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Irrigation in the USIrrigation in the US
55.3 million acres irrigated in 200255.3 million acres irrigated in 2002 Application rate has decreasedApplication rate has decreased 160 million acre-feet of water withdrawn160 million acre-feet of water withdrawn
Sources of irrigationSources of irrigation
Ground WaterGround Water 41% withdrawals at 32 million acres41% withdrawals at 32 million acres Increased from 37% in 1960Increased from 37% in 1960
Surface WaterSurface Water 59% of withdrawals59% of withdrawals
Groundwater flow times usgs cir1139
Cost of IrrigationCost of Irrigation
Range from $7/acre in MD, $92/acre in Range from $7/acre in MD, $92/acre in AZ, $79/acre in CA, and $175/acre in HIAZ, $79/acre in CA, and $175/acre in HI
US average $40/acreUS average $40/acre Total of $1.2 billionTotal of $1.2 billion
DLJ Multi-Jet Water Meter
Types of IrrigationTypes of Irrigation
Flood (furrow) irrigationFlood (furrow) irrigation Center Pivot Irrigation (CPI)Center Pivot Irrigation (CPI) Linear-move Linear-move
(side roll, wheel line)irrigation(side roll, wheel line)irrigation Drip microirrigation Drip microirrigation Sprinkler and GravitySprinkler and Gravity
Jisl: dripperwithdrop
UNL extension
USDA natural resources conservation service
USDA natural resources conservation service
Constant before VariableConstant before Variable
Constant water rate before variableConstant water rate before variable Raise efficiency of systemRaise efficiency of system
Linear move covers 30% more of field than Linear move covers 30% more of field than CPICPI
Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA)Low Energy Precision Application (LEPA)• 90% of water used by crop compared to 35%90% of water used by crop compared to 35%
USDA natural resources conservation service
SchedulingScheduling
Checkbook methodCheckbook method Soil moistureSoil moisture Input = output based on precipitation, and Input = output based on precipitation, and
evaporationevaporation Crop moisture requirementsCrop moisture requirements
Variable Rate Based on TempVariable Rate Based on Temp
SensorsSensors Infrared Thermo-Couples (IRT) Red Band Wave (RED) Near Infrared Band (NIR)
Remote: Satellites, and AircraftRemote: Satellites, and Aircraft Real time: handheld or on systemReal time: handheld or on system
Variable rate based on locationVariable rate based on location
Soil typeSoil type TopographyTopography Field shapeField shape Mulitple cropsMulitple crops Irregularly shaped fieldsIrregularly shaped fields All linked to GPSAll linked to GPS
The groundwater foundation