Parvin Mehr, Bradley M. Conrad, Matthew R. Johnson Energy & Emissions Research Lab, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada Predicting Flare-Generated Black Carbon: Progress Toward a Unified Model for Aerodynamic and Fuel Chemistry Effects Abstract • Understanding the role of aerodynamic parameters and fuel chemistry effects on Black carbon (BC) emissions is necessary for accurate models and emission factors • Finding a suitable scaling parameter which correlates emissions to practical parameters in the upstream oil and gas (O&G) industry is difficult and has been mostly restricted to laminar flames and pure fuels. Flaring Facility and BC Sampling System Key conclusions • For turbulent flares, burning a range of alkane-based mixtures representative of flaring in the upstream oil and gas industry, black carbon emissions correlate well with the carbon- hydrogen ratio and fuel exit velocity • Model works well for flares up to 2”, further lab and field experiments planned to push this bounds • Simple empirical correlation could be used to greatly improve inventory estimates • Planned work will focus on extended test range, experiments in cross-wind conditions, and more full-scale field measurements to test and validate and improve the presented model OCEC PASS3 Results Comparison to literature Cited publications [1] J.D.N.B. carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares McEwen, M.R. Johnson, Black carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 62 (2012) 307–321. doi:10.1080/10473289.2011.650040. [2] M.A. Delichatsios, Transition from momentum to buoyancy-controlled turbulent jet diffusion flames and flame height relationships, Combust. Flame. 92 (1993) 349–364. doi:10.1016/0010-2180(93)90148-V. [3] H.A. Becker, D. Liang, Total emission of soot and thermal radiation by free turbulent diffusion flames, Combust. Flame. 44 (1982) 305–318. doi:10.1016/0010-2180(82)90080-3. •MFC •MFC •Filt. •Filt. •* •* Scaled with stack exit velocity as the aerodynamic parameter Scaled with higher heating value as the fuel chemistry effect Scaled with stack exit velocity as the aerodynamic parameter and higher heating value as the fuel chemistry effect

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Parvin Mehr, Bradley M. Conrad, Matthew R. Johnson

Energy & Emissions Research Lab, Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Carleton University, Ottawa, Canada

Predicting Flare-Generated Black Carbon:

Progress Toward a Unified Model

for Aerodynamic and Fuel Chemistry Effects

Abstract

• Understanding the role of aerodynamic parameters and fuel chemistry effects on Black

carbon (BC) emissions is necessary for accurate models and emission factors

• Finding a suitable scaling parameter which correlates emissions to practical parameters in

the upstream oil and gas (O&G) industry is difficult and has been mostly restricted to

laminar flames and pure fuels.

Flaring Facility and BC Sampling System

Key conclusions• For turbulent flares, burning a range of alkane-based mixtures representative of flaring in

the upstream oil and gas industry, black carbon emissions correlate well with the carbon-

hydrogen ratio and fuel exit velocity

• Model works well for flares up to 2”, further lab and field experiments planned to push this

bounds

• Simple empirical correlation could be used to greatly improve inventory estimates

• Planned work will focus on extended test range, experiments in cross-wind conditions, and

more full-scale field measurements to test and validate and improve the presented model

OCECPASS3

Results

Comparison to literature

Cited publications[1] J.D.N.B. carbon particulate matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares McEwen, M.R. Johnson, Black carbon particulate

matter emission factors for buoyancy-driven associated gas flares, J. Air Waste Manag. Assoc. 62 (2012) 307–321.

doi:10.1080/10473289.2011.650040.

[2] M.A. Delichatsios, Transition from momentum to buoyancy-controlled turbulent jet diffusion flames and flame height relationships, Combust.

Flame. 92 (1993) 349–364. doi:10.1016/0010-2180(93)90148-V.

[3] H.A. Becker, D. Liang, Total emission of soot and thermal radiation by free turbulent diffusion flames, Combust. Flame. 44 (1982) 305–318.

doi:10.1016/0010-2180(82)90080-3.

•MFC

•MFC

•Filt.

•Filt.

•*

•*

Scaled with stack exit velocity as the

aerodynamic parameter

Scaled with higher heating value as the fuel

chemistry effect

Scaled with stack exit velocity as

the aerodynamic parameter and

higher heating value as the fuel

chemistry effect