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Integrated Land and Water Management for Ecosystem Restoration and Climate Change Adaptation in Hindu Kush Himalaya. Prakash C. Tiwari Professor of Geography Kumaon University Nainital , Uttarakhand , India Email:[email protected]. Mountain Are Critical For Global Sustainability. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Integrated Land and Water Management for Ecosystem Restoration and Climate Change
Adaptation in Hindu Kush Himalaya
Prakash C. Tiwari Professor of Geography
Kumaon UniversityNainital, Uttarakhand, India Email:[email protected]
Mountain Are Critical For Global Sustainability Mountains share 24% global land surface are home for 12% people Nearly 70% population receives freshwater supply from mountain headwaters The largest trans-boundary river systems of the planet have their origin in high mountains Mountains have still the largest proportion of world’s forests which not only constitute
global biodiversity hot spots and the pool of genetic resources However, mountains have long been marginalized from the view point of sustainable
development of their resources and inhabitants Currently, mountain ecosystems as well as mountain communities are particularly
threatened by the ongoing processes of environmental global change Nearly 90% mountain population live in developing or transition countries which
constitute some of the poorest and marginalized people of the world Hindu Kush Himalaya constitutes headwater of South Asia, but it has access to less than
5% global fresh-water resources Himalaya is the most densely populated mountain which is inhibited by humans above an
elevation of 5000 m Hindu Kush Himalaya would play very crucial role not only in attaining water, food,
livelihood and health security and climate change adaptation, but also in alleviating poverty and even in ensuring peace in South Asia
Population Growth
Rapid Urbanization
Tourism Growth
Infrastructure Development
EconomicGlobalization
Resource Exploitation
Land Use Change
Climate Change
Deforestation
Loss of Biodiversity
Groundwater Disruptions
Soil Loss
Snow & Glacial melt
Rainfall Variability
Reduced Water Availability
Flash Floods, Floods & Droughts
Accelerated Erosion
Debris & Mud Flow
Riverbeds Siltation
Landslides
Infrastructure Development
Employment
GLOF
Market Access
Water, Food. Livelihood &
Health Insecurity
Increased Out-migration
DRIVERS ECSYSTEM IMPACTS
VULNERABILITYTO MULTIPLE
NATURAL RISK
SOCIO-ECONOMIC
IMPLICATIONS
Global Change and Mountain Ecosystems
High Altitude
Steep Slopes
Geo-tectonically Alive
Young Mountains
Climate Change
Densely Populated
Severely Limited Arable Land
Limited Livelihood Options
Subsistence Economy
Underdeveloped
Remoteness
Poor Accessibility
Political Marginalization
Increased Out-migration
Natural Vulnerability
Anthropogenic Vulnerability
Hindu Kush Himalaya Represents one of the Most Vulnerable Mountain Ecosystems of the Planet
LEGEND
N
Forest – D. ForestForest – Lantana Forest – Plantation Forest – Fallow LandForest – Settlement Forest – Others
Cultural Features – Oak ForestCultural Features – Pine Forest Cultural Features – D. ForestCultural Features – Plantation LakesNo Change area
o
Km 2 1 0 1 2 Km
LAKE REGION DISTICT NAINITALLand Use Changes (1981– 2012)
BhowaliNainital
Jeolikote
Bhimtal
1 2 30
1 4 0 0
1 6 0 0
1 8 0 0
S p rin g s S p rin g s
S im to la (1 8 7 7 m )
S h a ll G a dF alse em G ad
P erc h e d A q u ife rs
U n d e rg ro u n d W a te r
Hei
ght i
n m
eter
1 2 30
1 4 0 0
1 6 0 0
1 8 0 0 M ic asc h is t
D ry A q u ife rs
S h ea re d Q u artz ites
U n d erg ro u n d W a te r in S h ea rd Q u a rtz ite s
D ry S h a ll G ad D ry F a lseem G a d
Hei
ght i
n m
eter
Ground Water Status in Kosi Headwater (Rawat 2012)
1981
2012
km
km
Temporary Water Table
Permanent Water Table
Water Reserve
Temporary Water Table
Permanent Water Table
Water Reserve
Spring Dried Spring Dried
Annual Rainfall Decreased: 11% Number of Rainy-days Declined: 15%
Hydrological Responses of Himalayan Watersheds: Maximum Flood Rate
0
0.2
0.4
0.6
0.8
1
1.2
1.4
1.6
1.8
1 2 3 4 5Oak Forest Pine Forests Barren Land Cultivated Land Urban Systems
m3/
Sq
km/s
econ
d)
1.670
0.422
0.836
0.260
0.048
In Comparison to Oak Forest flood rate is nearly 35 times higher in urban land use
Hydrological Responses of Himalayan Watersheds:Overland Land Flow Per Cent of Total Rainfall
Oak Forest: 3.50% Pine Forest: 5.60%
Cultivated Land: 15.00%
Urban Systems: 65.00%
Barren Land: 25.00%
PrecipitationGround
Interactions Geology, Soils, Slope, Aspect,
DrainageRun-off
Land Use Pattern
Water Discharge(Springs & Streams)
Water Availability
Water Demand (Agriculture,
Domestic, Industry etc.)
Land Use Planning
Integrated Resource Management
Adaptive Water Management: Demand Prioritization, Rainfall
Variability, Extreme Events
Critical Headwater/Watersheds
Implementation, Monitoring & Assessment
Knowledge Generation Validation &
Synthesis
Multi-stakeholders Governance
Groundwater
Water Availability Utilization & Access
Location-Altitudinal Transact
Social Structure
Economic Viability
Technical Feasibility
Water Quality
Traditional Water Management System & People’s Priorities
Income Generation
Food, Livelihood & Heath
Gender Sensitization
Social Equity
Conceptualization, Decision &
Planning
Water Conservation Measures
Integrated Land and Water Management Approach
Institutionalizationand
Sustainability
Water Price
Geographic Information System for Wasteland Development
Satellite Data
Field Survey, Mapping
PRA
SOI & other Maps
Socio-econo-
mic Surveys
Land Use
Forests
Geology
Soils
Geomorphology
Water Resources
Contours
Resource Utilization Pattern, Productivity,
Flow Structures, Consumption, Requirements,
Resource-Ownership, Drying Water Sources,
People’s Developmental
Options, People’s Environmental
Perceptions
Indigenous knowledge, Traditional Resource Management System
Water Discharge
Field Moni- toring
Users’ Needs
Users’ Need
Assess-ment
Conversion into
GIS Mode by Geo-referencing
Digitization Rasterizations,
Polygonization & Creation of
Spatial Database
Thematic & GIS
Conversion & Creation of Non-spatial Database
Slope, Aspect
Relief
Geology
Soils
Land Use
Springs, Streams
Agriculture
Forests
Wastelands
Resource Productivity
Resource Flow
Water Discharge
Drying Water Sources
Resource Demand
Wasteland Ownership
People’s Options
Users’ Needs
DATA SOURCE
OUTPUTS GIS OPERATONS DATA INPUT
Manage-ment
Options for Different
Categories of
Wasteland
Prioriti-zation
of Villages for
Conservation of Land
& Water Resources
Land Capability
Classification
Compre- hensive Waste-
land Action
Plan for Sample Villages
Inte-grated Waste-
land Develop
ment Plan
FINAL OUTPUTS
OVERLAY OPERATIONS
Natural Resources Information
System
Land Use Planning
Natural Resources Information System for Integrated Land and Water Management
Management Options for
DifferentLand Use Categories
Headwater Prioritization
& Management
Inte-grated Land & Water
Manage-ment
Adaptation Programme, Disaster Risk
ReductionAdaptive Resource Manage-
ment
Climatic Data
Terrain Characteristics
Disaster Mapping
Water Availability
Resource Ownership
Precipitation
Temperature
Extreme Event History
Disaster Vulnerability
Land Use
Natural Resources
Livelihood & Food Systems
LAKE REGION DISTRICT NAINITALNATURAL RISK VULNERABILITY
% C
ultiv
ated
Lan
d &
Sett
lem
ents
Very LowLowModerately LowModerateHighVery High
NRDMS Centre,Nainital
LAKE REGION DISTRICT NAINITAL
ADAPTIVE LANDUSE
Forest (62%)
Agriculture (20%)
Horticulture (7%)
Water Conservation (4%)
Settlements (5%)
Water-bodies (2%) Forest (62%)Cultivated Land (20%)
Horticulture (7%)
Settlements (5%) Water-bodies (2%)Water Conservation (4%)
MICRO-WATERSHED LEVELINTEGRATED LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT OPTIONS
N
LEGEND:Reserved Forest
Cultivated Land
Horticulture & Tea Farming
Vegetable Farming
Water Conservation Sites
Community Forests
SAIL AND BUNGA
N
500 m 0 500 m
LEGEND:
Fig. 4
Spring Sanctuaries
Fodder & Horticulture Development
Energy Development & Medicinal Plants
Horticulture & Tea Farming
Agriculture
Catchment Treatment, Check Dams, Ponds
VILLAGE LEVEL INTEGRATED LAND AND WATER MANAGEMENT FRAMEWORK
Thanks You!