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English 306A; Harris 1
Pragmatics
Interpersonal functionAustinian Speech ActsGricean Conversational Maxims
English 306A; Harris 2
Speech acts
Sam-I-Am’sbeen here.
I can’t find any whisky!
Conversational maxims
English 306A; Harris 3
Meaning
SemanticsPropositionsTruth/falsityContext-freeLanguage-in-vitro
PragmaticsUtterancesAppropriatenessContext-dependentLanguage-in-vivo
2
English 306A; Harris 4
Functions
Ideational function:What does “The cat is on the mat” mean as an expression in
the system of English?How?
Denotation, truth conditions, event schemata, semanticroles, …
Interpersonal function:What does “The cat is on the mat” mean to hearer X, when
said by speaker Y, in context Z?How?
Speech acts, conversational maxims, face principles,deixis, …
English 306A; Harris 5
Functions
Ideational function:What does “The cat is on the mat” mean as an expression in
the system of English?How?
Denotation, truth conditions, event schemata, semanticroles, …
Interpersonal function:What does “The cat is on the mat” mean to hearer X, when
said by speaker Y, in context Z?How?
Speech acts, conversational maxims, face principles,deixis, …
English 306A; Harris 6
Ideational function
What we’ve been studying to this point:Language from the perspective of encoding ideas, and the mechanicsof transmitting those ideas, within the system of a language.
3
English 306A; Harris 7
Interpersonal function
Language from the perspective of making andmaintaining human contact, so we cancoöperate, negotiate, decide, get along, buildbridges, and generally function as socialanimals.
English 306A; Harris 8
Interpersonal function
A supplement to the ideational function—not asubstitute—but a crucial supplement.
The ideational function is necessary, but notsufficient.
English 306A; Harris 9
Phatic communionsocial contact
Communicativemental contact
Interpersonal function
4
English 306A; Harris 10
Interpersonal functionPhatic
The use of language to establish or maintainsocial relations
Sam!
English 306A; Harris 11
Phatic
Utterances whosechief function is toestablish or maintaincontact; much likecanine gluteus-maximus reciprocalolfactory analysis.
Hi, Hello, yo, …How are you, How’s it going,
How’s it hanging, …Live long and prosper, Keep
on truckin, Keep it real, …Nice weather, Cold enough
for you?, Hope the raindon’t hurt the rhubarb, ….
English 306A; Harris 12
Interpersonal functionCommunicative
The use of language to encode and transmitintentions
I will try them. You will see.
5
English 306A; Harris 13
Interpersonal functionCommunicative
The use of language to encode and transmitintentions
I will try them. You will see.
English 306A; Harris 14
Interpersonal functionCommunicative
The use of language to encode and transmitintentions
Take, for instance, theutterance, If you will let me be,I will try them. You will see.
Ideationally, it’s just a pair ofpropositions.
Communicatively, it’s asurrender, a capitulation, acollapse of my resolve, and aprediction that I won’t like yourdamn viridescent chow!
English 306A; Harris 15
Communicative
Utterances whosechief function is toshare mental contents
InformationAttitudesWorldviews
The cat is on the mat.Homer eats crap.Huh?Try them, try them, and you
may, I say.My kingdom for a horse.Please put the lid back down.Put the F&^#ing lid down!e = mc2
6
English 306A; Harris 16
Phatic and Communicative
=Sam!If you will letme be, I will try them. You will see.
English 306A; Harris 17
Phatic and Communicative
Every utterance has bothphatic and communicativedimensions.
English 306A; Harris 18
Speech Acts & ConversationalMaxims
J. L. AustinPeople do things with words beyond assertingtruth. We act through speech.
H.P. GriceThe way people coordinate theirspeech is very intricate. We follow maxims.
7
English 306A; Harris 19
English 306A; Harris 20
Speech acts
Locutionthe utterance of a sentence withspecific denotation
Illocutionthe making of a statement, offer,promise, …
Perlocutionthe bringing about of effects onthe audience by means of utteringa sentence (persuading,entertaining, scaring, …)
English 306A; Harris 21
Locutionthe utterance of a sentence withspecific denotation
Illocutionthe making of a statement, offer,promise, …
Perlocutionthe bringing about of effects onthe audience by means of utteringa sentence (persuading,entertaining, scaring, …)
Speech acts
8
English 306A; Harris 22
Locutionthe utterance of a sentence withspecific denotation
Illocution= the speech act
Perlocutionthe bringing about of effects onthe audience by means of utteringa sentence (persuading,entertaining, scaring, …)
Speech acts
English 306A; Harris 23
Illocutions/Speech Acts
pronouncement
pronouncement
statement
confirmation
despisement
(iconicstatement)
FelicityConditions
English 306A; Harris 24
despisement
The physical and social conditionsunder which a speech act can beperformed
Illocutions/Speech Acts
FelicityConditions
9
English 306A; Harris 25
The physical and social conditionsunder which a speech act can beperformed
I christen thee“The Good Ship
Lollypop”!
FelicityConditions
English 306A; Harris 26
Acts through speech
Offer, decline, accept, promise, bet, warn, threaten, suggest,advise, declare, marry, christen, compliment, insult, joke, …
Felicity conditions: appropriate intentions; appropriatecircumstances; appropriate actions.
Try them! Try them! Trythem and you may I say!
Sam!If you will let me be, Iwill try them. You will
see.
English 306A; Harris 27
Categories of speech acts(Dirven and Verspoor, Table 1, chapter 7)
Ritualized social circumstances (thank someonewhen something has been exchanged, sentence attermination of trial, pronunciation of marriage,…);utterance primarily constitutes act.
Communicate, or request communication ofinformation (assert facts, question truth of facts, solicitthe completion of an assertion, …); utterance primarilyengages in trafficing information.
Commit self or solicit others to do something (offerassistance, request favour, make a bet, …); utteranceprimarily concerns future conduct.
Constitutive
Informative
Obligative
10
English 306A; Harris 28
Communicate, or request communication ofinformation (assert facts, question truth of facts, solicitthe completion of an assertion, …); utterance primarilyengages in trafficing information.
Commit self or solicit others to do something (offerassistance, request favour, make a bet, …); utteranceprimarily concerns future conduct.
Categories of speech acts(Dirven and Verspoor, Table 1, chapter 7)
Expressive
Declarative
thanking, apologizing, …
sentencing, pronouncing, …Constitutive
Informative
Obligative
English 306A; Harris 29
Commit self or solicit others to do something (offerassistance, request favour, make a bet, …); utteranceprimarily concerns future conduct.
Categories of speech acts(Dirven and Verspoor, Table 1, chapter 7)
Expressive
Declarative
Assertive
Interrogative
thanking, apologizing, …
sentencing, pronouncing, …
asserting, describing, …
asking
Constitutive
Informative
Obligative
English 306A; Harris 30
Final Exam
7:30 - 10:00 PM!
Thursday
16 December
RCH 305
English 306A University of Waterloo Final Examination
FALL TERM 2010
S t uden t Name ______________________________________________ Student ID Number _ _ _ _ __________________________________________
Course Number English 306A Course Title Introduction to Linguistics Section 01 Held With Course(s) Section(s) of Held With Courses(s)
n/a n/a
Instructor Randy Harris
Date of Exam Thursday, 16 December 10 Time Period 7:30 PM - 10:00 PM Duration of Exam Two and a half hours Number of Exam Pages (including this cover sheet) 1
Exam Type Final
Format multiple-choice true-false extra-credit short answer
Worth 50 % of course grade Additional Materials Allowed None
Marking scheme
Section I Extra-credit Section II 60 % 10 40 %
30 questions 1 Event Schemata Analysis 40 questions
1% each right answer 2% each right answer
10 for fully correct analysis; partial marks for correct role-assignments. -0.5 % each wrong answer
11
English 306A; Harris 31
Your 306A Grade
Greater of (M1 + M2 + F) OR Fi.e., 100% Final, if it helps
English 306A; Harris 32
Categories of speech acts(Dirven and Verspoor, Table 1, chapter 7)
Expressive
Declarative
Assertive
Interrogative
Directive
Commissive
thanking, apologizing, …
sentencing, pronouncing, …
asserting, describing, …
asking
requesting, ordering, …
promising, offering, …
Constitutive
Informative
Obligative
English 306A; Harris 33
Acts through speech
Speech acts: offer, decline, accept, promise, bet, warn, threaten,suggest, advise, declare, marry, christen, compliment, insult,joke, …
Felicity conditions: appropriate intentions;appropriate circumstances;appropriate actions.
12
English 306A; Harris 34
H. P. Grice
English 306A; Harris 35
How to talk
Make your conversationalcontribution such as isrequired, at the stage atwhich it occurs, by theaccepted purpose ordirection of the talk-exchange in which you areengaged.
English 306A; Harris 36
How to talk
Coöperate.
13
English 306A; Harris 37
How we do, in fact, talk
Coöperate.
English 306A; Harris 38
And how we listen, too
Coöperate.
English 306A; Harris 39
Relation
Quality
Quantity
Manner
Be relevant.
Be truthful.
Be sufficient (but not prolix).
Be perspicacious.
How to talk, more specifically
Grice’s Maxims
14
English 306A; Harris 40
How to talk and interpret; conversationalimplicature
Grice’s MaximsNot moral or social injunctions
Empirically derived principles
Maxims that people naturallyfollow, and generally expectothers to follow
To speak
To understand (conversationalimplicature)
Observable mostly in violation
English 306A; Harris 41
Maxim of relationIs there a gas station around here?
(=Tell me where I can get gas. I need it and I’m astranger.)
Be relevant.A1: Yep, there’s a gas station at
King and Weber. [closed]A2: Nope, you’ll have to go all the
way to Erb Street;everything’s closed aroundhere because of the anthraxscare.
English 306A; Harris 42
Maxim of qualityIs there a gas station around here?
(=Tell me where I can get gas. I need it and I’m astranger.)
Be truthful.Say what you believe to
be true.Don’t say what you
believe to be false.
15
English 306A; Harris 43
Maxim of qualityIs there a gas station around here?
(=Tell me where I can get gas. I need it and I’m astranger.)
Be truthful.Say what you believe to be
true.Don’t say what you believe
to be false.A1: Nope. [ommitting that there
is gas bar at the CanadianTire.]
A2: Well, there’s a gas bar, if youjust need some gas.
English 306A; Harris 44
Maxim of qualityIs there a gas station around here?
(=Tell me where I can get gas. I need it and I’m astranger.)
Be truthful.Say what you believe to be
true.Don’t say what you believe
to be false.A1: Nope. [false; there is one]A2: Yep, two lights up on the left
there’s a new PetrosaurusStation.
English 306A; Harris 45
Maxim of quantityIs there a gas station around here?
(=Tell me where I can get gas. I need it and I’m astranger.)
Provide enough informationBut not too muchA1: Yep.A2: Sure, King and Erb.A3: Yep, King and Erb.
They have a sale ongumboots at thehardware store acrossthe street from it, too.
16
English 306A; Harris 46
Maxim(s) of mannerIs there a gas station around here?
(=Tell me where I can get gas. I need it and I’m astranger.)
Be clearDon’t be obscureDon’t be ambiguousBe briefBe orderly
English 306A; Harris 47
Maxim(s) of mannerIs there a gas station around here?
(=Tell me where I can get gas. I need it and I’m astranger.)
Be clearYes. Somewhere near the
theatre.Don’t be obscureDon’t be ambiguousBe briefBe orderly
English 306A; Harris 48
Be clearDon’t be obscure
Yep. Next to the old Smithplace.
Don’t be ambiguousBe briefBe orderly
Maxim(s) of mannerIs there a gas station around here?
(=Do you know where I can get some gas? I’m a stranger)
17
English 306A; Harris 49
Be clearDon’t be obscureDon’t be ambiguous
Maybe there is, maybethere isn’t.
Be briefBe orderly
Maxim(s) of mannerIs there a gas station around here?
(=Do you know where I can get some gas? I’m a stranger)
English 306A; Harris 50
Be clearDon’t be obscureDon’t be ambiguousBe brief
Sure quite a few. I know where every gasstation built in the KW area since the GreatWar was located. First, there was the OlliePetrie Service Station at the corner of …
Be orderly
Maxim(s) of mannerIs there a gas station around here?
(=Do you know where I can get some gas? I’m a stranger)
English 306A; Harris 51
Be clearDon’t be obscureDon’t be ambiguousBe briefBe orderly
Sure. At Erb, turn right off King. To get to King,take Westmount, and turn left when you get there.Before that, go three lights down University andturn left at Westmount. First, however, …
Maxim(s) of mannerIs there a gas station around here?
(=Do you know where I can get some gas? I’m a stranger)
18
English 306A; Harris 52
[T]hough some maxim isviolated at the level ofwhat is said, the hearer isentitled to assume thatthat maxim, or at least theoverall cooperativeprinciple, is observed at thelevel of what is implicated.
How to listen(Conversational implicature)
English 306A; Harris 53
Grice’s Maxims
The important point:Grice charted the many,many ways we coordinateour speech to each other’sneeds and expectations.
English 306A; Harris 54
Intention; figuration
All language dialogic (conversational).Grice’s maxims form a baseline of expectations.Figures of thought (tropes) function by violating
maxims, deviating from baseline.The ‘first reading’ doesn’t make sense, so hearers figure
out the speaker’s intention--not what the utterancemeans, but what the speaker means by thatutterance.
19
English 306A; Harris 55
Metonymy
English 306A; Harris 56
Metonymy
Violates quality
English 306A; Harris 57
Metonymy
Violates quality
Satisfies relation,quantity, manner
20
English 306A; Harris 58
Metaphor
My love is red,red rose.
English 306A; Harris 59
Metaphor
My love is red,red rose.
Violates quality
English 306A; Harris 60
Metaphor
Violates quality
Satisfies relation,quantity, manner
My love is red,red rose.
21
English 306A; Harris 61
Repetitio
My love is red,red rose.
Violates manner(brevity)
Satisfies relation,quantity, quality
English 306A; Harris 62
Polyptoton
Violates manner(brevity)
Satisfies relation,quantity, quality
English 306A; Harris 63
Polyptoton
Violates manner(brevity)
Satisfies relation,quantity, quality
22
English 306A; Harris 64
Irony
Lovely day!
English 306A; Harris 65
Irony
Lovely day!
Violates quality
English 306A; Harris 66
Irony
Violates quality
Satisfies relation,quantity, manner
Lovely day!
23
English 306A; Harris 67
Paronomasia
English 306A; Harris 68
Paronomasia
Violates manner(clarity)
English 306A; Harris 69
Paronomasia
Violates manner(clarity)
Satisfies relation,quantity, quality
24
English 306A; Harris 70
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:What do you read, my lord?
Hamlet
English 306A; Harris 71
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:What do you read, my lord?
Hamlet
Words, words, words.
English 306A; Harris 72
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:What do you read, my lord?
Hamlet
Words, words, words.
Violates quantity and relation(Satisfies quality and mostly manner)
25
English 306A; Harris 73
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:What is the matter, my lord?
Hamlet
English 306A; Harris 74
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:What is the matter, my lord?
Hamlet
Between whom?
English 306A; Harris 75
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:What is the matter, my lord?
Hamlet
Between whom?
Violates relation(satisfies quantity, manner, … quality?)
26
English 306A; Harris 76
Slanders, sir; for the satirical rogue sayshere that old men have grey beards, that
their faces are wrinkled, their eyespurging thick amber and plumtree gum, and
that they have plentiful lack of wit,together with most weak hams; all ofwhich though I most powerfully and
potently believe, yet I hold it not honestyto have set it thus down, for yourself, sir,shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you
could go backward.
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:I mean the matter that you read,
my lord.
Hamlet
English 306A; Harris 77
Slanders, sir; for the satirical rogue sayshere that old men have grey beards, that
their faces are wrinkled, their eyespurging thick amber and plumtree gum, and
that they have plentiful lack of wit,together with most weak hams; all ofwhich though I most powerfully and
potently believe, yet I hold it not honestyto have set it thus down, for yourself, sir,shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you
could go backward.
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:I mean the matter that you read,
my lord.
Hamlet
Violates
quantity
English 306A; Harris 78
Slanders, sir; for the satirical rogue sayshere that old men have grey beards, that
their faces are wrinkled, their eyespurging thick amber and plumtree gum, and
that they have plentiful lack of wit,together with most weak hams; all ofwhich though I most powerfully and
potently believe, yet I hold it not honestyto have set it thus down, for yourself, sir,shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you
could go backward.
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:I mean the matter that you read,
my lord.
Hamlet
Violates
relatio
n
27
English 306A; Harris 79
Slanders, sir; for the satirical rogue sayshere that old men have grey beards, that
their faces are wrinkled, their eyespurging thick amber and plumtree gum, and
that they have plentiful lack of wit,together with most weak hams; all ofwhich though I most powerfully and
potently believe, yet I hold it not honestyto have set it thus down, for yourself, sir,shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you
could go backward.
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:I mean the matter that you read,
my lord.
Hamlet
Violates
manner
(clarity, b
revity
, ord
erliness)
English 306A; Harris 80
Slanders, sir; for the satirical rogue sayshere that old men have grey beards, that
their faces are wrinkled, their eyespurging thick amber and plumtree gum, and
that they have plentiful lack of wit,together with most weak hams; all ofwhich though I most powerfully and
potently believe, yet I hold it not honestyto have set it thus down, for yourself, sir,shall grow old as I am, if like a crab you
could go backward.
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Polonius:I mean the matter that you read,
my lord.
HamletQualit
y?
English 306A; Harris 81
Now, for the high-brow stuff
Hamlet
28
English 306A; Harris 82
I ask to be, or not to be.That is the question, I ask of me.This sullied life, it makes me shudder.My uncle's boffing dear, sweet mother.Would I, could I take my life?Could I, should I, end this strife?Should I jump out of a plane?Or throw myself before a train?Should I from a cliff just leap?Could I put myself to sleep?…To sleep, to dream, now there's the rub.I could drop a toaster in my tub.
Hamlet
English 306A; Harris 83
Pragmatics
Interpersonal functionPhatic and Communicative
Speech actsInformative, Constitutive, and Obligative
Grice’s MaximsThe coöperative principle (and its ramifications)Speaking and understanding (conversational implicature)