Practice For May: Cell Ultrastructure [114 marks]

1. [1 mark]Which structure found in eukaryotes has a single membrane?

A. Nucleus

B. Lysosome

C. Chloroplast

D. Mitochondrion

2. [1 mark]The following electron micrograph shows part of a palisade mesophyll cell. Which of the labelled structures controls the exchange ofsubstances to and from the cell?

3. [1 mark]Which organism has DNA located in three organelles?

A. A sponge

B. A fern

C. A flatworm

D. A bacterium

4. [1 mark]Which organelle is involved in generating vesicles destined for the cell membrane?

A. Golgi apparatus

B. Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

C. Rough endoplasmic reticulum

D. Lysosome

5. [1 mark]The image shows an electron micrograph of mesophyll cells.

What is the name of the structure labelled X?

A. Cytoplasm

B. Mitochondrion

C. Nucleus

D. Chloroplast

6. [1 mark]The image shows an electron micrograph of pancreatic exocrine cells.

What is the role of the vesicles shown in the micrograph?

A. To transport hormones between the rough endoplasmic reticulum and the Golgi apparatus

B. To store glycogen when blood glucose levels are high

C. To move enzymes out of the cell by exocytosis

D. To digest cellulose

7a. [2 marks]Glands are organs that secrete and release particular chemical substances. Melatonin is an important hormone secreted in thepineal gland in the brain. Describe its role in mammals.

7b. [1 mark]

The electron micrograph shows the structures in an exocrine gland cell of the pancreas.

State the principal product of this cell.

7c. [2 marks]Using the table, identify the organelles labelled I and II on the electron micrograph with their principal role.

8a. [1 mark]

The micrograph shows a section of an organ in the human body.

State from which organ the section was taken.

8b. [1 mark]Identify the layer of tissue found at X.

8c. [2 marks]The actual length of the structure labelled Y is 0.8 mm between the two black lines. Calculate the magnification of the micrograph.Working should be shown.

[1 mark]9. One of the functions of this organ is absorption. On the micrograph, draw an arrow showing the direction of absorption.

10. [1 mark]What distinguishes prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells?

11. [1 mark]Animal cells often secrete glycoproteins as extracellular components. What is a role of these glycoproteins?

A. Adhesion

B. Additional energy reserve

C. Membrane fluidity

D. Water uptake

12a. [1 mark]

The micrograph shows a cell from the root of an onion ( Allium cepa) during mitosis.

Calculate the magnification of the image.

12b. [1 mark]Deduce the stage of mitosis shown in the micrograph.

12c. [2 marks]The onion (Allium cepa) is an angiospermophyte. The honey bee (Apis mellifera) is an arthropod. State three structural differencesbetween the cells of an onion and a honey bee.

12d. [1 mark]State what is indicated by the presence of polysomes in a cell.

13. [1 mark]What is the structure labeled X in the electron micrograph of a rat liver cell?

[Source: “0315 Mitochondrion new” by OpenStax College - Anatomy & Physiology, Connexions Web site.http://cnx.org/content/col11496/1.6/, Jun 19, 2013.. Licensed under CC BY 3.0 via Wikimedia Commons -https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:0315_Mitochondrion_new.jpg#/media/File:0315_Mitochondrion_new.jpg]

A. RibosomeB. LysosomeC. MitochondrionD. Nucleus

14. [1 mark]What structures are part of an Escherichia coli cell?A. Ribosomes, nucleoid and Golgi apparatusB. Ribosomes, mitochondria and piliC. Cell wall, plasma membrane and nuclear membraneD. Pili, flagella and cytoplasm

15. [1 mark]Where are proteins synthesized by free ribosomes used?

A. Outside the cell after secretionB. Within the nucleusC. Within the lysosomesD. Within the cytoplasm

16a. [5 marks]Draw a labelled diagram of a prokaryotic cell.

16b. [7 marks]Bacteria are prokaryotes that sometimes act as pathogens. Describe how the body can defend itself against pathogens.

16c. [6 marks]Explain the evolution of antibiotic resistance in bacteria.

17a. [2 marks]Outline the cell theory

17b. [2 marks]Annotate the electron micrograph of the Escherichia coli cell with the function of the structures labelled I and II.

17c. [1 mark]Calculate the magnification of the electron micrograph.

18a. [3 marks]

The diagram shows some of the structures in an animal cell.

(i) Label structures I, II, III and IV.

I.

II.

III.

IV.

(ii) State one function of structure III.

18b. [2 marks]Explain how materials are transported within a cell between structures X and Y.

19. [1 mark]Which structure is found in E. coli, but not in a eukaryotic cell?

A. Cell wallB. Endoplasmic reticulumC. CytoplasmD. Pili

20. [1 mark]In the electron photomicrographs which organelle is involved in vesicle formation?

21. [1 mark]What is the function of the Golgi apparatus?

A. Transport of lipidsB. Synthesis of polypeptidesC. Processing of proteins for secretionD. Generation of most of the cell’s supply of ATP

22. [1 mark]Where can 70S ribosomes be found?

A. On membranes of the Golgi apparatusB. In prokaryotic cellsC. On membranes of the rough endoplasmic reticulumD. In nuclei

23. [1 mark]If a mitochondrion has a length of 5 µm and a student’s drawing of the mitochondrion is 10 mm, what is the magnification of thedrawing?

A. × 0.0005

B. × 0.5

C. × 200

D. × 2000

24. [1 mark]The diagram below shows a bacterium.

What structure does the part labelled X identify?

A. Nucleus B. NucleoidC. NucleolusD. Nuclear membrane

25a. [5 marks]Draw a labelled diagram to show the ultrastructure of Escherichia coli.

25b. [4 marks]Distinguish between active and passive movements of materials across plasma membranes, using named examples.

25c. [9 marks]Explain how chemiosmosis assists in ATP production during oxidative phosphorylation.

26a. [4 marks]Draw a labelled diagram showing the ultrastructure of a typical prokaryote.

26b. [6 marks]Outline how three different environmental conditions can affect the rate of photosynthesis in plants.

26c. [8 marks]Explain how the emission of gases, both naturally and through human activity, can alter the surface temperature of the Earth.

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27a. [4 marks]Draw a labelled diagram showing the ultra-structure of a liver cell.

27b. [6 marks]Distinguish between prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells.

27c. [8 marks]Explain prokaryotic DNA replication.