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Pre-eclampsia and eclampsia
Lisa Nasis
Case 1 Ms HV
29 yo primigravidaPresented to LMO at 36/40 with 2/52 hx
of generalised pruritus and diarrhoea Otherwise well No jaundice/rash; normal BP; urine negative
Past Medical Hx Depression on Sertraline Gestation DM at 28/40 - diet controlled
Case 1FBE
Hb 133
WCC 6.9
Plt 82
UECNa 136/K 4.4/Ur 4.6/Cr 71
LFTs
Bili 21
GGT 9
ALT 337
AST 158
ALP 229
Total Protein 63
Albumin 34
Case 1
Reviewed by LMO Pruritus improving, ongoing diarrhoea BP 122/75 Urine negative for protein No liver tenderness Oedema to shins
Case 1
3334Albumin
6263Total Protein
235229ALP
211158AST
433337ALT
109GGT
2521Bilirubin
8182Plt
6.26.9WCC
132133Hb
7/104/10
Case 1
Referred by LMO to Angliss O & G - admitted
Planned for delivery to prevent development of further complications
Anaesthetic department felt patient too high risk - required transfer
Case 1
Transferred to BHH 8/10 O/E
BP 120/80Oedema hands/legsAbdomen soft non-tenderHyperreflexia present
LUSCS planned
Case 1
32APTT
0.9INR
484419ALT
236222ALP
2317Bilirubin
8770Plt
8/10 12007/10
Case 1
LUSCS 8/10 Spinal
L3/4 27 g pencil point needle Clear CSF first pass 2.2 ml x 0.5 % heavy bupivacaine + 15 mcg fentanyl
Mild nausea post spinal Metaraminol/ephedrine/fluids
Case 1
Day 1 post-op Reports feeling‘twitchy’/’jittery’
OE normotensive, urine clearhyperreflexic
Felt to be ‘not true HELLP but in spectrum of pre-eclampsia’
Rx - clonazepam, not MgSO4
Case 1
Further ix Rheum/haem screen Abdo u/s NAD Discharged home 13/10 for LMO follow up
and r/v of LFTs
Case 2 Ms KL
Maternal Code Blue Birralee Green Team …
Case 2
30 yo female post ictal after 2 x tonic clonic seizures1st seizure lasted ~ 2 minGiven diazepam 5 mg iv after
second seizure startedSecond seizure lasted ~ 1 min
Case 2
No seizure activity nowBreathing spontaneouslyGCS 11BP 230/90HR 100BSL 5.4
Case 2 Further history..
G7P4 Day 2 post NVD at 33+6/40 T/f from Bairnesdale 4/7 ago with threatened
premature labour, ?choriamnionitis Rx = Celestone, cephazolin, nifedipine 20 mg Spontaneous labour 15/9 - delivery of liveborn
female
Case 2
PMHx Cholestasis of pregnancy Hepatitis C positive Smoker/marijuana use PHx IVDU Depression PHx of 3 x seizures a/w IVDU and sleep
deprivation - never investigated
Case 2
293193ALP
4342AST
163132GGT
16Bilirubin
12/9/086/8/08
3732ALT
Case 2
Management MgSO4 loaded 2.47g x 2 Remained drowsy, no further seizures BP 114/69, HR 111 Transferred to ICU for further monitoring
Case 2
ICU care Patient teary/agitated, refused MgSO4
infusion Monitored for ~ 6 hours D/c to ward
Case 2
Neurology r/v ? Eclampsia ? Seizure 2o to sleep deprivation ? Posterior encephalopathy
MRI - normal
Case 2
Discharged to Sale HospitalFollow up arranged
Seizure clinic Liver clinic
Management guidelines - Pre-eclampsia and eclampsiaANZCA Obstetric SIGDefinitionsDiagnosisHypertensionSeizuresFluidsLabour AnalgesiaAnaesthesia for caesarean
Definitions
Australasian Society of the Study of Hypertension in Pregnancy Pre-eclampsia: Hypertension arising after 20
weeks gestation with subsequent resolution of the disease by three months post partum, whereSBP ≥ 140 mmHg and or DBP ≥ 90 mmHgPLUS one or more of…
Brown et al. Aust N Z Obstet Gynaecol, 2000
Definitions
PLUS one or more of Proteinuria > 0.3g/24 hours Renal impairment Liver disease Neurological problems Haematological disturbance Fetal growth restriction
(hyperuricaemia)
Definitions
Liver tenderness, N & V, epigastric pain, severe LFT derangement
Mildly elevated LFTsGIT
Seizures, headache, visual disturbance, papilloedema, clonus
-CNS
√ +/- severe HT SBP ≥ 160 mmHg; DBP ≥ 110 mmHg
√HT
Severe pre-eclampsiaMild pre-eclampsia
Definitions
Pulmonary oedema-CVS/Resp
Fetal/placental compromise
-Uterofetal
•Proteinuria > 5 g/24h•3+ on dipstick•Urine output < 500ml/24h
•Proteinuria 0.3g/24h•1+ on dipstick
Renal
Platelets ≤ 100Haemolysis, DIC
Platelets ≤ 150 Haem
Severe pre-eclampsiaMild pre-eclampsia
Definitions
HELLPA severe form of pre-eclampsia
Haemolysis - elevated LDHElevated liver transaminasesPlatelet count < 100
Differential DiagnosisAcute fatty liver/cholestasis of pregnancyRenal diseaseVasculitisHaemolytic uraemic syndromeThrombotic thrombocytopenic purpuraDrug use eg cocaine, amphetaminesEarly onset > 20 weeks gestation - molar
pregnancy, multiple pregnancy, fetal abnormality
Reduction of high blood pressure
Non-severe hypertension BP 140-159/90-109 mmHg Recommended lowering to 140-150/90-100 mmHg Safe agents
Methyldopa, labetalol, nifedipine, metoprolol, propanolol
Not recommendedAtenolol - fetal growth restriction
ContraindicatedACEIs and ATIIRBs - teratogenic
Abalos et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2007
Reduction of high blood pressure
Severe hypertension BP ≥160/110 Lower to 140-150/90-100 by 10-20 mmHg every
10-20 minutes Continuous fetal heart rate monitoring until BP
stable Specific agents
Hydralazine, labetalol, nifedipineAvoid labetalol in severe asthmaAvoid ketanserin, nimodipine, MgSO4, diazoxideSNP - last resort only
Magee et al. BMJ, 2003
Duley et al. Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2006
Seizures - prevention
Severe pre-eclampsia MgSO4 recommended as prophylaxis
Risk of seizures ↓by 50%, NNT = 50
Mild pre-eclampsia Controversial - NNT = 100, SE ++ ‘Consider’ use of MgSO4
Duley et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003
Seizures - treatment
MgSO4 Reduces mortality cf diazepam Superior to diazepam, phenytoin, lytic
cocktail in reducing risk of recurrence Reduces morbidity related to ICU stay cf
phenytoin
Duley et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2003 and 2000
Haematological Complications
Corticosteroids for HELLP syndrome Dexamethasone 10 mg iv shown to increase
platelet count however no improvement in outcome
Matchaba et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 2004
Intravenous Fluids
Volume expansion - no advantages compared with no plasma volume expansion
IV fluid administration to increase plasma volume or treat oliguria in pts with normal renal function and stable creatinine levels not recommended
Duley et al, Cochrane Database Syst Rev, 1999
Regional blockade
Platelet count > 75 in absence of other coagulation abnormalities not expected to be a/w increased risk of complications of regional anaesthesia
Orlikowski et al, Br J Anaesth., 1996
Labour analgesia
Epidural recommended Reduces pain-mediated hypertensive responses Option for extension of block if caesarean required
Anaesthesia for caesarean
Regional anaesthesia preferred Single shot spinal, CSE, EVE - similar benefits
Hypotension less common in pre-eclampsia compared to healthy women Treat with vasopressors rather than fluids
Use of adrenaline containing LA is safe
General anaesthesia
Indications coagulopathy, pulmonary oedema,
eclampsia Post eclamptic period
GA if evidence of cerebral oedema or decreased conscious state
Regional ok if normal conscious state, no neurological deficit
General anaesthesia
Avoid hypertensive response to intubation Alfentanil, fentanyl, MgSO4, lignocaine,
esmolol Use technique with which clinician is most
familiar
Note MgSO4 potentiates NDMRs
Oxytocic agents
Post partum haemorrhageErgometrine, Syntometrine not
recommended as a/w hypertensive crises and death
Post partum management
Analgesia Caution with NSAIDS in pts with renal
impairment, intravascular volume depletion
ThromboprophylaxisDuration of MgSO4 infusion
24/24
OR Clinical assessment
Summary
Hypertension should be lowered to 140-150/90-100 mmHg using labetalol, nifedipine or hydralazine
MgSO4 is first line for treatment of seizures and should be used for prophylaxis in severe preeclampsia
IV fluid management should be monitored closely
Summary
Risk of haematoma a/w regional anaesthesia with platelet count > 75 is very low
Regional anaesthesia is preferred anaesthetic for caesarean section
When GA required measures should be taken to ablate the intubation response