Pragyan March 11

00 Editorial01 Editor’s Mail Box02 Campus Update ........................................................../ Surjya Chutia08 Academic World Around10 PanoramaPersonality16 22 Ways to Become Spectacularly Inspirational........./ Robin SharmaExam & Education17 áàÒü¤à¹\Kt¡t¡ "Î³ãÚà ®¡àÈà¹ šøìÚàK "à¹ç¡ ÒüÚà¹ šøìÚà\>ãÚt¡à ......../ "gº ¤¹à22 "‹¸Ú> ëA¡ïÅº Î šìA¢¡-6../ ³èº : ë™àìW¡ó¡ ëóø¡S¡ ëºr¡Wô¡¤à\¢à¹; ">å : ¤[”z³àºà ëƒ¯ã26 On the Art of Writing ......................................../ Maj. (Retd) H.P. SinghCareer27 Career Jyoti ......................................................./ Nilim Jyoti Senapati30 Notes for Freshers - II................................................/ Prasanta Bora32 List of Unapproved and Unrecognized Universities-III34 Career TabloidScience & Tech.35 ó¡º¹ ¹\à "à³¹ Îå¹Û¡à ..................................../ ¹ç¡‰ >à¹àÚo ¤¹A¡àA¡[t¡37 Role of Traditional Plants in the Treatment .................. / Biplab BanikSocial Science39 Role of Media in the Peace Process ....... / Biraj Dutta & Bristi Senapati47 Child Labour – Please think Twice .........................../ Anirban Ghosh49 Empowering Women as Social Partner ......................../ Dr. B.K. Sen50 Domestic Violence Against Women ../ Rashmi Dutta & Baikuntha Das54 Problems of the Ageing Population in India ................... / Monika Das57 "Î³¹ ëƒl¡ü¹ã \>ìKàË¡ã¹ ëºàA¡[¤Å«àÎ .............................../ ëÒ³àºÛ¡ã KîK63 2011-12 ¹È¢¹ Îà‹à¹o ¤àì\i¡¹ &[i¡ š™¢àìºàW¡>à ................../ Îè™¢¸ Wå¡t¡ãÚà66 The Concept of Humanism in the ............/ Debananda BhattacharjeeLanguage & Literature69 ¹[¤@ƒø>à= k¡àAå¡¹¹ [¤Å« š[¹yû¡³à¹ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ – ‘¹à[áÚà¹ [W¡[k¡’ ........../ šøóå¡À KîK73 [¤Å«A¡[¤ ¹¤ã@ƒø>à= "à¹ç¡ ¹ê¡šìAò¡à¯¹ ë\¸à[t¡šøÎàƒ ............./ Òì¹@ƒø>à= ¤¹k¡àAå¡¹77 \ã¤>à>ì@ƒ¹ ëW¡àìJ ¹¤ã@ƒø>à= – &A¡[i¡ "Î´šèo¢ Î³ãÛ¡à ............./ Îœ¡[È¢ [¤Å«àÎ83 Gender Representation in Shakespeare's Plays ........../ Anjali Baruah87 A¡[¤t¡à : "[>¤¢à> ‹[¹yãšåy, l¡0 A¡³ìºÅ A¡[ºt¡à, W¡@ƒø³à A¡[ºt¡à, g§{JVm ‘moXr,

i¡³àW¡ ëÎàì>à¯àºStudents’ Column90 \º[¤ƒå ; šøA¡¿ "à¹ç¡ ®¡[¯È¸t¡¹ "Î³ ......................./ ³ì>à¹g> ³¹ào (P¡¹ç¡})92 Thoughts for a Dream – Shattered ........................../ Bobita Bhoktiari93 Wå¡[i¡ K¿ :– Aõ¡Ì¡Wè¡Øl¡à – ët¡à³à¹ "ìšÛ¡àt¡ ............................../ W¡Ú[>A¡à Òà\[¹A¡à95 A¡[¤t¡à : šºàÅì\¸à[t¡ Å³¢à, Kã[t¡A¡à, ë³ïWå¡³ã ëQòà¹àìW¡à¯à, ¹ê¡š>@ƒ> šàk¡A¡, ³õƒåº

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Patron : Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, the Principal, Tinsukia CollegeAdviser : Anjan Borthakur, President, ACTA, Tinsukia College Unit

Editor in Chief : Rana K. ChangmaiExecutive Editor : Sushanta KarEditors : Monika Devi, Roshmi Dutta, Mayuri Sharma Baruah, Monika Das, ManashiRajkhowa, Santanu Borah, Nilimjyoti Senapati, Surjya Chutia, Satyajyoti Gogoi, Dr.Kamalesh KalitaStudents’ Representatives : Pranjal Gogoi, (Magazine Secretaty, TCSU)

Published by : Secretary, Assam College Teachers’ Association (ACTA),Tinsukia College Unit, Tinsukia College, Tinsukia - 786125

Contact : Web : http://sites.google.com/site/pragyan06now ; Blog : http:pragyan06now.blogspot.com ; Cell : 9954226966 email : [email protected] ; [email protected]

Printed at : The Assam Computers (Govt. app ‘A’ Category Press)email : [email protected]/http://theassamcomputers.webs.com/ Tinsukia - 786125 (Assam)

The Editorial BoarThe Editorial BoarThe Editorial BoarThe Editorial BoarThe Editorial Board of Pragyand of Pragyand of Pragyand of Pragyand of Pragyan

exprexprexprexprexpresses gratitude to Anjal Borah,esses gratitude to Anjal Borah,esses gratitude to Anjal Borah,esses gratitude to Anjal Borah,esses gratitude to Anjal Borah,

Joseph LandsberJoseph LandsberJoseph LandsberJoseph LandsberJoseph Landsbergergergergerger, Maj (Rtd), Maj (Rtd), Maj (Rtd), Maj (Rtd), Maj (Rtd)

H.PH.PH.PH.PH.P. Singh, Prasanta Bora,. Singh, Prasanta Bora,. Singh, Prasanta Bora,. Singh, Prasanta Bora,. Singh, Prasanta Bora,

Rudra Narayan BorkakotyRudra Narayan BorkakotyRudra Narayan BorkakotyRudra Narayan BorkakotyRudra Narayan Borkakoty, Biraj, Biraj, Biraj, Biraj, Biraj

Dutta, Bristi Senapati, AnirbanDutta, Bristi Senapati, AnirbanDutta, Bristi Senapati, AnirbanDutta, Bristi Senapati, AnirbanDutta, Bristi Senapati, Anirban

Ghosh, DrGhosh, DrGhosh, DrGhosh, DrGhosh, Dr. B.K. Sen, Prafulla. B.K. Sen, Prafulla. B.K. Sen, Prafulla. B.K. Sen, Prafulla. B.K. Sen, Prafulla

Gogoi, HarGogoi, HarGogoi, HarGogoi, HarGogoi, Harendranath Borendranath Borendranath Borendranath Borendranath Borthakurthakurthakurthakurthakur,,,,,

Saptarshi Biswas, AnirbanSaptarshi Biswas, AnirbanSaptarshi Biswas, AnirbanSaptarshi Biswas, AnirbanSaptarshi Biswas, Anirban

Dharitriputra, Chandrama Kalita,Dharitriputra, Chandrama Kalita,Dharitriputra, Chandrama Kalita,Dharitriputra, Chandrama Kalita,Dharitriputra, Chandrama Kalita,

Palashjyoti SarPalashjyoti SarPalashjyoti SarPalashjyoti SarPalashjyoti Sarma and Sangeetama and Sangeetama and Sangeetama and Sangeetama and Sangeeta

Modi for their invaluableModi for their invaluableModi for their invaluableModi for their invaluableModi for their invaluable

contribution to this issue. Wcontribution to this issue. Wcontribution to this issue. Wcontribution to this issue. Wcontribution to this issue. We are are are are areeeee

looking forlooking forlooking forlooking forlooking forwarwarwarwarward for mord for mord for mord for mord for moreeeee

contributions in futurcontributions in futurcontributions in futurcontributions in futurcontributions in futureeeee

1 / /Vol. VIII, Issue -III, Mar. '11

Thank you so much forsending Pragyan.I have

just received it and was goingthrough the articles. Themagazine is really good and Iam sure will only become wellwith your care and effort.

Although I am notpublicity hungry guy, yet it feltgood to see my own name infine prints. One smallcorrection though - that “h” inmy surname “Borah” is notrequired - it is plain “Bora”.Thank you again and regards.

Prasanta BoraSilchar, Cachar.,

[email protected]

I have just gone through the issue of Pragyanwhich you had forwarded.First of all, I must

congratulate you on the excellent quality of all thearticles. The level of merit that the articles haveattained is of the highest order.I must reallycommend you for your fine work.

I must also express my gratefulness at thepublishing of an interview with me. It is really agreat honor for me to have my interview publishedin your magazine, and I will always cherish thismemory in my heart.

You can be sure that you have added one morededicated reader of your magazinein me.

Thanking you again,P.J.Mazumdar, Guwahati

[email protected]

You Have Added one more Dedicated Reader to your Magazine

The Magazine isReally Good

(Readers may choose whateverlanguage they feel comfort to write

in mailbox.But for better communication weprefer English and Assamese. —

Editor)

/ 2/Vol. VIII, Issue - III, Mar. '11

Although women constitute almost a half ofthe population and are equally gifted, talented

and competent in scholarship, leadership,management and policy making, there is inequityas seen in their representation at these higherlevels. Having experienced a gender sensitivityprogramme, they could catalyze the system tomove towards a gender-just system, by bringingtheir perspectives into decision-making. Keepingthis in view, the UGC started organizingworkshops since 2002-2003 in differentuniversities and colleges of the countrySensitizing, creating Awareness and buildingMotivation (SAM) for women teachers in highereducation, The participants of such workshopgenerally constitute middle and senior levelwomen in administrative positions or who havethe potential to occupy such positions in the nearfuture.

The Cell for Women’s Studies andDevelopment (CWSD), Tinsukia Collegeorganized a 5 days Residential Sensitization/Awareness/ Motivation (SAM) Workshop underUGC Scheme on ‘Capacity Building of WomenManagers in Higher Education’ from 08November, 2010. Altogether twenty nine (29)women teachers from different colleges ofTinsukia, Dibrugarh, Sivsagar and Jorhat districtsparticipated in the Workshop.

Dr. Anjali Goswami, Bibha Rani Goswami,Ashima Borah, Dr. Tanusree Sarker (Women’sCollege, Tinsukia), Sikha Rani Dutta, IraMajumdar (Tinsukia Commerce College),Tilottama Gogoi, Dr. Sanjita Chetia (DigboiMahila Mahavidyalaya), Runjun Saikia, BitumoniMalia (Margherita College), Jolly BorthakurKotoky (J.B.College), Bina Baruah, PronamikaGoswami, Himanjoli Sarmah (Sibsagar College),

Workshop on Capacity Building of Women Managers inHigher Education held at Tinsukia College

1

Surjya Chutia


Deepa Gogoi, Dr. Mamoni Borah (SwahidManiram Dewan College), Swapna Borah,Monimala Borah, Kabree Borpuzari Sarmah(Doomdooma College), Sujata Borthakur, SarojiniDutta, Jina Borbora (Nazira College), Dr. SalmaNasreen (Sibsagar Girls’ College), AnimaHazarika, Kiron Goswami, Bantimala Devi, RaneeBorthakur, Pranamika Das and Dr. DeepikaBhattacharjee (Tinsukia College) participated inthe five days Workshop.

The Inaugural Session of the Workshop washeld at the Tinsukia College premises on 08November, 2010. Anita Baruwa, the LocalCoordiantor of the Workshop greeted theparticipants, invited guests and resource personsand the session began with the College Chorussung by the College students. The welcomeaddress was delivered by Sangita Baruah, theCoordinator of the Cell for Women’s Studies andDevelopment, Tinsukia College. The UGC CoreGroup Resource Person for the North East Region,Prof Nasreen Rustomfram enlightened thegathering about the importance, focus andobjectives of the workshop, precisely mentioningthe five Substantiative Manuals designed assubject material for the workshop. Prof.Rustomfram is a faculty in the Center for LifelongLearning, Tata Institute of Social Sciences,Mumbai. Dr. Ajanta Rajkonwar, Reader,Department of Commerce, Dibrugarh University,who is the Sub Regional Coordinator of the SAMWorkshop, elaborated on the genesis of theworkshop. Dr. Daisy Bora Talukdar, Director i/c,

Center for Women’s Studies, Dibrugarh Universitygave the inaugural address. Dr. Bhuban Gogoi,Principal, Tinsukia College expressed his viewson the Workshop and also planted a sapling ofSanchi tree to mark the occasion. Pallavi Gogoi,Asst. Coordinator of the workshop delivered thevote of thanks.

There were 15 technical sessions in all andthe resource persons for these sessions were: RitaBorkotoky, Assoc. Prof., Home Science, SibsagarGirls’ College, Dr. Champa Rao Mohan, Asst.Prof., English dept, Doomdooma College, AnitaBarwua, Asst. Prof., Economics, TinsukiaCollege, Ashifa Sobhan, Asst. Prof., English,Namrup College and Dr Sunita Agarwalla,Assoc. Prof., Education, Dispur College. Apartfrom 15 technical sessions which covered the 5substantiative manuals in the five days, therewere two Open Sessions of one and a half hours’duration. One such session was on ‘Witch Craftand Witch Hunting in Assam’. The resourceperson for that session was Prof. Jahnabi Gogoi,Department of History, Dibrugarh University. Dr.Madhumita Purkayashtha Asst. Prof, English,D.H.S.K.College, Dibrugarh was the resourceperson for the second open session which wason ‘Sexual Harassment at Workplace: Theoryand Praxis’. The Workshop came to an end witha brief valedictory session on the evening of 12November, 2010 in the presence of the Principal,Tinsukia College, Dr. Ajanta Rajkonwar and Dr.Sunita Agarwalla. The Cell published booklet‘Anuronon’ on this occasion.

A UGC sponsored workshop on “Compilationof a New Comprehensive Assamese

Dictionary: Challenges & Strategies” wasorganized successfully by department ofAssamese, Womens’ College, Tinsukia incollaboration with the department of Assamese,Tinsukia College, Tinsukia on 10th , 11th and 12th

of February 2011. The three days workshop washeld at the Womens’ College premises. Altogether33 teachers from various Colleges of upper Assamand Dibrugarh University participated in the

workshop. In all 10 technical sessions were heldduring the three days.

The resource persons of the workshop were-Dr. Bhimkanta Baruah, Professor, Department ofAssamese, Dibrugarh University, Dr. MadanSharma, Professor, Department of English &Foreign Language, Tezpur University, Dr. RameshPathak, Retd. Professor, Department of Assamese,Cotton College, Dr. Basanta kr. Goswami, Retd.Professor, Department of Assamese, D.C.B. Girls’College, Jorhat and Dr. Devabrata Sharma,

UGC Sponsored Workshop on Assamese Dictionary held2


Assam College Teachers’ Association,Tinsukia College Unit organizes the ‘Annual

Departed Teachers’ Memorial Lecture’ regularly inmemory of the Colleagues who died either inservice or after retirement. The memorial lecturefor the year 2010 was organized by the Unit on 7th

of December 2010 at the College auditorium.At the outset of the function, Dr Bhuban Gogoi,

the Principal, Tinsukia College, kindled a lamp inmemory of the departed teachers which was followedby floral tribute to the departed souls by KironGoswami, the Vice Principal of the College andAnjan Borthakur, the President of the Teachers’ Unit.

Dr. Akhil Ranjan Dutta, Associate Professor,Department of Political Science, GauhatiUniversity delivered lecture on the topic “Uttor-Pub Bharator Jono Nirapatta, Rastra, NagarikSamaj aru Gana Andolonar Bhumika” In hisaddress, Dr. Dutta elaborately discussed each andevery movement that took place from the medievalera to present juncture ofnorth east region of thecountry. He said thatwhenever a particularethnic group felt a threatto its cultural dignity andfabric, it revolted againstthe oppressors. Many atime, even unknowingly,these became inter- ethnicgroup conflicts for which

Associate Professor, Department of English,Jorhat College, Jorhat.

The workshop ended with a brief valedictoryfunction held on the evening of 12th of February,

2011 under the chairmanship of Dr. ChandrakantaSharma, Principal, Women's College, whereparticipation certificates were distributed amongthe participants.

College Teachers Paid Tributes to Departed Colleagues3

the people of this region failed to fight for acommon issue unitedly. These uprisings weremainly through arms in the pre- independence eraand some of the struggles are still continuing.Though in the post-independence era, most of theuprisings were launched in a non- violent way butdue to some unfortunate factors sometimes thesebecame violent. He further stated that each andevery ethnic group has its own culture and traditionand these should be given proper respect by others.Dr Dutta also appealed to the students’ communityto study history of the region by which they wouldbe richer academically. The lecture session wasfollowed by an important interaction session.

The whole function was presided over byDr. Bhuban Gogoi, the Principal and anchoredby Rana Kr. Changmai, HoD, English Departmentof the College. The day long programme endedwith vote of thanks offered by Anjan Borthakur,the President of the Unit.


AIDS Day Observed at Tinsukia College4

Dr. Sunita Agarwala Delivered Talk on Stress Free Living5

Today, it is a major course of concern in oursociety that the number of youths suffering

from stress related problems in our society havebeen increasing day by day. Talk, counsellingprogramme on such problems among the youths isconsidered very important and relevant. Keepingthis view in mind, The Pragyan Editorial Boardin collaboration with the Cell for Women’s Studies& Development, Tinsukia College organized a talkon the topic ‘Stress Free Living’ at the collegepremise successfully on 13th of December 2010. DrSunita Agarwala, Associate Professor, Departmentof Education, Dispur College, Dispur delivered alecture on the topic as the key resource person. Mostof the students and teachers of the college werepresent in the programme. In her deliberation Dr.Agarwala discussed the various tips on attitude and

personality development so that one can minimizethe stress in life. She appealed to the students to bealways positive to success in life.

She said, “The positive thinker is always apart of answer; The negative thinker is always apart of problem, The positive thinkers say ‘ It maybe difficult but possible’; The negative thinkerssay ‘ it may be possible but is too difficult’, Thepositive thinkers see the gain; the negativethinkers see the pain, The positive thinkersrecognize limitations but focus on strengths; Thenegative thinkers recognize strengths but focus onlimitation.”

The talk was followed by an interactionsession on the topic. The programme ended withvote of thanks offered by Sushanta Kar, theExecutive Editor, Pragyan.

campus after the rally. An awareness meeting was also held on theoccasion at the college premise under the

presidentship of Kavita BaibhavPadmanabham, Additional Deputy

Commissioner, Tinsukia district.The meeting was addressed byDr. Swaraj Mohan Bora, JointDirector of Health Service,Tinsukia, Dr. PC Saikia. Sub-

divisional Medical Officer,Hapjan, Dr. Mridul Gogoi,

Medical Officer, GBC Hospital,Tinsukia and others.

Along with the rest of the world, the AIDS Daywas observed with a day long programme on

1st December, 2010 by NRHM, Tinsukiadistrict Unit in collaboration with AssamState AIDS Control society. On theoccasion, a rally was taken out fromTinsukia College campus throughthe streets of Tinsukia town. Therally, attended by member ofNGOs, ASHA workers, School &College students, was flagged off byDr. Bhuban Gogoi, the Principal,Tinsukia College. A street play was alsostaged by Suryudoy, an NGO, at the college


46th Annual College Week held at the College6

Tinsukia College NCC unit (‘D’ Coy) is one ofthe best NCC units under the 10th Assam Bn.,

Dibrugarh, which has both the Boys’ and Girls’wings. Apart from the participations in varioussocial works, the cadets of the unit participateregularly in the ‘Independence Day’ and ‘Republic

of the week, i.e. 24th of December 2010, the opensession and prize distribution ceremony was heldat the college auditorium under the presidentshipof Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal of the college.The chief guests who attended the session wereDr. Samujjal Kr. Bhattacharyya, the advisor ofASSU Central committee, Shri Mrinal Hazarika,leader, ULFA (Pro-Talk Group). They addressedthe session with their inspiring words andcongratulated the students who got prizes in

d i f f e r e n tc o m p e t i t i o n sduring the collegeweek.

A colourfulc u l t u r a le x t r a v a g a n z amarked theevening of the daywhere Sri NeelAkash, renownedartist & formerstudent of thecollege along

with the local artists entertained the audience.

NCC Unit Adjudged the Best7

Day’ parades organized centrally by the districtauthority of Tinsukia district. The cadets of theunit performed well in the last ‘Republic Day’Parade on 26th of January, 2011 and the unit wasadjudged the best unit and awarded the 1st prizein it’s category.

The 9th Chemistry Olympiad Held andNew Lab Inaugurated at Dept. of Chemisty

8

The 9th Chemistry Olympiad programme wasorganized by the department of Chemistry,

Tinsukia College on 10th of October 2010 at thecollege premises. A good number of students fromvarious local schools and colleges took part in theprogramme. The result of the Olympiad was

declared on 20th of December 2010. The studentswho have earned glory to the college center are –Sayam Chakraborty, Sauvik Kashyap (both arefrom Guru Teg Bahadur Academy, Tinsukia) andLuna Phukan (Saumarjyoti Vidyalaya) jointly gotthe 6th rank in the junior category (class X level).

As per the academic schedule of TinsukiaCollege, the 46th Annual College Week was

organized by the college students’ union from 18th

to 24th of December 2010. The week longprogramme started with hoisting of the CollegeFlag by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal of thecollege. It was followed by the floral tribute atthe martyrs column initiated by Bantimala Devi,HoD, Department of Assamese. Then a new issueof the college wall magazine ‘Bhaskar’ wasinaugurated by Kanak Chanda, HoD, Departmentof Bengali. The issue of the magazine was editedby Pranjal Gogoi, the Magazine Secretary of thestudents’ body.

T h eschedule ofthe wholecollege weeki n c l u d e dalmost all ther e l e v a n tsport events,literary andcultural competitions and other related activitieswhich can prove students’ talent. On the last day


Ranbir Chakraborty (Guru Teg Bahadur Academy)got the 10th rank in the same category. In thecategory class XII level, Hrishrat ( KendriyaVidyalaya, Tinsukia) got the 8th rank and NandaDulal Sen (Tinsukia college) got the 9th rank.

The newly constructed well furnishedlaboratory of the Chemistry department was alsoofficially inaugurated on 10th of November 2010by Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, the principal of thecollege.

With a view to provide necessary guidanceto the engineering-medical aspiring students

of HS 2nd year (science stream) of Tinsukia college,the department of Physics has organized a crash

Free ENGG/ MEDICAL/IIT-JEE Entrance Coaching WeekHeld at Dept. of Physics

9

coaching week starting from 5th to 10th of January,2010. In all twenty students in this category ofthe college participated in the programme.

The resource persons who took classes in theprogramme are — Dr. Rajib Bordoloi,Sri Satyajyoti Gogoi, and Dr. BulbulGogoi of Physics Department; SriBiplab Banik of Chemistry Departmentand Sri Deepjyoti Sarma of CommerceDepartment

The students were provided withnecessary skills and techniques forsolving various tricky questions thatare generally set in those entranceexaminations. The programme will beundertaken again immediately aftercompletion of the HS finalexamination.

At the initiative of the teachers and students of AssameseDept. Tinsukia College, the inaugural issue of a new departmental

magazine — christened as ‘Papori’ was published in the month of February,2011 with the financial support of IQAC of the college. The articles of themagazine are contributed by the students of the department and being edited

‘Papori’ the Departmental Magazine ofAssamese Department Published

10


Saurav Stars in Convocation

Assam University, Silchar

All the academic luminaries and students whohad gathered in the Netaji Subhas hall of the

university to receive their degrees burst out inapplause as Sourav Ganguly, the ex-captain ofTeam India, draped in a ceremonial purple gown,

received his PhD as Honoris Causa as a mark ofexcellence in cricket at the 11th convocation ofAssam Central University in Dargakona hills nearSilchar. Sourav Ganguly was being selected forthis honour along with three other scholars like

Dr. Bhuban Gogoi, Principal and Dr. Kamalesh Kalita, Asst. Prof., Department of Geography,Tinsukia College participated and presented research paper at the International Conference on

Geomorphology held from 15th Feb to 22nd Feb of 2011 at Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, Africa.The Conference was organised by theAssociation of InternationalGeomorphologist. The subject matter of theconference was Geomorphology for HumanAdaptation to Changing TropicalEnvironment. The association organises suchconference at the interval of every 4 years indifferent countries of the world. About 200scientists and researchers from more than 30countries of the world took part in theConference. It is mentionable here that Dr.

Gogoi and Dr. Kalita were the only participants from India.Dr. Gogoi presented paper on ‘Fluvial Geomorphology and Flood Problems of the Brahmaputra

Valley, Assam’ and Dr. Kalita presented paper on ‘Landslides Hazards in Gangtok, Sikkim, India’ at theconference. Their presentation had been highly appreciated by the world geomorphological community.Prominent Geomorphologist, Geologist, Geo-Archeologist, Professor and Researchers from diversefield and institutes have presented new scientific ideas and views from international perspectives in theconference.

Dr. Bhuban Gogoi and Dr. Kamalesh Kalita AttendedInternational Conference at Ethiopia11

jointly by three major students namely – PranamiBorthakur, Sanjeev Chetia and Bastav Moranunder the guidance of Bontimala Devi, HoD ofthe Department.

Since the longest journey begins with the

single step, the inaugural issue of the magazineis the 1st step of its long journey in future. It isalso a part of on going endeavour for creatinga congenial academic atmosphere in thecollege.

(The Updater teaches Economics)


Prof. K.G. Subramanyam, a notedpainter, muralist and a renownedteacher of art, Prof. Irfan Habib, adoyen of history and HomenBorgohain, the Assamese novelist.Prof Habib and NovelistBorgohain couldn’t make it theredue to ill health.

The chief guest, Prof N.R.Madhava Menon, who is a legalpundit and the head of the Dr S.Radhakrishnan Centre for Parliamentary Studiesin the Rajya Sabha, said in the convocation thatnearly 200 million youths in the country are nowdenied the scope of higher education for paucity

of seats. At present only about 12per cent students in the countrycould manage to attend the portalsof higher learning.

Prof. Tapodhir Bhattacharjee,vice-chancellor, Assam University,Silchar, in his address in theconvocation gave an overview ofthe spectacular progress theinstitute had made in its briefperiod of existence. He said from

meagre six departments, the university has nowgrown into a massive centre of education andresearch with 34 departments and nine schoolsof studies. [PEB]

A one day workshop on Semester System at Undergraduate Level held at Margherita College on 10th ofJanuary. The workshop was organised by ACTA, Margherita College Unit in association with ACTA,Tinsukia Zone.

A one day workshop on Minor ResearchProject held at Women's College, Tinsukiaon 24th of Dec, 2010. The workshop wasorganised by ACTA Women's College,Tinsukia Unit in association with ACTA,Tinsukia Zone.

UGC sponsored workshop on Continuous andComprehensive Evaluation at the UndergraduateLevel : Problems and Prospects was held at Women'sCollege, Tinsukia on 5th and 6th of Feb, 2011. Theworkshop was organised by the Dept. of Educationin association with Community DevelopmentSociety, Tinsukia.


Wahid Saleh, this year’s Recipient of thePravasi Bharatiya Samman : The Personality and His Works

1

Years before a Telegraph story wrote, whenWahid Saleh boarded his ship in Bombay for

the long journey to Europe, the Jorhat-born studentof aircraft maintenance had a two-anna coin inhis pocket. It was an experience he recalled withamusement when, nearly 40 years later, QueenBeatrix of The Netherlands knighted him with theRidder va de Orange in 2002. His journey todistinction began when his college in Ernakulamselected him for higher training in Germany. Butwhen he eventually got to his workplace, BMW,in Munich, he discovered he had been taken onnot for training but as an unskilled labourer. Butthere was no going back, so he forged on,determinedly and,some jobs — anddisappointments —later, joinedLufthansa inHamburg. And thenhe fell in love witha new phenomenon.It was the computer,for it was the dawnof the computer age.And so he joined thecomputer industry.And then love of another kind

happened. A penfriend he used to correspond within the Netherlands came to visit him and romanceblossomed. As she was studying medicine backhome, he decided to join her there, and eventuallyjoined a Dutch company in Rotterdam as acomputer programmer. He excelled at it and, by1983 was able to implement one of the biggestPC networks in Europe.

This year on 9th of January, ’11 Wahid Salehwas awarded the Pravasi Bharatiya Samman bythe Hon’ble President of India, Smt. Pratibha DeviSingh Patil at Vigyan Bhawan, Delhi. He was alsogiven the rare honour of making the acceptancespeech on behalf of all the PBS recipients.

He is an activemember of theNetherlands-IndiaA s s o c i a t i o n ,established in April1954, and then gotelected to the Board.For more thanfifteen years he hasserved theorganization ass e c r e t a r y .

Eventually he became information center for the


Dr. Hifzur R. Siddique, hailing fromKarimganj, Assam and a post doctoral

Scientist at The Hormel Institute, University ofMinnesota received the American Society forBasic Urologic Research Award-2010 (SBUR-outstanding research award) in a function held atHotel Grand Hayat, Atlanta, GA on November 14,2010. In USA, around 40,000 post doctorates areworking from different countries. In every twoyear, SBUR gives this award to 4 people. Thisyear it was Dr. Siddique’s turn. SBUR conferredhim this award for his discovery, the role of Bmi-1 protein in the survival and proliferation ofprostate cancer cells. Bmi-1 helps cells to survivethe attack of chemotherapy agents, and, because

Dutch students and public about India and Indianmigrants on Netherlands. Even if the Indian Embassywas not able to give answer to queries, they directedthe public to contact Wahid Saleh. Indian TouristOffice directed the public to contact Wahid Salehwith their specific questions. He started writing downthe questions and also the answers. This was thefoundation of his book called Indiawijzer (Guide toIndia) first published in 1992.The profit of the firstedition was donated to the Netherlands-IndiaAssociation. The first edition was of 142 pages whilethe second edition of 412 pages was published in1999. The profit of this edition was donated to aneducational foundation from Assam.

He frequently visits Assam and here hehelped to set up an educational Trust in the nameof his parents. It is meant for Assamese studentsand for higher studies. Last year the trust helpedsix students and this year also financial assistancewas given to another six. Besides the above trusthe is helping few other institutions like ParijatAcademy,started in 2003 by social entrepreneurUttam Teron; Pragyalaya,an orphanage started in2002 by Late Jugal Bhuyan; Society for Health& Educational Development (SHED),residentialrehabilitation centre in Guwahati for differentlyable children; Baby Micro financing,supervisedand guided by Uttam Teron.

Another accomplishment which he is very

proud of is to furnish historical evidence that the nameAssam was not coined by the British and existedbefore the British came to Assam. In a Dutch museumhe discovered a map of Eastern part of Indiacartographed in 1661 AD, where the name Assamwas clearly mentioned. He also discovered theautobiography of Frans Van Der Heyden, a Dutchsailor shipwrecked in the bay of Bengal and wasforced to fight in the army of Mir Jumla. He was inAssam in 1663 and the book was published in 1675.

It was he who recently led an onlinemovement to increase Assamese content on net.It resulted in formation of a group called E-JunakiJug (Òü-ë\à>àA¡ã ™åK http://sites.google.com/site/ejonakijug/home) and a Facebook group called:"Î³ãÚàt¡ A¡=à ¤t¡¹à , which now have more than sevenand half hundred active Members who interact andhelp others to do so in Assamese.

When PRAGYAN went online three yearsback he was among the first few well-wishers andsupporters those we had, only because it’s anotherselfless service like his kind of work for peopleand their land. Even if one stays far from his landand people, it’s the attitude that determines if heor she will be able to win hearts and live there forever. Becoming an NRI never becomes any excusefor a personality like Wahid Saleh. To know moreon him one can visit his site :http://www.indiawijzer.nl. [PEB]

Dr Hifzur R. Siddique, ReceivedAmerican Society of Basic Urology Award-2010

2

of that, could be used as atarget forn e wd r u g sto treatp r o s t a t ec a n c e r .T h e r e ’ salso hope touse Bmi-1 as a biomarkerfor the future diagnosis and staging ofprostate cancer. According to the experts ofUrology fields, “It’s a very significant discoverythat gives us insight into how cancer cells escapethe affects of chemotherapy in prostate cancer


patients” . The Hormal Institute, where Dr.Siddique works, is world’s renowned medicalresearch center, specializing in research into naturalcompounds/small inhibitorymolecules (SIMs) that mightprevent, control or curecancer. Dr. Siddique hasbeen an extraordinary andmeritorious studentthroughout his career. Thisis evident from theprestigious scholarships andawards received by him.These include JuniorResearch Fellowship (JRF) from Council ofscientific and Industrial Research, and GraduateAptitude Test for Engineering (GATE) fellowship.

During his Master’s degree program, he wasawarded University Merit Scholarship for twoconsecutive years. Dr. Siddique obtained his M.Sc.

degree in the year 2001 in thesubject of Zoology(specialization in Genetics)from Aligarh MuslimUniversity, UP. He did hisPh.D. from the Indian Instituteof Toxicology Research,Lucknow in the year 2008.After completing his Ph.D.,Dr. Siddique pursuedpostdoctoral training in cancer

biology at the University of Wisconsin. In January,2010, Dr. Siddique joined The Hormel Institute atthe University of Minnesota. [PEB]

Dr. Musahid Ahmed: A Scientist from Assam Bagging Honors in US

3

Dr Saitanya K BharadwajReceived 2010 Eli Lilly and Company Asia Outstanding Thesis Award4

Dr Saitanya K Bharadwaj, hailing from HazariPara Shipajhar, Darang has received the

“2010 Eli Lilly and Company Asia OutstandingThesis Award” for the first time in India. Eli Lilly

Dr. Musahid Ahmed, a scientist hailing from Assam, presently working as a senior scientistat Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, California, USA, has been elected as a fellow to the

American Physical Society recently for his outstanding contribution to Physics. Dr. Ahmed is alsomember of American Chemical Society, American Physical Society and American Association ofAdvancement of Science and in 2010 he has been elected as fellow to the American Physical Society.His citation which appeared in his fellowship certificate reads: “for his creation of a world class

synchrotron chemical dynamics facility serving the community and his uniquemarriage of lasers with synchrotron science, used to study small molecules

spectroscopy and energetic, biological imaging, combustion, nanoparticlereactivity and chemical dynamics.” His fellowship citation will be published

in the March 2011 issue of APC News.Dr. Ahmed is in USA since 1995 and his research encompasses

fundamental studies which are relevant to energy and environmental processes.Born in Assam’s Digboi city Dr. Ahmed did his schooling in Scindia school in

Gwalior. Later he obtained his bachelor’s degree in Chemistry from DelhiUniversity in the year 1985 and in the same year he joined for Ph.D.programme in Cambridge University in UK and obtained Ph.D. in 1989.He completed his post doctoral degree from University of Leicesterand Manchester in UK and Max Planck Institute in Gottingen,Germany. [PEB]


The First Ever Knowledge Fair held at Tinsukia5

The Tinsukia District administration incollaboration with some social organizations

and intelligentsia has organized an intellectuallyenriching event, the Tinsukia Knowledge Fair,2011 comprising major attractions i.e. Book fair,Science Exhibition, seminars , Kavi Sammelan,Career Counseling,adda, Children’scompetition andcultural programmefrom 16th Februaryto 20 the February,2011. It was in theyear 1996 last suchevent was organizedin this eastern mostcity of Assam. Theevent took place atChaliha Nagar Khel Pothar, Tinsukia.

Tinsukia being a commercial hub is vibrant withbusiness activities and always a desired destinationof business communities. With its huge potential forgrowth in various fields, Tinsukia is an ideal placefor such an event, both for exploration of neweravenues of knowledge as well as for promotion of a

Dr Saitanya K Bharadwaj was honoredwith Ph.D in September, 2009 from IndianInstitute of Technology Guwahati under theSupervision of Prof. Mihir Kanti Chaudhuri.Development of green protocol for extraction ofBromine from sea water, Synthesis of anti-diabeticcompounds and development of industriallyimportant catalysts are main themes of his thesis.His team work has been highlighted in severalconferences including PANIIT2007 held at SantaClara, California, USA. He is currently doing his2nd postdoctoral research in TechnischeUniversität München, Germany after returningfrom USA in September 2010.

Eli Lilly award ceremony was held inJanuary 28, 2011 at Hyderabad University, alongwith the J-NOST conference. The awards containa certificate from Eli Lilly and company, a plaque,and 1000 USD.

scientifically advanced community. Such an initiativewill enlarge the boundary of knowledge andconsciousness and help to propel Tinusukia on the pathof knowledge based growth and development. Everyday apart from the visitors almost 500 school childrenwere brought by the organizers to attend the event from

across the district, particularly, from remote areas likeSadiya, Kakopathar, Pengeree, Philobari, Bordumsa,Jagun etc., in order to thrust in this direction and toprovide an exposure.

More than 25 publishers and book dealersLike, Sahitya Academi, Scholars, and Satirtha fromthe state and beyond attended the fair. [PEB]

and Company is a world wide famous researchlaboratory, situated in every continent. The main

branch is situated inI n d i a n a p o l i s ,

Indiana 46285USA. Eli Lillyand company Asiai n v i t e dnominations for

best thesis from allinstitutes and

u n i v e r s i t i e st h r o u g h

N O S T(NationalOrganicSymposium

Trust) in India. His thesis was nominated by IIT,Guwahati.


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lungs’ lower air sacs, called alveoli - they do not even comeclose to using our lung capacity! That being said, if thesealveoli do not receive air regularly they will collapse a bitand stiffen. Therefore, experts believe that our brains triggera yawn as a way to keep these sacs flexible.4. About 19% of all Nobel Prize recipients have beenJewish, though Jews only make up about 0.2% of theworld’s population : The Jewish people have received moreNobel prizes than any other ethnic minority group. Out of theroughly 700 individuals who have received the prize over 120of them are Jewish. This is despite the fact that Jews make upa tiny percentage of the world population. This disproportionmakes sense when you consider that Jews are overrepresentedin the professional fields from which Nobel laureates areselected (physical and social sciences, and literature).5. Leonardo da Vinci painted tiny letters in the eyes ofthe Mona Lisa : It turns out there really is a “Da Vinci Code”after all! The 500-year old masterpiece has always beenshrouded in mystery, but Italy’s National Committee forCultural Heritage recently revealed that magnification of thepainting’s eyes shows tiny letters and numbers! In the righteye, the letters “LV” appear, while in the other can be seeneither “BE” or “C.” On the bridge in the background, symbolsthat appear to be the number “72” are also visible. Expertsare still baffled at what the symbols could mean, though “LV”is likely a signature by the artist himself.6. The movie Avatar takes up over one petabyte ofstorage space : A petabyte is the equivalent of 500 harddrives, each with a capacity of 2 terrabytes (a terrabyte to1,000 gigabytes!). That’s the size of a 32 YEAR long mp3file. The movie was shot in 3-D and rendered in one of themost powerful data centers in the world. Its computing coreadds up to 40,000 processors and 104 terabytes of RAM. Itwould be realistic to assume that a significant portion ofthe film’s $300 million budget went to storage space.7. In western culture, pink was the color originallyassociated with males : The tradition of assigning colorsto each gender began back in the 1920s. At this time, pinkwas deemed more appropriate for boys due to its closeassociations with red. Blue was assigned to girls since itwas more “delicate and dainty” and had close ties to imageryof the Virgin Mary. This practice continued until the 1940s,when the gender colors were reversed and became thestereotypes that we are still familiar with today.8. The odds of a meteor landing on your house are 1 in182,138,880,000,000 : Your odds of becoming the Presidentof the United States,or dating a supermodel are much much

1. The color orange was named afterthe fruit : Before that, the English-speaking world referred to the orangecolor as ‘geoluhread,’ which literallytranslates to “yellow-red!” The wordorange itself was derived from theSpanish word ‘naranja,’ which likewisecame from the Sanskrit word ‘naranga,’meaning “orange tree.” Over time, theEnglish dropped the first “n,” and soonthe word was transformed to ‘orange.’This word was also applied to the fruit’scolor in the 1540’s, likely due to theincreased popularity of oranges aroundthis time.2. A two-year-old girl scored a 156 onthe IQ test : At 2 years and 4 monthsold, British toddler Elise Tan-Roberts hasbeen accepted as the youngest-evermember of the high IQ fraternity knownas Mensa! The club can typically only testchildren who are older than 10, but anexception was made in Elise’s casebecause her IQ score was already provento be in the top 2% of the country. Tan-Roberts has an IQ of 156, which is just 4points lower than Albert Einstein’s! Shealready knows 35 world capitals,including Paris, Tokyo, and Washington,D.C. She can even count in Spanish.3. Yawning is not caused by boredomor tiredness : Most likely explanation isthat we yawn in order to take in more air.Normal breathing patterns only use our


1. Do important work vs. merely offering opinions.2. Lift people up vs. tear others down.3. Use the words of leadership vs. the language of

victimhood.4. Don’t worry about getting the credit for getting things

done.5. Become part of the solution rather than part of the

problem.6. Take your health to a level called superfit.7. Commit to mastery of your craft instead of accepting

mediocrity in your work.8. Associate with people whose lives you want to be

living.9. Study for an hour a day. Double your learning and

you’ll triple your success.10. Run your own race. “No one can possibly achieve real

and lasting success by being a conformist,” wrotebillionaire J. Paul Getty.

11. Do something small yet scary every single day.12. Lead Without a Title.13. Focus on people’s strengths vs. obsessing around their

weaknesses.14. Remember that potential unused turns into pain. So

dedicate yourself to expressing your best.15. Smile more.16. Listen more.17. Read the autobiography of Nelson Mandela.18. Reflect on the words of Eleanor Roosevelt who

said: — “Great minds discuss ideas; Averageminds discuss events; Small minds discusspeople.”

19. Persist longer than the critics suggest youshould.

20. Say “please” and “thank you”.21. Love your loved ones.22. Do work that matters.


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‘Soladey-J3X’ was designed by Dr. KunioKomiyama, a former dentistry professor at theUniversity of Saskatchewan. The device sendselectrons through a lead wire that runs from a solarpanel at its base to the brush head on top. Theseelectrons then form a chemical reaction with acidin the mouth, which eliminates bacteria and breaksdown plaque. The whole process requires aboutthe same amount of light used by a solar-poweredcalculator.

(ëºJA¡ P¡¯àÒài¡ã [¤Å«[¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ "‹ã>t¡ Kì¯Èoà¹t¡ áày¡ú "gº¹ ">¸ ëºJàÎ³èÒ š[Øn¡¤îº W¡à*A¡ ët¡*ò¹ ¤ÃK :http://anjal.mywebduniya.com)

(Compiled by Lohit Dutta, B.Sc II Yr. Lohit writes in his blog http://waxan.blogspot.com)

(Contd. from Page 15) A Few Amazing Factsbetter than your odds of your house getting hit bya meteor. You’re also more likely to witness a UFOor die from either a shark attack or from contactwith hot tap water.9. A flea can jump 30,000 times withoutstopping : They can also jump 50-100 times theirown body height. Also, a flea’s acceleration whenjumping is 50 times that of a space shuttle taking off.10. Scientists have created a solar-poweredtoothbrush that doesn’t need toothpaste : The

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in Nagaland jail was quite humane as compared towhat I have heard in other state jails.

With my short stint with writing and in jail Ihad to leave Nagaland, which turned out to be ablessing in disguise. I shifted to Shillong andstarted Cafeteria Nazareth Hospital, which later onbecame famous for hotdogs.

Now I have started writing again at the age of78 and aim to become a graphomaniac. If I do succeedthe credit would go to my dear friends who encourageme to do so. My daughter Arshi too has been askingme to redeem myself by becoming a writer.

I don’t know where my graphomania willland me this time!

(The writer is in his sunset years, Is a bohemian and footloose. He is a Spoken English Trainer and Counsellor)

(Contd. from Page 26) : On the Art of Writing


Basically educated human beings can bedivided into two categories –

graphophobics and graphomaniacs. 98%are graphophobics, who detest writing. I belongto the majority; unless driven by strongemotions. For me putting pen to paper is thebiggest nightmare. During the last 33 years ofmy retirement, I have read a lot but the sumtotal of my efforts on paper might not even filla medium-sized school notebook. The luckygraphomaniacs take to writing like fish take towater.

To be able to write you must have a largevocabulary, keep a diary & you should be avoracious reader and finally you can onlybecome a writer by writing regularly. Writingis a craft which can be learnt by anyone withpractice; there are however exceptions. Oshonever wrote a single word. He used to speak tohis audiences – these speeches were taperecorded and later resulted in 650 printed books.But every one is not Osho. For us mortals backto the basics.

As I have already said I write only when Iam driven by intense emotional experience. In1977 there were xenophobic riots against non-tribals at Dimapur in Nagaland. For three days& three nights, marauding bands of locals heldthe city to ransom with arson and looting. 800houses in all were gutted. Being a retired armyofficer it was galling for me to accept what wehumans were doing to each other. To me once a (Contd. on Page 25)

man wears uniform he becomes above caste, creedor religion, but here the Nagaland police wereactively involved.

Armed with a cheap “click” camera boughtfrom the army canteen for rupees 30 only, I clickedthe marauders, including the police personnel whowere egging the crowds on, instead of doing theirduty, laced with these photographs I approachedThe Indian Express office in Delhi and handedover to the office photos for publication. They toldme “Major sahib please do write the details” andgave me a sheaf of blank sheets.

I went to “gankura” then a very popular fast-food joint at the Cannaught Place and horriblyscribbled a few paragraphs while I was having mylunch. Handed over the photos with my write up tothe Indian Express office and forgot all about it.

10 May 1977 will remain etched on mymemory. That day The Indian Express had splashedthe short article and the photo on the front page.The administration went into a tizzy. Theyconfiscated all the newspaper copies from therailway station and the stalls and then came barginginto my hotel. The Superintendent of policeDimapur with a camera was in the lead taking snapsfrom various angles till he found the view identicalto the newspaper photo. Then the search to nab mebegan. I went underground till my friends got mean anticipatory bail. But the freedom was short-lived, the bail was cancelled and I had to cool myheels in the jail for a week. It was a devastatingexperience but I must say in passing that treatment

Maj(Retd) H.P Singh


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[A¡”ñ ëA¡àì>à &i¡à šøì¤Å š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ [¤ó¡º Ò’ìº"=¤à ³ì> ®¡¤à (¤à "àì> [k¡A¡ A¡[¹ [ƒÚà) W¡¡àA¡[¹ &i¡à>àšàìºÒü \ã¯> ëÅÈ íÒ >à™àÚ¡ú šõ[=¯ãt¡ [>\A¡ šø[t¡Ë¡àA¡[¹¤îº, [>\¹ ë™àK¸t¡à šøA¡àÅ A¡[¹¤îº ¤× k¡àÒü "àìá,¤× š= "àìá¡ú ëA¡[¹Úà¹ ³àì> Î³àì\ [>[ƒ¢Ê A¡[¹ [ƒÚàëA¡Òüi¡à³à> ‘ëºà®¡>ãÚ’ W¡àA¡[¹ >ÒÚ¡ú ™à¹ ë™àK¸t¡à "àìá,šø[t¡®¡à "àìá "à¹ç¡ "àìá š[¹Åø³ A¡¹à¹ [>Ë¡à ët¡*ò [>\¹¤àì¤ [>ì\Òü &ìA¡ài¡à ëA¡[¹Úà¹ [>³¢ào A¡[¹ º’¤ šàì¹¡ú"à¹ç¡ \ã¯>t¡ Îó¡ºt¡à¹ ë®¡[i¡ìÚÒü Ò’º [¤ó¡ºt¡à¡ú A¡à¹o[¤ó¡ºt¡àÒü ³à>åÒA¡ [>\A¡ š¹ãÛ¡à A¡[¹¤îº [ÅA¡àÚ¡ú Òt¡àÅàÎàó¡º¸¹ šø‹à> Åyç¡¡ú Òt¡àÅà¹ *W¡¹t¡ >[t¡ Ñ¬ãA¡à¹ A¡¹àÒ’ìº "à[\¹ ¤× Îó¡º ¤¸[v¡û¡â«A¡ "à[³ [W¡[>ìÚÒü>àšàìºàìÒòìt¡>¡ú [Ò–ƒã W¡º[W¡y¹ ÎÒÑ÷à¦¹ ë³KàÊ¡à¹"[³t¡à®¡ ¤ZW¡>¹ ëA¡[¹Úà¹¹ "à¹´±[o "à[áº "[t¡Òt¡àÅà\>A¡¡ú &J>¹ šàát¡ &J> óÃ¡š [W¡ì>³àÒü "[³t¡à®¡A¡³å ¬àÒü¹ á[¤ \Kt¡¹ ¤¸=¢ >àÚA¡t¡ š[¹ot¡ A¡[¹[áº¡ú ët¡*ò"à>[A¡ "[®¡>Ú ¤àƒ [ƒ ">¸ ¤õ[v¡ NøÒo A¡¹à¹ A¡=à*®¡à[¤[áº¡ú [A¡”ñ ët¡*ò "[®¡>Ú ë>[¹ìº, ¤¹e¡ "[‹A¡&A¡àNøt¡àì¹ A¡à³ A¡[¹ K’º¡ú [>\¹ š[¹Åø³, [>Ë¡à, šø[t¡®¡à"à¹ç¡ ™å\òà¹ç¡ ³à>[ÎA¡t¡à¹ ó¡ºt¡ &Î³Ú¹ óÃ¡š [Òì¹à\>š[¹ot¡ Ò’º "à[\¹ "[³t¡à®¡ ¤ZW¡>t¡¡ú

[¤ó¡ºt¡àA¡ \Ú A¡[¹ Îàó¡º¸ ºà®¡ A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ "[t¡šøìÚà\>ãÚ &i¡à l¡üšàƒà> Ò’º "àu[¤Å«àÎ¡ú [>\¹ *š¹t¡,[>\¹ Îà³¢=¸ "à¹ç¡ šø[t¡®¡à¹ *š¹t¡ ™à¹ [¤Å«àÎ "àìá ëÎÒü\>ëA¡[t¡Úà* Òà[¹ >à™àÚ¡ú [™ ëA¡àì>à ëÛ¡yìt¡Òü ët¡*òìºàìA¡íÒ šì¹ Îó¡º¡ú ¤× Î³Út¡ "à³à¹ áày-áàyã ÎA¡ìº ®å¡ºëÛ¡yt¡ A¡à³ A¡[¹ =àìA¡, ™à¹ ó¡ºt¡ ët¡*òìºàìA¡ Îó¡º >ÒÚ,ºKìt¡ [>\¹ šø[t¡®¡àì¹à "šW¡Ú ÒÚ¡ú Kt¡à>åK[t¡A¡t¡à¹ ¤õv¡®¡à[R¡ [>\Ñ¬ š= ¤à[á º’¤ šà[¹ìº Îó¡ºt¡à¹ "àA¡àÅ Wå¡¤šà[¹¡ú t¡=àA¡[=t¡ ëºà®¡>ãÚ ëA¡[¹Úà¹¹ šàát¡ ëƒï¹à ™å áà³¹¤àì¤ &ì> ¤× l¡üƒàÒ¹o "àìá ™’t¡ &ìA¡à\> ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ [>\¹ëÛ¡y¹ ¤à[Ò¹t¡ *ºàÒü "à[Ò ë¤[á Îó¡º íÒìá¡ú "àÒü "àÒü

[i¡ (IIT) "à¹ç¡ IIM ¹ áày ëW¡t¡> ®¡Kt¡¹ "à[\ "àA¡àÅº}QãJ¸à[t¡ [A¡”ñ ëA¡àì>à ¤× \à[t¡A¡ ëA¡à šà>ã¹ [¤ÈÚà [ÒW¡àì¤>ÒÚ ¤¹e¡ &\> ëºJA¡ [ÒW¡àì¤ìÒ¡ú ët¡ì>îA¡ "Î³¹ ƒåÒüÎó¡º ¤¸[v¡û¡â« l¡0 ®è¡ìš> Òà\[¹A¡à "à¹ç¡ ëÒàì³> ¤¹ìKàÒà[d¡¹A¡=à* A¡’¤ šà[¹¡ú l¡0 Òà\[¹A¡àÒü [¤Å« [¤ƒ¸àºÚ¹ "‹¸àšA¡¹"à¹ç¡ ¤¹ìKàÒà[d¡ìÚ & [W¡ &W¡ (ACS) ¹ [>¹àšƒ W¡àA¡[¹t¡¸àK A¡[¹ ¤à[á íº[áº Î}Nøà³¹ \ã¯>¡ú t¡àt¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡ ¤×¤à‹à, ¤× Òt¡àÅà¹ Î–µåJã> íÒ[áº¡ú [A¡”ñ [>\¹ "àu[¤Å«àÎ"à¹ç¡ "[¤¹t¡ Î}Nøà³¹ ó¡ºt¡ ët¡*òìºàA¡ "à[\ [>\Ñ¬ ëÛ¡y¹&ìA¡à\> ³Òã¹ê¡Òt¡ š[¹ot¡ íÒìá¡ú

K[t¡ìA¡ ëA¡[¹Úà¹ KØn¡à¹ >à³t¡ šàKº¹ ƒì¹ &ìA¡àJ>ëÛ¡yìt¡ [®¡¹ A¡¹à¹ š[¹¤ìt¢¡ "à³à¹ áày-áàyãÎA¡ìº [>\¹¤àì¤ [®¡Ä [®¡Ä ëÛ¡y ¤à[á º’¤ ºàìK¡ú "à[\¹ šõ[=¤ãt¡ëA¡àì>à A¡àì³Òü "ÍšõÅ¸ >ÒÚ¡ú Wå¡[º A¡i¡à¹ ƒì¹ t¡àÒà[>¹t¡=à A¡[=t¡ [>³— Jàš¹ ¤õ[v¡* "à[\¹ [¤Å«àÚ>¹ ™åKt¡ íÒš[¹ìá &A¡ ëNÃ³à¹W¡ ëA¡[¹Úà¹¡ú Î³à\¹ "¯ìÒ[ºt¡ >à[št¡¤õ[v¡ "à[\ \àìÒƒ Òà[¤¤ ¤à ëÒ[A¡³¹ ƒì¹ ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ Òàt¡t¡š[¹ ‘ëÒÚà¹ ÊàÒü[ºÊ’¹ "àA¡Èo¢ãÚ ëA¡[¹Úà¹t¡ š[¹ot¡ íÒìá¡út¡àÒà[>¹ ¹àÞê¡[> "à[\ íÒ š[¹ìá ‘ëW¡ó¡’ [™ ¤t¢¡³à> Î³Ú¹&A¡ "[t¡ Î ±¤>àšèo¢ "à¹ç¡ "àA¡È¢oãÚ ¤õ[v¡¡ú K[t¡ìA¡ "à³à¹áày-áàyã ÎA¡ìº Kt¡à>åK[t¡A¡ ëA¡Òüi¡à³à> ¤õv¡t¡ "à¤‡ý¡>à=à[A¡ Î³ìÚ "à[> [ƒÚà š[¹¤t¢¡>¹ Îåì™àK º’¤îº [Å[A¡¤ºàìK¡ú š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ºà®¡ A¡¹à ë¤Úà ó¡º ¤à ³ì> [¤á¹àšàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ >à³ ®¡[t¢¡¹ Îåì™àK ë>àìšà¯à "à[ƒ¹ ƒì¹ Qi¡>àt¡Òt¡àÅ >îÒ >tå¡> l¡üƒ¸ì³ì¹ "àK¤à[Øn¡ìº Îàó¡º¸ [>[ÆW¡t¡¡ú¤¸=¢t¡à [™³àì> ë¤[á ÒÚ, Îàó¡º¸* [™³àì>Òü "[‹A¡ ÒÚ¡úA¡à¹o ÎÒì\ ëšà¯à Îàó¡º¸Òü &\> ¤¸[v¡û¡¹ l¡üƒ¸³ "à¹ç¡™å\òà¹ç¡ ³à>[ÎA¡t¡à ÒùàÎ A¡[¹ ëšºàÚ¡ú [A¡”ñ [¤ó¡ºt¡àÒü ³à>åÒA¡\åìÚ ëšà¹à ëÎào¹ ƒì¹ "[‹A¡ l¡üƒ¸³ã, "[‹A¡ š[¹Åø³ã A¡[¹ët¡àìº¡ú ët¡ì> ³à>åìÒ ëA¡[t¡Úà* =³[A¡ >¹Ú "à¹ç¡ ÎƒàÚÎàó¡º¸¹ Åõ}Kt¡ "àì¹àÒ¹o¹ ¤àì¤ š[¹Åø³ A¡[¹ ™àÚ, ™à¹ó¡ºt¡ [>[ÆW¡t¡ ®¡àì¤ ët¡*òìºàìA¡ íÒ šì¹ Îó¡º¡ú

[¤Kt¡ ƒåi¡à ƒÅA¡t¡ [¤Å«àÚ> "à¹ç¡ ³åv¡û¡ ¤\à¹ "=¢>ã[t¡ìÚÎ³Nø [¤Å«ì¹ Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ëÛ¡yJ>t¡ "à³èº š[¹¤v¢¡> "à[>ìá¡úÒü ">Ñ¬ãA¡à™¢ ë™ [¤Å«àÚ>, l¡üƒà¹ãA¡¹o¹ >ã[t¡ NøÒo A¡¹à¹ó¡ºt¡ [¤Kt¡ Î³Úìáà¯àt¡ "à³à¹ ëƒÅìt¡à W¡¹A¡à¹ã Jr¡t¡W¡àA¡[¹¹ Îåì™àK ¤× š[¹³àìo A¡[³ "à[Òìá¡ú W¡àA¡[¹ šøt¡¸àÅãºàJ ºàJ [Å[Û¡t¡ ™å¯A¡-™å¯t¡ã W¡àA¡[¹ >àšàÒü Òt¡àÅàt¡ë®¡àKà* š[¹º[Û¡t¡ íÒìá¡ú [A¡”ñ &Òü [Å[Û¡t¡ ™å W¡àì³ Òt¡àÅà¹[W¡A¡à¹ ëÒà¯à¹ š[¹¤ìt¢¡ [¤Å«àÚì> "à[> [ƒÚà Îå[¤‹à Î³èÒ


NøÒo A¡[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ìÒ šøÚàÎ A¡¹à l¡ü[W¡t¡¡ú &ÒüÚà Ît¡¸ ë™Îà´ß[t¡A¡ Î³Út¡ W¡¹A¡à¹ã W¡àA¡[¹¹ Îå[¤‹à [>¤>å à¹ Î}J¸à¤õ[‡ý¡¹ tå¡º>àt¡ ët¡ì>Òü A¡³¡ú [A¡”ñ ºKìt¡ &Òü A¡=à* šàÒ[¹ìº>Ò’¤ ë™ ³åv¡û¡ ¤\à¹ "=¢>ã[t¡ìÚ ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ Jr¡t¡ A¡³¢Î}Ñ‚àš>¹ ¤× >tå¡> Îåì™àK ³åA¡[º A¡[¹ìá¡ú "àW¡ºìt¡ "à[\‘W¡àA¡[¹¹’ Î}`¡àÒü Îº[> íÒ š[¹ìá¡ú ¤¸[v¡û¡Kt¡ Jr¡t¡ [l¡Nøã¤à "Òt¢¡àt¡îA¡ ë¤[á P¡¹ç¡â«šèo¢ ‘ƒÛ¡t¡à’ìÒ¡ú ¤t¢¡³à>¹š[¹¤[t¢¡t¡ "=¢>ã[t¡¹ ™åKt¡ ƒÛ¡ \>¹ ¤àì¤ [A¡”ñ šè¤¢¹tå¡º>àt¡ "šøt¡¸à[Åt¡ A¡à³ "à¹ç¡ l¡üšà\¢>¹ Îåì™àK "à[Òš[¹ìá¡ú ¤t¢¡³à> šè¤¢¹ ƒì¹ Ñ‚àÚã, [>¹àšƒ "à¹ç¡ ‹¹à¤Þê¡àÎ³Ú¹ Kt¡à>åK[t¡A¡ W¡àA¡[¹¹ ™åK ë>àìÒà¯à íÒ "à[Òìá¡ú

t¡à¹ š[¹¤ìt¢¡ &ìA¡\> ¤¸[v¡û¡ìÚ [>\¹ "Òt¢¡à "à¹ç¡ ƒÛ¡t¡à">åÎ[¹ &ìA¡ Î³Úìt¡ [¤[®¡Ä ëÛ¡yt¡ "}ÅA¡àºã> A¡à³A¡[¹ [>\¹ ÎA¡ìºà [ƒÅ¹ ƒÛ¡t¡à ‘[¤yû¡ã’ A¡[¹ ¤×³åJãëA¡[¹Úà¹ KØn¡à¹ >tå¡> ‹à¹à¹ Îõ[Ê íÒìá¡ú "à‹å[>A¡ š[¹W¡àº>àt¡â«A¡ ÒüÚàA¡ ëA¡à¯à ÒÚ ‘ši¢¡ó¡[º* \¤’ (Portfolio job)¡ú"à[\¹ áày-áàyã ÎA¡ìº* Î³Ú¹ [ÅA¡[> ¤å[\ š[¹¤[t¢¡t¡š[¹[Ñ‚[t¡¹ ºKt¡ [>\A¡ Jàš-Jå à¤îº ³à>[ÎA¡ ®¡àì¤ šøÑñt¡Ò’¤¹ Ò’º¡ú "à[\¹ šõ[=¯ã Òt¡àÅ, Òã>³>¸ ¤à &ìº×¯à\>¹ ¤àì¤ >ÒÚ, ƒÛ¡, š[¹Åø³ã, "àuà[¤Å«àÎã "à¹ç¡ l¡üƒ¸³ã\>¹ ¤àì¤ìÒ¡ú [ƒK”z "à[\ šøÎà[¹t¡ íÒìá¡ú l¡ü[¹¤¹ ¤àì¤ºà[K¤ [>\¹ ƒå¤à×¹ ¤º¡ú

ëA¡–ƒøãÚ ëºàA¡ìÎ¯à "àìÚàìK (UPSC) ÒüÚà¹ ‡à¹à ">å[Ñ‚t¡ "Îà³à[¹A¡ ëÎ¯à š¹ãÛ¡à (Civil Services Exam)¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ [A¡áå "à³èº š[¹¤t¢¡>¹ Qi¡àÒüìá¡ú "àìÚàK¹ "‹ã>t¡ IAS, IFS, IPS "à¹ç¡ ">¸à>¸ ÅãÈ¢ Î¤¢ ®¡à¹t¡ãÚ ëÎ¯àÎ³èÒ¹ ¤àì¤ šøà=¢ã [>¤¢àW¡>¹ ¤àì¤ &Òü ¤á¹ ">å[Ñ‚[t¡ Ò’¤ºKãÚà šø[t¡ì™àKãt¡à ³èºA¡ ¤àá[> š¹ãÛ¡à¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³t¡ ™ì=Êš[¹¤t¢¡> Qìi¡à¯à íÒìá¡ú šø=³ š™¢àÚt¡ "¯ìÅ¸ ëA¡¯º šøà¹[ ±A¡ (Preliminiary) š¹ãÛ¡à¹ šàk¡¸yû¡³ìt¡ìÒ š[¹¤t¢¡> A¡¹àíÒìá¡ú &[t¡Úàì¹ š¹à šøà¹[ ±A¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ šè¤¢¹ ƒì¹ '[ZáA¡ (optional) [¤ÈÚ¹ A¡àA¡t¡ >à=à[A¡¤¡ú t¡à¹ š[¹¤ìt¢¡ ƒåJ>¤à‹¸t¡à³èºA¡ A¡àA¡t¡¹ š¹ãÛ¡à ÎA¡ìºà šøà=¢ãìÚ [ƒ¤ ºà[K¤¡ú

"àìÚàK¹ š[¹¤[t¢¡t¡ šàk¡¸yû¡³ ">åÎ[¹ šøà¹[ ±A¡ š¹ãÛ¡àt¡ ƒåJ> A¡àA¡t¡ =à[A¡¤ –1) Îà‹à¹o ¡à> – ÒüÚàt¡ ®¡à¹t¡¹ Òü[t¡ÒàÎ, "à¹ç¡ Ñ¬à‹ã>t¡à Î}Nøà³, ®¡à¹t¡ "à¹ç¡ [¤Å«¹ ®è¡ìKàº, ®¡à¹t¡¹ ¹à\>ã[t¡

"à¹ç¡ šøÅàÎ>, í\¯ í¤[W¡y, \º¤àÚå š[¹¤t¢¡>, Îà‹à¹o [¤`¡à> "à¹ç¡ Îà´ß[t¡A¡ Qi¡>à¯ºã¹ ºKt¡ \[Øl¡t¡ šøÅ— =à[A¡¤¡ú2) ³à>[ÎA¡ ÎÛ¡³t¡à – &Òü A¡àA¡t¡t¡ t¡A¢¡Å[v¡û¡, [¤ìÅÃÈo "à¹ç¡ Î³Î¸à Î³à‹à> Û¡³t¡à, ëºJ "à¹ç¡ ë¹Jà [W¡y,

t¡à[ºA¡à, Òü}¹à\ã ®¡àÈà¹ `¡à> "à¹ç¡ ƒÅ³ ëÅøoã Ñz¹¹ "}A¡ [¤ÈÚ¹ šøÅ— =à[A¡¤¡ú

ëºàA¡ìÎ¯à "àìÚàK¹ >tå¡> šàk¡¸yû¡³ –

Paper I –History of India, National Movement, Geography of India & World (physical, social, eco-nomic), Indian politics & administration (Construction, Political System, Panchayati Raj, Public Policy,Civil Rights, Social & Economic development etc), observation, Bio-diversity, climate change, Gen-eral Science, Current affairs.Paper II – Mental aptitute, Comprehension, Reasoning, Numerical ability, chart-diagram, English etc.

Revised syllabus for UPSC-civil Services (Prelims)


2. Job ChannelsDuring my time of job-haunt, which is good

15 years back (I graduated in 1992), the channelsthrough which job could be found was minimal.Job availability situations were available mainlyin print media such as newspapers. Campusinterview was rare and Internet was at itsinfancy.You are however at the most fortunatetime with evolved Internet with which you canhaunt for jobs at the click of a button. There ismore reason to be optimistic about finding theright job, as the economy of India is booming,creating more job opportunities.

If you ask me what channels are availableto you for job-haunting, I would try to summarizeas follows:

Age-Old Job Channels: Those that havebeen in existence even before Internet came.

1.0 Campus Interview Jobs.2.0 Pool Campus Jobs.

3.0 Walk-in Jobs.4.0 Common Recruitment Tests.

New Age Job Channels: Those that have comethrough Internet.

5.0 Job-site based Jobs.6.0 Referral Jobs (Buddy Lao jobs).The above list is indicative only and is

categorized according to how the job selectionprocess is organized by the recruiter. Let us go intodetails of these job-channels.1.0 Campus Interview Jobs: If you are fortunateto belong to a very good institute (i.e. attractivein the eyes of a recruiter), then this channel is openbefore you when recruiters come hunting for youin your own institute campus.The Training &Placement cells of these institutes maintain veryclose relations with the recruiters, providing themwith all required data on who would be attendingthe Campus Interview.

The selection process by the recruiter varies

A few words from the writer: The contents of this write up have actually been reproduced for Pragyanfrom my career blog: www. careerquips.blogspot.com. As the contents were actually made for the blog, to present it tothe students as a published form we needed some minor edits.

Full potential of the knowledge imparted here can be found only online at the blog, since many contents can notbe presented in hard published form – say for example, the video on demo GD in section “Group Discussion”. Alsowe may not be in position to write in details about links of other sites those our blog have. We’ll try to mention therelated web IDs here. Students are advised to visit those sites or our blog to search it, simply type “Career Quips” or“careerquips” or any combination of these two words. The first result shown is the blog: www.careerquips.blogspot.com.)

[Editor's Note : Prasanta Bora is an Engineer by profession. His blog Career Quips is world’s 5th bestcareer blog. Its Google page rank is 4th. With more than 3,500 blog subscriber Career Quips gets more than3,50,000 visitors per month, but, very few of them are from NE India, for whom it’s created. To make such awonderful blog popular among NE Indian students and Pragyan readers we invited Prasanta to write for us. Weare grateful that he has started a new series.]

Prashanta Bora


from recruiter to recruiter, but most recruiter goesthrough the usual round of Written Test > GroupDiscussion > Personal Interview, sometimes withPsychometric Tests.

Never had campus interview in the past, butwould like to have one? If there had never been aCampus Interview in your institute but you thinkthat recruiters would find your students attractiveto employ, then you need to chalk up a strategy asfollows:

i) Form a Training & Placement Cell withconcurrence from your institute authority.There must be at least a group of five/sixactive individuals, with an active facultyas a mentor.Prepare an Institute Profile file(Name, Address, Branches, Qualificationsawarded, Accreditation, AcademicCalendar etc.), which is sought by therecruiters when you approach them forcampus interview.

ii) Gather maximum data on your alumni:“Who is working in which organizations,in what capacity, which cities of whichcountry”. More well placed are youralumni, more attractive the institute looksto a recruiter.

iii) The Institute Profile File and AlumniProfile becomes your sales brochure for theinstitute. With it, start approaching therecruiters through e-mail and phone. Wherewould you find these contact details? Useyour contacts (Faculties, fellow friendsfrom other institutes, alumnus) and ofcourse Google to find the corporatewebsites!

Since the recruiters are always bombardedwith requests for campus interview, it is unlikelythat your requests would be accepted on your firstrequest itself. Therefore you need to have patiencefor that first Campus Interview to occur for yourinstitute. It may quite be possible that whateveryou are doing the fruits of it would be enjoyed byyour junior students.

Also try to go in for good placement agenciesfirst (rather than the employing organizationsthemselves), so that your students gets used to thewhole idea of Campus Placement. Why? Becausethis way chances of conducting the first Campus

interview is always better. Later you can go foremploying organizations directly.2.0 Pool Campus Jobs:

Very akin to the Campus Interview jobs, inPool Campus Jobs, few institutes form a pool andorganize the selection process in a common venue,mostly in one of the institutes having betterinfrastructure or better communication facilities.The advantage for the recruiter is that they findstudents from all the institutes in a common placeand thus do not have to visit the institutesindividually. And hence more and better recruitercomes, which helps more students getting placedwith better job offer.

North East Professional Institutes Forum(NEPIF) is one such forum which organizes PoolCampus Jobs for its member institutes of NorthEast India. If your own institute belongs to NorthEast India, you may wish to contact NEPIF toaccept your institute as a member institute.

Also, your own institute can form such apartnership with other institutes offering similarcourses and qualifications and together you caninvite recruiters for Pool Campus Jobs.3.0 Walk-in Jobs:

As the name suggests, these kinds of jobs areadvertised by the recruiters in the electronic(Internet) and print media (newspapers) and youjust have to walk-in to appear in the selectionprocess.In most cases, the written-test round is notconducted and candidates are required to appearin the GD/Interview rounds directly.

Walk-in Interviews are a little bit differentthan the normal interviews – since the interviewermay not have heard at all about the institute youpassed out from. His perception on you would bankentirely on your resume. Therefore you need toprepare as good a resume as possible.

Following two items are must-carry itemswhile going for a walk-in:

1. Few (2/3) hardcopy of your resume.2. Few (2/3) passport size photographs.Also, if you are an working individual, you

need to carry photocopies of the last incrementletter/offer letter, whichever is latest.

You can visit following internet sites to findwalk-in job announcements:

http://search.clickjobs.com/js/search/


jresult.php?walkin=yeshttp://www.walkinsindia.com/http://www.mywalkin.com/Do you know of any better sites for walk-in

jobs? Kindly send me the web site address [email protected]. We would acknowledgeyour contributions with sincere thanks.4.0 Common Recruitment Tests :

This is the most formal out of all the jobchannels, which have been around for a long, longtime. Used by all Government agencies (UPSCExams – Civil Services, Defence, Railways etc.)and Public Sector industries (such as IOCL,NTPC, SAIL etc.), its advertisement are givenelaborately in Print (newspapers) as well as inElectronic media (Internet). Not many PrivateSector industries however conduct common

recruitment tests.The format of selection process is elaborate

again: You need to apply in specified formats; youare called for written exams in selected centers afterwhich GD & Interview is held.Government jobsand Public Sector industries jobs are a happyhunting ground for freshers, since the intake is atentry-level, experience is not asked for.

Following links should help you getting thesekinds of jobs:

http://www.employmentnews.gov.in/www.yuvajobs.com/indian-govt-jobs.aspAbove rounds up the job channels which have

been existing even before Internet came. Wouldyou like to know the New Age Job Channels?Follow me in next issue of Pragyan.

(to be continued)

61 Institute of ManagementKKWCampus, Pimpalgaon Bawanti, Nasik

62 Institute of Rural Studies & AdmnInstitutional Area 1, Guntur – 522019, A.P.Programmes : PG Programme in RuralMgt – Running under MOU with MGCGVChitrakoot, Fellowship Programme inRural Mgt Running under MOU withMGCGV Chitrakoot. PG Programme inDisaster Mgt, Conflict Mgt & Family Mgt,Fellowship Programme in Disaster Mgt,

NE Career Guidance is working towards helping students in North Eastern States to choose right career for theirlife. It is very crucial for students to choose right Institution or College and be careful that they don’t fall into

trap of choosing an UNAPPROVED or UNRECOGNIZED Institute, College or a Course.To ensure that students do not make any mistakes choosing an unapproved Institute or College or a course

which are not recognized by Government or UGC, we share here the list available in public domain.Please note that students taking up such courses or getting admitted to such institutes may not affect in

some instances getting employment but at the same though it does not guarantee. Studying in such institute mayimpact your higher educational ventures or taking up any Government job or employment.

However, NE Career Guidance suggests further investigation by admission seeker should be doneprior to taking admission.

Conflict Mgt & Family Mgt63 International Business School,

12/1Mathura Road, DelhiProgramme : MBA-FT

64 International College of FinancialPlanning, Mumbai-13. Programme: PG DIP. In Financial Planning

65 International Council for ManagementStudies, Chennai – 28, Tamil NaduProgramme : 6 Month Dip & 18 Months PGcourses by Correspondence (Distance Education)

– An NE Career Guidance Presentation-III


66 International Institute of HotelManagement, Gurgaon-122 002

67 International Institute of InformationTechnology and Management, Kerala

68 International Institute of InformationTechnology, Pune-411057Programme : MBA programs, MSprograms in Automotive Engg.,Computational Fluid Dynamics, Oil andGas Engg., Embedded System Design

69 International School of Business & MediaPune – 411014Programme : PG programmes in Management

70 International School of Business & MediaDelhi – 110034Programme : PG Prog. In Business Mgt. ,PG Prog. In Human Resource Mgt., PGProg. In Supply Chain & Operations Mgt(Only for Engineering Graduates),

71 International School of Business & Media,Bangalore 560 037

72 International School of Business & MediaKolkata 700 091.Programme : PGDBM

73 Ismail Yusuf College of Arts, Science &Commerce, Mumbai-60Programme : PG Dip./Degree In Hotel Management courses, MBA (HospitalityManagement)

74 ITM Business School, Hyderabad-500 044,Programme : Masters in Pharma &HealthCare Mgt, MS (IT) Telecom &Networking, Exe Masters in program forPharma Industry

75 Jai Hind Institute of Computer Studies& Research, Pimpri, Pune – 400018

76 JSP’s CISBMR, Bhosari, Pune – 41103777 MAII (K.K. Modi Group) New Delhi78 Marathwada Institute of Mert, Pune 79 N.S. Dixit Institute of Management &

Technology, Hinjwadi, Pune – 41102780 National Institute of Business Management

Chennai – 600 020, Tamil NaduProgramme : MBA in Various Functional Fieldin DISTANCE MODE, Exe MBA (1 Yr)

81 National Institute of Construction

Management and Research (NICMAR)HyderabadProgramme : PGD in Advance ConstructionMgt (PGD ACM) – 2 yrs, Graduate Dip inConstruction Safety Mgt (GD CSM) – 1 YrFT, Graduate Dip in Bldg Services &Facilities Mgt (GD BSFM) – 1 Yr FT.

82 National Institute of Human RecourseDevelopment, Chennai-600004, TamilNaduProgramme : PGDHRD (PT)

83 Nexgen School of Management &Technology, Kolkata-71Programme : MBA

84 NIFT-TEA Knitwear Fashion InstituteTamil NaduProgramme : Applied Arts & Crafts

85 Oxford Business College, New DelhiProgramme : MBA

86 Ozar Vikas Sanstha’s Institute ofManagement & Research Center , NasikProgramme : Conducting unapprovedcourses without obtaining prior approvalfrom AICTE

87 Parle Tilak Vidyalaya Association’sInstitute of Management & ProfessionalStudies, Mulund College of Commerce,Mumbai – 80.Programme : Various diploma in mgmtcourses

88 Peoples Empowerment Group,International School of Business andMedia, Pune-411 014Programme : PGDM (Marketing),PGDBM (Insurance and RiskManagement), PGDBM (Finance),PGDBM (HR), PGDBM (SCM & OM)

89 Prajnanannanda Institute of TechnologyKolkata-14Programme : MBA

90 Prestige College of Management andTechnology,under Tilak MaharashtraVidyapeeth, Pune (Deemed University)Programmes : MBA, MPM, PGDBM, MMM

91 Raffles Design International, Raheja CentreMumbai-54Programme : Interior Design

The complete list can be read on www.necareerguidance.com


It’s not Dearth of Job, but Job Seekers in the Region:The Staff Selection Commission is Worried

The Staff Selection Commission (SSC) hasexpressed concern over the lack of response

from the local youths of the north-eastern regionto the various posts in the Central Governmentsetups. The Regional Director (NER) of SSC,Debolina Thakur, has recently commented beforemedia saying, “Various examinations beingconducted by the SSC are great opportunities forseeking employment in the government sector.However, it’s a matter of concern that our localyouths are not applying for these examinations tothe extent one would expect given the highincidence of educated unemployment in theNortheast”. 60,075 applications handled by theregional office in the year 2010-11 as against64,371 in 2009-10, far less then all India Numbers.

Lack of awareness might be one possiblereason for poor representation from the Northeastamong students about different examinationsbeing conducted, the syllabi and requisite

education.According to The Regional Director (NER),

this year alone the Staff Selection Commission(SSC) will recruit 53,200 constables from theregion for six paramilitary forces on behalf of theMinistry of Home Affairs. The vacancies include880 in the Assam Rifles, 3,320 in the Indo-TibetanPolice Force and the rest in four others forces –CRPF, Sashastra Seema Bal, CISF and BSF. Theadvertisement published on the current issue ofemployment newspaper and the entire processwould be concluded by July 31, 2011. Amongthe vacancies, the highest number of 3,206 postsof constables will be recruited from Assam,followed by 449 from Tripura, 329 from Mizoram,316 from Meghalaya, 229 from Nagaland, 217from Manipur and 100 from Arunachal Pradesh.The minimum educational qualification requiredis matriculation, which should make most youthseligible to apply. [PEB]

Gauhati University to Start Radiological Physics Course

Gauhati University begins its masters course inRadiological Physics. The

university had signed an MoUwith the B. Borooah CancerInstitute (BBCI) in November2010 to jointly run the course.Besides Gauhati University,only two universities in thecountry offer masters inRadiological Physics. For its first batch, the university has decidedto admit less than 10 students so that all of them

can find employment as soon as they completethe course. While the BBCI is arecognized institution for cancertreatment and research, GauhatiUniversity’s Physics Department isa fast growing one. While someof the courses would be conductedat the Physics Department of theuniversity, other classes would beheld on the BBCI campus, where

students can interact with experts in thefield. [PEB]


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Assamis rich invarieties ofe t h n o m e d i c i n a lplats. The perfect naturalconditions like humidity,fertility of the land and moderatetemperature leads to the rich flaura & faunaavailable here.The study on medicinal plantshad started in India in Vedic eras 4500-1500B.C. where chemon, peeple, pithuan medicinalplants are mentioned. In the history ofAyurvedic Sastra, the 16th & 17th centuryperiod in India was considered as age of Herbalmedicine. Presently 25% of allopathic medicineis made from various plants. With the rapidadvancement of medical science, still today itis observed that plant is the only source oftreatment in the backward village areas.Without plant, the survival of human and otherliving species is very difficult. So theimportance of conservation of medicinal plantsand social forestration is understood minutely.Different Ethno medicinal plants and theirmedicinal values:

1. Vern Name:Tulsia) Tulsi leaf extract mixed with mouri leaf

extract, if eaten removes cough completely.b) It also gives relief from otorrhoea (ear pain).c) It increases the digestion power.d) It removes vomiting tendency, thread worm problems,

apesia, dyspepsia (loss of appetite), anorexia.2. Vern Name:Duburi Bona) Blood removal in piles disease can be

prevented.b) Blood removal due to dental decay, from

wounded place can be stopped immediately.c) Ulcer becomes dry if it is applied at the

affected place.3. Vern Name: Siju Goch.a) Leprosy , Diabetes, cough, otorrhoea diseases

can be cured.

Biplab Banik


b) Lower abdominal pain, abscess, carbuncle,thread worm problems can be problems.

c) It also acts as anti venom for poisonous snakesand insects.

4. Vern Name: Chal kuoria) Diabetes, leprosy, liver diseases, gastric

problems, thread worm problems, fertilityproblems, anorexia can be cured.

b) Blood Circulation in ovary can be done.c) Typhoid, Pneumonia fever, flatulence, blood

pressure and headache can be cured.d) muscle pain, burning pain can also be cured.5. Vern Name : Bor Manimuni Shak.a) Leprosy, Disynetry, Abdominal gripes, Skin

problems, apilepsy, curbancle, ring wormproblems can be cured.

b) It also increases the intelligency and memorypower.

c) It relives from sleeping disorder.d) It is a good medicine for nurve and blood.6. Vern Name: Dupur tenga or Pategoja.a) It removes Gall Bladder stones, urinary

bladder stone and kidney stone.b) It keeps the brain cool and sexual debility can

be cured.c) It is a good medicine for high blood pressure

patient.7. Vern Name: Podinaa) Disynetry, Stomach problems, Gall bladder

stone can be cured.b) Gastric problems, otorrhea, headache, swelling

of nails can be cured.8. Vern Name: Masandaria) Disynetry, abdominal gripes, stomach problems,

bronchitis & pneumonia can be cured.b) Heart diseases and blood circulation problems

can be cured.9. Vern Name: Ban Amlokhi

Ascites, Jandish, disynetry, ulcer can be cured.10. Vern Name: Tengechi Shaka) Disynetry, Loss of appetite, diarrhea, anorexia,

apesia, dyspepsia problems can be cured.b) Ascites, eczema disease, diabetes can be cured.11. Vern Name : Dhaturaa) It acts as pain reliever, tranqulizer.b) It acts as anti snake venom, insects venom.c) Bronchial asthma, eczema disease, mumps,

dental Pieria can be cured.12. Vern Name:Kola kachu

a) Piles, high blood pressure, ring worm, scabiescan be cured.

b) It is a good vitamin A and vitamin C sourcefor Pregnant woman.

c) It is a blood purifier.13. Vern Name: Betgocha) Intestine and pancreas stone, ulcer, allergy,

elephantiasis can be cured.b) Diabetes, fishtulainano, can be cured.14. Vern Name: Bhedailata

Body and chest pain, piles disease, anorexia,rheumatism, can be cured.

15. Vern Name: Nayan Toraa) Diabetes, high sugar level in blood, can be cured.b) High blood pressure, thread worm problems

cab be cured.c) It increases memory power.16. Vern Name: Keharaja) Blood deficiency, Jaundice, Hepatitis, Ring

worm, sexual inability, ascifes, leucorrhoeacab be cured.

b) It is a good medicine for hair fall problem.17. Vern Name: Khutura Shaka) Piles, diabetes, leprosy, cough, cold fever ,

Irregular menstruation can be cured.b) It acts as anti venom for snake.18. Vern Name: Durana) Malaria, Pneumonia, Jaundice, Worm problems,

piles, ascites, scene disease can be cured.b) It acts as anti venom for snake.c) It makes liver strong.19. Vern Name: Ronga Jobaa) Cough, sexual inability, urinary disorder,

parturition disease can be cured.b) It makes hair roots strong.20. Vern Name: Bonsota) Hydrophobia, heart disease, blood removal

due to piles disease can be cured, it acts asanti vomiting medicine.

Conclusion: From the above discussion it canbe understood very minutely the importance oflocally available ethomedicinal plants in ourhabitat, surrounding house yards which can curevarious human disease. We all don’t have to runafter allopathic medicine as these medicinal platscould be a substitute for it. Due to urbanizationeffect, these plants are going to be extinct in nearfuture. So all of us now should concentrate uponthe conservation of such medicinal plants.

(The author teaches Chemistry)


Introduction: The North-East Region(NER) of India spreads over an area of

262179sq. kms and comprises of eight states:Assam, Arunachal Pradesh, Manipur,Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Tripura andSikkim. It is stretched between 89.46 degreeto 97.30 degree East longitude and 21.57degree to 29.30 degree North latitude.1 Ofthe 5,633 communities listed by the “Peopleof India” project, 635 were categorized astribal, of which 213 were found in the NorthEast Indian States. This project also listed325 languages of which 175 belonging to theTibeto-Burman and the Mon-Khmer familywere found in North East India.2 The North-Eastern Region (NER) is located in theeasternmost part of the country, which isaccessible by roads or rails through thenarrow corridor at Siliguri in West Bengal,popularly known as “Chicken’s Neck”. Dueto the geographical location far away fromthe mainland India, poor means of road andrail connectivity to most parts of the region,and absolutely poor air connectivity evenwith the capitals of the constituent states,barring Guwahati (Assam), Agartala(Tripura), Imphal (Manipur), and Gangtok(Sikkim), the region remains mostlyunknown to the country.3

Objective of the Paper:1. The paper tries to highlight the historical

legacy and reasons behind Insurgency inNorth-East India.

2. Further the paper tries to analyze the Roleof Media in the on going Peace Processof North-East India.

Methodology: The present paper is primarilybased on secondary sources like, Books, Journals,Articles, Daily and Weekly News Papers (BothEnglish and Assamese) etc.History of Insurgency in North East India:

There is a historical legacy of insurgency inNorth Eastern States of India. India’s North Easthas been the theatre of earliest and longest-lastinginsurgency in the country. In the Naga Hills- thena district of Assam State, violence centering inindependence started in 1952 soon after India’sindependence. It was followed by the Mizorebellion in 1966 and a proliferation of morerecent conflict since the late 1970s.4 Tripura andAssam started agitation which later turned intoinsurgencies against huge influx of people acrossthe border from Bangladesh; Manipur insurgencylargely centres around ethnic rights. All these haveprevented investment and, therefore, jobs. Lackof employment opportunities further fuelled themovements. Every state of North East Region(NER) except Sikkim is currently affected bysome form of insurgent violence.5

Biraj DuttaBristi Senapati


The North-Eastern States of India are havinga large number of terrorist organizations or groupswhich are creating terror, instability and situationof insecurity in the region. As per the records thereare 120 no. of Terrorist Organization/Groups inNorth East India. Though they are organized withtheir own ideology and demands but the people atlarge are the victim of the terrorist activities. Inmost of the cases it has been witnessed that due totheir demands and anti-state activity the people ofthe region have to suffer to a great extent. Violationof human rights is not a very new issue in theregion. The worst sufferers are the women, childrenand the elderly persons, as they are the prime targetof these terrorist activities. This is what we arewitnessing for decades in North-East India. Table1 shows the number of terrorist organizationsoperating in the North-East India.

Economic insecurity basically occurs due tolack of avenues of generation of income. Thepeople of the region are dependant one way or theother on the government, trapped in vicious circleof poverty, mass unemployment, high level ofincome inequality etc. The fear among the peopleabout the loss of own culture to exotic culture andsocial structure lead to cultural and social insecurityamong the people. Similarly, the possibilities oflosing political power among the people lead topolitical insecurity. All these are happening in theState of Assam and as a result of the growinginsecurity arisen among the people of Assam leadto Students’ Movement in Assam and therebyinsurgency in the state. The people of Assam startedto believe that as a result of the migration of peoplefrom the neighbouring countries like Bangladeshand Nepal pose a great threat to the economy,society, demography, politics and culture of theAssamese people. This is also a case for Tripura.The immigrants from Bangladesh reducedTripura’s citizens to minorities in their own state.Fear of becoming minorities in the state of Assamalso always disturbed the minds of the Assamesepeople. The same kind of movement also stated inArunachal Pradesh and Meghalaya against theinflux of Bangladeshis. However, for the state ofManipur and Nagaland, insecurity is not a majorfactor for the growing insurgency problem.

(ii) Past History of Independent State:Before the advent of the North Eastern region bythe British, the region was not a part of India andtherefore, many organizations of Nagaland andManipur don’t accept the acknowledgement of theIndian statehood, thereby they have been strugglingfor the independence of the respective states on thebasis of their past history. The British had annexedNagaland in 1832 and then in 1918 Naga Club wasestablished and became the platform for Naga unitythereby Naga independence movement and later oninsurgency after independence. Similar history isalso for Manipur. Many people refused to acceptthe Manipur agreement of submerger, 1949. InAssam, ULFA (United Liberation Front of Assam)has also demanded an independent state, but theirdemand is only after the student’s movement.

(iii) Negligence of the Central Government :It is a fact that the people from mainland India

Name of the State No. of InsurgentGroups

Arunachal Pradesh 01Assam 38Manipur 40Meghalaya 05Mizoram 02Nagaland 04Tripura 30Total 120

Table: 1 Terrorist/Insurgent/ExtremistGroups operating in North-East India

Reasons behind Insurgency in North-East India:The Terrorist/Insurgent Groups were formed in

the states of North-East India with their own ideologyand demands. Though the reasons behind insurgencyare not same for all the states of the region, even thereare some common reasons behind the problem ofinsurgency in North-East India (NEI). Here an attempthas been made to trace the reasons behind the growthof insurgency in the North-East India as a whole.

(i) Economic, Cultural, Social andPolitical Insecurity among the People: Feelingsof insecurity among the different classes of peoplein NEI is one of the prime reasons for the problemof insurgency. However, the feelings of insecuritycan be of four different types. All these forms ofinsecurity whether Economic, Social or Culturalor Political do not matter, but increase of fearamong the people about their cheers survival.


always believed that NEI is a land of jungles andinsurgencies. The people from mainland and thecentral government always neglect the region. Theinsurgency movement in Mizoram started becauseof the neglect of the central government during thegreat Famine of Mizoram during 1960’s. More thanhalf of the tea production, 60 percent of theplywood (till the ban of felling tree came) and asubstantial portion of oil and natural gas have beenproduced in the region but not even a tiny portionof the profit is re-invested in the region. Agricultureof the region is grossly underdeveloped andtherefore it will have to import essential goodsamounting to Rs. 3,500 Crore annually. Theinfrastructure of the region is very bad and the stepstaken by the Central Government is not up to themark. It is interesting to observe that only one statecapital of the region is covered by railway network.Except the Guwahati airport, the other airports havevery minimum facilities. Moreover, vital sectorsof the region, such as education, health care, power,etc. are still in primitive state. In fact, despite ofhaving vast natural resources, forest, hydro-electricity, oil & gas, coal, limestone, uranium,extremely rich bio-diversity, the region standsmuch below the national average as a whole interms of all development indices (e.g. Per CapitaIncome, Human Development Index etc.). Thusthere is no improvement in the socio-economic lifeof the people. The region is becoming land ofcolonial exploitation for the prosperity of theothers. All these have made the people of NorthEast India dissatisfied, frustrated, angry, hopeless,rudderless, jealous and feeling of widespreadneglect of Centre thereby discontent andinsurgency. Shukla Commission rightly pointed outthat the North Eastern region cannot be treatedmerely as a resource region, market dumps andtransit yard.

(iv) Negligence of National Media: Themass media also always neglect the region. Theyfailed to cover the problems, needs, aspirations ofthe people of the region. When the people of NorthEast need some help from the national media, theyfailed to get that and thereby people of the regionfelt that they are being neglected. This also leadsto discontents and insurgency.

(v) Geographical and Cultural Isolation:

This is another reason for the emergence ofdiscontent thereby insurgency in the region. TheNEI is not only geographically isolated but alsoculturally isolated from the rest of the country andthus both intensified the extent of insurgency whichis already in the valley. Moreover, the tribal personhad been isolated by geography, the rugged terrainand environment, and later by political policy.7

Inner line was drawn to preclude the tribal raids inthe plains. The tribal people were kept unawake.But, once they wakened they started to differentiatethemselves with others and wanted to preserve theiridentity and all these efforts are however not bad.But political, cultural, social and identityconsciousness lead to ethnic strife among thedifferent tribes of the region basically over theownership of land, preservation of culture, languageetc., thereby discontent and insurgency. Karbi-Kukiconflicts, Bodo movement are such examples.

(vi) Inequalities within and outside NEIndia: Both forms of inequality, within thecommunities of NEI and with the rest of the statesalso contribute to the problem of insurgency.Inequalities within the communities lead to ethnicstrife within the communities of the region thatcaused increasing discontent and ultimatelyinsurgency problem. In Assam itself, manyinsurgent organizations have grown up basicallydue to economic backwardness of their community,e.g., Adibasi Tiger Force, Birsa Commando Force,Gorkha Tiger Force, Dima Halong Dauga,Kamatapur Liberation Army, etc. Violence ofKarbi-Anglong between Kuki and Karbi regardingownership of land is known to all. Thus, economicinequalities within the communities lead todiscontentment and strife among themselves andthereby create the problem of insurgency. Similarly,inequalities in income and wealth of a particularregion to the rest of the country also increase theintolerance among the people lead to violence andresults in insurgency. However, many economistsbelieve that some sort of income inequalities isinevitable in the initial stages of development.Muller & Seligson concluded that incomeinequality is responsible for violence and thatslowed down the growth.8 Many others also believethat inequality in the distribution of land and/orlack of ownership (landlessness) to be among the


more fundamental economic preconditions ofinsurgency and revolution.

The extent of income inequalities of theregion can be shown with the help of the Table 2given below as the distribution of households byincome profile reflects income inequalities amongstate. Moreover the GDP growth rate on the North-Eastern states is also very poor in comparison tothe national average. Table 3 clearly indicates thegrowth rate of the North-Eastern States.

violence in people’s lives such as militarization,structural violence of racial and economicinjustices, violence against women etc. A positivepeace initiative that addresses wider socio-politicalissues may here lead to the reduction of all formsof violences. Without that any such initiative whichis blind to the dynamics of domination, or powerover “the other” will be fragile based on injusticeand unable to bring an end to the conflicts that areinevitable in militaristic societies.12 As the anti-stateactivities of the terrorist/insurgent groups createslots of problem to the people of North-East India,so under such circumstances there is the need ofsome positive initiative to have some desiredsolution to the problem of insurgency and to bringpeace and stability to the region. The nobleinitiatives may be called as Peace Talk to have asolution to the demands raised by the variousterrorist/insurgent groups of the region. Several

initiatives have been carried out by variousGovernmental as well Non-GovernmentalOrganizations for concluding a peace treaty

between the Terrorist/Insurgent groups with theCentral and StateGovernment.Peace and Development:Peace and development arevery closely associatedwith each other, becausewithout peace we cannotexpect or think of properdevelopment of a NationStates. As it has beenrealized by all that without

having a peaceful situation any government cannotimplement the development plans and programmesfor the development of the country as a whole.Without having a stable and peaceful situation, thegovernment cannot stay in power for a long periodor they may face lots of problem in running theadministration of the state/country.

As a Third World developing Country, Indiagot her independence in 1947 on 15 August fromBritish Imperialism. After 63 years of independence,India is facing number of problems which resultedin multiple problems to India as a whole. The issueof peace and development are inter-related to each

State/Country Rich Middle Poorincome

Assam 6.59 35.67 57.74Manipur 6.16 49.87 43.97Meghalaya 4.64 46.88 48.48West Bengal 5.58 40.97 53.44India 10.06 54.03 35.91

Table: 2Income Inequalities Among the States

(i) Alienation: Alienation and isolation from thenational mainstream are two important factorsresponsible for the birth and growth of conflicts inNorth-East India. It is basically due to the failureto recognize the peculiar historical, social andcultural factors of each area in the region with thecommon effect of isolation.11

Meaning of Peace: The definition of peace as anend of armed conflict or as absence of war likesituation is a partial definition. Absence of warsituation is not enough condition to ensure non-occurrence of armed conflict. The important stepfor peace is to end and question all forms of

State Eight Ninth Tenth Plan Eleventh PlanPlan Plan Target Achievement

(preliminary)Arunachal 5.1 4.4 8.0 5.6 6.4Assam 2.8 2.1 6.2 6.1 6.5Manipur 4.6 6.4 6.5 5.8 5.9Meghalaya 3.8 6.2 6.3 - 7.3Mizoram - - 5.3 - 7.1Nagaland 8.9 2.6 5.6 - 9.3Sikkim 5.3 8.3 7.9 7.7 6.7Tripura 6.6 7.4 7.3 - 6.9India 6.7 5.3 8.0 7.2 9.0

Table: 3GDP Growth Rates in North-East India


other in many ways, as instability or unrest is anopposite situation of peace where properdevelopment or desired development cannot beachieved at all. Therefore, it is very essential to havea peaceful situation in the state to attain the desiredgoals fixed by the planners of the country. The North-Eastern region of India is a region, which is havingdifferent problems, and one of the major problemsof the region is insurgency and terrorism for whichpeace of the region is being very much hamperedand the process of development becomes stagnantand which indirectly helps to the anti-democraticpractices.Peace Process: The term Peace Process means theinitiative through which peace talks is conducted. Itmay be initiated from the governmental side or fromthe terrorist/insurgent groups, or sometimes anyindividual or group of individuals come forward toinitiate the negotiation between the State and theinsurgent groups. It’s a continuous process and maylast for several years. When the terrorist/insurgentgroups accept the proposal for a peace treaty andceasefire has to be announced by both the sides.Though a number of civil society organizations andgovernment directed peace initiatives have beenundertaken yet peace can not be seen in the region.There are number of causes which had hamperedthe whole process and initiatives of peace.

Two simultaneous, but very different kind ofPeace Process are discernible in India’s North East.On the one hand are those in which the Governmentin involved in talks with any of the insurgent groupsin the region. The Goal of such talks is primarilyto bridge the conflicting interest of the partiesinvolved. They may culminate in the signing ofaccords. On the other hand Peace Process that areactive mostly at the local level and makecoexistence of diverse bodies of people possible-notwithstanding the conflict that take place at thestate or regional level. Peace is accordinglynegotiated by groups and communities within theneighbourhoods and localities almost on aneveryday basis. These may be called “official” and“unofficial” peace process respectively.13

Official and Unofficial Peace Process also reflecttwo different ways of addressing conflicts and ofdefining the role that civil society groups andinitiatives play in them. Official Peace Process

addresses conflict by reducing them to the competinginterests of the parties involved. The State and theInsurgent Groups are thus taken as two key playersand peace in always defined as some form of a balanceof power that obtains between them. The task of suchpeace groups in this process- for example, that of theNaga People’s Conventions (PNC), Peace Mission(PM), the People’s Consultative Groups (PCG) andPeople’s Committee for Peace Initiative (PCPI) - isto make the first move in situation of conflict, bringthe warring parties to negotiating table, set forthpotentially agreeable ceasefire terms, and offeralternative ways of settling conflicts. The purpose ofthe civil society groups in the unofficial peace processis to constantly negotiate across the ethnic divide thatotherwise hardens whenever conflict at the micro-levelbreaks out, and to make it possible for rivallingcommunities to live and co-exist within the samevillage, locality, or neighbourhood without indulgingin violation, arson, and bloodshed between them. Thisis predicated on the assumption that living within theimmediate society involves compromises at almostevery step and the resolution of local conflicts.Organisations such as the Mothers Union ofMeghalaya, the Naga Mothers Association (NMA),and Naga Women’s Union and Meira Paibis inManipur work mainly as large conglomerates of thelocally based bodies representing the interest ofrespective villages, localities and neighbourhoods.14State Level Convention in Assam was formed inGuwahati on 24th April 2010 to have a dialoguebetween the Centre, State Government and ULFAwhich can also be categorized among the UnofficialPeace Process of Assam. Dr. Hiren Gohain and Dr.Indira Goswami are some of the eminent facilitatorgroups of the State Level Convention of Assam(Sanmilita Jatiya Abhibartan).15

Media and the Peace Process: Media has alwaysbeen a part of our life. In fact, it is one of the bestmeans of getting information in today’s world.However, in the era of globalization the role of mediahas become more pronounced and more responsibleto the people at large. The media is having animmense role in farming adequate environment forpeace process of any ongoing conflict. With theincreasing global importance to rising crime,violence, anti-societal elements, corruption, misuseof power, violation of human rights, insurgency,


terrorism etc. in state, national and internationallevel, which is a matter of concern for every peaceloving society, where the role of media cannot beignored. In such a hostile environment, the mediacan play a responsible mediator to create anenvironment for the conflict resolution.

Generally media has been classified into threecategories-

Print Media : News Paper, Magazines,Periodicals, Books, Journals etc.Audio Media : Community Radio, F.M. etc.Audio-Visual Media : T.V, News Channels,Cinema, Documentary, Internet etc.

“Responsible media can be seen as animportant part of the natural immune system ofthe body politics, which should be mobilized toprevent conflict and to help resolve the factor whichgives rise to conflict”.16 The Responsible Mediashould inspire all (common people) to makeopinions and decisions on development, humanrights, in a society. Thus, responsible media canserve to disseminate information about peace andwar. They can improve knowledge and shape,perception and attitudes about a verity of subjects,they can influence peace issues, and behaviour ofall directly or indirectly associated common peoplewith the ongoing conflict.

The need to study the media in a critical andcoherent way has become increasingly obvious inrecent years, as they have come to occupy a centralposition in our culture and political life. Virtuallyall that we know, or think that we know, about theworld beyond our immediate experience comes tous through the media. The fact that the media haveremained outside the school curriculum at the sametime as they have come to dominate so many aspectof our society, and indeed, our individualconsciousness, is a tribute to their power toinfluence us on levels of which we are unaware. Itis not surprising then, that we have come to studythe media; it is only surprising that it has taken usso long to start.17 In the changing time andcircumstances every individual must have to bemedia literate or he/she must have the capabilityto analyze the various media reporting. Medialiteracy is the ability to shift through and analyzethe messages that inform, entertain and sell to usevery day. There for we must be media literate.

Media literacy is the process of accessing,analysis, evaluating and creating massages in awide variety of media modes and forms. It uses aninquiry based institutional model that encouragespeople to ask questions about what they watch, seeand read.18 According to Wally Bowen, “Media-literacy seeks to empower citizens and to transformtheir passive relationship to media into an activecritical engagement- capable of challenging thetraditions and structures of a privatized,commercial media culture, and finding newavenues of citizen speech and discourse”.19

Impact/Influence of Media on the Peace Process:Generally, the media presents the report on any peaceprocess or conflict resolution measures adopted bythe government as well as from the individualinitiative or from the rebellion groups. When themedia reports any on going peace process then itinfluences the Peace Process as a whole or direct orindirect impact can be seen on the Peace Process.The influence/impact of media on the Peace Processmay be found in the following aspects :

Firstly, the media helps in defining the politicalatmosphere in which the peace process takes place.

Second, the media has an active influence onthe strategy and behaviour of the stakeholders tothe conflict.

Third, the media has an important influenceon the nature of debate about a peace process.

Fourth, the media can buttress or weakenpublic legitimacy of the stakeholder’s involvementin the peace process.21

Role of Media in the Peace Process of North-East India: In order to resolve any ongoing conflictwhether it is at a state level, national level orinternational level the role of media and its time-to-time reporting cannot be ignored. Media Reportscan bring up the necessary environment to holdconflict resolution process in a cogitative manner.These reports also make other stakeholders awareabout the time-to-time developments in peaceresolution process, which is directly or indirectlyrelated to the development of the country as awhole. In the peace process, the role of the mediacan be regarded as one of the fundamental pillarsin order to bring the consensus out of the conflicts.

During an on-going violent conflict the roleof responsible media are more circumscribed, but


may include providing necessary channels fordialogue in crisis situation; facilitating and mediatingin conflict situation; mobilizing and providingessential social services and humanitarian support.21

The very role of responsible media has to beplayed by the media print or audio or visual mediaoperating in North-East India as well as theNational Media and the International Media toresolve the conflict in the states of India. It is wellassumed that the media operating throughout thecountry playing an important role by disseminatinginformation to the people at the cost of heavytrouble. Furthermore news channels are providingand reporting day-to-day information to the peopleon the basis of 24X7 even in regional languages toreach all the sections of the greater society of North-East India and India as a whole.

For example the Mass Media of Assam hasbeen reporting the various issues relating to the on-going Peace Process of ULFA (United LiberationFront of Assam) and the Govt. of Assam & Govt. ofIndia. There is a situation where we don’t have anyphotograph of the top ULFA leaders who are nowin jail. We have never heard the voices of theseleaders who had created a great tension for thesecurity forces as well as to the Government Officialsof State/Central Government. Even one step aheadwhere the ULFA cadres had never shown theCommander-In-Chief, Sri Paresh Baruah, Chairmanof ULFA, Sri Arobind Rajkhowa or the ULFA topleaders like Sri Raju Baruah, Sri Sacha Choudhury,Sri Chitraban Hazarika etc. Moreover we have noidea about the life style of the underground militants.But due to the active and responsible role that playedby the mass media of the North-East India hasbrought them more closer to the people after a longstruggle for their demands. No doubt still we are ina state of uncertainty whether the on-going peaceprocess of Assam and the other states of India couldbring a desired peace to these states as it requiresboth side initiatives for a peace treaty. Whilediscussing the role of media in representation ofdifferent issues create different impression on theviewers through their ‘NEWS’ reporting, which canbe discussed in the following way :1. Different persons interprets messages

differently: Information percolated through massmedia is meant for the common people. These

messages can be interpreted differently bydifferent persons according to their level ofeducation, knowledge, analyses ability, priorexperience etc.

2. Medium of information dissemination: Eachmedium of information has its own way ofworking, style, language, technologies, codes,convention and principles. Messages can bepercolated through any of the mass mediamedium, but care is to be taken that the veryessence of the message remains intact.

3. Media Content: The content of media report isbased on the ideas, thoughts, beliefs andperceptions of the reporter, editor or publisher.While framing media reports utmost care isnecessary to be taken of as it can have significantimpact over the society. Every media messageholds a value message that can affect differentlyto different persons according to the level of therecipients.

4. Commercialization of Media: Mass media isnot only working for informationdissemination, but also has to earn revenue tomeet day to day expenses for providing suchinformation of the various sources ofinformation dissemination, each sources usedto generate revenue from advertising,publishing, classifieds etc.

5. Impression of Media Messages: According toMarshall Mcluhan, “The medium is themessage”. Different kinds of media might reportthe same event but create different impression.Some medium of message can articulate vitalevents or messages as less important news, whereas sometimes very less important matters arepresented with a significant importance. Themedium of information can leave significantimpression in the minds of receiver from the wayhe has received the message.

6. Social and Political Implication: A mediamessage leaves ample scope to affect social andpolitical scenario of a society. For instance, forlast few years, Government of India (GOI) istaking help of mass media to make local peopleaware to eradicate polio from India and to makeIndia a polio free nation by the stipulatedperiod. Such kind of promotional advertisementcan bring radical change to the whole economy.


1. http://www.neportal.org/northeastfiles.2. Bhaumik. Subir, “Negotiating Access: North East India”,

Refugee Survey Quarterly 19, no.2 (2000)3. Madhab Jayanta, “North East and the Eleventh Plan” Yojana,

A Development monthly, December 2007, pp.8-94. Das. Samir Kr, “Conflict and Peace in India’s North East: The

Role of Civil Society”, Policy Studies 42, p.1.5. Rajkhowa, J.P. “Peace and Development” in Yojana, Decem-

ber 2007, Vol 51 pp.13.6. satp.org/satportgpt/countries/India, last updated on 12th De-

cember 2010 (visited on 23rd December 2010)7. Verghese, B.G.: “India’s North-East Resurgent Ethnicity, In-

surgency, Governance, Development”, Konark Publishers Pvt.Ltd. 2004

8. Muller & Seligson : Inequality and Insurgency, AmericanPolitical Science Review, Vol. 81, no. 2 (1987)

9. Market Skyline 200610.Source: Yojana, December 200711. Shekatkar.D.R, Resolving Conflict in NE Perspectives and

Response, in Peace Initiative a North East India Perspec-tive, Ed. By Thomas Vattathara & Elizabeth George, Pub-lished by Don Bosco Institute, Joypur, Guwahati, 04, Assam,2004, pp-42-56

12.Coomarswamy Radhika, Dirukshi Fonseka, 2004.13.Das. Samir. Kr., ibid. op.cit.14.Das. Samir Kr., ibid. op.cit.15.Gohain. Heren, “Working for Peace in Assam”, Economy

and Political Weekly, June 26, 2010, Vol. XLV, No. 26& 27,p.4

16.Sarup Kamala, “Responsible Media and Peace Process”,http:// bangaladesh-web.com/view.

17.http://www.aml.ca/home

REFERENCES :

7. Tendency to Influence stakeholders’behaviour: In the end, information is presentedby various mass media holds a tendency toinfluence the behaviour of variousstakeholders.22

Negative Aspects of Media: Apart from positiveview of media, the negative aspect of media cannotbe denied. Media is like a twin blade sword, whichis having a tremendous potentiality to damage boththe sides of it, if the user does not use it properly.

1. Political Influence: It is very difficult toprove the political influence over the media,but the possibility of such occurring cannotbe ignored.

2. Commercialization of Mass Media: Mediais holding an influential position in the mindsof the common people. With the increasingglobal competition in every sector, the massmedia is also not away from the track. Inorder to survive in intense competitionsometimes the activities of mass mediabecome commercialized, which holds atendency to leave impact over the society.

3. Doubt over the fundamentals ofJournalism: The media should workresponsibly towards presenting reports.Any act to attract higher revenues or fameby presenting information in anirresponsible manner can be dangerous tothe whole society. The receiver of themessages interprets and analyses the reportspresented by media and react according totheir level of understanding.

Conclusion: The Media is a pivotal catalyst in thesuccess of the peace process, within an enabling

atmosphere as well as in the development processof a State. Animating its involvement should be arealization that citizens depend on the media forinformation on the peace process. The relationshipbetween the stakeholders to the conflict, thepolitical and the public is a symbolic one, eachmoulding the other, in a continuum that containswithin the key to conflict transformation as wellas the seeds of conflict formation.23 It is imperativethat the importance of media in day-to-day life ofthe common people cannot be denied. It is theprocess of binding the news to the footsteps ofcitizens. The media should try to behaveresponsibly so that the environment prevailing inthe society is not going to be changed for the worst.

An active and responsible media is neededfor leading the social movement because a strongand responsible media is the foundation ofdemocratic, stable, peaceful and developedsociety.24

The conflict situation in North-East India is apolitico-military phenomenon. Therefore, the need isto formulate a multi disciplinary option comprisingthe politico-socio-economic-military fronts. The useof force on its own will not solve the problem. Thepolitical socio-economic initiatives would be the onlyalternative to resolve the conflict. While thegovernments both as States and as National level mustrespond appropriately to address the issues, it is thewill and effort of the people of North East, which canresolve the conflict. The initiative of the people onthe part of Central Government only will not beenough, the State Governments and the people mustdecide as to how long they would like to suffer andremain in a state of unrest, violence, insecurity andunderdevelopment.25

(Contd. on Page56)


At the age when other children use to goto school, play happily in the playground,

be busy with other childish activities, Nikhilis busy as a helping hand to a roadside eateryalongside Shyam Bazar, Kolkata. His worksinclude collecting used dishes, washing themand arranging them for further use, arrangingwater, helping the cook, Animesh, his co-worker who of course, might be of the age inwhich other children study at Class IX or X.

Yes, this is not only the story of Nikhiland Animesh. Thousands, in fact tens andhundreds of thousands of such children arethere throughout the length and breadth of thecountry. Not only deprived from the basicnecessities in life, these unfortunate childrenhave to lead a very hard and miserable life.According to a study conducted byInternational Labour Organisation, the numberof children in India engaged as child labourbetween the age group of 5 – 14 years isestimated around 12.6 million. Though Childlabour is banned in India, the practical scenariois exactly the opposite. These children can bevery commonly seen engaged as domesticlabour in middle class families, in cheaprestaurants and roadside eateries, garages, brickfields, firework factories or even in many othersmall businesses. The bosses use to engagethem as the remuneration and other facilitieslike food and accommodation given to them

prove to be very cheap as compared to an adultemployee. Moreover they can be exploited morecompared to an adult employee.

Now, the question arises – why such a hugenumber of children get engaged as Child labour?A numerous number of factors work behind theengagement of children as labour. Some of theminclude – parental poverty, socio-economicconditions, high rate of adult unemployment,trafficking of children and migration (both acrossthe border and internal), lack of access to basiceducation etc.

Around 20% of total child labour forces inIndia are engaged as domestic labour. Around 2million children in India work in hazardousindustries like brick fields, fire cracker industries,glassware production etc. Child trafficking isanother major contributor to child labour in india.Around 12000 – 50000 children and women arebeing illegally trafficked in India every year fromthe neighbouring countries. Apart from these, thenumber of internal trafficking is numerous.

For Nikhil and Animesh, the day starts withgetting up early at 4.30 am. Last night they slepton the Varandah of a Cinema Theater in ShyamBazar. This verandah is their accommodationprovided by the owner of the eatery in a conditionthat the same can be used from 11pm to 5am. Forthe natural activities in the morning, they have torush to a nearby vat of Kolkata MunicipalCorporation. However place changes dependingupon the crowd of the same age already in waiting.Then a Bidi, a relaxing smoke being shared by

Anirban Ghosh


*The Character of Animesh and Nikhil are fictitious and are based on my conversation with a child on theway to Howrah from Chittaranjan a few weeks ago.

both, gives a freshness of mind.The situation of child labour in India is

desperate. The children engaged in different typesof jobs are having different working hours andpattern. For example, a child engaged in brick fieldshas to work for more than 10 hrs each day underany circumstances. Their work starts early in themorning at around 7.30 – 8 am and have to worktirelessly upto sunset. Again the children engagedin roadside eateries and dhabas have to work uptoas late as 10 pm, though they start working ataround 9.30-10 am in the morning against whichthey are given a little remuneration, meal for twotimes and a place to sleep at night, that is too eitherin their workplace or nearby footpath.

Around 6.30, it is the time to rush to office.To them, it is the good old eatery of Manik, theboss. For Nikhil work starts with sweeping thesurroundings of the eatery, washing it.Meanwhile, the boss arrives and his day at officestarts with some hard words to both the boys. Theboys unload all the equipments from theRickshaw van, that already arrived. Thenarrangement for preparing the dishes, serving it,other works related to this, all are handled by thesetwo-boy-army. No Customer time (5mins approx)is the lunch time and the eatery closing time isthe dinner time. Menu for lunch is three – fourroties each with a plate of the cheapest-of-all-dishes and the menu for dinner is whatever is leftunsold, though the quantity is not unlimited.Finally the office is over around 9.30-10.00 pm.

There are other effects of this social evil aswell. Many of the children engaged in child laboursare often seen to become trapped in spider web ofcrime. Lack of education, and proper supervisionby guardians lead this children often to the worldof crime. Theft, pick-pocketing are some otheractivities that these children are seen to be engaged.Consumption and trafficking of narcotics havebecome common phenomenon by this children.

On November 21, 2005, India’s biggest everraid for child labour rescue was conducted in theeastern New Delhi by NGO Activist and social

worker Junned Khan in association with the LabourDepartment and NGO Pratham. As a result 480children, engaged in over 100 embroidery factoriesat the slums of Seelampur, New Delhi, wererescued.This rescue operation opened the eyes ofthe world to the threat of child labour operating rightunder the nose of the largest democracy in the wholeworld.

It is entertainment time for Animesh andNikhil. Exchange of Hard Slangs with fellowchildren like them, a competition of throwingstones towards the glow-signs of nearby buildingsare best entertainment medium. In between, a bidior two, being shared by the boys. Some of themeven have raised the “art of pick pocketing” to anew height. The art is being shared by all of them.Finally when the last show is over, this is the timeto practice the newly learned art. Sometimes it isgood earning. Sometimes hardluck, followed bykicks and slaps thoroughly. Some unlucky fellowsreache upto the police station. Bad luck for them.Around 12.30, it is sleeping time and the time fora big fight, fight for the best place available. Bestis the area just under the fans and then thesurroundings. The weakest and the new comershave the corners reserved for them.

A research conducted in 1997 said that over40000 children were employed in the famous silkweaving industry of Kanchipuram in Tamilnadu.This included children who were bonded labourersto loom owners. However, Rural Institute forDevelopment Education undertook many activitiesto improve the situation of these children. As aresult of all these measures, the number of childrenhas gone down to less that 4000 by 2007.

Engagement of children in various hazardousbusinesses do not only show the helplessness ofthe law enforcement agencies to curb it but alsofinger the ill attitude of the society as a whole. It issaid that unless and until the society is vigilantenough the efforts of law enforcing agencies willnot yield enough results. So, Next time you comeacross a child labour or think of engaging a childfor domestic help. Please think twice!!

(The author is an alumni of Tinsukia College and now works at Chittaranjan Loco Works, West Bengal.For more articles on Environmental Issues, please logon at his site :

http://sites.google.com/site/planetgreenactnow & http://blogofanirban.blogspot.com)


Women are increasingly willing to getempowered and contribute in the nation

building work. The increasing role played by thewomen folk is also a welcoming fact. Womenempowerment stands for getting power for criticaldecision making including finance. There is nodoubt of the fact that women empowerment hasemerged as a crucial phenomenon in the roadmapof the national development. The Bill, WomenReservation is the very instance of suchdevelopment. The question therefore comes inmind is, why this reservation – (a) Is it becausethey are not socially safe ? (b) If it is so, howsuch menacing factors can be removed ? Thekey issues in women empowerment, whichneed due attention are awareness, socialsupport, education and publicity inpositive direction.

Since women population isalmost half of the country’spopulation, they are the ‘Betterhalf’ of the society and hence needsequal growth and development inall respects. Although officiallywomen are at par with men but thetruth is otherwise. The ‘lowliteracy rate’ which is about 40plus percent at present against 60plus percent to men and ‘lowworking women’ at 30 plus percentagainst 55 plus percent men clearlyconfirms their growth position in thesociety compared to men2. Franklyspeaking our socio cultural traditions andmind setups have been directly arrestingthe women to be there, within four walls.

Considering the low level ofwomen empowerment, we urgeupon the society to come forwardwith certain positive action planpredominantly taken up by some women NGOs3.Our society, therefore, must come ahead with thefollowing definite steps to see women as socialpartner :

a] Compulsory education for women has tobe given first preference.

b] Bonus – scheme, including financial

support, be implemented for women.c] Women mobility be increased at a faster

rate.d] Women must learn to protect themselves

under critical situation.e] Family ties be

developedt o

lookafter

the childrenjointly.

f] Advantageous working hoursmay be arranged for working women, ifneeded.

g] Division of work at home may come uppurposively.

Dr. B. K. Sen


Introduction : Violence against womenencompasses physical, sexual and

psychological violence. It takes place acrossthe world. Violence against women is more

than usual at the centre of attention todayespecially since countries across the world arebeginning to advocate human rights within thefamily. As the evil of family is being pulled off,

Rashmi DutttaBaikuntha Das

h] Housewives be given financialresponsibility along with financialmanagement.

i] Women be empowered largely withdecision making right and power.

j] Certain category of works be speciallyresolved for women, such as primary andmiddle school teaching, salesmanship,tailoring etc.

k] Women be trained with managerial skillhaving different Women Cells in differentorganisations and NGOs.

l] Women be trained with problem solvingtechniques on war footing.In certain cases, infact the sacrifice of men

cannot be denied in empowering the women.However, women must not live at anybody’smercy, rather they should live at their own footingsas ‘social partner’. It is also the responsibility ofthe society4, the other partner in particular, to pullREFERENCE:1) The Assam Trubune, Guwahati, 10th March, 20102) Khanka, S.S; S. Chand, New Delhi, 2004. P. 18-203) Majumder, A; Mimeograph, A.U, 1998-99

4) Banerjee, S; Women Empowerment, Seminar Abstract,Digboi College, 30-31, Oct 2009

5) University News, Various issues, New Delhi, 2009-10.

(The author is Principal of Tinsukia Commerce College)

them out of the category ‘Abla’– the weakestpartner of the society as said.

Qualitatively women are more patiencebearing and good marketeer of products andservices compared to men. If we really want to seewomen empowerment, we should begin on criticalissues. Only Govt. efforts cannot empower women,however, house to house social effort is a must,besides the formation of Women Club, WomenSchool, Women Market, Women Training Centreand so on for faster growth and development ofwomen as social partner5.

To conclude, the ‘Better half’ of the society,i. e., women must not live at the mercy of ‘Otherhalf’ of the society. Rather they should comeforward and act as social partner which is the onlyalternative-behind women empowerment. Thuswomen can become a good social partner to menhaving equally empowered to the over all growthand development of the country.


large number of incidences of violence againstwomen are being reported in developed as well asin developing countries.

The Declaration on the Elimination of Allforms of Discrimination Against Women adoptedby the United Nations, defined violence againstwomen, under article 1 as ‘‘an act of gender basedviolence that results in, or is likely to result in,physical, sexual or psychological harm or sufferingto women, threats of such acts, coercion or arbitrarydeprivation of liberty, whether occuring in publicor in private’’ (United Nations 1993). Recognisingit as a fundamental abuse of women’s human rights,it defined such violence as encompassing but notlimited to physical, sexual and psychologicaloccurring in the family, including battering, sexualabuse of female children in the household, dowryrelated violence, martial rape, female genitalmutilation and other tradition practices harmful towomen, non- spousal violence against women aredevastating, including life-long emotional distress,mental health issues and poor reproductive health.Besides these, the effect might extend to the futuregeneration as children who see violence, or arevictims themselves often suffer lastingpsychological damage.

Violence is not simply aggression orinquiry committed by one individual againstanother, it is more precisely, the abuse of power.When this abuse of power occurs within the powerdynamics of a family, it is addressed as domesticviolence. Available data suggest that nearly one infour women experiences sexual violence by anintimate partner in their lifetime, though thenumber of sexual abuse and aggression in theUnited States is comparatively higher. The UnitedStates has not ratified the committee on theElimination of Discrimination against women(CEDAW) yet. According to state statistics, about18% of women are being sexually abused there(UN 2000). The condition in other developedcountries is no better. The UN Rapporteur onviolence against women regretted that countriessuch as Denmark, Germany, Spain, Switzerlandand UK among others could not provide accuratedocumentation and statistics domestic violence(UN 1999).

In a recent comprehensive and international

study on interviews of nearly 25,000 women at 15sites and 10 countries, researchers from WorldHealth Organisation presented some significantdata on domestic violence. The respondents werefrom the countries of Ethiopia, Peru, Bangladesh,Tanzania, Serbia, Thailand, Namibia, Brazil,Montegro and Japan. The rates of partner violenceranged from a low 15% in Yokohame, Japan, to ahigh of 71% in rural Ethiopia. At six of the sites atleast 50% of women said that they had beensubjected to moderate or serve violence at homeat some point. At 13 sites, more than a quarter ofall women said they had suffered domesticviolence. This is alarming considering the fact thatmost partner abuse is hidden and only a faction isreported to authorities. (The Times of India, 2004)Domestic Violence in India : Women experienceviolence throughout their life cycles, acrossregions, religious, communities and classes. InIndian context it takes the form of sex-selectiveabortions, female infanticide, forced pregnancy,dowry related violence, mass violence and rapesduring riots and other conflict situation honourkilling etc. Of all the forms of violence faced bywomen, domestic violence remains one of the leastdisused in public sphere. As mentioned earlier,violence that takes place in a personal space is verydifficult to talk about, especially in the Indiansocio-cultural context.

In India, the specific data on domesticviolence is sporadic and limited. Yet, there areindications that reports of violence against womenare being recorded in large numbers than before.In 1998 alone the total number of reported crimesagainst women which among others include casesof dowry deaths, rape, molestation and casesbooked under Dowry Prohibition Act (1986)throughout the country, compared to the previousyear, increased by an alarming number of 10,210.No state or union territory could be singled out forshowing a downward trend in the number of crimesagainst women (NCRB, India 1998)

Violence against women continuesunabated. A total number of 1,55,553 crimesagainst women were reported in the country during2005 compared to 1,54,333 in the preceding year.It was found that it increased of 0.8 percent.According to the latest National Crime Records


Bureau 2007, a total of 1,85,312 incidents of crimeagainst women (both under IPC and Special andLocal laws) were reported in country during 2007.

The total numbers of sexual harassment caseswere 10,970 in 2007. The total number of casespertaining to cruetly by husband and relatives was75,930. There 61 cases importation of girls.Altogether there were 38,734 cases of molestationin 2007.

The number of rape cases has increased bynearly ten fold from 2487 in 1953 to 20737 in 2007.Young girls also become victims of child abuse atthe hands of their closest male relatives, which theyare unable to protest. There has been an alarmingincrease in the rate of suicides too. Reports onaccidental deaths and suicides show that ‘‘familyproblems’’, love affairs and dowry disputestogether contributed to around 30 percent of totalsuicides in the country. Also in Assam the rate ofdomestic violence is 37.5 percent.

Several measures have been taken bywomen’s movenments in India since the past fewdecades to prevent the domestic violence. TheDomestic Violence Act of 2005, is the result of adecade long campaign by women’s groups, socialand legal bodies and NGOs for a civil law againstdomestic violence. Domestic violence can beprevented if we have appropriate legislation,mechanisms to punish offenders and shelter homesand also they are complemented with socialawarness against these violations. It is importantto focus not only on violation after it has beencommitted, but also to address violence prevention.Domestic Violence and Patriarchy : In patriarchy,home is considered an unquestionable authority ofthe male head of the household. Thus, acts ofviolence against other members of the household,whether women or children are perceived as normalfor maintaining the role of authority within thefamily. The social construction of male indentityand masculinity is fundamental to understandingthe problem of domestic violence. We made anattempt to make girls and women aware of thepolitics of patriarchy and their role in contributingto its conception and thereby helping them to moveaway from violence gender education and training.

A shift from the term ‘‘women’’ to ‘‘gender’’was an important development in understanding

patriarchy and violence against women. It helpedin theorising patriarchy as an ideology and practicein which both men and women participate.Explaining what constitute gender and genderroles, concepts of feminity and masculinity havehelped in understanding the social construction ofpatriarchal society. In this concepts we got the basisknowledge that women are feminine, closer tonature and irrational and men are masculine, closerand rational.

Femininities and masculinities are sociallyconstructed characteristics of gender. Both theseconcepts are made up of extremely rigidstereotypes.Area of study : We selected Shantipur for oursurvey area. Shantipara is a small area consistingof 20-25 quarters of IOCL officers. Along withthese quarters there are also quarters of domestichelpers which consists a colony. There are elevenhouseholds in this colony (one from Muslimcommunity). Occupation wise, the husbands ofthese domestic helpers are drivers, rickshawpullers, contract labourers and daily wage earners,The residents fall within the income bracket of Rs.3000-4000 per month. The resources available inthe location include 4 common sharing toilets. Allboys and girls under 18 are school going children.All respondents belong to the age group of 25-30.Aims of the Study : This study aims to increasewomen’s involvement in reducing gender-basedviolence in the community by forming a collectiveof women in the locality.

The build the capacities of youth (both boysand girls) in the community by providing themtraining to prevent to violence against women.

To make the women aware of themechanisms of justice delivery system.

To increase practical information and skillson the procedure of approaching and utilizingvarious channel available for the redressal ofgrievances i, e. the police, the executive and thejudiciary.Methodology : The material for the study has beencollected from primary source by interviewschedules. The primary data forming the basis ofstudy are collected from the survey which wasconducted in shantipara locality of Digboi sub-division, Tinsukia District.


Field Assessment and Analysis : Incidence ofgender-based violence is high in poor working classpeople.i) Reasons for Domestic Violence: In the situationanalysis, some issues were identified by thecommunity members and respondents as importantreasons or factors contributing to the incidence ofdomestic violence in the community:

Son Preference Illiteracy AlcoholismUnemployment Habitual action andacceptance of the sameA good majority of women who responded

to queries admitted that their partners abused them(but gave their version in indirect way). To analysethe actual situation we confined our study on theireducation level, source of income, decision makingpower and knowledge about legal rights.ii) Level of Education : The level of education islow in case of both male and female. Most of thewomen respondents are illiterate except one. Mostof the women had never been to school. Thetraditional myths about education and work, whichstill continue to influence the education and careerof women, are –

Boys will support the family and girls willget married.Due to poverty women will do work insteadof going to school.

iii) Source of Income : Because of low level ofeducation and literacy rate of women, all thewomen are employed in low income category jobs.The male persons of their family are also employedin low income category jobs. They consider morechildren as an asset (means more children can earnmore income). One respondent reported that dueto son preference by the husband her health wasdeteriorated. Many women do not want to reportabout their husband directly. By our observationwe have come to the conclusion that most of thewomen are abused by their husband. In this surveywork it has been observed that the men in thecommunity are also governed by a general attitudethat no one has the right to interfere in the privateaffairs of their family.iv) Impact of Socialisation Process throughInternalisation : Domestic violence are notreported due to the socialization process. From the

childhood a girl is given the knowledge thathusband is all in all in her life. Because of thatmost of the women did not want to report ondomestic violence. The participants responded inthe following way – ‘‘this (domestic violence) wasa matter of luck. We have to accept it, after all heis my husband (how can I go against him)’’. Theabove factors were important in understandingwomen’s lives and reasons for violence againstwomen. Socialisation and societal pressures playan important role due to the fact that the natalfamily does not welcome a married women comingback. Also women fear the loss involved inbreaking the marriage and thus continues to livewith the batterers.v) Lack of Legal Awareness : The womenrespondents are ignorant of the available laws andprovisions. Also they have a fear about the policeand court system. They said that they have nomoney to spend for the legal procedure. They arealso ignorant about the procedure of recentDomestic Violence Act 2005.Effective Steps for Prevention of DomesticViolence : Domestic violence need to be preventedbecause violence cannot make a healthyatmosphere in a family. This small unit reflects ournature of society. There is need to involve all classof women to fight for domestic violence. Todayactivists and academicians alike, areacknowledging the importance of involving allclasses of women in efforts to combat domesticviolence.

Secondly, it is extremely important toorganized gender - training programme. This isessential to eliminate gender based violence andcreating an enabling environment for women inmature into self confident.

Thirdly, a social consensus against violencecan be generated only when all the members ofsociety are made equal participants in the processof creating critical consciousness.

Conclusion : In conclusion we can saythat the women (domestic helpers) are poor,ignorant and suppressed. They have low accessto income generating assets, unorganized wayof work, multiple burdens and are victims ofdomestic violence. So, along with researchingand teaching on gender/women’s issues,


women’s studies centers in the country areexpected to go beyond the academic world andREFENRENCES :

India (2002) Crime in India, National Crime RecordsBureau, New Delhi.India (2005) Crime in India, National Crime in India,National Crime Records Bureau, New DelhiUnited Nations (1995) Focus on Women and Violence, FourthWorld Conferences on Women, Beijing.Young Men Against Domestic Violence - JMI, New Delhi.

The Times of India 7th oct, 2004 - Women face greatestthreat of violence at the home.

Websites :http//www/who/int/mediacenter/news/realase/2005/pr62/en/print/htm/http/www. uniferm/org/gender-issues/violences againstwomen/facts-figure. phphttp:/www. upfpa.org/SWP/SWP97?CHAPTER3/htm=/violence.

(The authors teaches Political Science in the College)

reach out to different communities across caste,gender and sexuality.

T h e survivalof an increasingnumber of peoplebeyond their traditionaladult roles causes populationageing. It is an inseparable reality of humanexistence and a vital factor in the globaldemographic transition. Since the last century,human civilization has witnessed a silentrevolution, unseen and unheard by many. Thebiggest achievement of the last century wasgreater longevity that has resulted in anincreasing ageing population worldwide. At thesame time the most critical long term economicdilemma is rising life expectancy and fallingfertility rate. According to projections by theUN population division, there will be twoelderly person for every child in the world by2050 this implies that the aged 60 and above,which currently constitute less than 20 percentof the world population, will account for 32percent of the population by 2050.

Moreover, according to the UN agency,future fertility levels in most developing

countries is expected to fall below 2.1 childrenper women, which is the level needed to ensurethe long-term replacement of population at somepoint in the 21st century. Thus with higher lifeexpectancy and lower fertility levels, there willbe more of elderly and less of young people inthe age structure. This changing balance betweenthe age groups would create multi dimensionalsocio economic problems both in developed(acute manpower shortage, for instance) anddeveloping countries.

The incredible increase in life expectancymay be term one of the greatest triumphs ofhuman civilization. But it has posed on of thetoughest challenges to be met by modern society.The term ‘‘old ‘‘always related to physicalincapacity, biological deterioration and

Monika Das


disabilities and psychological failures. A healthylifestyle is also required during old age. But in theIndian context, there exist three different trends thatare seriously threatening the chances of meetingof such needs. These are a rapidly growing elderlypopulation, the gradual erosion of the traditionaljoint family system and the inability of thegovernment to sustain the incremental burden ofpension expenses for its own employees.

Population ageing is a worldwidephenomenon, and India is no exception to the rule.Census report indicate that the Indian populationhas approximately tripled during the last 50 years,but the number of elderly Indians has increasedmore than fourfold.

In order to study the implications of an ageingpopulation in India, the changing Indiandemographic trends need to be highlighted first.With this objective, the salient features,representing the past trends of the Indianpopulation, are given in the following table:

Indian Demographic Trend:Table. 1

Changing profile of the Indian population pyramid.

Sources: India economic survey, 2004-05, pagenos. S109 to S113 ; Census of India, 2001, 1991, 1981.

From the above table, it may be noted that thesize of the population is increasing, although thedecadal growth rate is decreasing. Simultaneously,the number of older person, as well as theirproportion, is gradually increasing. This increase inthe population is driven by two separate forces:

A. a reduction in age – specific mortality(longer lives)

B. a reduction in the fertility rate (fewer birth)Higher literacy rate indicates better level of

awareness. A reduction in crude birth rate reducesthe supply of young people, while a decreasingdeath rate signifies the increasing number of olderpeople with a longer life expectancy.

Indian societies are rapidly changing with theprocess of urbanization, higher aspiration amongthe youth and increasing participation of womenin the workforce. These are the outcome of higherliteracy rate.Impacts On Economy: Population ageing candirectly affect macroeconomic performancethrough both the labour and capital market. It canalso indirectly affect macroeconomic performancevia its impact on public expenditure.Impact on the labour market: Since independence,successive governments have favoured the growthof manufacturing and agriculture sectors, neglectingservice sector. But with the economic liberalization,the service sector is growing leaps and bound s dueto abundant opportunities. Young talent is drawn tothese areas in search of better prospects.Consequently, Indian labour markets suffer due tothe lopsided effect evident in the exodus of youngpeople from manufacturing and agricultural areasto the service sector.

The Indian population is ageing in line withthe world population and the population of the lessdeveloped regions. But the age distribution structureof the Indian populace is slowly moving from apyramid –shaped to hexagonal one, while the sameis gradually transforming to an inverted pyramid inmore developed countries. Consequently, moredeveloped region may face shortage of young anddynamic working people. This fact may help Indiaexport suitable personal to those countries. Thedeveloped countries will be forced to outsource morework force from India to reduce their social cost.Another notable trend is that more older Indians areremaining in the workforce after their officialretirement due to their physical strength. Thisincreasing in supply of older and experience peoplein the labour market may reduce the wages.Impact on aggregate labour productivity :Population ageing will reduce the rate of growth (andultimately the absolute size) of the working – agepopulation. If age-specific labour force participationrates remain at their current levels, the ratio ofinactive to employed people will rise.

1981 1991 2001Population size 683.33 846.36 1,027(in million)Older population 43 57 77(in million)Life expectancy 55.5 59.40 65.34at birthInfant mortality rate 100 80 63Crude birth rate --- 29.5 25.0Crude death rate 43.57 9.8 8.1Literacy rate % 21.6 52.2 64.84


The ageing of the population will increasethe number of older workers relative to youngerworkers in their skills, trainability, productivity andreliability, an ageing of the workforce may havesignificant economic impact.Impact on inflation, saving, capital accumulation: As well as affecting the size of the workingpopulation, ageing will also increased the proportionof the population that is retired. This could haveimportant economic effects on inflation, saving andcapital accumulation. Evidence on these issue waspresented by Prof.. Philip Booth (Prof.. of insuranceand risk management, city university business school).

An increasing in the proportion of nonworking age will increase demand for goods andservices relative to the ability of the workingpopulation to supply such goods and services, thusleading to inflationary pressure., However suchpressure for a relative increase in the supply ofconsumption goods are likely to be meet by areduction in the demand for capital goods.

Increase in the relative size of the retirepopulation could affect rates of saving, interest,and capital accumulation. Because it is unclear howthe savings behaviour of older people in the futurewill develop.Fiscal impact : There is an important fiscal angleto the problem of ageing, as large proportion ofthe resources meant for development intimateswill have to be diverted to take care of the needsof the elderly population. For, as a study done byGautam Bhardwaj of the invest Indian economicfoundation (IIEF), A think tank that works on thepension sector, and ex-UTI chief surrender Daveestimates providing a pensions cover for just thecivilian employees of the central and state

government adds up to 55 percent of the country’sGDP. Less than a six of those about to retire inthe next decade are covered by some form ofpension, and only 2 percent of those not workingin government (where pensions are generous) willbe able to fund their retire lives if they cutexpenses by half, according to an All India surveydone by the IIEF.Social impact: Longer life expectancy andincremental dependency ratio will possibly strainthe family and the state support system for the olderpeople. Apart from economic impact, there areserious social crisis also. With the growth of ruralpopulation, the rural masses are forced to migrateto the urban areas. These migrants, mostly theyouth, primarily relocate for better earningopportunities, leaving their elderly parents in thevillages. Moreover, the higher cost of living inurban areas and the lack of space for all membersof family to reside at the same place are causingthe distingration of the family system. In smallerfamilies, they are gradually marginalized in thedecision making process.

The population of elder person is increasingevery year and the changing social order is notalways conducive to their well being.Conclusion: The age wave in the developednations is causing a steep decline in the ratio ofworkers to retirees. With rising life expectancy andfalling retirement age, the developed nations todayare in economic dilemma. So, it is high time forIndia to asses the impact of the forthcoming agewave. Striking a balance between aspirations ofthe young and the rights of the aged members ofsociety is a difficult task for a nation, particularlyfor economies in transition such as India.

(The author teaches Economics in the College)

18.Wikipedia.com.19.Bowen Wally, “Citizens for Media Literacy”, Asheville, NC,

USA, 96.20.Hattotowa Sanjana, “ The Role of the Media in Peace Proc-

ess”, 14th World Congress of Environmental Journalists, or-ganized by Sri Lanka Environmental Journalists Forum(SLEJF), 27th-31st Oct.2002,Colombo, Sri Lanka.

21.Sarup Kamala; op.cit

(Contd. from Page 46) : Role of Media .....

22.http:/www.alm.ca/home.23.Hattotowa Sanjana; op.cit. & “An operational Framework

for Media and Peace Building”, Ross Haward, IMPACS.2002.24.“The Role of Regional and International Media in Peace

Building”, report on Workshop held by the Centre for Con-flict Resolution (CECORE), 27th June-1st July 2000, Entebbe,Uganda.

25.Shekatkar, D.B, ibid. op.cit

(Authors are Research Scholar of Dibrugarh University)


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Humanismis a conceptboth inWestern andI n d i a nphilosophy which isrelated to the feeling ofwell-being of human in asociety. It gives importance tothe attainment of perfection of humanbeings as well as human existence likeExistentialism. It is the most featured philosophicaltrend of modern times. After centuries ofphilosophical speculations and meditation man haslearnt that the end of all human actions is theimprovement and development of man and man isnot to be sacrificed to any eternal power or apolitical and social institution .Humanism is a wayof viewing things by relating them to man’sconcern. It centers round man and asserts that thecapacities, the qualities of man have to given thefullest expressions.

We all know that in contemporary Indianphilosophy Rabindra Nath Tagore was a truehumanist. Among the contemporaries he occupieda very important place. He synthesized a poeticvision of the future of human society with amissionary zeal of a social reformer and keeninsight in human affairs of a novelist. Throughouthis life he had developed a philosophy which isalways attached to the true sense of humanism.Rabindranath Tagore was basically an artist ratherthan an intellectual. Moreover, Rabindranath in hislifetime never tried to propagate his thoughts andrefrained from creating any sort of Rabindra-ism.In this regard we can refer to the famous statementof the Nobel laureate after Chandidas “Sabar uparemanus srestha, tar upare keo nai.. .” - i.e man isthe supreme,. nobody is there above man. Rabindranath Tagore was basically known for his idealisticand spiritualistic tendencies. According to him the

realization of truth or self – realization should bethe goal of philosophy. Though, being ametaphysical or spiritual philosopher the ideal ofhis thoughts is humanistic His religion is thereligion of man. He felt that in man there is thedivine. So service to mankind should be one’s goal.There is difference between the humanism ofRabindranath and the western humanism. Man isthe centre of humanism in west, there is no placefor God in it, but in the humanism of Rabindranath,God is the superior. He advocated that there is thedivinity in man. He said that man feels the mysteryof unity as he does in music and in the socialcommunion. This sense of unity leads to therealization of divine humanity. In the writings ofRabindranath the love for human and humanisticfeelings are expressed as prime ideals. He felt thatthe love for humanity, fellow feeling, well-beingof mankind should be the religion of man. He saidman is the incarnation of God. Through the servicetowards man one can worship God, i.e., service tomankind is the service to God.

Humanism came naturally to RabindranathTagore, as he was basically a poet. ButRabindranath’s concepts could and will traversegreat amount of space and time chiefly becauseof his finely balanced spiritual inclinations, the

Debananda Bhattacharjee


premises of such spirituality being based on aclassic orientation with the cosmic reality – a fairlyuniversal concept. Rabindranath remained uniquein the sense that he could blend his spirituality withhis creative instincts in poetry and music. Withoutbelonging to a definite class of religion, he couldeasily express the ideas of a universal humanreligion, which would like to be described as‘humanism’ in its purest form. Rabindranath was aprofound believer of freedom of individual selves;in fact he tried hard to establish this concept byestablishing an educational institute atSantiniketan, where he professed, but neverpreached. This second aspects in his personalitymakes him a true ‘humanist’, a crusader forfreedom of self, a crusader to acquire the power ofpure and free expression for each and every humansoul, without really being a revolutionary in thestricter sense Rabindranath made us believe thatwe are humans and intrinsically modern, to thesense that we can traverse light years of distancesof human existence, and enjoy our freedom andmarvel at the beauty of a human soul.

We may get an idea about the kind of humanismthat Rabindranath professed, where a human beingbecomes a fulfilling, purposeful and inseparable fromAlmighty. Almighty is a very intimate, powerful,brilliantly beautiful, and yet a humble entity forRabindranath. Life, in all its splendors, is an integralconcept in Rabindranath’s spirituality, making himalways appreciative of and engaged with life.

There cannot be any doubt over there thatRabindranath’s philosophy revolved round mankindwhich is known as humanism. He was deeplyinfluenced by the humanist tradition of Buddhism.His view was that man must come out of the shellof individual self in order to enter into the largerself of humanity. His poems especially those writtenin later part of his life reflected his philosophy ofhumanism by pointing out divinity in man.

Tagore’s humanism pervades all aspects of histhought. The humanism of Tagore is just theapplication of the belief that feeling anything as humanin the human way is a source of joy. It is the humanmind that reveals the meaning and significance ofthings. Tegore’s idealism is humanistic. He said it isalmost a truism to say that the world is what weperceive it to be .We imagine that our mind is a mirror

that it is more or less accurately reflecting what ishappening outside us. This speaks of the primacy ofthe human point of view. The one effort of man’spersonality is to transform everything with which hehas any true concern. The writings and poems ofTagore are full of human touch. According to him allthe human concepts such as life, beauty, harmony orthe lough, delights become meaningful when they arerelated to human values.

An approach with the heart full of feelingsand interests is a human approach. Thephilosophers usually neglect this, but a philosopherwho is also a poet, makes truth live in the form ofbeauty and therefore establishes a personal bondbetween man and objects. That most probably isthe reason for Tagore’s humanistic convictions.Tagore himself admitted that, when he said “I havegreat faith in humanity.Like the sun, it can beclouded, but never extinguished”.

The view Tagore was that the best way toseek complete union with God is to seek contactthrough man. He found his God in man. Throughman alone God is accessible simultaneously by thepath of knowledge, devotion and service. Man isthe centre of interests because he manifests God inthe most effective form. There is no point inlooking for God in the temples and offering flowersand burning insane there. One should seek Godamong the common man. The man of piety shouldmeet his God in toil and sweat. Humankind ingeneral should be the object of love and service.

Radhakrishnan says about Tagore : “He(Tagore) gives us a human God, dismisses withcontempt the concept of world illusion, praises actionover much promises fullness of life to the human soul”.

Rabindranath wanted that there cannot be anydiscrimination in mankind. All are equal,irrespective of caste creed, economic status, colorof body etc. He felt that if humanity is illuminednobody in the world would be able to exploit andharm other. As he loved man, he wanted to realizethe world staying among the people. So, he said –

Morite chahina ami sundar bhubaneManaber majeh ami basibar chai.(I donot want to die in this beautiful world, I

want to live in the midst of man.....)Rabindranath also advocated world peace. If

humanity is practiced in its proper order this kind of


peace be attained all over the world. He hoped, theman of the world are approaching towards abeautiful, peaceful future, where there will not beany bloodshed conflict and disorder. Thus he said :

“Victory to life, to joy, to love to eternal light.

The night shall wane, darkness shall vanishHave faith brave heary” (The cycle of man)The humanism of Rabindranath stemmed

from his living faith in God and he drew hisinspiration from religion. The urge to offerservice to God was both universal and strong.He realized that the nectar of love removes thetransitoriness of man and he comes in contactwith universal humanity. After this selfrealization the individual man realizes that thereis no difference between man and man. He saidthat man is the eternal truth despite personal man

being impermanent. He stated, “religioninevitably concentrates on humanity, whichillumines our reason, inspires our wisdom,stimulous our love”. He declared that man is theright object of love and worship. In his theoryof humanism there is a strong fervent and desireto serve God through mankind and hence it ismore inspiring and appealing.Concluding remark: I have tried to make anassessment of Rabindra nath Tagore’s humanism.In theoretical sense the humanism prescribed byTagore is very much adorable, but question may ariseregarding its practice or practical use. In these daysthe prevailing social situation is very critical .Peoplebecome more self-centric Respect towards humanity,fellow-feeling are gone. Consumerism, materialismhurdle the paths of humanism .But it should be theduty of present day man to think for human society.

(The author teaches Philosophy)

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t¡=¸ [>ìƒ¢[ÅA¡à–1¡ú [>t¡àÒü ¤Îå -‘¹¤ã@ƒø>à=’ šõ-73

‘Nø”‚t¡ã=¢’ šøA¡àÅ, 1 ³ šøA¡àÅ-20022¡ú ºãºà ³\å³ƒà¹ ‘"à³à¹ A¡[¤’ šõ-11

">å¤àƒ - ë™àìKÅ ƒàÎ, Îà[Òt¡¸ "A¡àìl¡³ã, 1961,šõ-12

3¡ú ' šõ -12

(ëºJA¡ W¡à¤å¯à [l¡. [l¡. "à¹ A¡ìº\¹ "Î³ãÚà [¤®¡àK¹ [ÅÛ¡A¡)

4¡ú šøìÎ>[\; ëW¡ï‹å¹ã -ÿ- ‘">¸ &A¡ ¹¤ã–ƒø>à=’ šõ -99 Êåìl¡si¡Ê’¹W¡, P¡¯àÒài¡ã, 2006

5¡ú ' -šõ-1016¡ú [>t¡àÒü ¤Îå -l¡ü[À[Jt¡ l¡ü;Î, šõ -777¡ú l¡0 "[Ît¡ Aå¡³à¹ ƒv¡ ‘-ÿ- l¡ü>[¤}Å Åt¡à¦ã¹ ¤à}ºà¹ >¤\àK¹o

* ¹¤ã@ƒø>à=’ šõ -ÿ- 778¡ú [¤Ìå¡ ëƒ -ÿ- ¹ç¡[W¡ * šøK[t¡ šõ -ÿ- 57 ëƒ’\ šà¤[º[Å}, 1946

I slept and dreamt that life was joy.I awoke and saw that life was service.

I acted and behold,service was joy.

— Rabindranath Tagore


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\à[>>à &Òü "àìºàW¡>àÚ, š¹¤t¡¢ãš¤¢ P¡[ºìt¡, "à[³[>ì\ A¡ìt¡ài¡à Îó¡º * ÎÛ¡³ Òì¤à \ã¤>à>ì@ƒ¹ Îà³[NøA¡¹¤ã@ƒø-®¡à¤>àìA¡ ">å‹à¤> A¡¹ìt¡, t¡ì¤ &Òü "àÅà ¹àJìt¡Òüšà[¹, ë™, &Òü ß¤ìÞê¡¹ Îèy ‹ì¹, "š¹ ëºJA¡, &ÒüÎ³ìÚ ¤à "š¹ ëA¡àì>à Î³ìÚ \ã¤>à>ì@ƒ¹ ¹¤ã@ƒø ®¡à¤>à¹"àì¹à ¤× K®¡ã¹t¡¹ Nø[”‚ ë³àW¡ì>¹ [ƒìA¡ &[KìÚ ë™ìt¡Òüšàì¹> &¤} ™àì¤> ¤ìº* ³ì>ÒÚ...¡ú (W¡ºì¤)

¤à}ºà Îà[Òìt¡¸¹ Îåš[¹[W¡t¡ A¡[¤-šøà¤[Þê¡A¡ Îœ¡[È¢ [¤Å«àìÎ¹ ³èº [>¤àÎ A¡[¹³Kg¡ú &J> [¤J¸t¡ Òàl¢¡*ìÚ¹ ëA¡à´šà>ã&ÒüW¡.[š (HP)ìt¡ A¡à\ A¡¹à¹ Îå¤àìƒ ¤àÎ A¡ì¹o ¤àUàºå¹ç¡ìt¡Òü¡ú t¡à¹ ëºJà šØl¡ìt¡ ëƒJå> – http://amarsonarbanglaamitomaybhalobasai.blogspot.com


The representation of gender inShakespeare’s plays has interested

scholarship over the years. People like Dr.Johnson have been known to remark thatShakespeare’s comedies have no heroes,only heroines. During the late nineteen –seventies and eighties critics motivated bythe feminist movements began theexamination of gender in the works ofShakespeare and the ways in which headdressed the problem as a key determinantof identity.

By gender we mean the division ofmale and female and the attributesconsidered appropriate to each masculineand feminine. Gender exists primarily asconstructions of particular societies. Men orwomen desire to be what they are or try toacquire the attributes of the opposite sex,depending on the cultural background andthe social cross-currents.

It follows that gender is a social, not abiological, construct. In fact sex and genderare both constructed, As pointed out bySimone de Beauvoir, ‘‘One is not born awoman, but becomes one.’’ The contentionthat women are made rather than born hasbeen central to the theories of gender –especially in some of Shakespeare’s plays –assumes importance. Gender may be seen as

a set of acts and rituals we repeatedly go through.It has an imitative structure, it is performative andfluid. Gender deals with socially constructedmasculinity and femininity, that is concepts definedby social, cultural and psychological attributeswhich are acquired by becoming a man or a womanin particular society at a particular time. Whilegender differences stem from sexual differences,the characteristics of gender are performative to befeminine is to perform femininity. It follows thatgender is not something one puts on or discards atwill. One is constrained into gender.

The question of gender ensured that certainroles were determined for women in society by apatriachal ideology. Any trangression or refusalto adhere to a set pattern was seen as unnaturaland deviant. Again, interpretations of actions andideas were made along gendered terms. Certaintype of behaviour or conduct including work andparticipation in the public world of power, politicsand social welfare were deemed as a masculinepreserve and so out of bounds for women. Womenwho showed any interest in education, work (otherthan domestic) of public affairs were discouragedand even penalized. Their territory was restrictedto the home and the hearth.

A study of Shakespeare’s plays, especially thehistory plays and the plays otherwise dealing withpower politics shows that the stage of Englishhistory or even the world of statecraft was deemedto be no place for women. In Henry IV, Hostpur,

Anjali Baruah


rushing off to battle, refuses to answer his wife’squeries with the rejoinder, ‘‘This is no world / toplay with mammets and to tilt with lips’’ (III. 3. 85-6). In Richard II, when the Duchess of York goes toplead with the new king Henry IV, her conduct ispresented as an indecorous intrusion. Similarly Joanand Margaret (Henry VI) are demonized for theirintrusion into the historical arenas of court and thebattlefield. The more active the female charactersbecome, the more negative is their characterization.On the other hand, helplessness seems to be anessential component of female virtue. The womenare confined to enclosed domestic settings ; theyare kept away from the council chambers andbattlefields. The picture become more complicatedif we look beyond the prominent English Historyplays. King John, Henry VIII and the Henry VI plays,however, do include female characters who intervenein the historical action. In the opening scene of KingJohn, Eleanor announces that she is a ‘soldier’ andboth Eleanor and Constance play leading roles inthe conflict for the English throne. In Richard III,too, women have more space and pose a theatricalchallenge to Richard with his daemonic energy.

Interestingly, Shakespeare’s London had avisible female presence: they could be seen assistingin household matters as well as buying and sellingin the market, engaging in litigation on their own,and frequenting the playhouses. In Southwark, theimmediate vicinity of the theatres, some of thehouseholds were headed by women. While theprojection of energetic and somewhat emancipatedwomen might have attracted a section of the femaletheatre going public, the male spectators would haveresponded with anxious hostility to representationof women’s power and autonomy.

Shakespeare’s plays address some of thesetroublesome areas in the representation of gender andthe roles given to the women characters. They alsotouch upon certain key patriarchal assumptionsconcerning gender. The world of realpolitik isconsidered to be outside the province of women: thestage of history is no place for women. This, despitethe reigns of Mary and then Elizabeth in England.Then again, marital valour is presented as a monstrousanomaly as far as woman were concerned inShakespearea's play. In fact women are seen to becaught in a double bind in the Shakespearean play.

Strong women like Goneril, Cleopatra and others areunchaste and unwomanly ; virtuous women likeOphelia, Octavia, Lady Percy and others are confinedto playing roles of helpless tools or bystanders,powerless to affect the course of history. Thus thefemale characters are confronted by a dilemma theycan be either womanly or warlike. They can be eithervirtuous or powerful, never both. This suggests thatthe construction (and constriction) of women’s roleswas well under way in Shakespeare’s times andgender-specific territory was being charted out, witha little resistance no doubt.

As pointed out by Sherry Ortner, femalesubordination is universal and has its roots not inthe biological differences between the sexes but inthe controlling cultures of the times. Starting fromthe idea that biological differences between menand women take on significance only withinculturally defined value systems, she located theproblem of sexual asymmetry at the level ofcultural ideologies and symbols. She goes on tosuggest that common to all cultures is thedevaluation of women. Culture attempts to controland transcend nature, to use it for its own purposes.It seeks to mark out or socialize nature, in order toregulate and maintain relations between society andthe forces and conditions of the environment.Women are identified or symbolically associatedwith nature and men with culture. It follows thatwomen as an extension of nature are controlled,contained and even sublimated by men.

Women, by their physiology and reproductivefunctions appear to be closer to nature. Men have toseek cultural means of creation and represent thecreative power of culture. Women are limited tocertain social roles which are seen to be closer tonature. It is seen that while sexual ideologies andstereotypes vary, certain symbolic associationsbetween gender and many other aspects of culturallife occur across a wide range of societies. Thedifferences between men and women can beconceptualized in terms of pairs which resonate withother oppositions. Thus men may be associated with‘up’, ‘right’ ‘high’, ‘culture’ and ‘strength’, whilewomen are associated with their opposites ‘down’,‘left’, ‘low’, ‘nature’ and ‘weakness’. Theseassociations are not inherent in the biological orsocial nature of the sexes, but are cultural constructs,


which are powerfully reinforced by the socialactivities which both define and are defined by them.It is in understanding how men and women aresocially constructed And how those constructiondefine and redefine social activities that the valueof a symbolic analysis of gender becomes apparent.

Such demarcation of masculine and femininespace continued well into the nineteenth centuryalthough there were voices of decent to be foundamongst them. It is interesting to note that in theplays of Shakespeare, women are allowed somespace, both textual and social. It allows the readerto examine the variety of ways in whichShakespeare responded to gender as a crucialdeterminant of human identity and political power.However, women continued to operate understrong social constraint as evident from his plays.Certain kinds of work or certain areas of work weredenied even closed to them. The forms of controlincluded non-admittance of women to forms oftraining, such as apprenticeships and formaldegrees which are a condition of practising aparticular trade. The natural association of womenwith children and the family provided an additionallevel of categorization. Since women are confinedto the domestic context, their main sphere ofactivity was restricted to intra and inter-familialrelations, as opposed to men, who operate in thepolitical and public domain of social life.

It followed that the state became a site ofpatriarchal relations. Yet it is not basis of patriarchalpower. Rather its action should be seen as theoutcome of the representation of patriarchal interestwhich are mediated in the political process. Whilethe actions of the state are linked to the economiclevel of patriarchy, they have a level of autonomyin which the actual outcome of conflicting interestis mediated by conflicts and negotiation at thepolitical level. That is not to say, however, that thestate authorities do not assume patriarchal rolewhile deciding or legislating over women’s affairs.

Women who are subordinated with theproductive process, have little access to forms ofpolitical representation. This is partly because oftheir lack of power in the sphere of production andpartly because the particular forms of the state andits mode of functioning act to suppress the effectiverepresentation of women’s interests. Further, it is

not the world of power-politics alone that affirmsgender differences: perceptions of genderdifferences occur developmentally as well.

Most people develop an unambiguous coregender identity, a sense that they are female or male.It is seen however that maleness is more conflictualand more problematic because of a sense of onenesswith the mother. Thus it becomes important to mento have a clear sense of gender differences, of whatis masculine and what is feminine, and to maintainrigid boundaries between these. The male’s selfbecomes based on a more fixed ‘‘me’’ and ‘‘not me’’distinction. For girls on the other hand core genderidentity is not problematic. They grow up with asense of continuity and similarity to the mother. Thedifficulties that girls have in establishing a‘‘feminine’’ identity do not stem from theinaccessibility and negative definition that girls ofthis identity or its assumption by denial. They arisefrom identification with a negatively valued gendercategory and on ambivalently experienced motherfigure whose femininity are accessible but devalued.

Women are presented as a source of disorder inthe state. They are held to be a source of disorderbecause their being or nature necessarily leads themto exert a disruptive influence in social and politicallife. The family is seen as the most natural of all humanassociations and specially suited to women, whocannot transcend their natures in the mannerdemanded by civil forms of life. Popularcontemporary beliefs about women, no less thatseventeenth century patriarchal arguments, rely on anappeal to nature and also on the fact that what is naturalor ordered according to nature is widely believed tobe good and desirable. The family is grounded in thenatural ties of love and affection and has its origin inthe biological process of procreation, in the naturaldifferences between the sexes, Rousseau argues thatthe family provides us with a major example of a socialinstitution that follows the order of nature because, inthe family, age naturally takes precedence over youthand males are naturally in authority over females. ForRousseau, the family is necessarily patriarchal. AgainRousseau and Freud hold that women are incapableof developing a sense of justice. Both agree that forwomen anatomy is destiny. Women are naturallymade to be at the mercy of man’s judgement. Thiskind of perception was common to Shakespeare’s


times. Women were deemed to be incapable ofhandling matters outside the home. They went out towork although they were debarred from certain typesof occupations by informal barriers and restrictions.The class of father and husband and a woman’s ownoccupational attainment continue to divide women.Gender is classed, just as economic and politicalstratification is gendered.

The representation of gender becomes a keyissue in unravelling the social and cultural structure.In the public sphere under-representation of womenhas been a common factor. In gendered terms it is amale preserve. In fact certain fixed genderassumptions have continued over the years and stilllurk in present critical practice. The termrepresentation is used because it indicates a necessarydistance between experience and formulation. Itrecognizes the fictive in our understanding. It allowsa gap between how we see things and how, potentially,they might be. As pointed out by Beer, ‘‘Itacknowledges the extent to which ideologies hardeninto objects and so sustain themselves as realpresences in the world..... Their encoding ofassumptions and desires reinforces as natural andpermanent what may be temporary and learnt. Sorepresentations rapidly shift from being secondary toprimary in their truth-claims.’’ Representations tendto become representative and acquire authority.Figures settle into assumptions. On the other hand,any study of gender would call for representation, thatis making present what is absent. This awareness canreinforce our understanding of things in the presentand underline at the same time the relative nature ofconcepts. Thus the processes of gender formation andgender change cannot be taken as absolute.

Any study of gender representation requires

the fullness of resources from past texts as frompresent. The text fights back, but it can do so withmeaning only if the submerged controversies anddesires are taken note of. It does not tamely submitto fresh inscriptions of meaning. In his search forgaps or tools to access the text, the reader assumesan inquisitorial position. The changing significanceof images have to be understood, signing the shiftingcategories of gender difference and representation.

To understand gender during Shakespeare’stimes or in his work, the patriarchal setup at homeand in society has to be examined. In the latesixteen century patriarchy meant the power of thefather over everyone in the household, includingservants and apprentices. Women were deemed tobe less rational than men, and in need of maleprotection and guidance. A sense of inferiority wasinstilled into the women mainly because of theirfinancial insolvency: they had to depend on theirhusbands, fathers or guardians for support.However women did venture out in Shakespeare’splays. Some of them even held productive roles inthe economy. But Shakespeare limits hisrepresentation of women’s economic labour to thatof household servants, tavern-keepers, bawds andprostitutes. This is not to suggest that women inShakespeare’s plays do not push against thepatriarchal structures. Their most powerful weaponis speech as seen in the case of Isabella in Measurefor Measure, where she denounces Angelo and menwho play fantastic tricks on assuming a little power.

Shakespeare’s characters, especially themajor characters, realize their identities throughpolitical domestic or psychological chaos. Socialorder is restored at the end of the plays mainlythrough the platonic concept of marriage.

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&ì> &i¡à šø[t¡Aè¡º š[¹ì¯Å t¡=à ³åÒåt¢¡ìt¡ Q[i¡¤ š¹à W¡¹³šøàAõ¡[t¡A¡ ƒåì™¢àK¹ Î ±à¯>à =A¡à "e¡ºt¡ ¤àÎ A¡¹à ¹àÒü\[ÒW¡àìš, \>-Ko [ÒW¡àìš "à³à¹ \ã¯> ‹à¹o¹ šøoàºã "[t¡¤àÑz¯‹³¢ã Ò’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú "à[³ &¹à¤ ë>à¯à¹à &ì>ì¤à¹[¤š™¢Ú¹ š¹à ëA¡àì>à³ìt¡ ¤à[W¡ =à[A¡¤îº ™ì=Ê š[¹A¡¿>àì¹"à³à¹ íƒ>[–ƒ> \ã¯>¹ ‹à¹à šøÑñt¡ A¡[¹ º’¤ ºà[K¤¡ú

(The author teaches English in the College)

[ëºJA¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ 3Ú ¤È¢¹ (A¡ºà) áày]

(91 šõË¡à¹ š¹à ) \º[¤ƒå ; šøA¡¿ – ®¡[¯È¸t¡ "Î³


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(86 šõË¡àW¡ W¡à*A¡)


What should be the precondition for statehood,ethnicity, language, religion or economic

viability ? There is a clear cut answer to thequestion. Here in India in the past sixty years orso of our nationhood all the criteria have been givena try, yet the answer remains elusive.

I can put forward some examples in thisregard. The self immolation of Potti Sriramalu onlyhastened the process and Andhra Pradesh wascurved out of the Telegu speaking areas of oldMadras Presidency and Hyderabad followed by thecreation of Gujrat and Maharastra to provide thehomelands for Marathi and Gujrati speaking people.

But the idea of language as the mainconsideration for statehood came unstuck whenPunjab, Haryana and Himachal Pradesh werecreated. But then again ethnicity and linguisticconsiderations coupled with regional politicalfragmented Assam in to minuscule states, most ofwhich did not fulfil the criterion of economicviability.

At present the ethnic consideration hasreached such absurd proportions that some daythe centre might have to accede to the demandof statehood for Bodo and Kachari speakingpeople in Assam, Jharkhand state with Santhalispeaking people in Bihar, Orissa, MadhyaPradesh and West Bengal. In fact the way things

are taking shape it will be no wonder if one dayIndia becomes conglomeration of economicallyweak small states.

In the past 45 years or so, divisions on ethnicand linguistic grounds have only fanned regionalchauvinism. The example in this regard is that, mostof the Govt. services appointees from one state arenot allowed to take their new posts outside theirstates due to pressure from ‘‘sons of the soil’’. Thuswe see that these basis have created more problemsinstead of solving them. It seems that the spirit ofIndianess that was there before independence hasevaporated in the first 45 years of the republic. Ithas become Bengal for the Bengalis, Assam forthe Assamese or Punjab for the Punjabis.

The creation or the demand for the smallstates is quite meaningless because small may bebeautiful but it is not the sure fire way to survival,which requires a greater understanding betweenpeople of various ethnic and linguistic groups.The ghost of language and ethnicity has beenhaunting free India for decades, but the time hascome to put ‘ghost’ in the bottle. A tall order anda hard task, but a beginning has to be made, andthat is possible only with the sense of unitybecause any further fragmentation of the existingstates in India, one apprehends, will only help theresurgence of separatist forces, which even thevotaries of small states perhaps do not want.

Bobita Bhoktiari

(The author is a student of B.Sc 3rd Year)


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(¹ê¡š>@ƒ> šàk¡A¡ Ñ•àt¡A¡ 3Ú ¤È¢, A¡ºà¹ áàyShubhadeep Paul is a student of TDC 1st Yr, Arts)

January 4, the cell clock shows 10 past ten,The sun at high ~ shines ~ upon earth, men:Still my room is dark, as cold as a wild denI come out so carrying a sheet and a pen..Now once out, I make seat on a rusty chair:No delay, I set the music cords at ears’ pairSoothing songs now, no books kept in layerWith my girlfriend, I bear an urge to pair.As this hour pass, the play of sweet voicesAll hints me to express a few poetic verses,Lack-a-dae, I fight with subject alternatesI go for Nature, she SMSes romantic choices.No matter whatever I had thought to do,I wrap up now, a poem in hand, Wooh!

What Should I do ?Shubhadeep Paul


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Pragyan March 11