ALFA UNIVERZITET U BEOGRADU

Fakultet za Obrazovanje diplomiranih pravnika i diplomiranih ekonomista za

Rukovodeće Kadrove Novi Sad

PRAKTIKUM iz

Engleskog jezika 3

Nastavnik:

mr Biljana Vasev

mr Doloris Bešić Vukašinović

Beograd, 2012.

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Sadržaj:

I Uvod

Literatura

Syllabus

Predispitne obaveze

Ispit

II Gramatika

Predavanja

Vežbe

III Vokabular

Business terms

IV Diskusija

Analiza tekstova i konverzacija

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I Uvod Cilj predmeta Engleski jezik 3 jeste osposobljavanje

studenata za razumevanje stručnih tekstova i poslovnu

komunikaciju, kako usmenu tako i pisanu.

Ishod predmeta Engleski jezik 3 podrazumeva ovladavanje

gramatičkim strukturama engleskog jezika, jezičkim veštinama

i poslovnom terminologijom na B2 nivou; samostalno korišćenje

Internet resursa na engleskom jeziku; čitanje i analiziranje

autentičnih stručnih tekstova; samostalno istraživanje i

korišćenje poslovno-ekonomske terminologije iz obrađenih

tema; razvijanje komunikacijskih veština.

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Literatura

Neophodna literatura za predmet Engleski jezik 2:

1. Student’s Book

English course, Book 3

Author: Slobodan Rakić

2. Further reading and practice:

www.merriam-webster.com

www.ldoceonline.com

www.ego4u.com

www.englishgrammar.org

www.edufind.com

www.businessenglishsite.com

www.macmillanenglish.com

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Syllabus

Engleski jezik 3 u svom programu sadrži osim gramatičkih

jedinica i vežbe vokabulara. Gradivo se objedinjuje kroz vežbe

prevoda i konverzacije.

Gramatika - Efikasna jezička nastava podrazumeva i

gramatičku građu kao imperativ. Cilj jeste obnavljanje,

utvrđivanje i obrada novih gramatičkih jedinica kao uslov za

sticanje osnove za razvijanje komunikacijske sposobnosti,

odnosno funkcionalne upotrebe engleskog jezika. Gramatika je

osnov komunikacije i bez vladanja određenjim jezičkim oblicima

nema prave komunikacije.

Gramatičke jedinice koje su predviđene za obradu su:

1. All tenses (12)

2. Conditionals (all types)

3. Business terms (explanation in English)

4. Translation from Serbian into English (sentences)

5. Passive Voice

6. Discussion

Jezičke vežbe – Kada je reč o jezičkim vežbama od

studenata se očekuje da određen broj rečenica prevedu sa

srpskog na engleski jezik. Cilj ovih vežbi jeste primena

adekvatnog vokabulara i gramatičkih jedinica.

Stručna terminologija – Usvajanje novih termina i

bogaćenje vokabulara stručnom terminologijom je svakako

imperativ kvalitetnog učenja jezika. Ovaj deo gradiva

podrazumeva uspešno definisanje stručne terminologije.

Od studenata se očekuje da na osnovu date definicije

prepoznau odgovarajući termin.

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NB Svi termini se nalaze u udžbeniku na kraju svake

lekcije i svi su prevedeni na srpski, a dato je i objašnjenje

na engleskom.

Termini za kolokvijum na sledećim stranama: 187, 188,

189, 190, 208, 209, 210, 315, 331, 390, 391.

Službena korespondencija – U nastavi engleskog jezika

čiji cilj je razvijanje komunikativne sposobnosti posebno

na poslovnom nivou, veoma važno mesto zauzima nastava

pismenog izražavanja.

Tako, će se studenti u ovom segmentuu učenja sresti sa

primerima poslovnog pisanog jezika i sami primeniti isti

pisanjem jednog poslovnog pisma.

Diskusija - Studenti će imati priliku da iskažu svoje ideje

i stavove na najrazličitije teme, kao i svoje planove za dalje

napredovanje.

Potrebno je pročitati tekstove sa sledećih stranica: 270,

271, 276-279, 366, 368-370, 438-440, jer ćemo na casu

diskutovati i o problematici iz ovih tekstova.

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Predispitne obaveze

Predispitne obaveze studenata za predmet Engleski jezik 3

su podeljenje u tri oblasti:

1. Gramatičke vežbe:

Uraditi vežbanja u radnoj svesci na sledećim stranicama:

strana 35 (Exercise 1, Exercise 2),

strana 41 (Exercise 8),

strana 44 (Exercise 9, Exercise 10),

strana 45 (Exercise 11),

strana 48 (Exercise 14),

strana 50 (Exercise 15),

strana 60 (Text 5),

strana 69 (Exercise 1),

strana 78 (Exercise 1, prvih 13 rečenica),

strana 90 (Exercise 1).

2. Translation:

Prevod 3 lekcije po izboru iz Udžbenika (str. 117-142)

3. Writing:

Napisati esej na jednu od ponuđenih tema:

My first day at work Top managers – responsibility and pleasure Modern technology – pros and cons How I manage my free time My future after graduation

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Ispit

Kolokvijum 1-Midterm Test 1

1. Grammar-Tenses

*Filling the gaps with the appropriate form of the verbs

2. Translation from Serbian into English

3. Vocabulary

*Business terms

Završni rad– Final Exam

1. Grammar-Tenses within a text

*Filling the gaps with the appropriate form of the verbs

2. Translation from Serbian into English

3. Grammar- Conditionals

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II Gramatika:

Predavanja

The Present Simple Tense

1.Form of the simple present tense

Positive form: I, you, we, (you), they + BARE INF. He, she, it + BARE INF. + -s/-es

Negative form: I, you, we, (you), they + do not (don’t) + BARE INF. He, she, it + does not (doesn’t) + BARE INF.

Interrogative form: Inversion Do + I, you, we, (you), they + BARE INF. Does + he, she, it + BARE INF. Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion *NB: The third person singular-pronunciation and spelling Pronunciation of the third person singular: /s/ after /f, p, k, t/: laughs, puffs, drops, kicks, lets;

verbs ending in /z, dʒ, s, ∫, t∫, ks/ take an extra syllable in the third person which is pronounced /Iz/: loses, manages, passes, pushes, stiches, mixes; other verbs are pronounced with /z/ in the thirs person singular afer /b, d, g, l, m, n, ŋ/: robs, adds, digs, fills, dreams, runs, rings; after vowel + w or r: draws, stirs; after /v/ loves; after vowels: sees, pays. Spelling of the third person singular: Most verbs add –s: work/works, drive/drives, play/plays, run/runs. Verbs normally add –es when they end in: -o: do/does; -s: miss/misses; -x: mix/mixes; -ch: catch/catches; -sh: push/pushes.

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When there is a consonant before –y, there is a change to –ies: cry/cries, but not with vowel before –y: say/says. 2. Uses of the simple present tense Permanent or general truths - we use the simple present

for statements that are always true: Summer follows spring. Water boils at 100°C.

The present period - we use the present simple to refer to events, actions or situations which ate true in the present period of time and which, for all we know, may continue indefinitely. We work for an international company. My sister wears glasses.

Habitual actions or routines - the simple present can be used with or without an adverb of time to describe habitual actions, things that happen repeatedly. I get up at 7 o’clock. John smokes a lot. *We can be more precise about habitual actions by using the simple present with adverbs of indefinite frequency (always, never) or with adverbial phrases (every day). I sometimes stay at work until late. She visits her parents every day. *We commonly use the simple present tense to ask and answer questions which begin with: How often? How often do you go to the dentist?-I go every six months. *Questions relating to habit can be asked with ever and answered with never. Do you ever eat meat?-No, I never eat meat.

Observations and declarations – we commonly use the simple present tense with state and other verbs to make observations and declarations in the course of conversation.

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I hope/assume/suppose/promise everything will be all right. We live in difficult times.-I agree.

Generalizations and definitions – we commonly use the simple present tense to refer to generalizations and definitions. Men like football, and women enjoy shopping.

Future reference – this use is often related to timetables or to events in the calendar. The exhibition opens on January 1st and closes on January 31st.

3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases Adverbs of frequency: Never-hardly ever-sometimes-often-usually/normally-always, may have three positions in a sentence: 1) Behind the verb “to be” He is always late. 2) In front of the main verb We often go to the concerts. 3) Between the auxiliary/modal verb and the main verb We don’t usually eat out. He can always make me smile. Adverbial phrases: Every-day, weak, month, year -morning, afternoon, evening, night -spring, summer, autumn, winter -weekday, weekend -Monday, Tuesday ≈ on Mondays, on Tuesdays

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The Present Continuous/Progressive Tense

1.Form of the present continuous/progressive tense

Positive form: Person + am/is/are + bare inf. -ing

Negative form: Person + as/is/are not (‘m not/isn’t/aren’t) + bare inf. –ing

Interrogative form: Inversion Am/is/are + person + bare inf. –ing Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion *NB Spelling: how to add “-ing” to a verb We can add –ing to most verbs without changing the spelling of their base firms: wait/waiting, drink/drinking. If the verb ends in –e, we omit the –e and add –ing: come/coming, have/having, make/making. A verb that is spelt with a single vowel followed with a single consonant doubles its final consonant: run/running, sit/sitting. With two-syllable verbs, the final consonant is normally doubled when the last syllable is stressed: begin/beginning, forget/forgetting. **lie/lying, die/dying, tie/tying 2. Uses of the present continuous/progressive tense Action in progress at the moment of speaking – we use the

present continuous/progressive tense to describe actions or events which are in progress at the moment of speaking. To emphasize this, we often use adverbials like now, at the moment, just, etc. Someone is knocking at the door. He is working at the moment, so he cannot come to the telephone.

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Temporary situations and current trends - we use the present continuous/progressive tense to describe actions or events which may not have been happening long, or which are thought of as being in progress for a limited period. Such situations may not be happening at the moment of speaking. Temporary events may be in progress at the moment of speaking. She is studying English at Durham University. She is at her best when she is making big decisions. The river is flowing very fast after last night’s rain. People are becoming less tolerant of smoking these days.

Repeated actions – The adverbs always (in the sense of frequently), constantly, continually, forever, perpetually and repeatedly can be used with progressive forms to describe continually-repeated actions. She is always helping people. *Sometimes there can be implied complaint in this use of the progressive when it refers to something that happens too often. Our burglar alarm is forever going off for no reason.

Future reference – we use the present continuous/progressive tense to refer to activities and events planned for the future. We are spending next winter in Australia.

3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases-signal words At the moment, at this moment Today, now, right now Listen! Look! Wait!

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The Past Simple Tense

1.Form of the simple past tense

Positive form: + BARE INF.+ -ed/-d (for regular verbs)

Person < or

+ 2nd Column (for irregular verbs)

Negative form: Person + did not (didn’t) + BARE INF.

Interrogative form: Inversion Did + person + BARE INF. Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion *NB: Regular verb ending: “-ed/-d” pronunciation and spelling Pronunciation

• /d/ after vowel or voiced consonant: to pull=pulled; to live=lived

• /t/ after voiceless consonants /p, k, t ʃ, ʃ, s/

to stop=stopped; to look=looked • /Id/ after “t” & “d”

to start=started; to need=needed Spelling

• Short vowel & single consonant: to slip; slip + ed=slipped

• Bare inf. –y: to cry; cr + i + ed BUT to play; play + ed=played

• Bare inf. – e: to decide; decide + d= decided

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2. Uses of the simple past tense Completed actions - events, actions or situations which

occurred in the past and are now finished.

The police stopped me on my way home last night. Leila lived in Scotland from 1996 to 2006

A series of completed actions – actions which happened one after another.

Yesterday we finished our meeting successfully, went for a lunch to a nearby restaurant and celebrated our success.

Past habits (like “used to”).

He smoked forty cigarettes a day till he gave up.

3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases Adverbials with the simple past tense: YESTERDAY, yesterday morning/afternoon… LAST week/month/year… …last Monday/Tuesday… a week, a month, a year… 2 days, 3 weeks, 6 months, 15 years…AGO 10 minutes, many years, long time… In 1996

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The Past Continuous/Progressive Tense

1.Form of the past continuous/progressive tense

Positive form: Person + was/were + bare inf. –ing

Negative form: Person + was/were not (wasn’t/weren’t) + bare inf. –ing

Interrogative form: Inversion Was/were + person + bare inf. –ing Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion *NB Spelling: how to add “-ing” to a verb = See the Present Continuous/Progressive Tense *NB bare inf. -ing !!! Remember that some verbs are normally used in simple tenses only: believe, belong, depend, know, like, love, mean, own, remember, understand, want…

We didn’t know the market forecast. (*NOT We weren’t knowing…)

They owned five shops in Madrid alone. (*NOT They were owning…) 2. Uses of the past continuous/progressive tense Actions in progress in the past - actions or situations that

were in progress at some time in the past:

Leila was working on her report last night. My sister and I were living in London in 2005.

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Parallel actions in the past - we can emphasize that two or

more actions were in progress at the same time :

While I was cooking lunch, my husband was working in the garden.

Most people were working at their desks, but Jo was staring out the window and pretending to write something at the same time.

An action or a situation in progress in the past interrupted by another event:

We were having a meeting when we heard an explosion. He received an important phone call while he was writing his report.

To refer to situations that were changing over time in the past: During the 1980s, many of the older industries were closing down. At that time, we were coming out of recession and things were improving.

3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases Adverbials with the past continuous tense: All day/morning/afternoon/night… While/as When*(for the past simple clause)

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The Present Perfect Simple Tense

1.Form of the present perfect simple tense

Positive form: Person + have/has + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column

Negative form: Person + have/has not + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column (haven’t/hasn’t)

Interrogative form: Inversion Have/has + person + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion 2. Uses of the present perfect simple tense Recent events, without a definite time given or indefinite

events, which happened at an unknown time in the past (no definite time is given):

We’ve missed our plane. Jo has had three car accidents. Life experiences:

She’s never had to lead a team before. Have you ever seen a ghost? Past actions that continue from the past to the present:

We have been in this business for over 50 years. Past events that have an impact in the present:

Recently profits have fallen sharply because of strong competition.

*NB “been” & “gone” Is there any difference between these two sentences? If yes, what is it?

Leila has been to Paris for a meeting. Leila has gone to Paris for a meeting.

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3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases

Adverbials with the present perfect simple tense: So far, this week, over the last few years Since, for Ever, never Just, yet Already, still, recently…

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The Present Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense

1.Form of the present perfect continuous/progressive tense

Positive form: Person + have/has + been + bare inf. + -ing

Negative form: Person + have/has not + been + bare inf. + -ing (haven’t/hasn’t)

Interrogative form: Inversion Have/has + person +been + bare inf. + -ing Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion *NB Spelling: how to add “-ing” to a verb = See the Present Continuous/Progressive Tense 2. Uses of the present perfect continuous/progressive tense A state which lasts up to the present moment:

I’ve been waiting for you for three hours. An incomplete activity:

I’ve been painting the house but I still haven’t finished. To emphasize duration:

I have been writing e-mails all morning. A recently finished activity:

I’ve been running. That’s why I look hot. A repeated activity:

I’ve been taking French lessons this year. 3. Adverbs of frequency and adverbial phrases

Adverbials with the present perfect continuous/progressive tense: So far, this week, over the last few years Since, for Ever, never Just, yet Already, still, recently…

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The Past Perfect Simple Tense

1.Form of the past perfect simple tense

Positive form: Person + had + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column

Negative form: Person + had not + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column (hadn’t)

Interrogative form: Inversion Had + person + bare inf. + -ed/-d or 3rd column Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion 2. Uses of the past perfect simple tense The past perfect referring to an earlier past-the main use

of the past perfect is to show which of the two events

happened first: The patient died. The doctor arrived. The patient died when the doctor arrived. The patient had died when the doctor arrived.

*NB Some typical conjunctions used before a past perfect to refer

to “an earlier past” are: when and after, as soon as, by the time that. We cleaned up as soon as our guests had left. Adverbs often associated with present perfect already, ever, for, just, never, ever, never…before, since are often used with past perfect to emphasize the sequence of events:

When he phoned, I had already left the office. The past perfect as the past equivalent of the present

perfect - the past perfect sometimes functions simply as the past form of the present perfect:

Leila is excited because she has never been to a dance before. BUT

Leila was excited because she had never been to a dance before.

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The past perfect for unfulfilled hopes and wishes – we can

use the past perfect with verbs like expect, hope, mean, suppose, think, want to describe things we hoped or wished to do but didn’t.

I had hoped to send him a letter to congratulate him on his marriage, but I didn’t manage it.

Also, the past perfect is often used with verbs of thinking,

like know, realize, remember, be sure, think and etc. When I got to their office, I realized I’d left all my papers behind.

Mathew was sure they hadn’t received the invoice, but he checked one more time.

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The Past Perfect Continuous (Progressive) Tense

1.Form of the past perfect continuous/progressive tense

Positive form: Person + had + been + bare inf. + -ing

Negative form: Person + had not + been + bare inf. + -ing (hadn’t)

Interrogative form: Inversion Had + person +been + bare inf. + -ing Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion *NB Spelling: how to add “-ing” to a verb = See the Present Continuous/Progressive Tense 2. Uses of the past perfect continuous/progressive tense Actions in the progress throughout a period – the past

perfect continuous is used for activities in progress during an earlier past, often with consequences then:

She was very tired. She had been typing letters all day. *NB

Some verbs like learn, lie, live, rain, sit, sleep, stand, study, wait, work naturally suggest continuity and often occur with perfect continuous forms with since or for and also in questions beginning with How long…? When I first met Leila, she had been working for The Times for 15 years.

The past perfect tense for drawing conclusions – we use the continuous forms to show that we have come to a conclusion based on direct or indirect evidence: Her eyes were red.

It was obvious she had been crying.

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The past perfect tense for repeated actions– we use the perfect continuous forms to show that an action was frequently repeated:

Leila was annoyed. Mathew had been phoning her every night for a whole week.

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The Future Simple Tense 1.Form of the future simple tense

Positive form: Person + will (‘ll) + bare inf.

Negative form: Person + will not (won’t) + bare inf.

Interrogative form: Inversion Will + person +been + bare inf. Short Answers: Yes/No *Complex Questions: WH-word + Inversion 2. Uses of the future simple tense The Future Simple for predictions – we use will to make

predictions about future (subjective ones) and to state facts about future events:

Over the next decade there will be a big increase in the use of nuclear power.

I think we’ll open an office in Barcelona next year. *We can add perhaps/maybe or probably*.

Maybe I’ll join you later in the bar. *NB The Word Order: He’ll probably agree with you. He probably won’t agree with you. The Future Simple for instant decisions – will can be used

also for instant decisions and thoughts that come into our head at the moment of speaking:

I’ll wait for you outside. I’ll call you tomorrow. Will & modal uses - will also has modal uses and can

express an offer of help, a promise, certainty about something, a request and etc.

I’ll give you my full support in the meeting. (promise) Will you hold the elevator for me, please? (request) Will &conditional sentences - when we talk about future

events that will happen, or are likely to happen we use the 1st Conditional:

If you increase your order, we’ll give you a bigger discount.

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The Future Continuous Tense

Will + be + Present Participle

USE 1: Interrupted action in the future (a longer action in the future will be interrupted by a shorter action)

Eg. I will be watching TV when she arrives tonight. USE 2: Specific time in the future Eg. At midnight tonight, we will still be driving through the desert.

USE 3: Parallel actions in the future Eg. Tonight, they will be eating dinner, discussing their plans, and having a good time. USE 4: Atmosphere in the future Eg. When I arrive at the party, some people will be dancing. Others will be talking. A few people will be eating pizza. Note: *While I am finishing my homework, she will be making dinner. *Jane will be at my house when you arrive. (Non-continuous verb) - Will you still be waiting for her when her plane arrives? (interrogative) - At 8:00 PM tonight, John will not be washing the dishes. (negative)

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The Future Perfect Tense

will + have + past participle USE 1: Completed action before something in the future Eg. By next November, I will have received my promotion.

*By the time he gets home, she will have cleaned the entire house. USE 2: Duration before something in the future (non-continuous verbs) Eg. By Monday, Susan will have had my book for a week. - Will you only have learned a few words till then? (interrogative) -He will not have completed the project before the deadline. (negative)

The Future Perfect Continuous Tense will + have been + present participle

USE 1: Duration before something in the future Eg. Next year I will have been working for that firm for three years. USE 2: Cause of something in the future

Eg. Jason will be tired when he gets home because he will have been jogging for over an hour. Explain:

•He will be tired because he will be exercising so hard.

•He will be tired because he will have been exercising so hard.

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Conditional Sentences

0 If sales increase , we make more profit. 1st If sales increase, we will make more profit. 2nd If sales increased, we would make more profit. 3rd If sales had increased, we would have made more profit.

General information about conditionals A condition is something that has to be fulfilled before something else can happen.

If, normally meaning “provided that”, is sometimes followed by then. If then is not stated, it is implied:

If X happens, (then) Y follows. Conditions: “If… (then…)”

Conditional sentences have two parts, i.e. two clauses: 1. the If-clause &

2. the main clause. The order of the clauses:

Version 1

The If –clause, the main clause Or

Version 2

The main clause the If clause *NB: The order of the two clauses is flexible, it is not fixed.

BUT If the If – clause comes first, it must be followed by a comma.

If he runs, he will get there in time. or

He will get there in time if he runs.

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Types of conditional sentences There are four types of conditional sentences. They are classifies according to the degree of probability they express. Each type of conditional sentence uses different tenses to show the difference in the degree of probability. 4 types of conditional sentences

Zero conditional - things that are always or generally true First conditional (likely future) – events that will happen or are likely to happen

Second conditional (imaginary future) – events that are imaginary, unlikely or impossible

Third conditional (imaginary past) – past events that are different to what really happened

Zero conditional

1. Form In the condition clause there can be a variety of present forms, i.e. Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect.

When you fly business class, you get much more legroom. (Present Simple) If interest rates are rising, bank loans become more expensive. (Present Continuous) When you have finished the course, they give you a certificate. (Present Perfect)

In the result clause there can be a Present simple or an imperative form.

Keep trying. If you fail, try again. * We can use either if or when in every case with no difference in meaning.

2.Use To talk about universal truths:

If you don’t get the best people into the company, your reputation suffers. To talk about habits:

If she sees a spider, she gets very scared.

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First conditional - real 1. Form: In the condition clause there can be a variety of present forms, i.e. Present Simple, Present Continuous, Present Perfect.

If you increase your order, we will give you a bigger discount. (Present Simple)

If you are meeting her at three, I’ll join you later at about four. (Present Continuous)

If I have made any mistakes, I’ll correct them later. (Present Perfect)

In the result clause ‘ll is very common (like in the previous examples). We can also use other future forms or an imperative.

If anyone from the Head Office calls, say I’m in a meeting. (Imperative) *If the result clause refers to the present, we use a present tense. If you need me, I’m working in the study room.

2. Use To speak about probable or possible future events:

If you follow this road, you’ll come to the station. To make promises or warnings:

If you fail to finish the report, they will give you a sack. To give commands:

If you are tired, go to bed.

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Second conditional-unreal 1. Form

Let’s translate ,,ŠBB-KBB”

If I worked for The Times, I’d get a better salary. If you were still working for The Times, you could help me with this project. !!!Note that in the condition clause we use a past form to refer to the future.

NB: “If I was/ If I were” issue

If I was …is a colloquial alternative to If I were… In speech many English people use “If I was…”, but “If I were…” is held to be grammatically correct.

If I were you, I’d wait until tomorrow. I’d be more careful if I were you.

2. Use To speak about present and future situations which are

unlikely to happen:

If I had any more money, I would lend it to you.

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Third conditional - unreal 1. Form:

If the sales had increased last quarter, my boss would have been happier. If the economic situation had been better, we wouldn’t have lost so many customers.

2. Use To speak about impossible past events:

If they had gone by bus, they would have arrived mush later. He would have travelled around the world if he had had more money.

Other ways to say - If Unless, ...

Even if, … Provided/providing (that), with the condition that, as long as, … Imagine, suppose, supposing that, … In case,…

NB: Unless… If he doesn’t arrive soon, he’ll miss the flight.

Unless he arrives soon, he’ll miss the flight.

Unless means the same as If…not, and therefore it can replace “if” in the negative conditions.

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Passive Voice

Passive voice is used when the focus is on the action. It is not important or not known, however, who or what is performing the action. E.g. My bike was stolen. ( the focus is on the fact that my bike was stolen. I do not know, however, who did it.) Sometimes a statement in passive is more polite than active voice, as in: E.g. A mistake was made. In this case, I focus on the fact that a mistake was made, but I do not blame anyone: E.g. You have made a mistake. Form of Passive

Subject + finite form of to be + Past Participle (3rd column of irregular verbs) E.g. A letter was written.

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When rewriting active sentences in passive voice, note the following: 1. the object of the active sentence becomes the subject of the passive sentence 2. the finite form of the verb is changed (to be + past participle) 3. the subject of the active sentence becomes the object of the passive sentence (or is dropped)

Tenses which are rarely used in passive in everyday conversation: Present Perfect Continuous, Past Perfect Continuous, Future Continuous, Future Perfect Continuous. We are normally not interested in the "doer" of an action in a passive sentence. When we want to mention the "doer", we use the preposition by.

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Subjects in active sentences that are omitted in passive ones: we, everyone, anyone, someone, no one.., people, you (one), they, the police.

Verbs with prepositions in passive (e.g. break into, look after) - the preposition remains immediately after the verb. Someone broke into the pet shop. ---> The pet shop was broken into. Active sentences with two objects in passive When there are two objects in an active sentence, there are two possible active sentences and two possible passive sentences. object 1 = indirect object object 2 = direct object Each of the objects (direct and indirect) can be the subject in the passive sentence.

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*Impersonal Passive - It is said ... Active sentence: People say that children are afraid of ghosts. Passive sentence – version 1 (used in news): It is said that children are afraid of ghosts. Passive sentence – version 2: Children are said to be afraid of ghosts.

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II Gramatika

Vežbe

Translate the following sentences:

1. Necu zavrsiti ovaj test do 3h.

2. Bice vise od sat vremena kako razgovaraju kada Tomas bude stigao.

3. Koliko ces drzava posetiti dok ne napunis 50 godina?

4. Neces biti unapredjen dok ne budes ovde radio koliko i Tom.

5. On ce veceras uciti u biblioteci pa nece videti Dzenifer kad bude stigla.

6. Sledeće godine će biti drugačije. Obećavam.

7. Sledeća godina će verovatno biti drugačija.

8. Pitam se da li će me prepoznati?

9. Šta će te raditi sledeće godine? Niste mi rekli vaše planove.

10. Šta ćeš raditi sledeće godine, da li znaš?

11. Sutra u ovo vreme ja ću biti na skijanju.

12. Srećno na ispitu, mislićemo na tebe.

13. Graditelji kažu da će on završiti krov do subote.

14. Večeras ću napisati izveštaj.

15. Napisaću izveštaj do večeras.

16. Džone! Piter odlazi. Dođi i pozdravi se.

17. On će poludeti kad mu kažem da sam polupao njegov auto.

18. Dejv je tako ambiciozan, kladim se da će se obogatiti do svoje tridesete godine.

19. Upravo sam primio meil od Megan. Pročita ću ti ga.

20. Ogromna slika je zauzela polovinu zida u dnevnoj sobi.

21. Tako ozbiljne optužbe koje se tiču njegovih skorašnjih poslovnih angažmana su

ozbiljno narušile njegovu reputaciju u krugu uglednih privrednika.

22. Ekonomisti su predvideli pad valute na berzi kao i opadanje masovne zaposlenosti.

23. Ne mogu da hodam – povredio sam nogu.

24. Ministar spoljnih poslova je umro.

25. Ko je ona? Nikad je ranije nisam video.

26. Možeteli da verujete da je danas imala trideset četiri telefonska poziva.

27. On je nezaposlen od kada je napustio školu.

28. Nisam puno radio kada sam bio na fakultetu.

29. Moj najbolji prijatelj i ja se godinama poznajemo.

30. Sneg pada još od utorka i veoma je hladno.

31. Bilo mi je žao mi je što nisam bila ljubaznija prema njemu.

32. Niko nije došao na sastanak jer je Anđela zaboravila da obavesti ljude o tome.

33. Kada je okrečio kuhinju i kupatilo, odlučio je da se odmori.

34. Pošto je isprobao šest pari cipela, odlučio je da mu se prve najviše dopadaju.

35. Kada je završio sa ručkom otišao je do kafea na kafu.

36. Benu nije uživao u prvoj nedelji u vojsci. Nikada ranije nije bio odvojen od kuće i

nikada nije nosio uniformu.

37. Kada sam ga upoznao on je godinu dana radio kao konobar.

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38. Kada je Kerol došla kući Mark je spremao večeru.

39. Kada je Kerol došla kući Mark je spremio večeru.

40. Alisa radi za jednu osiguravajuću kompaniju.

41. U šest sati ovog jutra sanjao sam izvanredan san,ali onda je alarm zazvonio.

42. Kada sam ušao unutra oni su razgovarali o ugovoru.

43. Dock sam razgovarao sa gospođom Adams neko je ušao u moju kancelariju i ukrao

kompjuter.

44. Bil Geic je održao svoj prvi govor na Komdeksu, šou kompjutersko-industrijske

razmene, 1983. godine.

45. Mikrosoft je najavio planove za novi program zvanim Windows.

46. Oni su slušali muziku kada je ona tri puta pozvonila.

47. “ Kakav je to divan miris?” “Moj suprug kuva”.

48. Zvaničnici su odbili da otkriju detalje pregovora koji su se odrzali u našem gradu.

49. Lopov joj je prišao sa leđa,brzo uzeo njenu tašnu i orčao.

50. Oni su igrali tenis kada ga je videla.

51. Popunio je aplikaciju,priložio kratku biografiju sa preporukama i poslao.

52. Prošle godine smo dosta robe izvozili u Brazil.

53. Dok je kompanija istraživala nesreću,vlada je uvela nove propise.

54. Kada se vatra zapalila ona je nosila zaštitnu odeću.

55. Juče u ovo vreme ja sam kucala izveštaj u mojoj kancelariji.

56. Ako ne odem rano u krevet, necu ustati na vreme.

57. Ako prihvatim ovu ponudu sta bi ti rekao.

58. Da nije toliko zauzeta pridruzila bi nam se.

59. Da si uradio sta su ti rekli, uspeo bi.

60. Ako ga vidim sutra sve cu mu reci.

61. Oni ne bi bili u nevolji da su prihvatili tvoj savet.

62. Kad bi cuo o tvom braku, iznenadio bi se.

63. Da imam sansu otisao bih u Englesku.

64. Otisao bih da ih posetim da sam znao da su kod kuce.

65. Da si bio na sastanku video bi ga.

66. Da sam znao da sam ti potreban, odmah bi dosao.

67. Da joj poznati reziser nije pomogao ona nikada ne bi bila zvezda.

68. Da je jos uvek mlad ne bi morao tako cesto da ide kod lekara.

69. Da ste poslusali njegove savete ne biste imali problema kada ste prelazili granicu.

70. Da niste toliko trosili kada ste bili mladi, do sada biste se obogatili.

71. Da nam se kola nisu pokvarila mi bismo stigli na planinu pre dva sata.

72. Kada bih ponovo bio mlad vise bih stedeo.

73. Da li bi kupio tu jaknu da si imao dovoljno novca?

74. Da sam visok kao kosarkas igrao bih kosarku svaki dan.

75. Da smo na vreme poceli dosad bismo zavrsili krecenje kuce.

76. Da sam imao svoja kola ne bih pozajmljivao kola svojih roditelja.

77. Da ne moram da polazem ovaj ispit sada bi se skijao na nekoj planini.

78. Da me niste povezli ja bih stajao na kisi i cekao autobus.

79. Da ste mi tacno objasnili gde zivite stigao bih na vreme.

80. Ako nastavite da ucite tom brzinom necete biti spremni za ispit.

81. Kad me pozoves ja dodjem.

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82. Ako se kornjace cuvaju u neodgovarajucim uslovima one umiru.

83. Ako vam je potrebna pomoc okrenite 999.

84. Kada bih ja nestao sutra, sta bi ti radio.

85. Da sam znao kakav ce to tezak posao biti, nikada im ne bi kupio kucnog ljubimca.

86. Da su mi rekli da ne idem ja ne bih otisao na njihovu zabavu.

87. Sta bi ti uradio kad bi video vanzemaljca.

88. Da je imao malo para on bi nesto kupio.

89. Da sam imao makaze pozajmio bih ti.

90. Ako pada sneg ja cu ostati u skoli.

91. On bi stigao na autobus da je brze pesacio.

92. Da im niste pomogli zakasnili bi na voz.

93. Da je padala kisa otisao bih otisao kuci.

94. Nikada ne bih stigao ovde na vreme da me niste povezli.

95. Da su znali da ste bili ovde odmah bi dosli. Kada je vreme lepo ja idem u prirodu.

96. Kada je umoran on rano ide u krevet.

97. Biljke rastu ako ih zalivate.

98. Kad god imam zubobolju ja idem kod zubara.

99. Ako je previse toplo majka vise voli da ostane kod kuce.

100. Ako bude slobodan pocice sa nama.

101. Ako ne pozuris zakasnices.

102. Ako mi pomognes zavrsicu do sest sati.

103. Oni ce biti veoma umorni ako putuju celu noc.

104. Gde cemo ih odvesti ako dodju sledece nedelje’

105. Ako ga ponovo pitam odbice me.

Translate the following conditional sentences into English:

1. Poslao bih ti razglednicu da nisam bio izgubio tvoju adresu.

2. Ako bih izgubio posao, imao bih mnogo poteskoca da nadjem drugi.

3. Ako on ne prihvati nasu ponudu, mi cemo morati da se povucemo.

4. Ja bih kupio mercedes da sam bio u mogucnosti da ga priustim.

5. Ja bih ti pomogao da si me zamolio.

6. Kupicu dva ako mi date 10% popusta.

7. Moracemo da otpustimo neke radnike ukoliko se prodaja ne poboljsa uskoro.

8. Ako izvestaj ne bude na mom stolu sutra ujutru, bicete u velikoj nevolji.

9. Zaboravio bih sve oko toga da me niste podsetili.

10. Da sam na tvom mestu, ja bih radije dao ostavku.

11. Kad bismo vise trosili na istrazivanje i razvoj, ne bismo toliko tehnoloski zaostajali.

12. Izucavao bih ekonomiju da sam otisao na univerzitet.

13. Kad bismo malo bolje kontrolisali nase troskove, ustedeli bismo dosta novca.

14. Kad bismo otvorili kancelariju u Tokiju, ja bih bio zainteresovan da radim tamo.

15. Da sam otisao u Englesku, propustio bih Rejcelinu posetu.

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Turn the following sentences into passive:

1. We will deliver the goods immediately.

2. Jane had booked a flight.

3. I always confirm the reservation.

4. You have made a mistake.

5. We are developing a new invoicing system.

6. The marketing department in your country will handle this complaint.

7. We are building a new office block not far from here.

8. You can return any unwanted materials.

9. They execute all orders carefully.

10. We are processing your order at the moment

11. We have accepted your suggestions.

12. You should check all of the outstanding invoices.

13. We will transport the goods immediately.

14. We produce most of the documentation in this office.

15. *They suppose that the new product will come out soon.

16. People have reported a number of other fires in the area in the last month.

17. People believe that the same young man may be responsible for all these fires.

18. The intense heat burned many of the rescuers.

19. Someone had taken away the fire-extinguishers.

20. The police know the identity of one of the victims.