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UNIVERSITI PUTRA MALAYSIA
PREDICTING SULPHUR DIOXIDE DISPERSION FROM MULTIPLE
SOURCES IN MAJOR CITIES IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA
USING INTEGRATED MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ MODEL SYSTEM
CHNG LOI KOK
FPAS 2011 9
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PREDICTING SULPHUR DIOXIDE DISPERSION FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES IN MAJOR CITIES IN
KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA USING INTEGRATED MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ MODEL SYSTEM
By
CHNG LOI KOK
Thesis Submitted to the School of Graduate Studies, Universiti Putra
Malaysia, in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of
Master of Science
March 2011
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Abstract of thesis presented to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia
in fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of
Master of Science
PREDICTING SULPHUR DIOXIDE DISPERSION FROM MULTIPLE SOURCES IN
MAJOR CITIES IN KLANG VALLEY, MALAYSIA
USING INTEGRATED MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ MODEL SYSTEM
By
CHNG LOI KOK
March 2011
Chairman : Associate Professor Ahmad Makmom Hj. Abdullah, PhD
Faculty : Environmental Studies
The emission of sulphur dioxide has increased along with the industrialization and urbanization
which become the public’s major concern. It is well known as the precursor of acid
precipitation, which could bring negative impacts on the environment and human health. It is
important to have a reliable estimation of sulphur dioxide emissions in order to formulate
effective strategies for mitigation purposes. Hence, emission source estimation and air quality
assessment using air quality modeling system becomes essential in the process of developing
an
appropriate air quality plans. The goal of the study will be focused on the relationship between
pollution emission changes and the meteorological condition thus affecting the air quality in
the
study area. The primary objectives of the study is to establish an emission inventory from
different types of sources in Klang Valley, to simulate meteorological and dispersion of sulphur
dioxide in Klang Valley region using integrated model MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ, and evaluate the
performance of the model. Simulation on the meteorology condition using Fifth Generation
Mesoscale Model (MM5) was carried out and emission inventory was simulated using Sparse
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Matrix Operational Kernel Emission (SMOKE) model. The meteorological profiles from MM5
and
emission data from SMOKE model were used to simulate the dispersion of sulphur dioxide
using
Community Multiscale Air Quality (CMAQ). The evaluation of CMAQ model revealed that the
model performed better in 12-hour averaged sulphur dioxide concentration with high
correlation value of 0.87 and low RMSE of 1.87E-03 ppmv. These results justify the use of
integrated model MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ modeling system in the Klang Valley region which has
complex terrain and land use. The model showed maximum SO2 concentration (0.041ppmv)
was located at Shah Alam industrial zone, followed by Klang industrial zone and other cities
such as Kajang, Petaling, Gombak and Cheras showed relative low SO2 concentration. The
model also showed that the highest level of sulfur dioxide was well below the guideline
recommended by DOE (0.14ppmv).
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Abstrak tesis yang dikemukakan kepada Senat Universiti Putra Malaysia
sebagai keperluan untuk ijazah Master Sains
RAMALAN PENYEBARAN SULFUR DIOKSIDA DARI BERBILANG SUMBER
PERLEPASAN DI BANDAR-BANDAR UTAMA SEKITAR LEMBAH KLANG,
MALAYSIA DENGAN MENGGUNAKAN
SISTEM INTEGRASI MODEL MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ.
Oleh
CHNG LOI KOK
Mac 2011
Pengerusi : Profesor Madya Ahmad Makmom Hj. Abdullah, PhD
Fakulti : Pengajian Alam Sekitar
Perlepasan sulfur dioksida yang meningkat seiring dengan perindustrian dan urbanisasi telah
menjadi perhatian utama di kalangan masyarakat. Ia juga dikenali sebagai punca utama kepada
pembentukan hujan asid yang akan membawa impak negatif kepada alam sekitar dan
kesihatan manusia. Peramalan punca perlepasan sulfur dioksida adalah sangat penting untuk
merangka strategik bagi tujuan mitigasi. Oleh itu, peramalan punca perlepasan dan penilaian
kualiti udara dengan menggunakan pemodelan kualiti udara menjadi sangat penting dalam
pembentukan pelan kualiti udara. Walaubagaimanapun, inventori punca pelepasan yang
beresolusi tinggi masih tidak didapati di Malaysia. Kajian lepas yang berkenaan dengan
inventori punca pelepasan mempunyai resolusi yang rendah dan tidak dapat digunaakan dalam
kajian peyebaran sulfur dioksida. Kajian ini akan fokus dalam perhubungan antara perubahan
pelepasan pencemar dan keadaan meteorologi maka mempengaruhi kualiti udara di sekitar
tempat kajian. Objektif utama kajian ini adalah untuk menyediakan satu inventori punca
pelepasan dari pelbagai sumber di
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Lembah Klang; bagi meramal keadaan meteorologi dan penyebaran sulfur dioksida di sekitar
Lembah Klang dengan menggunakan integrasi model MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ; dan menilai
prestasi model tersebut. Data Meteorologi data dari MM5 dan pelepasan data dari SMOKE
telah digunakan bagi meramal penyebaran sulfur dioxide dengan menggunakan CMAQ.
Penilaian CMAQ model menunjukan model tersebut beroperasi baik dengan data purata 12
jam. Penilai tersebut memberi nilai tinggi dalam kolerasi iaitu 0.87 dan RMSE yang rendah iaitu
1.87E-03 ppmv. Hasil kajian ini menunjukan integrasi model MM5-SMOKE-CMAQ adalah sesuai
digunakan di Lembah Klang yang mempunyai dataran dan guna tanah yang kompleks. Model
ini menunjukkan bahawa tahap maksima sulfur dioksida (0.041ppmv) berada di kawasan
industri Shah Alam diikuti dengan kawasan industri Klang, manakala Kajang, Petaling, Gombak
dan Cheras menunjukkan tahap sulfur dioksida yang rendah. Model ini juga menunjukkan
bahawa tahap sulfur dioksida di sekitar Lembah Klang adalah dibawah tahap yang ditetapkan
oleh Jabatan Alam Sekitar iaitu 0.14ppmv.
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This research was financially supported by the Ministry of Science Technology and Innovation
(04-01-04-SF0674). The author acknowledges assistance from the Malaysian Meteorological
Department, which provided the meteorological data, Department of Environment for
providing air pollution monitoring data, Public Works Department Malaysia for providing road
information and traffic data, Town and Country Planning Department for providing land use
and land cover data set and Department of Statistic Malaysia for providing statistics
information.
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I certify that an Examination Committee has met on 24 Mac 2011 to conduct the final
examination of Chng Loi Kok on his thesis entitled “Predicting Sulphur Dioxide Dispersion
from Multiple Sources in Major Cities in Klang Valley, Malaysia using Integrated MM5-
SMOKE-CMAQ Model System” in accordance with Universities and University College Act
1971 and the Constitution of the Universiti Putra Malaysia [P.U.(A) 106] 15 March 1998. The
committee recommends that the candidate be awarded the Master of Science.
Members of the Examination Committee were as follows:
Sutarji Kasmin, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Latifah Abd Manaf, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Shaharin Ibrahim, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Internal Examiner)
Gakuji Kurata, PhD Associate Professor
Kyoto University
Japan
(External Examiner)
_______________________________
NORITAH OMAR, PhD Associate Professor and Deputy Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date: 26 July 2011
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This thesis was submitted to the Senate of Universiti Putra Malaysia and has been accepted as
fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Master of Science. The members of the
Supervisory Committee were as follows:
Ahmad Makmom Abdullah, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Chairman)
Wan Nor Azmin Sulaiman, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
Muhammad Firuz Ramli, PhD Associate Professor
Faculty of Environmental Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
(Member)
________________________________
HASANAH MOHD GHAZALI, PhD Professor and Dean
School of Graduate Studies
Universiti Putra Malaysia
Date:
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DECLARATION
I declare that the thesis is my original work except for quotation and citations which have been
duly acknowledged. I also declare that it has not been previously, and is not concurrently,
submitted for any other degree at Universiti Putra Malaysia or at any other institutions.
_____________________
CHNG LOI KOK
Date: 24 March 2011
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TABLE OF CONTENT
Page
ABSTRACT ii
ABSTRAK iv
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS vi
APPROVAL vii
DECLARATION ix
LIST OF TABLES xii
LIST OF FIGURES xiv
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xvii
CHAPTER
1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Importance of Air Quality Modeling 1
1.2 Problem Statement 2
1.3 Research Objective 4
1.4 Significance of the Study 4
1.5 Scope of Study 5
1.6 Thesis Organization 5
2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Air Quality Studies in Klang Valley Region 7
2.2 Air Quality Status in Klang Valley Region 8
2.3 Sulphur Dioxide 9
2.3.1 General Description of Sulphur Dioxide 9
2.3.2 Sources of Sulphur Dioxide 10
2.3.3 Effects of Sulphur Dioxide to Human Health 11
2.3.4 Recommended Guideline for Sulphur Dioxide 12
2.4 Factors Influencing Air Quality 14
2.4.1 Meteorology 14
2.4.2 Land use 15
2.4.3 Emission 18
2.5 Integrated Modeling System (Models-3) 19
2.5.1 Meteorological Modeling 21
2.5.2 Emission Modeling 30
2.5.3 Chemical Transport Model 32
3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 35
3.2 Research Domain and Site Description 37
3.3 Population 39
3.4 Estimation of Emission Inventory 40
3.4.1 Industrial 41
3.4.2 Transportation 42
3.4.3 Domestic 44
3.5 Land Use Modification 45
3.6 Modeling Parameterization 53
3.6.1 Meteorology Modeling
53
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3.6.2 Emission Modeling
55
3.6.3 Air Pollution Modeling 57
3.7 Sensitivity Analysis 59
3.8 Validation and Evaluation 62
4 RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Estimation of Emission Inventory 65
4.2 Meteorological Condition Simulation Output 75
4.2.1 Surface Temperature Simulation Output 76
4.2.2 Wind Speed Simulation Output 83
4.3 Air Pollution Simulation Output 90
4.4 Sensitivity Analysis Results 103
4.4.1 Sensitivity of Meteorological Model (MM5) 103
4.4.2 Sensitivity of Air Pollution Model (CMAQ) 115
5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusion 118
5.2 Recommendations
120
REFERENCES 122
BIODATA OF STUDENT 131
LIST OF PUBLICATIONS 132
LIST OF SEMINARS ATTENDED 132