Practice Multiple-Choice Questions - cbweaver - home9...World War 1/: Its Causes, Course, and Aftermath 273 Practice Multiple-Choice Questions (These represent the types of questions

World War 1/: Its Causes, Course, and Aftermath 273

Practice Multiple-Choice Questions (These represent the types of questions that appear on the Advanced Placement Examination in European History.)

ATLANTIC OCEAN

U.S.S.R

1. The shaded area of the map on the following page shows

(A) the belligerent nations at the start of World War II in Europe (B) the furthest extent of Axis conquest in Europe and Africa (C) the Nazi Empire (D) the gains of the Red Army at the end of World War II (E) the Axis-occupied territory right before the D-Day Normandy invasion

2. Refer to the map above to determine what year it represents.

(A) before 1939 (B) 1939 (C) 1940 (D) 1942 (E) 1944

274 AP European History

3. The period of relative military inaction in Europe between the fall of Poland and the fall of France is called

(A) the Russo-Finnish War (B) the Vichy period (C) the Battle of Britain (D) the Blitzkrieg (E) the Sitzkrieg

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"More grain for the home front." The Granger Collection, New York.

4. The illustration above from a Second World War era Soviet poster suggests that women should

(A) work inside of the home (B) save grain and not be wasteful

, ~ (C) join the army for their family and for Mother Russia '1 (D) contribute to the war effort by taking on traditionally male jobs

(E) keep the farms in good shape for when their husbands return home

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5. The Atlantic Charter-issued by President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill in 1941 and drawn from the principles ofWoodrow Wilson's Fourteen Points-formed the basis for the Allied war aims and pledged all EXCEPT

(A) the restoration of governments conquered by Germany and Italy (B) free trade and fair access to resources (C) freedom from tyranny and want (D) freedom of thought and religion (E) a U.N. organization to ensure peace after the war

6. The tide of war turned from Axis conquests to Allied victories in all EXCEPT

(A) the Battles of Midway and Guadilcanal in the Pacific (B) the Battle for Stalingrad in Soviet Russia (C) the evacuation at Dunkirk in Europe (D) the Battle of El Alamein in Egypt (E) Operation Torch in North Africa

7. A major issue of contention between the Western Allies-Britain, the United States, and the Soviet Union-before 1944 was

(A) the opening of a second front in Europe (B) whether or not to demand the unconditional surrender of the Axis (C) the fate of democracy in Eastern Europe after the war (D) promised U.S. military aid to Communist Russia (E) British occupation ofIran, which bordered the U.S.S.R.

8. Which of the following is true of the Allied D-Day invasion of "Fortress Europe" on June 6, 1944?

(A) It was the largest seaborne invasion in human history. (B) It inflicted 50 percent of the casualties the German Army suffered

during the war. (C) It landed at the "soft underbelly" of Europe. (D) After the landing the Germans were unable to launch another major

offensive during the course of the war. (E) It was a joint operation ofAmerican, British, and Russian forces.

L 276 AP European History

9. The agreements of Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill at Yalta in 1945 are controversial for all of the following reasons EXCEPT

(A) they gave Stalin a free hand in dominating the liberated states of Eastern Europe

(B) they gave the Russians control of a sizable segment of Germany (C) they lacked provision for the de-Nazification of Germany (D) they gave the U.S.S.R. Japanese territories in Asia (E) they gave the U.S.S.R. Polish territory

10. During World War II, most of the damage to cities in Western Germany was caused by

(A) seige cannons of the Russian army (B) search-and-destroy tactics of the Americans (C) the scorched-earth policy of the retreating Nazis (D) sabotage by anti-Nazi Germans (E) saturation bombing by American and British air forces

11. The movement of peoples for the period from 1939 to 1950 was due most likely to

(A) voluntary immigration (B) forced deportation by the Nazis (C) deportation and resettlement because of war and its aftermath (D) policies of the United Nations (E) Stalinist policies

12. In 1945, the war left only these nations with the economic and military strength to significantly influence world affairs

(A) United States, U.S.S.R., Great Britain, France, China (B) United States, U.S.S.R., Great Britain, China (C) United States, U.S.S.R., Great Britain, France (D) United States, U.S.S.R., Great Britain (E) United States, U.S.S.R.

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13. Which was NOT a feature of the Cold War between the United States and the U.S.S.R.?

(A) A series of confrontations short of direct military conflict (B) A competition of productivity between differing economic systems (C) A number of direct and open military clashes between U.S. and

Soviet forces (D) An ideological conflict that involved espionage, propaganda, and

military and economic support for erstwhile Allies (E) A division into blocs of politically and ideologically aligned nations

14. Soviet and Western wartime cooperation had already degenerated into serious tensions at the Potsdam Conference in July 1945 because

(A) Harry S. Truman, who had succeeded to the presidency after the death of Roosevelt in April, plainly expressed his dislike of Stalin

(B) Winston Churchill had strained relations with his claims of Soviet empire building in Eastern Europe

(C) the Soviets had reneged on their promise to enter the war against Japan (D) Stalinhad reneged on his promise to allow free elections in Soviet-

occupied Eastern Europe . (E) the U.S. A-bomb attacks on Japan had intimidated the Soviets

15. The phrase "iron curtain," used by Winston Churchill in his 1946 speech at Fulton, Missouri, refers to

(A) the security measures employed by Stalin's bodyguards (B) the Berlin Wall (C) Stalin's policy of holding firm in negotiations with the West (D) the Kremlin's veil of secrecy (E) Soviet domination of Eastern Europe

1 278 AP European History

Answers and Answer Explanations

1. B 6. C 11. C 2. D 7. A 12. E 3. E 8. A 13. C 4. D 9. C 14. D 5. E 10. E 15. E

1. (B) The Mediterranean was an Italian lake; Western Europe was in Hitler's hands; the Nazis had reached the suburbs of Moscow.

2. (D) By late 1942, the tide of war was turning in favor of the Allies.

3. (E) This lull is often called the Phony War.

4. (D) The women were depicted doing traditionally male jobs as was needed during the Second World War in order to keep up production and fight the

:!" war well. Women in the Soviet Union were soldiers as well as tractor drivers.

5. (E) It was not part of the Atlantic Charter but was proposed during the wartime Big Power conferences.

6. (C) A tactical victory, it was still a retreat.

7. (A) The Russians, under attack by the Germans, wanted the pressure taken off

8. (A) It was the largest seaborne invasion; over a million troops were landed within the first week or so. The largest land invasion force was the 2 million plus Nazi Operation Barbarossa, the invasion of the U.S.S.R. in June 1941.

9. (C) De-Nazification was carried out by all four of the occupying powers. The United States, especially, was rigorous in its pursuits of Nazi war criminals and in its reconstruction of the political and social institutions of Nazism.

10. (E) The bombing of these cities was indiscriminate in its choice of targets-military, industrial, civilian.The theory was that the enemy's will and capacity to make war would be destroyed. By early 1945, the Germans were producing more in the occupied countries than they had before the bombing had started, and there is evidence that bombing strengthened German resolve and German willingness to swallow the Nazi line.

11. (C) Government policies of deportation and resettlement carried out primarily by the Nazis and Soviets as well as flight from war caused a radical transformation in Central and Eastern Europe's population distribution.

12. (E) That is how they became superpowers.

13. (C) There was no direct war between the United States and the U.S.S.R.

14. (D) Truman and Churchill berated him for this, but could do little.

15. (E) The Soviet Empire was forming.

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\1 292 AP European History

How did "de-Stalinization" help precipitate revolts in Poland and Hungary in 1956? How did these revolts affect the political and economic reform of Eastern Europe? How did the suppression of Czechoslovakia in 1968 diminish the Soviet reputation as anti-imperialistic in the Third World? What changed, what remained the same after Stalin's death?

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Analyze how and why the Cold War gradually thawed.

COMMENTS QN QUESTION 5

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Again, the death of Stalin cannot be underestimated as an influence. Be aware, though, that while the "cult of personality" disappeared from Soviet political life, the edifices of the totalitarian state remained. The so-called thaw involved a number of "quick-freeze" crises.

The summit meetings played an invaluable role in decreasing superpower tensions. The Cuban Missile Crisis may have alerted the United States and the U.S.S.R. to the ultimate disaster that "brinksmanship" could lead to. The year 1963 was significant in that the Test Ban Treaty was signed and the monolithic Communist Bloc WICked with the Soviet-Chinese rift. Nixon's policy ofdetente, despite the Vietnam War, was a giant step. The Nonproliferation Treaty and the SALT treaties were significant.

The growing gap between the standard of living enjoyed in western capitalist countries compared to the standard of living enjoyed by communist nations, was another cause of the thaw in the Cold War. The broadcast of the capitalist standard of living on television and radio around the world also helped entice those living in communist nations that capitalism was a better system of production.

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Practice Multiple-Choice Questions . m

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(These questions represent the various types found in the Advanced Placement Examination in European History.)

L By late 1945, the Western Allies had decided that in order for Western Europe to recover from the devastation of war, Germany would have to be rebuilt because this area of Germany was still the industrial center of Europe.

(A) Berlin (B) the Rhineland (C) the Ruhr Basin (D) East Prussia (E) Bavaria

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Postwar Europe: Recovery, Communism, and Cold War (1945-1970)

Tensions between the West and the Soviets manifested themselves in 1946 when the joint administration of which of the following broke down?

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3.

(A) The de-Nazification program (B) The four zones of occupied Germany (C) Berlin (D) The trials of Nazi war criminals (E) The reconstruction of German industry

A definitive break from the United States' traditional policy of isolationism was marked by its

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(A) criticism of Stalin's establishment of repressive governments in Eastern Europe

(B) participation in the Nuremberg War Crimes trials (C) growing anti-Communism at home (D) commitment to the reconstruction and defense of Western Europe (E) generosity to its former enemies

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4. The U.S. Marshall Plan combined altruism with self-interest because the sheer generosity of the United States was rewarded by

(A) high interest on the loans (B) the unquestioning support of Western Europe nations for American

foreign policy (C) the approval of the American people who elected Democrats to the

presidency for the following decade (D) the containment of Communism and the opening of a rich market for

U.S. industry (E) the participation of the Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe

5. Under the Schuman and Monnet Plan, the first move toward economic union in Europe was made in 1952 when six industrial countries in the West pooled what resources?

(A) Coal and steel (B) Hydroelectric power (C) Military equipment (D) Uranium and plutonium (E) Skilled labor

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6. The European Economic Community or "Common Market" was created in 1957 by the same six nations that had pooled resources under the Schuman and Monnet Plan. It was made up of Belgium, Holland, Luxembourg, and

(A) Britain, France, Italy (B) Britain, France, West Germany (C) Spain, Italy, West Germany (0) France, Italy, Spain (E) France, Italy, West Germany

7. Which two Communist nations were not considered Soviet satellites because they were able to maintain their independence from Moscow, not having been liberated from the Nazis by the Red Army?

(A) Poland and Czechoslovakia (B) Bulgaria and Romania (C) Albania and Yugoslavia (0) Yugoslavia and East Germany (E) Albania and Austria

8. All of the following are true of the Soviet satellites in Eastern Europe from 1945 to 1953 EXCEPT

(A) land-distribution programs were carried out (B) agriculture was forcibly collectivized (C) industrialization was discouraged (0) Soviet police state methods silenced opposition to the regimes (E) the influence of the Roman Catholic Church was removed

9. Which of the following policies associated with Stalin survived Khrushchev's dc-Sralinization?

(A) Stringent control over society and culture (B) The collective system of agriculture (C) Continuous purges of dissidents and minority ethnic groups (0) The monopoly on power of the communist party (E) Stalin's cult of personality

10. After the death of Stalin in 1953, the new party leadership, headed by Nikita Khrushchev, did all of the following EXCEPT

(A) leave intact most of the basic structure of Stalinist totalitarianism (B) grant the satellites of Eastern Europe greater autonomy (C) denounce the "crimes of Stalin" in victimizing the people and the party (0) accuse Stalin of failing to respond effectively against the initial

advances of the Nazi invaders (E) accuse Stalin of creating a "cult of personality"

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Postwar Europe: Recovery, Communism, and Cold War (1945-1970) 295

11. Despite the spectacular Soviet reconstruction successes of the postwar Five-Year Plans developed by centralized economic planning (Gosplan), production of which of the following lagged far behind the rest of the economy by the 1960s?

(A) Military weaponry (B) Heavy machinery (C) Automobiles (D) Food (E) Spacecraft

The Granger Collection, New York.

12. The picture above is of a barrier between two countries known as

(A) the Berlin Airlift (B) the West Bank (C) the Berlin Wall (D) the Maginot Line (E) the Line of Demarcation

':~}~•,'z1fjl ~~:x':296 AP European History 3

13. The Cold War "thawed" because of all of the following EXCEPT

(A) the U-2 incident (B) summit diplomacy (C) the SALT negotiations (D) the Soviet-Chinese rift (E) Nixon's policies toward the U.S.S.R. and China

14. A serious flaw of the Nonproliferation Treaty of 1970 was

(A) that the Soviets continued to 'export nuclear weapons technology (B) the United States provided its allies with tactical nuclear weapons (C) China was eager to develop nuclear weapons (D) Britain and France refused to honor it (E) many nations with nuclear power plants were able to reprocess

spent fuel in order to produce bombs

15. Which of the following did NOT contribute to the split during the 1960s and 1970s within the ranks of both the Western and Communist Blocs?

(A) DeGaulle's questioning of U.S. leadership of a restored Europe (B) Mao Zedong's charge of "revisionism" against Soviet leaders . (C) nationalism in Eastern Europe (D) the tarnished images of both superpowers (E) the policy of detente

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Postwar Europe: Recovery, Communism, and Cold War (1945-1970) 297


1. C 6. E 11. D 2. B 7. C 12. C 3. D 8. C 13. A 4. D 9. D 14. E 5. A 10. B 15. E

1. (C) The Ruhr Valley in Western Germany was and is one of the world's most important industrial centers.

2. (B) The three zones administered by the United States, Britain, and France became West Germany (the Federal Republic of Germany) in 1949; the Russian sector became East Germany (the People's Democratic Republic of Germany).

3. (D) The Marshall Plan and NATO signaled the USA's global commitment.

4. (D) A rebuilt Western Europe was less prone to Communist subversion or military takeover, and it offered a populous and prosperous market for U.S. goods as well as a source of high-quality manufactured products.

5. (A) It all started with a sharing of these two basic raw materials of industrial production.

6. (E) The big six did not include Britain at first because Britain had its commonwealth trading partners.

7. (C) Albania was liberated by the Western Allies and Yugoslavia, under Marshal Tito, maintained a fierce independence from Moscow.

8. (C) The Soviets did, under Five-Year Plans, industrialize the region, which had been primarily agricultural.

9. (D) The Soviets maintained their monopoly on power in the Soviet Union until the Soviet Union fell in 1989.

10. (B) The basic structure and institutions, such as the secret police, of Stalinist totalitarianism were kept intact.

11. (D) A crisis in agriculture because of the failure of collectivized farming-it lacked incentives, a basic problem in Communist economies-led to the downfall of Khrushchev.

12. (C) The Berlin Wall is depicted, separating East and West Berlin.

13. (A) The downing of the U.S. U-2 high-flying spy plane derailed the Paris Summit between President Eisenhower and Premier Khrushchev in 1960.

14. (E) Many "have-not" nations of the Third World gained and continue to

strive for more status and self-importance by belonging to the once exclusive "nuclear club."

15. (E) This policy was made easier by the split in the once solid ideological blocs.

Trends in Contemporary Europe 307

Discuss how the entrance of great numbers of women into the workplace has altered European society.

COMMENTS ON QUESTION 4

Relate the "big picture"and offer specific effects of thispowerful trend. How has life changed for the mass of European women? How has the trend affected family, birthrate, divorce, and marriage?

Explain how the Solidarity movement in Poland evolved from a trade union movement toa force for national democratization.

COMMENTS ON QUESTION 5

Offer reasons for, and make clear why, a trade union was able to democratize a Communist dictatorship. Be sure to examine origins; leadership on both sides; the role of the Roman Catholic Church; the nature of Polish society; and the gains, losses, and final triumphs of the movement.

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Practice Multiple-Choice Questions .""""""","",,,,",,"""'"

(These questions represent the various types found in the Advanced Placement Examination in European History.) .

1. All of the fol1owing contributed to the global economic recession of the 1970s and early 1980s EXCEPT

(A) the col1apse of the American-dominated world monetary system (B) the OPEC oil embargo of 1973 (C) President Reagan's elimination of federal deficits (D) President Nixon's refusal to sel1 American gold (E) An end to cheap oil

2. An important reason why the widespread unemployment and inflation of the 1970s and 1980s did not lead to profound political instability in Western Europe was

(A) the existence of welfare systems set up after World War II (B) the imposition of martial law (C) the austerity measures pioneered by Britain's Thatcher (D) the kind of nationalization and public investment introduced by

France's Mitterand (E) the European-wide investment in bigscience

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Boris Yeltsin giving a speech from arop a rank. ullstein bild/The Granger Collecrion, New York.

3. The man speaking in this picture is trying to

(A) incite the crowd to riot (B) encourage the crowd to disperse (C) deliver a decision from the court (D) get control of the assembled mob (E) prevent a military coup without bloodshed

4. The second wave of feminism began in

(A) the later 19th century (B) right before World War I (C) during the 1920s (D) right after World War II (E) in the l%Os

5. Willy Brandt's most important contribution as a leader of West Germany was

(A) the construction of the autobahn (B) the initiative for reconciliation with the Eastern Bloc (C) the unification of West and East Germany (D) the demolition of the Berlin Wall (E) the banning of the Communist party from all elective office

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6. The U.S.S.R.'s invasion of, and stalemate in, what country has been likened to the U.S. failure in Vietnam?

(A) Czechoslovakia (B) Poland (C) Afghanistan (0) Hungary (E) Germany

7. The world monetary system adopted at Bretton Woods in 1944 and upon which postwar recoveryprogressed was based on

(A) The Japanese yen (B) The German mark (C) The French franc (0) The American dollar (E) Gold

8. When Communism fell in Eastern Europe in 1989, bloody revolution took place in .

(A) East Germany (B) Poland (C) Romania (0) Hungary (E) Czechoslovakia

9. All of the following contributed to the success of the Solidarity movement in Poland EXCEP'I'

(A) a lack of Soviet-style collectivization (B) the independence of the Polish Roman Catholic Church (C) a booming economy (0) the leadership of Lech Walesa (E) the Gdansk Agreement

10. An important reason for the failure of Gorbachev's perestroika was

(A) the continuance of rigid price setting (B) the refusal of the government to allow private profit seeking (C) failure to allow state enterprises some independence (0) the centrally planned economy's failure to adapt to free market

mechanisms (E) the resentment of the Soviet people of attempts at reform

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11. Gorbachev's repudiation of the Brezhnev Doctrine

(A) accelerated the peaceful revolutions in Eastern Europe (B) enabled the U.S.S.R. to invade Afghanistan (C) caused a diplomatic confrontation with the United States (D) increased East-West tensions (E) suppressed nationalist demands in the Soviet Republics

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12. Her book The Second Sex was the first and one of the major intellectual influences on the second wave of feminism

(A) Betty Friedan (B) Olympe de Gouges (C) Mary Wollstonecraft (D) Margaret Thatcher (E) Simone de Beauvoir

13. The diplomatic initiative to relaxCold War tension around the globe was

(A) the policy of detente (B) the Brezhnev doctrine (C) the Warsaw Pact (D) glasnost (E) the Pentagon Papers

14. One of the most significant trends in the life of women in Europe over the last three decades is that

(A) Motherhood is occupying a greater part of their total life span (B) Many are foregoing careers in order to raise their children (C) Motherhood is occupying less of their total life span (D) Most are opting for large families (E) Their span of fertility has diminished

15. Glasnost is best characterized as

(A) a form of re-Stalinization (B) an openness of expression (C) a restructuring of the economy (D) a form of central planning

;,i' (E) a guarantee of human rights

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1. C 6. C 11. A 2. A 7. D 12. E 3. E 8. C 13. A 4. E 9. C 14. C 5. B 10. D 15. B

1. (C) Reagan's fiscal policies tripled the u.s. deficit.

2. (A) Social welfare programs maintained the political stability in Western democracies, preventing the kind of dictatorships that grew after WWII.

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3. (E) Boris Yeltsin was in the process of preventing a military coup without a military confrontation.

4. (E) Although De Beauvoir's classic, TheSecond Sex, was published in the late 1940s, the movement it helped inspire came to fruition in the 1960s.

5. (B) His peace initiative prompted Nixon and his advisors to push for global detente.

6. (C) The Soviet Union's failure in Mghanistan, like that of the United States in Vietnam, was the case of a superpower ground to a halt by a Third World, agrarian nation.

7. (D) At the time the U.s. currency was the world's most stable.

8. (C) A bloody repression by the Communist government led to a bloody overthrow.

9. (C) The lagging Polish economy gave the movement its impetus.

10. (D) The reforms did not go far enough to transform the moribund Soviet economy.

11. (A) The revolutions of 1989 in Eastern Europe were fostered by Gorbachev's I·

pledge not to interfere in the internal affairs of those nations.

12. (E) It was published nearly twenty years before Friedan's work.

13. (A) Inspired by Brandt's peace initiatives in Europe, it was designed largely by Nixon's secretary of state, Henry Kissinger.

14. (C) The social implications of this are staggering; the structure of family life has changed; the role of women in society and the economy has broadened.

15. (B) It was the more successful of Gorbachev's reforms.

Documents

Practice Multiple-Choice Questions - cbweaver - home9...World War 1/: Its Causes, Course, and Aftermath 273 Practice Multiple-Choice Questions (These represent the types of questions