant health improvement after application of different antioxidants. Journal of Phytopathology, 165:522 – 537.

Abstract:

Bacterial wilt caused by Ralstonia solanacearum is a devastating disease that often

threatens potato production and exportation. The potential of four antioxidants

(seaweed extract (SWE), yeast, chitosan and ascorbic acid (ASA)) in controlling the

disease was evaluated in vitro, under glasshouse and field conditions. The field

experiment was conducted in two naturally infested locations: Wardan, Giza (sandy

soil), and Talia, Minufiya (silty clay soil). Only chitosan showed antibacterial properties

against the pathogen in vitro. SWE, yeast and chitosan showed disease suppression

under both glasshouse and field conditions. The disease suppression was accompanied

by an increase in the ratio of soil copiotrophic to oligotrophic bacteria. The three

antioxidants increased plant nitrogen content, decreased soil OM content and

decreased C/N ratio. Disease suppression after chitosan application was clearly

observed only in Wardan area, which was characterized by a higher soil alkalinity. A high

percentage of antagonistic fluorescent strains similar to Pseudomonas putida group

were detected for chitosan-treated plants in Wardan area (sandy soil). ASA drastically

decreased the count of the pathogen in soil, but was conducive to the pathogen in plant

tissues. A remarkable increase in microbial (bacterial and fungal) soil and rhizosphere

diversity as indicated by PCR-DGGE analysis for bacterial 16S rRNA and fungal 18S rRNA

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was recorded. In Talia area (silty clay soil), the soil microbial community was more stable

and was in general resistant to the disease where the soils were characterized by high

electrical conductivity. SWE, yeast and ASA significantly increased crop production in

Talia area only.

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PPATH. RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2018

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Alhudaib K., Rezk A. and Soliman A. (2018). Current status of Watermelon Chlorotic Stunt Virus (WmCSV) on Some Cucurbit Plants (Cucurbitaceae) in Alahsa Region of Saudi Arabia. Scientific Journal of KFU, 18 (2), 31-39.

Abstract:

Cucurbit crops are widely grown and consumed in large quantities in Saudi Arabia

and Middle East countries. Viral diseases are among the most limiting factors that

affecting the production of cucurbit crops around the world. The infection percentage

of watermelon chlorotic stunt disease and molecular characterization of Saudi isolate of

WmCSV are described in this study. Symptomatic leaf samples of zucchini

(Cucurbitapepo), Cucumber (Cucumissativus) and melon (Cucumismelo L) plants were

tested for WmCSV and squash leaf curl virus (SLCV) infection serologically by the double

antibody sandwich- enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (DAS-ELISA) test and by

polymerase chain reaction (PCR) using degenerate and specific overlapping primers for

WmCSV to amplify 2108 nucleotides of DNA-A. The data of DAS-ELISA test showed that

69% of all tested zucchini samples were infected with WmCSV while increased to 72.7%

when in the case of PCR test. All tested samples of other cucumber and melon were

negative for WmCSV in addition SLCV did not detect in all tested samples. The obtained

sequence analysis data demonstrated that the isolated WmCSV was shared high

nucleotide identity 98% with other isolates of Oman. The nucleotide sequences of

WmCSV that obtained in this study was submitted in Genbank under accession number

KC876038.

Shakeel, M.T.; M.A. Amer; M.A. Al-Saleh; I.M. Al-Shahwan; A. Kamran; C.G. Orfanidou, and N.I. Katis (2018). Molecular characterization of Crinivirusess involved in the etiology of Cucumber yellowing disease in Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. European Journal of Plant Pathology, 150: 39-47.

Abstract:

During the growing seasons 2014 and 2015, 134 cucumber and 103 weed samples

showing typical yellowing diseases symptoms accompanied by chlorotic spots and

interveinalchlorosis were collected from Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. For this reason,

RT-PCR was conducted for detection of two criniviruses, Cucurbit chlorotic yellows virus

(CCYV) and Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) which are implicated in

cucurbit yellows disease. Results showed the presence of CCYV and CYSDV in cucumber

samples in 61.1% and 19.4%, respectively, whereas 9% of the plants were contained

mixed infection. In addition, four weed species were identified, for the first time, as

alternative hosts of CCYV; whereas CYSDV was reported only in Malvaparviflora plants.

Partial nucleotide sequencing analysis was conducted using 13 CCYV and five of CYSDV

isolates originated from cucumber and wild hosts. Both viruses exhibited low genetic

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53

diversity; however, phylogenetic analysis clustered the obtained CYSDV isolates in a

separated group, named the BEastern subpopulation, while CCYV isolates were

classified into subgroups IIa and IIb, among other published sequences, forming a

different evolutionary lineage from group I, which contained an isolate from Iran.

Shakeel, M T.; M.A. Al-Saleh; M.A. Amer; I.M. Al-Shahwan; M. Umar; O.A. Abdalla; M.A. Zakri, and N.I. Katis (2018). Transmission of Cucurbit Chlorotic Yellows Virus (CCYV) by whitefly Biotype B in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. international journal of agriculture and biology, 20: 241-248.

Abstract:

Whitefly samples were collected from several greenhouses and identified as

Bemisia tabaci by polymerase chain reaction (PCR), followed by sequencing of mtCOI

gene that revealed their identity as biotype B MEAM1. Transmission of Cucurbit

chlorotic yellows virus (CCYV) by the identified whitefly biotype was estimated by

conducting several experiments. The results showed that a single whitefly was sufficient

to transmit the virus to healthy seedlings. It was also found that the vector required a

90-min acquisition and inoculation access period to successfully transfer the virus.

Moreover, vector was found to be able to retain the virus for 6 days’ post acquisition.

Efficiency of cucumber and D. stramonium, plants was compared as a source of CCYV

inoculum for virus acquisition by B. tabaci and obtained results revealed that cucumber

was a more efficient source of virus infection than D. stramonium. Using cucumber as

source of infection, 90% of the inoculated plants (from each species i.e. cucumber and

D. stramonium), were infected while using D. stramonium, as a source, the percentage

of infection in cucumber plants dropped to 60% (cucumber) and to 50% in D.

stramonium. These results showed that D. stramonium, is a relatively less efficient

source of virus for whitefly acquisition as compared to cucumber. Host range

experiments for CCYV showed that all the cucurbit plants were infected and had

different levels of symptoms. Cucumiss ativus, C. melo, C. amaranticolor and D.

stramonium showed intervein alchlorosis, whereas general yellowing and reduced

growth were observed in all positively tested hosts.

Kamran A.; L. Lotos; M.A. Amer; M.A. Al-Saleh; M.T. Shakeel; I.M. Al-Shahwan; M.T. M.H. Ahmed ; M. Umar.; and N.I. Katis (2018). Characterization of Pepper leaf roll chlorosis virus, a New Polerovirus causing yellowing disease of bell pepper in Saudi Arabia. The American Phytopathological Society, 102 (2):318 -326.

Abstract:

During the growing seasons of 2014 through 2016, a total of 336 leaf samples

from bell pepper (showing leafroll and interveinal yellowing) and arable weeds were

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54

collected from Riyadh region, Saudi Arabia. The use of a polerovirus generic reverse

transcription (RT)-PCR assay confirmed their presence in the bell pepper samples.

Sequencing of the generic amplicon revealed high similarity (87.6 to 98.1% in nt) with

four poleroviruses; Tobacco vein distorting virus, Pepper vein yellows virus, Pepper

yellows virus, and Pepper yellow leaf curl virus. To further characterize one of these

isolates (105D), a larger part of the genome (∼1,300 nt) spanning approximately from

the 3′ end of ORF2 to the middle of ORF3, was amplified and sequenced. Blasting the

resulting sequence revealed the low amino acid and nucleotide identity percentages in

the coat protein and movement protein partial genes with viruses deposited in

GenBank. Next-generation sequence was used to acquire a larger part of the genome,

which resulted in the reconstruction of isolate 105D’s partial genome (5,496 nt).

Sequence similarity analysis revealed the presence of a divergent polerovirus isolate

belonging to a new species that was tentatively named Pepper leafroll chlorosis virus

(PeLRCV). Using a specific RT-PCR assay for this isolate confirmed the presence of this

new viral species in the symptomatic peppers. Aphid transmission experiments showed

that PeLRCV is vectored by Aphis gossypii and that it can infect at least five out of the

15 different plants species tested. Based on our findings, PeLRCV is a new member of

genus Polerovirus in the family Luteoviridae.

El-sawy M. M., M. M. Elsharkawy, Jehan M. Abass and Eman S. Hagag (2018). Inhibition of tomato yellow leaf curl virus by Zingiber officinale and Mentha longifolia extracts and silica nanoparticles. Int. J. Antivir. Antiretrovirolog , 1(1):001-006.

Abstract:

Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) causes huge economic losses in tomato

production in Egypt. The control of TYLCV is extremely diffi cult because it is easily

transmitted by whitefly (Bemisia tabaci). The only available method to control TYLCV is

primarily based on the use of insecticides. Consequently, it is important to search for an

alternative method to control TYLCV. The potentials of silica nanoparticles and the

extracts of ginger (Zingiber officinale) and horsemint (Mentha longifolia) to enhance

systemic resistance against TYLCV were investigated under pot and field conditions.

Disease severity was significantly reduced in tomato plants treated with ginger and

horsemint extracts and silica nanoparticles. Treated plants exhibited less and delayed

virus symptoms compared with non-treated control plants. Coat protein gene of TYLCV

was not founded in treated plants compared with control plants. Similarly, virus

concentration was also reduced in plants treated with ginger and horsemint extracts

and silica nanoparticles using ELISA. The activities of peroxidase, polyphenol oxidase

were significantly increased in comparison with control plants. All treatments

PPATH. RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2018

55

significantly increased growth of tomato plants and quality characters of tomato fruits.

This is the first report of silica nanoparticles and ginger and horsemint extracts as

elicitors to suppress TYLCV infection in tomato plants.

Hamza, K. A., Abd M. H. El-Aziz, S. I. Behiry and H. A. Younes (2018). Isolation and purification of Potato virus Y isolate infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Al-Nubaria region. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 7 (04): 1201-1207.

Abstract:

An isolate of potato virus Y (PVY) was obtained from naturally infected potato

plants, showing mosaic, yellowing and vein necrosis symptoms, grown in Al Nubaria

region, El Behaira governorate. The identification was based on the symptoms

developed on diagnostic hosts and serological reactions with antisera to PVY, AMV and

PLRV. PVY isolate was transmitted byAphis faba and aphis nerii in non-persistent

manner. The virus was purified by PEG and high speed centrifugation. The purified virus

had an ultraviolet absorption spectrum typical of a nucleoprotein with A260/280 and

A280/260 being 1.78 and 0.55 respectively. Yield of purified virus was 4.8mg/100g

infected leaf tissues.Specific antiserum was prepared and found to have a titer of

1:32,000 as determined by indirect ELISA. Electron microscopy of purified preparation

showed flexuous filaments particles with model length of 730 nm.

Elsharkawy M. M, M. M Elsawy, S. H Hassan, A. A Khedr (2018). Suppression of cucumber mosaic virus by wind processing and fusarium equiseti GF19-1. 7thInternational Conference, Egyptian Society of Virology, HORGADA, Egypt. (Poster Presentation).

Abstract:

Background: Cucumber mosaic caused by Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) is a

serious threat to crop production all over the world. Objective: The aim of the current

investigation was to evaluate the potential of fan-forced wind and the growth

promoting fungus, Fusarium equiseti GF 19-1, as novel and safe management strategies

against the invasion of CMV in cucumber plants. Methods: The fan was operated two

times per day (8:00 am and 18:00 pm, each time for 30 min). Moreover, cucumber

plants were treated with F. equiseti GF 19-1 or its cell free filtrate (CF) at 1 day before

virus inoculation. Results: The wind velocity (2.8 m/s) resulted in decreased virus

severity and concentration compared with the control. However, the potential of wind

velocity lower or higher than 2.8 was less effective on CMV. Additionally, the severity

and titer of CMV were significantly reduced in GF19-1 treated plants in comparison with

the control. Quantitative real-time PCR results exhibited increased transcription levels of

pathogenesis related genes, chitinase, PAL1 and LOX1. Conclusion: In cucumber,

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56

treatments with artificially generated wind and root colonizing F. equiseti GF19-1 or its

CF elicited induced resistance against CMV infection, leading to a restriction of pathogen

growth and disease development.

El-Attar A. K.; Samah A. Mokbel and Om-Hashem M. EL-Banna (2018). Molecular Characterization of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus and Its Effect on Basil Tissues in Egypt. , J. of Virol. Sci., 5: 97- 113. ISSN: 1685-1687.

Abstract:

Background: Various isolates of Alfalfa Mosaic Virus (AMV) found throughout the

world affect a wide variety of aromatic and medical plants. In March 2016, several

symptoms of leaf necrosis, bright yellow mosaic and malformation of leaves suggested

viral infection of AMV on basil plants grown in Beni Suef governorate. Objectives: The

present study aimed to characterize the virus at the molecular level and described the

ultrastructural changes or other histopathological alterations in basil cells following

infection by AMV. Methods: Studies were conducted to elucidate the etiology of the

disease. The diagnostic tools used were the transmission electron microscope for rapid

diagnosis, host reactions, serological double-antibody sandwich (DAS)-ELISA, reverse

transcription (RT)-PCR and nucleotide sequence determination. Ultra-structural

responses of basil leaf cells infected with a morphologically distinct RNA virus, AMV,

were studied. Molecular characterization and phylogenetic analysis were performed for

the AMV coat protein (CP) gene. An amplicon of the predicted size (∼ 666 bp) derived

from O. basilicum isolate was purified and cloned in E.Coli into pCR® 4-TOPO vector

before proceeding to DNA sequencing and the alignment of sequences. Results: Electron

microscope examination of negatively stained preparations from symptomatic basil

leaves revealed viral particles have a bacilliform structure with particles size of 112.5 nm

in length and 57.5 nm in width. Initial microscopic analysis suggested that the described

symptoms are caused by AMV. The major effects on cells infected with AMV included

disappearance of nucleolus, disruption of nuclear membranes, vacuolated cytoplasm,

plasmodesmal dilation, abnormality of chloroplast shape, disorganization of the palisade

mesophyll cells and necrosis in the zone of vascular cells. On the basis of mechanical

transmission, symptoms induced were similar to those caused by AMV. Presence of

AMV in basil plant was further confirmed by the results obtained from the laboratory-

based techniques such as (DAS)-ELISA, and RT-PCR using a pair of primers specific to the

AMV-CP gene. Phylogenetic analysis results indicated that AMV-Egypt that isolated from

Basil is most closely related (96.4%) to the AMV-Spain strain isolated from Hibiscus

plants. Conclusion: Pathological investigation may provide insights into the alterations

of the cell after viral infection and understanding of the data concerning the behavior of

the virus. Phylogenetic analysis revealed highest identity with the Hibiscus isolate of the

AMV that help in the molecular epidemiology of the virus. Particular attention should be

PPATH. RI ABSTRACT BOOK 2018

57

given to the possibility of continuous monitoring of isolates of AMV at the molecular

level to implement appropriate control measures.

Keywords: Basil; Alfalfa mosaic virus; RT-PCR; Cloning; Nucleotide Sequence Analysis; Histopathology; Cell Pathology.

Zakri M.A, A.A. Al- Doss, M. Sack, A.A. Ali, E.M. Samara, B.S. Ahmed, M.A. Amer O.A. Abdalla and M.A. Al-Salehd (2018). Cloning and characterization of nanobodies against the coat protein of Zucchini Yellow Mosaic Virus. Plant Protect. Sci., 54: 1-7.

Abstract:

Zucchini yellow mosaic virus (ZYMV), in the family Potyviridae, causes an

economically important disease. Antibodies are valuable reagents for diagnostic assays

to rapidly detect viral infection. Here, we report the isolation of camelderived variable

domains of the heavy chain antibody (VHH, also called nanobodies) directed against the

coat protein (CP) of ZYMV. Several nanobodies that specifically recognise ZYMV-CP were

identified. The isolated nanobodies showed binding not only to recombinant ZYMV-CP

but also to native ZYMV, indicating that these nanobodies can be used in diagnostic

tools to detect viral infections.

Badr, A. B.; A. Manal M. El – Shazly; Hoda M. A. Waziri and E. S. H. Hamza (2018). Effect of different inducer against tomato spotted wilt virus. 1st International Scientiffic Conference (Agriculture and Futuristic Challenges) Faculty of Agriculture- Cairo , Al – Azahr Univ.,Cairo – Egypt , April 10th – 12th 2018, 1(1):348 – 363.

Abstract:

Tomato wilt spotted virus (TSWV) was detected on tomato plants (Solanum

lycopersicum L. in Egypt, showing symptoms of curling, bronzing, chlorosis yellowing,

necrotic streaks and spots on leaves, green fruit have slightly raised areas with faint

concentric rings, these turn into obvious rings which becam red and white or red and

yellow on ripe fruit, sometime, affected plants are killed by severe necrosis. The identity

of the virus was confirmed as TSWV using diagnostic hostsreaction, enzyme linked

immunosorbentassay (ELISA), light microscopyand electron microscopy. Experiments of

inducers plant extract: Neem (Azadirachta indica), Clavillia (Mirabilis jalopa) and

Bougainvillea (Bougainvillea spectabilis), plant growth promoting rhizobacteria

((PGPRS): Bacillus cereus, B. subtilis, Pseudomonas fluoreescens and P.aeruginosa and

different concentrations of Salicylic acid (SA) were used as chemical treatments against

TSWV was conducted by using the loical lesion assayon Petunia hyprida and Nicotiana

glutinosa. The results showed that all the inducers were effective in reducing the

number of local lesions formed by the challenge inoculation of TSWV. Aso, the activity

of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase was increased with pre or post inoculation

treatments compared to untreatedcontrol, as well as all treatments of tomato plants

gave a significant increase in plant pigments itcompared with untreated infected tomato

plants.

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Soliman A.M; A.A. Rezk and K.A. Alhudaib (2018). Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus and Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus induced gene silencing in tobacco plants. African Journal of Biotechnology, 17: 189-197.

Abstract:

Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV) and Watermelon chlorotic stunt

virus (WmCSV) are the most widespread and damaging viruses to cucurbits in the

Middle East. CYSDV and WmCSV are cucurbit-infecting bipartite whitefly-transmitted

viruses. Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS) is a universal mechanism by which

plants are able to systemically switch off the expression of targeted genes via the

reduction of steady-state levels of specific RNAs. PTGS was used in this study to control

the two viruses. In this study, the efficiency of the dsRNA for the ability to trigger

resistance against the CYSDV and WmCSV was investigated. Three regions of three

genes of CYSDV genome were selected; the coat protein gene (CP), heat shock gene

(Hsp70) and ORF3, while the two regions of two genes of WmCSV genome were

selected; CP gene and rep gene. Bioassay, dot-blot hybridization and polymerase chain

reaction (PCR) methods were capable to evaluate the resistance against viruses. Clear

symptoms on tobacco plants took two to three weeks to appear and all non-infiltrating

tobacco plants (positive control) showed viral symptoms after inoculation. Most of the

agro-infiltrating sense/antisense constructs did not yield symptoms of the viruses. Dot-

blot hybridization, showed that negative hybridization was obtained with infiltrating

tobacco plants with prepared constructs compared to those non-infiltrating tobacco

plants used as the control. Only one out of five gave positive signals with the construct

pasCYSDV-Hsp70. Using PCR, positive reactions of the expected size of 500 bp

fragment with WmCSV and 800 bp with CYSDV were obtained with the infiltrating

tobacco plants with sense constructs, which pointed out the existence of viral genome

in challenging tobacco plants. Infiltrating tobacco plants with sense/antisense

constructs gave negative PCR pointed out the lack of the viral genome.

Key words: Cucurbit yellow stunting disorder virus (CYSDV), Watermelon chlorotic stunt virus (WmCSV), Post-transcriptional gene silencing (PTGS), Coat protein (CP), Hsp70, ORF3, Rep, Dot-blot, Hybridization.

Shafie Radwa M., Azza M. Salama and Kh. Y. Farroh (2018). Silver nanoparticles activity against Tomato spotted wilt virus. Middle East Journal of Agriculture Research, 07 (04): 1251-1267.

Abstract

Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was isolated from naturally infected potato

plants grown in Kafr El- Sheikh Governorate showing tip necrosis, necrotic local lesion

and yellowing. The virus was biologically purified from single local lesion formed on

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59

Chenopodium amaranticolor Cost& Reyn. Then it was transmitted mechanically and

propagated in healthy potato seedlings cv. Spunta. The isolated virus was identified on

the basis of host range and symptomatology, serological tests by direct ELISA technique

and electron microscopy. The Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR)

using primers specific to the nucleocapsid (Np) gene of TSWV giving an amplification

with size of 760 bp for further confirmation of the result. Electron micrograph of TSWV

dip preparation showed spherical viral particles with model length of 85 nm.

Cytopathological changes in potato leaves infected with TSWV and treated with

different concentrations of silver nanoparticles applied 24hrs. after virus inoculation

showed an increase in spongy tissue, lamina thickness and length of vascular bundle

compared with infected untreated one. Silver nanoparticles at five concentrations (25,

50, 100, 150 and 200 ppm) were used as antiviral agent to reduce TSWV infectivity on

Ch. amaranticolor and potato plants. All tested concentrations of silver nanoparticles

caused significant inhibitory effect on local lesion number produced on Ch.

amaranticolor leaves inoculated with TSWV. The higher inhibitory effect (90.4%) was

recorded with silver nanoparticles when sprayed 24hrs. after virus inoculation at 200

ppm. Moreover, the same concentration gave the highest inhibitory effect (87.5%) on

TSWV systemically infected potato seedlings. Moderate inhibitory effect (68.6% &

56.2%) on local lesion numbers and infected potato plants were obtained with (50 ppm)

of AgNps when plants were sprayed immediately with virus inoculation. On the

contrary, lower inhibitory effect was detected at the same concentration when the

plants were sprayed before virus inoculation. In all cases, 25 ppm had a lowest effect on

TSWV infectivity.

Keywords: Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV), Silver nanoparticles, Antiviral activity, Nucleocapsid protein (NP) gene, RT-PCR.

El-Abhar Maha A. M.; M. A. S. Elkady; Kh. M. Ghanem; H. A. Bosila. (2018). Identification, characterization and ultrastructure aspects of Alfalfa mosaic virus infecting potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) in Egypt. JVS., 3(1): 68-77.

Abstract:

Background: Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) is only virus in the genus Alfamovirus and

has very wide host range among weed and crop plants which produces a variety of

symptoms. It can cause problems in potato in some regions where vectors easily move

into potato fields from reservoir host, particularly if a tuber necrosis-causing strain is

involved. Objective: The purpose of this study is to characterize biologically and

serologically AMV infecting potato (Solanum tuberosumL.) in Egypt. Moreover, the study

described the histological and cytological effects of AMV infection in potato leaf cells.

Methods: Leaf samples were collected on the basis of visual symptoms from potato

plants with yellow blotchingsymptoms, called “Calico” and leaf distortion. A sap-

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transmitted virus isolated from potato was biologically purified after three successive

single local lesion passages onto Chenopodium ammaranticolor which reproduced

prominent local lesions. The virus isolate was then propagated in potato Ditta cv. plants,

The virus was identified on the bases of host range, symptomatology, transmission and

serological diagnosis, in addition to the ultrastructural changes produced in potato leaf

cells infected with AMV. Results: Reaction of thirteen plant species and cultivars

belonging to four families (Amaranthaceae, Solanaceae, Fabaceae and Laminaceae) to

AMV infection was demonstrated. The presence or absence of the virus was verified by

back inoculation onto healthy indicator host plant and/or ELISA test. AMV was readily

transmitted by mechanical meansand by Myzus persicae with percentage of 60%. In

addition to visible symptoms, infection with AMV also causes ultrastructural changes in

potato leaf cells. Examinationof epidermal strips of N. tabacucv. White Burley using light

microscope showed amorphous cytoplasmic inclusion bodies seemed to be attached to

the nucleus from one or two sites, while those inclusions have never been observed in

the epidermal stripes ofhealthy leaves. Electron microscopy, revealed cytological and

histological changes induced by Alfalfa mosaic virusinfection in potato leavesConclusion:

In this work, Alfalfa mosaic virus (AMV) characterized and ultrastructure aspected of

infecting potato(Solanum tuberosumL. ) in Egypt illustrating important effect of AMV on

potato plant. Finally our recommendions to use a ground zeolite alone as a potential

and highly economic adjuvant in FMD vaccine for cattle.

Keywords: Potato (Solanum tuberosum), Alfalfa mosaic virus, Host range, Transmission, ELISA, Electronmicroscope and Ultrastructural changes.

Soliman, A.M. and Mohamed, M.E. (2018). Tomato yellow leaf curl virus: Diagnosis and metabolites. Afr. J. Biotechnol., 17(7): 198-205.

Abstract:

The existence of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) was figured out in

different locations in AlAhsaa of Saudi Arabia. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) results

of samples collected showed that TYLCV existed in all locations. Using AVcore and

ACcore primers, begomoviruses family were detected in symptomatic tomato plants

and by using TYv2664 and TYc138 (specific primers for the detection of TYLCV), the

results proved that the samples were infected with TYLCV. The lipid-soluble fraction of

healthy and infected tomato leaves extract was compared using gas chromatography

techniques. A total of 46 compounds were identified in both healthy and virus-infected

leaf tissues; among which 37 metabolites were common between both samples and

increased or decreased in concentration due to the virus attack. Nevertheless, eight

compounds were exclusively detected in the infected samples with only one

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compound consumed and thus recognized only in the healthy samples. The

classifications and roles of the identified metabolites were discussed from the point of

view of plant defense mechanisms or virus resistance against plant defense. Key

words: Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV), begomoviruses, Polymerase chain

reaction (PCR), gas chromatography.

Youssef, Sahar A, Gehan Safwat, A. A. Shalaby and H. S. El-Beltagi. (2018). Effect of Phytoplasma Infection on Plant Hormones, Enzymes and Their Role In Infected Sesame. Fresenius Environmental Bulletin (FFB), Vol.27, 5727-5735.

Abstract:

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) from the family of Pedaliaceae is one of the most

ancient crops and oilseeds. It was a major oilseed crop in the ancient world due to its

easiness of extraction, great stability, and resistance to drought. One of the most dangerous

pathogens that affect sesame and other plants worldwide is phytoplasma. Phytoplasma can

cause different character of symptoms such as: phyllody, the common symptom caused by

phytoplasma infection, stunting, changing the color of leaves from green to yellow and

alteration of the floral parts into leafy structures bearing no capsule and seeds, which

consider a serious threat for the production of sesame in many countries. On the other

hand, effect of the phytoplasma infection on plant enzymes such as Peroxidase and

Polyphenol oxidase and hormones like Auxins, Cytokinin, Gibberellins and Abscisic acid were

studied. Electron microscopy assay was used to verify the cellular changes which conducted

as a result of phytoplasma infection. Infected sesame samples which examined by PCR were

used as an exporter of phytoplasma and directly applied for electron microscopy test and

the analysis of enzymes and hormones. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) was used

to detect ultra-structural changes in infected sesame plants.

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Ahmed M.F.A. (2018). Evaluation of some biocontrol agents to control Thompson seedless grapevine powdery mildew disease. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 28(93):894-700.

Abstract:

This investigation aimed to evaluate the effect of some biocontrol agents against

the powdery mildew of Thompson seedless grapevines. The study was carried out

during the two successive seasons (2016 and 2017) at a private organic vineyard orchard

located at El Beheira Governorate, Egypt. Uncinula necator (syn. Erysiphe necator) is a

fungus that causes powdery mildew of grapevine. It causes severe loss in yield quantity

and quality. Application of different biocontrol agents, e.g., Trichoderma

harzianum, T. hamatum, T. viride, and their combinations, as well as the Blight stop

(Trichoderma spp.), a commercial biocide and micronic sulfur, was an attempt to control

the disease. The mixture of the three Trichoderma spp. showed the highest efficacy

(80.16 and 89.95%) of controlling the disease incidence and severity in the two seasons

2016 and 2017, respectively, followed by the treatment of Blight stop + micronic sulfur

(77.12 and 84.02%), while micronic sulfur showed the lowest effect (57.02 and 41.32%).

At all treatments, the yield was increased and the chemical characteristics, e.g., “total

sugars, total soluble solids (TSS), total anthocyanin (% in mg/100 g F.W.), and total

phenols (mg/g betties as gallic acid equivalent)” of berries were improved. On the

contrary, the percentage of total acidity was decreased at all treatments than in the

control.

Shehata, A.S.F.; A.K. Mohammed; A.A.A. Mosa and M.K. Ali (2018). Evaluation of some fungicides and biocontrol agents for controlling of alternaria rot on citrus fruits. Arab Univ. J. Agric. Sci., Ain Shams Univ., Cairo, 26(2): 691 – 699.

Abstract:

In this study, chemical and bio-control agents were evaluated for their efficiency

to control of citrus fruit-rot disease caused Alternaria citri (K2) both, in vitro and in vivo

trials. The most effective fungicides were score; montro and Iprodione compared with

other fungicides depend on Ec50 and Ec90. While, the fungicide Pyraclostrobine had

moderate effect on linear growth of A. citri. Meanwhile, the Coprax, Coprareekh and

Azoxystrobin were the least effective fungicide at Ec90. Trichoderma harzianum and

Bacillus subtilis tested showed antagonistic action effect to a highly pathogenic isolate

of Alternaria citri, with different degrees of inhibition. T. harzianum was the most

effective compared with B. subtilis, in vitro trials. Also, all fungicides were evaluated on

incidence of citrus fruit rot disease in vivo trials. The disease incidence was reduced, but

with different degrees. In addition, using T. harzianum, B. subtilis, B. megaterium (Bio-

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ARC) and Trichoderma album (Bio-Zeid) decreased incidence of citrus fruit rot disease.

On the other side, T. harzianum showed the highest suppressive effect against citrus

fruit rot pathogen. Generally, all tested fungicides and bio-agents were effective against

the causal fungus in vitro and in vivo trials, but with different degrees.

Ahmed, Y.; J. Hubert; Fourrier –Jeandel, C.; M.M. Dewdney; Aguayo, J.; and R. Ioos (2018). A set of Conventional and Multiplex Real-Time PCR assays for direct detection of Elsinoë fawcettii, E. australis and Pseudocercospora angolensis in citrus fruits. Plant Disease. https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-05-18-0798-RE

Abstract:

Elsinoë fawcettii, E. australis, and Pseudocercospora angolensis are causal agents

of citrus scab and spot diseases. The three pathogens are listed as quarantine pests in

many countries and are subject to phytosanitary measures to prevent their entry.

Diagnosis of these diseases based on visual symptoms is problematic, as they could be

confused with other citrus diseases. Isolation of E. fawcettii, E. australis, and P.

angolensis from infected tissues is challenging because they grow slowly on culture

media. This study developed rapid and specific detection tools for the in planta

detection of these pathogens, using either conventional PCR or one-tube multiplex real-

time PCR. Primers and hybridization probes were designed to target the single-copy

protein-coding gene MS204 for E. fawcettii and E. australis and the translation

elongation factor (Tef-1α) gene for P. angolensis. The specificity of the assays was

evaluated by testing against DNA extracted from a large number of isolates (102)

collected from different citrus-growing areas in the world and from other hosts. The

newly described species E. citricola was not included in the specificity test due to its

unavailability from the CBS collection. The detection limits of conventional PCR for the

three pathogens were 100, 100, and 10 pg μl-1 gDNA per reaction for E. fawcettii, E.

australis, and P. angolensis, respectively. The quadruplex qPCR was fully validated

assessing the following performance criteria: sensitivity, specificity, repeatability,

reproducibility, and robustness. The quadruplex real-time PCR proved to be highly

sensitive, detecting as low as 243, 241, and 242 plasmidic copies (pc) μl-1 of E. fawcettii,

E. australis, and P. angolensis, respectively. Sensitivity and specificity of this quadruplex

assay were further confirmed using 176 naturally infected citrus samples collected from

Ethiopia, Cameroon, the United States, and Australia. The quadruplex assay developed

in this study is robust, cost-effective, and capable of high-throughput detection of the

three targets directly from citrus samples. This new detection tool will substantially

reduce the turnaround time for reliable species identification and allow rapid response

and appropriate action.

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Ahmed, M.F.A. (2018). Management of date palm root rot disease by using some biological control agents under organic farming system. Noval Research In Microbiology Journal, 2(2):37 – 47.

Abstract:

In the current work an attempt was made to find out the most suitable bioagents

that have the ability to protect Date palm cv. Zaghloul (Phoenix dactylfera L.) from some

soilborne fungal diseases. Several soilborne fungi were isolated from root rots of date

palm trees located in the farms of El-Beheira Governorate, Egypt, including; Fusarium

solani, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani and Macrophomina phaseolina, and their

pathogenicity were confirmed on date palm seedlings in the greenhouse. These fungi

cause economic losses in date palm yield and a wide range of other cultivated plants.

Many different antagonistic isolates (bioagents) i.e. Trichoderma album, T. harzianum,

T. viride and T. hamatum were isolated from the rhizosphere soil of healthy date palm

trees. For comparison of results, bio-commercial preparations mainly “Bio-zeid (T.

album 10×106 cfu/ ml)” and “Plant guard (T. harzianum 30×106 cfu/ ml)” were also used

to detect their antagonistic potential against the mycopathogens of date palm. In vitro

antifungal efficacy of the bioagents was evaluated against all the pathogens, where T.

harzianum was the most effective as it caused 87.10, 81.55, 77.60 and 68.55% reduction

in the radial growth of F. solani, F. oxysporum, R. solani and M. phaseolina, respectively.

In vivo assays under field conditions, all tested biotic treatments significantly reduced

severity of root rot diseases caused by the concerned pathogens. Moreover, they

increased the percentages of survived date palm plants in infested soils during both

successive growing seasons of 2016 and 2017, where T. harzianum was the most

effective bioagent as it showed an increase in date palm survival of about 82.35 and

86.67% at both seasons, respectively. In addition, all bioagents enhanced the growth

parameters of date palm, i.e. plant height (cm), number of leaves/ plant and number of

leaflets/ leaf, compared with the control treatment. Thus, these effective bioagents

could be used as biofungicides to control the root rot diseases of date palm in the field;

accordingly, we could displace the use of non-ecofriendly and health hazards synthetic

fungicides.

Keywords: Date palm (Phoenix dactylfera L.), Soilborne fungi, Root rot, Trichoderma spp., Biofungicides

Radwan, M.A. and M.S.S. Hassan (2018). Control of avocado (Persea Americana Miller) Damping - off and root rot diseases in Egypt.journal of Plant Port. and Path.,9(9): 577 – 585.

Abstract:

Damping - off and root rot the most troublesome and common fungi diseases

attack avocado (Persea Americana Miller) which affecting seedling production and

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causing serious losses in the number of seedling in nurseries and transplants in new

orchards. Nersry and greenhouse experiments on the pre and post – emergence

damping – off of avocado were couducted at El – Qanater El – khairia, Horticulture

Research Station. Agricultural Research Center throughout 2016 and 2017 growing

season. Hass, Eitinger and Fuerte were the most susceptible cultivars to damping – off

and root rot disease, followed by Duke. Whears, the lowest percentage of pre and post

– damping – off and the highest percentage of survival plant were recorded on Reed,

Benktron and Bekon. Pathogenicity tests on avocado seeds and seedling under

greenhouse condetin showed that F. solani, F. semitectum, F. moniliforme and L.

theobromae which isolated from roots of either seedling in nursery or transplants in

new orchards were pathogenc but varied at different degrees in their pathogenicity. F.

solani was the most pathogenic fungi causing the highest percentage of pre and post –

emergence damping – off and root rot followed by F. moniliforme. On the other hand,

the least pathogenic one were F. semitectum and L. theobromae. To overcome this

problem, single treatment of nine compound i.e. Topsin M – 70 WP, Diathane M 45

80% WP, Kema – Z 50%WP. , Rizolex – T 50%WP, Salicylic acid, Bio- Zeid 2.5%, Bio- Arc

6.0%, Lemongrass and Thyme oil were used as seed dressing and soil drenching to

investigate their effect in reducing damping – off and root rot disease incidence under

greenhouse conditions. All compounds reduce the avocado damping – off and root rot

disease incidence and increased the percentage of survival plants comparing with

untreated seeds or untreated soil. Seed dressing and soil drenching with fungicides

(Topsin M – 70, Kema – Z, Rizolex – T) showed the superior effect which produced the

highest level of disease control with the highest number of of survived plants.

Treatment with biofungicides (Bio– Zeid and Bio – Arc) gave moderate effect. Essential

oils (Thyme oil and Lemongrass) and salicylic acid reduced the disease and increased

mean survival plants of avocado transplants. Best results were obtained when the

compounds were applied as seed dressing.

Radwan, M. A. and D. R. Darwesh (2018). Effect of integrated control programs of powdery mildew on growth and productivity of apple. J. of Plant Port. and Path.,9(12):787 – 794.

Abstract:

Disease incidence and disease severity% of the powdery mildew fungus

(Podosphaera leucotricha) were assessed on Anna apple trees (Malus domestica,

Borkh) budded on M.M.106 rootstock during 2016 – 2017) seasons in three different

locationsn in Egypt. The disease occurrence was more prevailing in Qalyoubia

governorate than the two orchard sites in Behaira (Kafr el dawar and Nobaria). The

efficacy of eleven foliar spray programs for management apple powdery mildew and

on vegetative growth, fruiting parameters and fruit quality of Anna apple trees was

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evaluated in experimental farm at El– Qaqnater El- Khairia Horticultural; Research

Station in Qalyoubia, Agricultural Research Center. All treatments reduced the disease

severity % of powdery mildew with significant increase to all investigated vegetative

growthmeasurments, fruiting parameters and fruit quality of anna apple trees relation

to the control. The alternative fungicides in program 4 (Microvit, Punch and Topaz)

provide protection at an important levelagainst powdery mildew infection and

improved parameters as compared with fungicide. Microvit (P1), Punch (P2) or

Topaz(P3)each alone in two seasons.

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Hussien A., Yosra, Ahmed, Al-Essawy A., Youssef K. (2018). Evaluation of different salt-amended electrolysed water to control postharvest moulds of citrus. Tropical Plant Pathology, 43:10–20.

Abstract:

The effect of different salt solutions added to electrolysed water (EW) was

assessed as sanitising agents against Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum and P. ulaiense.

Different settings of electrolysing machine were optimised to improve sanitation. The

acidic and alkaline EW combined with thirteen salt solutions were used to treat spore

suspension and the count of colony forming units recovered on potato-dextrose agar

media was estimated. In addition, the same treatments were applied to spore

suspension before inoculating orange fruits, which were incubated at favourable

conditions for disease development. Results showed that acidic EW was more effective

than alkaline EW in inhibiting growth and disease development of citrus mould

pathogens, likely due to a synergetic effect. The EW amended with salt solution showed

improved sanitary effect and enhanced disease suppression caused by EW. This showed

to be an environmental friendly option to reduce the residue of sanitising agents and

fungicide use in conventional processing of citrus fresh fruits.

Keywords:Citrus x sinensis , Penicillium digitatum, P. italicum and P. ulaiense, Alkaline electrolysed water, Acidic electrolysed water, Salts.

Youssef K., Mustafa Z.M.M., Al-Essawy A. 2018. Efficacy of alkaline and acidic electrolysed water generated by some salt solutions against gray mold of table grape: pre and postharvest applications. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management, 5(1): 1-21.

Abstract

The objectives of the this research were to assess the activity of alkaline (alEW)

and acidic electrolysed water (acEW), in vitro and in vivo, against the development of

gray mold caused by Botrytis cinerea Pers. on table grape cv. Crimson seedless and to

investigate these treatment on grape quality. Thirteen salt solutions (potassium

bicarbonate, potassium sorbate, sodium silicate, EDTA-Fe, EDTA-Ca, sodium

bicarbonate, sodium carbonate, potassium carbonate, potassium phosphate dibasic,

potassium dihydrogen phosphate, ammonium molybdate, sodium metabisulphite,

sodium chloride), most of them are generally recognized as safe (GRAS) compounds,

were used to generate alEW and acEW. In vitro results showed that in alEW, sodium

carbonate and potassium sorbate were the most effective salts reducing the percentage

of colony forming units (CFUs) by 67.3 and 63.7%, respectively. In acEW, sodium

carbonate, potassium bicarbonate, sodium silicate, potassium sorbate and EDTA-Fe

were the most effective salts reducing CFUs by 88, 86, 85, 89 and 84%, respectively.

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Under artificial infection, at the end of cold storage, for alEW, the percentage of

reduction ranged from 55-91.7% and potassium carbonate gave the best results against

the grapes gray mold (91.7%). For acEW, the percentage of reduction ranged from 77-

98% and ammonium molypdate gave the best results against gray mold (98%).

Electrolysed water generated by potassium sorbate, sodium carbonate and sodium

metabisulphite were the most effective salts against development of gray mold disease

under natural infection. In most cases, the results of the present research showed that

alEW and acEW did not influence the physicochemical properties of berry quality . This

study confirms that electrolysed water is an effective treatment and has a good control

activity against gray mold of table grape and it demonstrates that certain salts improve

the electrolysis potential

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Moursy, Fayzia I.; A. S. Soliman; A. E.M. Khalil; S. M. Shawky and A. A. Taher (2018). Seasonal fluctuation and biological control of root- knot nematodes Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber. Pakistan J. of Nematology, 36 (1):71-81.

Abstract:

The experiments were conducted under both greenhouse and field conditions to

determine seasonal fluctuation and application of some bioagents to control root-knot

nematode Meloidogyne incognita on cucumber. Seasonal fluctuation of the root-knot

nematode M. incognita was studied on two cucumber cultivars (Madia and Slaprty)

during the period from March to November in seasons 2015/2016 and 2016/2017. Soil

population increased gradually on two cultivars during spring and throughout summer

to reach peak in August began to decrease during autumn and reach the lowest in

winter (January and February) in two seasons where soil temperature reached 15± 4ºC.

Seven treatments Paecilomyces lilacinus, Arthrobotrys oligospora, Glomus faciculatum,

Eucalyptus globules, Tagetes erecta, Allium sativum and Fenamiphos (10%G) were

evaluated to control M. incognita. All the treatments decreased the nematode

population of M. incognita in soil and on roots compared with check. Data indicated

percent increase of fresh weight of the whole plant which was greatly improved in all

treatments.

Keywords: Meloidogyne incognita, Seasonal fluctuation, Biological control, Cucumber.

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Halawa, A. E. A., A. A. M. Ali and M. M. H. Hassanin (2018). Efficiency of some organic acids as safe control mean against root and stem rot disease of Coleus forskohlii. J.of Phytopathol and Pest Management. 5(2): 48-62.

Abstract:

Coleus (Coleus forskohlii) is an important medicinal crop containing forskolin in

their roots. Root rot is considered the most important disease in coleus, causing serious

losses affecting growth and yield. Infected coleus plants showing root and stem rots

were collected from Giza gardens and nurseries. The pathogenicity tests of the isolated

fungi (Fusarium oxysporum, F. roseum, F. semitectum, F. solani, Macrophomina

phaseolina, Pythium splendens and Rhizoctonia solani) revealed the ability of these fungi

to cause infection. Application of three organic acids (Ascorbic, oxalic and salicylic acid)

each at 250 and 500 ppm, against R. solani, F. semitectum, F. oxysporum and F. solani

was performed in the greenhouse. All the tested organic acids reduced significantly

disease incidence when used as dipping unrooted cuttings and/or spray plants 30 days

after planting or soil drenching under greenhouse conditions particularly at 500 ppm

compared with untreated plants. In general, oxalic acid at 500 ppm was more efficient in

reducing infection with root and stem rot diseases. As for plant growth parameters, soil

drenching with oxalic acid was the best treatment in increasing plant height and branch

number compared with the other treatments. However, ascorbic acid was the least

effective treatment compared with the other treatments. On the other hand, dual

combination of three organic acids was superior on the other treatments and also

recorded superiority in peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase enzyme activities.

Imarah, Doaa A.; Nour El-Hoda A. Ryad and Suzan E.-El-Abeid (2018). Combined effect of vascular arbuscular mycrorrhizal fungi and yeast on controlling spearmint root and wilt diseases and on some plant parameters. Middele East J. Appl.Sci., 8 (2):705-718.

Abstract:

This study evaluates the efficacy of vascular arbuscular mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi

(a mixture of Glomus intraradices and G. etunicatum) and yeast (Saccharomyces

cerevisiae), separately and in combination against spearmint root rot and wilt diseases

at Giza and Qalubiya governorates. Egypt. Isolation from diseased roots yielded

Fusarium oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Pythium ultimum and F. solani. Spearmint

plants grown in soil infested with the tested mycorrhiza in combination with S.

cerevisiae in presence/absence of any of the tested pathogens reduced the percentage

of infection in the two cuts with 90 days apart and localities and increased the level of

mycorrhizal root colonization, number of mycorrhiza spores and the population of S.

cerevisiae in the rhizosphere of spearmint plants relative to the control. Mycorrhiza

alone or integrated with yeast showed increment in the agronomic characters of

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spearmint plants including, number of stolons/plant, stolon length/plant, stolon fresh

weight, herb fresh weight and oil yield. Also, the Gas Liquid Chromatography (GLC)

analysis showed increment in carvone as the main oil component in spearmint plants

grown in soil infested with mycorrhiza + yeast + F. oxysporum in comparison to the

control.

Keywords: Mycorrhizal fungi, Saccharomyces cerevisiae, Spearmint plant, Root rot,

Fusarium wilt.

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Elamawi, Rabab M.; Raida E. Al-Harbi and Awatif A. Hendi (2018). Biosynthesis and characterization of silver nanoparticles using Trichoderma longibrachiatum and their effect on phytopathogenic fungi. Egyptian Journal of Biological Pest Control. 28:28 .DOI 10.1186/s41938-018-0028-1.

Abstract:

An efficient biosynthesis process for the rapid production of nanoparticles would

enable the development of a “microbial nanotechnology” for mass-scale production. In

the present research, biological silver nanoparticle was synthesized extracellularly by

using the fungus, Trichoderma longibrachiatum, where the cell filtrate of the fungus was

used as a reducing and stabilizing agent in the process of nanoparticle synthesis.

Different physical parameters such as fungal biomass concentration (1, 5, 10, 15, and 20

g), temperature (25, 28, and 33 °C), incubation time (0 – 120 h), and agitation (shaken or

not shaken) were investigated, in order to determine the optimal conditions for

nanoparticle biosynthesis. The stability and antifungal properties of the synthesized

silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were also determined. Data revealed that a combination of

10 g fungal biomass, a reaction temperature of 28 °C, a 72-h incubation time, and

without shaking were the optimum conditions for the synthesis of the silver

nanoparticles. Visual observation of brown color is an indication of silver nanoparticle

production. UV–vis spectroscopy showed maximum absorption at 385 nm with the

optimum conditions. Transmission electron microscopy (TEM) revealed the formation of

monodispersed spherical shape with a mean diameter of 10 nm. Fourier transformation

infrared (FTIR) showed bands at1634.92 and 3269.31 cm−1. Dynamic light scattering

(DLS) supported that the Z-average size was 24.43 and 0.420 PdI value. Zeta potential

showed −19.7 mV with a single peak. The AgNPs synthesized through this biosystem

approach were relatively stable up to 2 months after synthesis. The use of AgNPs as

antifungal led to significant reductions in the number of forming colonies for many plant

pathogenic fungi, with efficiencies reaching up to 90% against Fusarium verticillioides,

Fusarium moniliforme, Penicillium brevicompactum, Helminthosporium oryzae, and

Pyricula riagrisea. However, further research should be carried out in order to

determine the toxic effect of AgNPs before mass production and use of agricultural

applications.

Keywords: Trichoderma longibrachiatum, Silver nanoparticles, UV–vis spectroscopy, TEM, FTIR, DLS, Zeta potential, Antifungal activity

Youssef M. S. and Rabab M. Elamawi (2018). Evaluation of phytotoxicity, cytotoxicity, and genotoxicity of ZnO nanoparticles in Vicia faba. Environmental Science and Pollution Research.https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-018-3250-1.

Abstract:

Due to the accelerating use of manufactured nanomaterials, more research is

needed to define their impact on plants. The present investigation aimed at evaluating

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the effect of different levels (0.0, 10, 25, 50, and 100 mg/L) of ZnO nanoparticles (NPs)

on Vicia faba during seed germination and seedling establishment. Additionally, V. faba

root meristems were used as a model to monitorthe cytotoxic and genotoxic effects

resulting from exposure to ZnO NPs. The influence of ZnO NPs on three isoenzyme

systems, peroxidase, α, and β esterase, was also evaluated using native-PAGE. Our

results showed that lower concentrations of ZnO NPs (especially 10 and 25 mg/L)

enhanced seed germination and improved seedling growth, while higher concentrations

(100 and200 mg/L) resulted in phytotoxicity. Cytological investigations of ZnO NPs-

treated V. faba root cells denoted the clastogenic andaneugenic nature of ZnO NPs.

Differential increase in mitotic index and significant alterations in cell cycle were

observed uponexposure to ZnO NPs. High concentrations of ZnO NPs markedly induced

chromosomal aberration, micronuclei, and vacuolatednuclei formation. Chromosomal

breakage, chromosomal bridges, ring chromosomes, laggard chromosomes, and

stickiness were also observed at a higher rate. The PAGE analysis showed that ZnO NPs

treatments altered the expression patterns of all studiedenzyme systems. Collectively,

results from this work will help to further understand the phytotoxic effects of

nanomaterials.

Keywords: Chromosomal aberration, Clastogenicity, Isoenzymes, Nanoparticles, Nanotoxicity, Viciafaba.

Vasil'kov A, A. Naumkin, M. Rubina, M.A. Alghuthaymi, K.A. Abd-Elsalam (2018). Copper-chitosan nanocomposites: metal vapor synthesis, spectroscopic characterization and antifungal activity. International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference: SGEM: Surveying Geology & mining Ecology Management, 18:139-46.

Abstract:

New hybrid materials based on copper nanoparticles stabilized in an ultimately

biocompatible chitosan matrix were prepared via metal vapor synthesis. Transmission

electron microscopy shows that the particles have predominantly spherical form,

polydisperse character, the mean diameter about 2-4 nm and a rather uniform

distribution in the chitosan matrice. X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy of Cu-carrying

chitosan powder obtained by impregnation of chitosan powder with Cu-acetone

organosol indicated two oxidized copper states on the surface. Cu2+ и Cu+ amounts

calculated from the Cu 2p spectra were 2.6 and 6.0%, respectively. The structure of the

materials was studied using X-ray techniques. The antifungal activity of the copper-

chitosan nanocomposites against the linear growth of pathogenic fungi Fusarium solani

and Macrophomina phaseolina was evaluated in vitro and their effects on hyphal

growth were evaluated. The results show that the copper-chitosan nanocomposites

synthesized via metal vapor synthesis with acetone as intermediate nanoparticle

stabilizer are efficient in inhibiting growth of Fusarium solani and Macrophomina

phaseolina fungal hyphae.

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Al-Askar, A. A.; W. E. A. Saber; Kh. M. Ghoneem and Y. M. Rashad (2018). Oxalic acid as the main molecule produced by Trichoderma asperellum MG323528 fermented on corn stover based medium, 17(2): 95-103.

Abstract:

Background and Objective: Organic acids have several pharmaceutical, food,

agricultural and medical applications. Corn stover represents a serious environmental

problem. The present study investigated the bio processing of such readily available

low-cost biomass with microorganism into valuable organic acids that expected to

neutralize the negative impact on the environment and minimize the production costs.

Materials and Methods: A novel cellulolytic Trichoderma asperellum MG323528 was

selected as a new corn stover decomposer that could transform it into various bio-

products. The fungus was incorporated in corn stover-based medium for the production

of organic acids. The Box-Behnken experimental design was applied to maximize the

total organic acids production especially oxalic acid. Results: The optimum composition

of solid-state fermentation medium was found to contain17.83 mg P from rock

phosphate, 5.61 mg N from (NH4)2SO4 and 9.84 mg MgSO4·7H2O per 1 g of corn stover,

yielding a total of 209.11±1.20 mmol organic acids. According to the HPLC screening, the

main organic acids detected in the fermented corn stover was oxalic acid, representing

about 78% of the total organic acids, in addition to minor amounts of citric, formic,

salicylic and ascorbic acids. Conclusion: This kind of homo-fermentation could be

considered for large-scale production of oxalic acid on an economic medium of CS using

the promising T. asperellum MG323528 strain.

Key words: Organic acids, box-Behnken design, Trichoderma asperellum, HPLC, bio processing.

Mohamed, M. A.; H. M. Hussein and A. A. M. Ali (2018). Antifungal activity of different size controlled stable silver nanoparticles biosynthesized by the endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus. Journal of Phytopathology and Pest Management. 5(2): 88-107.

Abstract:

Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) synthesized by using the aqueous extract of the

endophytic fungus Aspergillus terreus F37 (KX024595) as reducing agent is reported

here. The reaction medium employed in the synthesis process was optimized under a

narrow range of pH and temperature to attain better yield, controlled size, and more

stable of AgNPs. Further, the microbially synthesized AgNPs were studied through UV-

vis spectroscopy, transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and

Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analyses. The obtained results indicated

the formation of high crystalline spherical AgNPs with an average diameter of 45.2±0.5

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nm at room temperature (22 ºC). Quantitative analyses indicated that reduction of the

Ag+ precursor was promoted at elevated pH due to increased activity of biomolecules in

the fungal extract. As a result, the size of the AgNPs decreased with increased pH of the

reactions. The optimum conditions for maximum production of small control sized

AgNPs (12± 0.5 nm) were pH (10) and temperature (100 ºC). The outcomes of the

antifungal activity of different controlled sized AgNPs showed their efficiently to inhibit

the mycelial growth of the pathogenic fungus Alternaria solani, the causal agent of

tomato early blight disease and reduced their viability in a pH and temperature

dependent manner. These findings revealed that the fine tuning of the reaction

synthesis parameters, will increase the chance to obtain desired well shaped and small

sized AgNPs with potent antifungal activities, may have important applications as new

bio-fungicides in controlling various plant diseases caused by fungi.

Keywords: silver nanoparticles, size control, pH, biosynthesis, Aspergillus terreus, antifungal activity.

Gabal E; M. Alsaiad; Amal-Asran; M. A. Alghuthaymi and K.A. Abd–Elsalam (2018). Copper nanostructures applications in Plant Protection. In Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection (Edited by Kamel Abd-Elsalam and Ram Prasad), Chapter 3, Springer.

Abstract:

Plant pathologists throughout the globe are working closer to developing a

powerful solution for food and agricultural commodities protection from diverse

pathogens. Nanobiotechnology great ability in agriculture especially in plant health has

been reported. Management of most beneficial micronutrient and pesticides for

sustainable crop production is a concern-based location of research in agriculture.

Copper nanoparticles are among one of the critical nano substances because of their

diverse characteristics and applications. The current present chapter summarizes the

modern-day knowledge and the future prospects in the applications copper

nanomaterials in plant pathology studies. Applications involve nanosensors,

antibacterial agent, antifungal agent, plant growth promotion and plant protection. The

beneficial and deleterious effects of Cu nanoparticles through enhanced root and shoot

length, fruit and crop yield, and substantial increase in vegetative biomass of seedlings

in different plant species were also explored.

Hashim A. F.; K. Youssef and K.A. Abd-Elsalam (2018). The role of nanoemulsions as antimicrobial agents in plant protection. In Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection (Edited by Kamel Abd-Elsalam and Ram Prasad). Chapter 6, Springer.

Abstract:

Nanoemulsion is a mixture of two or more liquids (such as oil and water) that do

not easily combine. In nanoemulsion, the diameters of the dispersed droplets are 500

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nm or less. High-energy and low energy methods can prepare stable nanoemulsions.

High-pressure homogenizer or ultrasound homogenizer can be used to prepare

nanoemulsion by high-energy emulsification method. Self-emulsification and phase

inversion methods-phase inversion temperature and phase inversion composition are

low-energy methods for nanoemulsions preparation. Low-energy emulsification

methods depend on the phase behaviour and properties of the ingredients, and they

use the stored energy of the system to form nanodroplets. The emulsification can be

resulted by changing the parameters such as temperature and composition, which

would affect the hydrophilic lipophilic balance (HLB) of the system. This chapter

dedicated in the advantages, preparation, characterization and antimicrobial activity of

nanoemulsions in the field of plant protection.

Mohamed, M.A.; A.F. Hashim; M.A. Alghuthaymi K.A. Abd–Elsalam (2018). Nano-carbon: Plant growth promotion and protection. In Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection (Edited by Kamel Abd-Elsalam and Ram Prasad), Chapter 7, Springer.

Abstract:

Carbon nano-materials (CNMs) such fullerenes, carbon nanoparticles, fullerol,

single-walled carbon nanotubes/multiwall carbon nanotubes and carbon nano-horns,

among others have been in used in agriculture showing positive and adverse effects.

Researchers reported both positive and negative effects of carbon nanomaterials on

plant system. Some nanoparticles improved the seed germination and stimulated

growth parameters in some plants, however, produced contradictory effects on others.

In the current chapter, both positive and negative effects of different CNMs on different

plant species were reported. However, this chapter covers plausible role carbon-based

nanomaterials can be useful for the delivery of nucleic acid, pesticides and fertilizers to

plants, wastewater treatment, and suppression of plant diseases caused by pathogens,

and sensing of critical plant molecules with a high level of sensitivity. Carbon nanotubes

for the construction of electrochemical sensors dedicated to the environmental

monitoring of pesticides are also discussed. The future prospect of carbon

nanomaterials is fairly bright as it is a low cost solution to increase the crop promotion

and plant protection.

Gupta, N.; C.P. Upadhyaya; K. A. Abd-Elsalam and R. Prasad (2018). Applications of silver nanoparticles in plant protection. In Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection (Edited by Kamel Abd-Elsalam and Ram Prasad), Chapter 9, Springer.

Abstract:

Silver nanoparticles have a unique assets which lead in molecular diagnostics,

therapeutic and devices that are used in several medical procedures. The major

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procedures used for silver nanoparticle synthesis are the physical and chemical

methods. Due to problem with the chemical and physical methods is that the synthesis

is expensive and can also have toxic materials absorbed onto them. To overwhelm this,

the biological procedures provides a reasonable alternative. The biological systems

involved in the bacteria, actinomycetes, fungi, algae and plant extracts. The mostly

applications of silver nanoparticles is in the therapeutics, like antimicrobial and anti-

inflammatory properties. This chapter provides a wide-ranging understanding on the

mechanism of action, production, applications in the plant protection.

Al-Dhabaan, F. A. ; Heba - Yousef ; Tahsin Shoala; Jumana Shaheen; Yousra El Sawi and Tasneem Farag (2018). Enhancement of fungal DNA templates and PCR amplification yield by three types of nanoparticles. Journal of Plant Protection Research. 58(1):66–72.

Abstract:

Nanodiagonastic methods in plant pathology are used for enhancing detection

and identification of different plant pathogens and toxigenic fungi. Improvement of the

specificity and efficiency of the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) by using some

nanoparticles is emerging as a new area of research. In the current research, silver, zinc,

and gold nanoparticles were used to increase the yield of DNA for two plant pathogenic

fungi including soil-borne fungus Rhizoctonia solani and toxigenic fungus Alternaria

alternata. Gold nanoparticles combined with zinc and silver nanoparticles enhanced

both DNA yield and PCR products compared to DNA extraction methods with ALB

buffer, sodium dodecyl sulfate, ALBfree from protinase K, ZnNPs and AgNPs. Also, by

using ZnNPs and AgNPs the DNA yield was enhanced and the sensitivity of random

amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) PCR products was increased. Application of

nanomaterials in the PCR reaction could increase or decrease the PCR product according

to the type of applied nanometal and the type of DNA template. Additions of AuNPs to

PCR mix increased both sensitivity and specificity for PCR products of the tested fungi.

Thus, the use of these highly stable, commercially available and inexpensive inorganic

nano reagents open new opportunities for improving the specificity and sensitivity of

PCR amplicon, which is the most important standard method in molecular plant

pathology and mycotoxicology.

Al-Dhabaan, F. A.; M.A. Mostafa; H. Almoamr and K. A. Abd-Elsalam (2018). Chitosan-Based Nanostructures in plant protection applications. In Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection (Edited by Kamel Abd-Elsalam and Ram Prasad) Chapter 13, Springer.

Abstract: Biopolymer chitosan is presently one of the most favourable natural polymers for

use in micro- and nanotechnology, and it is very effective for use in agricultural sector

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when combined with natural functional compounds or metal nanoparticles to eliminate

the problems associated with the waste of destructive chemicals. In current chapter, the

primary uses of nanochitosan in agriculture and its potential uses in plant protection

control were reviewed. Nanochitosan has been reported to possess antifungal and

antibacterial activity and it showed to be effective against seed-borne pathogens when

applied as seed treatment. Chitosan behaves as a resistance elicitor inducing both local

and systemic plant defense responses even when applied to the seeds. The chitosan

used as soil improvement was shown to provide many benefits to different plant species

by reducing the pathogen attack, infection and promote growth promotion. Authors

outline the plant protection and growth regulatory applications of chitosan

nanomaterials. Current and possible utilization of chitosan nanomaterials in plant

nutrition, abiotic stress management, pesticides remediation, plant transformation and

post-harvest application is also highlighted.

Said-Galiev E.E., M.S. Rubina; A.Y. Vasil’kov; A.V. Naumkin A.R. Khokhlov; K. A. Abd-Elsalam (2018). Formation of the multifunctional metal-polymer composite with antiseptic, anesthetic and bactericidal properties by green technologies. AIP Conference Proceedings 1981, 020159 (2018); https://doi.org/10.1063/1.5046021

Abstract:

The preparation technique for multifunctional metal-polymer composites based

on the commercial medical spongeCollachit-G with antiseptic, anesthetic and

bactericidal properties has been developed. The immobilization of ibuprofen andsilver

nanoparticles on/into polymer was achieved by using combination of two green

technologies: the treatment insupercritical carbon dioxide and metal vapor synthesis.

The composites were investigated by XRFA, TEM and XPS. A drugrelease process and its

mechanism have been studied within the framework of the Ritger-Peppas model. It was

found thatibuprofen content in the sponge reaches 51 % from its weight. The average

linear size of silver particles is 6 ± 1nm, andsilver atoms are in non-oxidized state.

Duration of ibuprofen escape from initial sponge in the phosphate buffer with pH =7.4is

3 hours. Diffusion obeys to Fick's law. The presence of Ag clusters in the sponge does

not principally change the diffusion mechanism.

Mohamed MA and Abd–Elsalam KA (2018). Nanoantimicrobials for plant pathogens control: Potential applications and mechanistic aspects. In Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection (Edited by Kamel Abd-Elsalam and Ram Prasad), Chapter 4, Springer.

Abstract: The advances of nanotechnology in the field of plant science have been steadily

making its unique mark as a recent technology to reckon with. Recently, the use of

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engineered nanomaterials provide great opportunities in plant disease control. The unique

size, shape, structure, and surface characteristics of those nanomaterials result in novel

physicochemical and biological properties different from their corresponding bulk

counterparts. In medicine, the antimicrobial, anticancer, anti–viral properties of different

nanomaterial types have been reported. However, despite this financial interest, very few

studies have been reported demonstrating the beneficial effect of using those nanomaterials

as antimicrobial and antiviral agents against plant pathogens. Recently, scientists strongly

suggested that antimicrobial nanomaterials are able to unlock the restrictions experienced

by conventional pesticides and other antimicrobial agents. Consequently, in this chapter we

focus on demonstrating a variety of nanomaterials being utilized in plant disease

managementas antimicrobial and antiviral agents with describing their proposed

mechanisms of action. In parallel to their merits, the demerits were also highlighted and the

possibility of large–scale adaptability for them by integrating into presentpractices, thus

avoiding crop loss.

Mostafa M, Amal- Asran; Almoamr H and K. A. Abd-Elsalam (2018). Nanoantimicrobials Mechanism of Action. In Nanobiotechnology Applications in Plant Protection (Edited byKamel Abd-Elsalam and Ram Prasad) Chapter 11, Springer.

Abstract:

Over the most recent couple of years, various nanomaterials with one of a kind

physicochemical properties have been creating. Uncommonly, nano-sized materials, for

example, silver and zinc nanoparticles, carbon nanotubes, and chitosan nanocompsites have

been pulling in extraordinary consideration because of their potential as creative

antimicrobial agents. Understanding the molecular mode of actions of NPs' antifungal

effeicacy will be helpful in creating viable administration systems to control critical

pathogenic plant diseases. Similarly, the understanding of those mechanisms may assistance

to avoid resistance mechanisms, which are known and used in the case of pathogenic

microrganisms. The potential mechanism of toxicity has been attributed to several possible

mechanisms; the disintegration or arrival of particles from the nanoparticles inspire either

provocative reaction, mitochondrial brokenness, interruption of cell-layer respectability,

oxidative pressure, protein or DNA official and harm, responsive oxygen species (ROS) age,

influencing the proteins and phosphate lipids, and eventually causing cell passing. Specific

underscore was given to antimicrobial instruments with center around age of receptive

oxygen species (ROS) including hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), OH-(hydroxyl radicals), and O2 - 2

(peroxide). ROS has been a main consideration for a few systems including cell wall harm

because of NPs-restricted association, improved membrane permeability. Lastly, how we

made use of the emerging advance imaging techniques such as transmission electron and

atomic force microscopes that will shed impacts towards a better understanding on the

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overall microbial– nanoparticle interactions will be discussed.Omics approaches offer

exceptionally energizing chances to explain the antimicrobial instruments of various

nanostructures. Additionally, omics methods help to have profound understanding into the

mode of action of plant-microorganism interactions.

Khalil, Amal A. (2018). Antifungal activity of Nigella sativa against some plant pathology with a formation of magnetite nanopartcals (Fe3O4). Academic Journal of Agricultral Research, 6 (5):95 -100.

Abstract:

Nanotechnology has already been known to have important effects on reducing

plant diseases. The black cumin or Nigella sativa L. seeds have many acclaimed

antifungal properties and chemical syntheses of the alkaloids isolated from the seeds of

the herb. The interaction of both activities was used in this investigation to determine

the properties of this plant. Analysis of the extracts of Plant (N. sativa L.) seeds by GC-

MS indicated that it has bioactive ingredients, such as fatty acids and 32 volatile

terpenes. The antifungal activity of metal oxide nanoparticles has important application

in increasing their effectiveness and inducing resistance much higher. In an effective

inhibition against two pathogenic fungi (Colletotrichum lagenarium and Didymella

bryonie), the addition of Magnetite nano-scale to the black cumin extract showed that it

is a great inhibitor of the growth of D. bryonie fungi, which cause Gummy stem blight in

Cucurbitaceae. The value decreased when the concentration of the black cumin extract

increased. The success of formulation of magnetite nanoparticles was confirmed by XRD

(X Ray) and Transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Nano particle size analysis showed

that the mean particles sizes of this formulation ranged from 20 -100 nm.

Key words: Magnetite nano-scale - Nigella sativa – GC-MS – XRD - TEM.

Moustafa M.S.H., Asmaa M. A. ALkolaly, Fatma A. Moustafa and Hala A.M. El-Dakar (2018). Fungicidal Effect of Nano copper Particles on Alternaria solani the Causal Organism of Tomato Early Blight Disease Compared with other Copper Fungicides and their Toxicityto Experimental Animals. Human Journals, 10 (2):195 – 217.

Abstract:

During the last few decades, nanotechnology has evolved very rapidly. Now

nanoparticles are involved in most of our life branches from electronic industries,

medicine, to kitchenware. Sulfur and copper are protective fungicides they are only the

non-organic fungicides allowed under organic agriculture guidelines. Early blight of

tomato, caused by the fungus Alternaria solani, is the most common foliar disease of

tomatoes all over the world. In vitro, all the three tested copper fungicides showed

remarkable fungicidal effects on mycelial growth. Copper nanoparticles (CuNPs) showed

less fungicidal efficiency, compared with the two conventional copper fungicides,

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Adwicopper and Flacopper; however, there was remarkable increased efficacy of the

(CuNPs) (copper sulfate pentahydrate Nps) compared with the bulk copper (copper

sulfate pentahydrate). Calculating the disease severity and fungicidal efficiency in vivo,

for each fungicide showed that Adwicopper resulted in the least disease severity and

the highest fungicidal efficiency followed by Flacopper, then (CuNPs). Toxicological

studies revealed that rats fed for six weeks on fodder mixed with the juice of tomatoes

harvested from plants treated with any of the three tested fungicides showed a

significant elevation in the liver enzyme alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level. Highest

ALT level was found in case of Adwicopper, followed by Flacopper then (CuNPs). Only

rats fed on fodder mixed with the juice of tomatoes harvested from plants treated with

Adwicopper recorded significant elevated aspartate aminotransferase (AST) levels. The

cholesterol level was significantly elevated in the blood of rats fed on fodder mixed with

the juice of tomatoes harvested from plants treated with any of three tested copper

fungicides; with significant difference among them. Adwicopper recorded the highest

cholesterol level, followed by copper nanoparticles, then Flacopper. All three copper

fungicides (copper nanoparticles, Adwicopper and Flacopper) resulted in significantly

elevated levels of triglisroid; without significant differences among them, but with

significant differences between any of them and the two control treatments. At the

same time, feeding rats on any of the tested copper fungicides resulted in significant

elevation of low density lipoprotein (LDL) levels. Adwicopper, produced in the highest

LDL level, followed by copper nanoparticles then Flacopper. The three tested fungicides

resulted in significant elevation of creatinine, and urea levels. Nanoparticles and

Adwicopper resulted in the highest urea level in rat blood, followed by Flacopper.

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peppermint essential oils against Macrophomina phaseolina root rot of cotton. J.

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Plastic House Conditions. J. Plant Prot. and Path., Mansoura Univ., 9 (8): 471 –

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Hafez, Y. M.; Asmaa S. El-Nagar; A. A. Elzaawely; S. M. Kamel and H. F. Maswada

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some Egyptian governorates. Annals of Agric. Sci., Moshtohor, 56(2):405 – 416.

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selected Egyptian and exotic bread wheat varieties. BGRI 2018 Poster

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Moustafa, M.S.H., Asmaa M. A. ALkolaly, Fatma A. Moustafa and Hala A.M. El-Dakar

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Organism of Tomato Early Blight Disease Compared with other Copper

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Omara, R. I.; A. A. M. Abu Aly and M. A. Abou-Zeid (2018). Characterization of Partial

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