PREEMINENCE - usri.in

i

Volume 5, No. 01 ISSN 2249-7927

Jan-June 2015

PREEMINENCE An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal

UNITED SOCIETY FOR REHABILITATION AND INCLUSION

ii

PREEMINENCE

Patron

Prof Yogesh Chandra Dubey

Vice-Chancellor

J R H University, Chitrakoot (UP)

Advisory Board

Prof. K.B. Pandeya

Dr. J.P. Singh

Prof. S.R. Mittal

Editor

Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma

Assistant Editors

Dr. Akhil Agnihotri

Sh. Amit Agnihotri

Dr. Rakesh Kumar Dwiwedi

Sh. Nihar Ranjan Mishra

Dr. Rajnish Kumar Singh

Sh. Atul Srivastava

Dr. Punam Pandey

Dr. Neeraj Kumar Shukla

Dr. Reetu Sharma

Sh. Chandra Shekhar Yadav

Legal Advisor

Smt. Subhas Rathi

Dr. Veena Singh

Technical Advisor

Sh. S.K. Agnihotri

Sh. Amar Singh

Dr. Arya Agnihotri

Mr. Yogendra Tripathi

Mr. Sudhir Kumar

Mr. Akhil Raikwar

Mr. Chandra Prakash Yadav

The views expressed in the articles/research papers are

the individual’s opinion of the concerned author only.

iii

Editorial Advisory Board Prof. Ranbir Singh

Vice Chancellor, National Law University, Delhi

Prof. K.B. Pandeya

Vice Chancellor

M.G.C. Gramodaya, University, Chitrakoot

Dr. Yogesh Upadhyay

Vice Chancellor, ITM University, Gwalior Prof.

V.D. Mishra

Retd. Professor, University of Allahabad

Dr. J.P. Singh

Ex-Member Secretary

Rehabilitation Council of India, New Delhi

Prof. S.R. Mittal

CIE, University of Delhi

Prof. T.B. Singh

IHBAS, New Delhi

Prof. B. Pandey

Vice Chancellor,

J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.

Dr. S.B. Mishra

Head Deptt. of Mathematics, M.L.K. (P.G.)

College, Balrampur

Dr. Ranganath Mishra

Deptt. of Oncology

National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street

Goodman K721, Denver CO 80206

Dr. Dharmendra Kumar

Director, PDUIPH, New Delhi

Dr. J.P. Pandey

Deptt. of Physics, M.L.K. P.G. College

Balrampur, U.P.

Dr. Himanshu Pandey

Deptt. of Statistics,

D. D. U. University, Gorakhpur, U.P.

Prof. I.C. Shukla

Ex- Head, Deptt. of Chemistry,

University of Allahabad, Allahabad.

Prof. J. Prasad

Ex Head & Dean, S.H.I.A.T.S., Allahabad.

Dr. Neeraj Kumar Shukla

Principal, Deptt. of B.Ed.

Radhe Hari Govt. P.G. College, Kashipur

Prof. Kapil Deo Mishra

Dean, Faculty of Huminities & Social Sciences


Prof. G.N. Pandey

Adjunct Professor

IIIT-A, Allahabad

Prof. S.P. Gupta

Director, School of Education,

U.P.R.T. Open University, Allahabad

Prof. Yogesh Chandra Dubey

Vice-Chancellor,

J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot, U.P.

Prof. K.K. Mishra

Deptt. of Pol. Science, BHU, Varanasi

Dr. S.N. Tripathi

Dr. R.M.L. Awadh University, Faizabad

Dr. Bharat Mishra

Associate Professro


Prof. Arvind Joshi

Coordinator, Deptt. of Social Work,

BHU, Varanasi

Prof. Avanish C. Mishra

Dean, Faculty of Humanities & Social Sciences,

J.R.H. University, Chitrakoot

Dr. Amit Tripathi

Vice President

Sunward Resources Ltd., Casa 101, Calle 6A,

No. 22-75, El Poblado, Medellin, Colambia

Dr. Prgya Mishra

Head, Deptt. of Sanskrit


Dr. M.P. Shah

Scientist F, Wadia Instt. of Himalayan Geology,

Dehradun

Prof. S.S. Chaubey

Ex. Prof. & Head

Deptt. of Geography

Arrah University, Arrah, Bihar

Prof. J.P. Lal

Deptt. of Plant Breeding

B.H.U., Varanasi

Dr. K.N. Uttam

Deptt. of Physics,

University of Allahabad

Dr. D B Tyagi

Principal

Sri Megh Singh PG College, Abidgarh

Agra (UP)

iv

Editorial

I would like to keep the ‘Preeminence’ family updated on some logistical issues. Last

year, Preeminence has undergone many transitions: few new Editorial Board Members,

one new Co-Editor. I want to take this opportunity to thank all our Editorial Board

Members, Reviewers, proof readers and other assistive hands for their dedicated service

to Preeminence. Preeminence will soon switch its manuscript submission system and

will adopt a new one. The old system served very well for many years, but now time has

come to replace this system as it hasbecome outdated and difficult to service and update.

While switching to the new system there may be some minor glitches related to review

process. In this connection I seek your help in sharing the responsibilities of reviewing

the submitted manuscripts, please inform if you can review multiple manuscripts in the

same time period. It is also decided that, in future, all the issues will be available on the

website of United Society of Rehabilitation and Inclusion though rights of print will not

be given. Preeminencehas a very good backlog of acceptedarticles/manuscripts,

hence, it is also decided that Preeminence will publish all the backlog before giving this

journal a new shape.

United Society for Rehabilitation and Inclusion is committed to Preeminence. I have

great confidence in Office-bearer of the Society for their excellent track record in social

endeavors, rehabilitation process and academics.

I would like to thank again the Preeminence family for their support during the

transitional period and look forward to continuing to work together to publish meaningful

researches in this journal.

All the best,

Dr. Vijay Shankar Sharma

Editor

v

Serial No. …………....... Subscription No………….....

Subscription Form

‘PREEMINENCE’ An international peer reviewed research journal

Please enter my subscription for Bi-Annual peer reviewed international peer reviewed

research Journal named ‘Preeminence’, for the period from …… to .......

Group Zone Annual Five years

Institutions Indian Rs 850 Rs 4100

Individuals Indian Rs 450 Rs 2100

Institutions Outside India US $ 45 US $ 220

Individuals Outside India US $ 25 US $ 120

Name………………………………………………………......................................

Organization…………………………………………...............................................

…………………………………………………........................................................

Address…………......................................................………………………………

City/State......….............……….....… Pin Code..………...........…..

Country..……......................................…………..

Phone………………..................….... Fax..…………............……..

Email..……........................................…………...

I enclose the payment of `/US $………………….....…… in favour of Secretary, United

Punarvas Evam Samaveshan Sansthan payable at Chitrakoot by Demand

Draft No........................………….. Dated …........................…

Date …………… Signature ………………...............

Please send the above form, duly filled, along with Demand Draft to the following

address:

The Editor

‘PREEMINENCE’ the International peer reviewed Research Journal

United Society for Rehabilitation and Inclusion

Sonalika House, Ranipur Bhatt,

Chitrakoot 210204 India

Phone: 9919061827, 9412409625, 9450167507

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Website: http://www.usri.in

mailto:[email protected]

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.usri.in/

vi

Order Form for Advertisement

‘Preeminence’ The Interdisciplinary Journal

Please publish attached advertisement in ‘Preeminence’ bi-annual peer reviewed

international research Journal, for the issue …… month ……year.

Rates for advertisement

No. Place Size Amount

Single issue Two issues Five issues

1 Inner jacket (Front) Full INR 35000 INR 60000 INR 150000

Half INR 20000 INR 30000 INR 80000

2 Inner jacket (Back) Full INR 25000 INR 40000 INR 100000

Half INR 15000 INR 25000 INR 60000

3 Along with

papers/articles

Full INR 10000 INR 15000 INR 35000

Half INR 7000 INR 12000 INR 25000

Quarter INR 5000 INR 7000 INR 15000

Name….................................................................................……………

Organization .................................................................................................

.........................................................................................................................

Address…………......................................................…………………..........

City/State ......……….....… Pin Code.……...........…..... Country ..…….....

Phone………………....... Fax..…………........ Email..……......................................

I enclose the payment of INR………………….....…… in favour of Secretary, United

Pnarvas Evam Samaveshan Sansthan payable at Chitrakoot by Demand

Draft No ................………….. Dated …................

Date ………… Signature …………

Please send the above order form, duly filled, along with Demand Draft and a copy of

advertisement (hard and soft) to the following address:

The Editor

‘PREEMINENCE’ An International Peer Reviewed Research Journal

United Society for Rehabilitation and Inclusion

Sonalika House, Ranipur Bhatt,

Chitrakoot 210204 India

Phone: 9919061827, 9412409625, 9450167507

E-mail: [email protected], [email protected]

Website: http://www.usri.in

vii

CONTENTS

Editorial / iv

Applications of Genetic Algorithm in Data Mining/ 1 Dr. Bharat Mishra & Amit Agnihotri

Lkks”ky ehfM;k esa cnyrh Hkk’kk /6

MkW-Jherh dYiuk feJk] MkW-Jherh leh{kk pUnzkdj

lrr fodkl ,oa Hkkjrh; laLd`fr /12 MkW0 jkds'k dqekj frokjh

efgyk fodkl ,oa Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa dh Hkwfedk /17

MkW- lquhrk JhokLro

fp=dwV tuin esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ fodykax ,oa xSj fodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:drk dk rqyukRed v/;;u /24

MkW0 eqjyh/kj flag Photonic quantum-well structures containing meta-materials / 32

Rinki Jain & J. P. Pandey QSAR Study of HEPT Derivatives Against HIV Using Quantum Chemical Descriptors /40

Mohiuddin Ansari fcey nklxqIrk dh vkjfEHkd Ñfr;k¡ % fo’k;oLrq ,oa “kSyhxr fo”ks’krk /53

iznhi jktkSfj;k

iSVdj fp=.k ds mnxe] fo’k;&oLrq ,oa bldh oÙkZeku fLFkfr ij ,d laf{kIr fooj.k /61

Mk0 mek’kadj izlkn fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax o blesa iz;qDr ikjEifjd ,oa vk/kqfud fcac /65

jatu dqekj izlkn ds ukVdksa esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk /70

MkW0 'kkUr dqekj prqosZnh uDlyokn vkSj mlds mn~Hko ds dkj.k /74

MkW0 vf=eqfu f=ikBh

ekS;Z dkyhu lsukvksa dk Lo:Ik o ;q) dkS'ky /78

jkts'k dqekj flag

f'k'kq f'k{kk esa ekUVsljh i)fr dh mikns;rk /82 MkW0 t; flag ,oa T;ksfr feJk

v"Vkodz egkdkO; dk varjax&fu:i.k /89 'kjn dqekj flag

Development of Rural Region through Village Knowledge Centers /95 Satish Mishra fou; if=dk dh lkaxhfrd vo/kkj.kk /103 MkW- T;ksfr fo'odekZ Jhen~okYehdh; jkek;.k esa f'k{kk o lnkpkj ds rRo /106 MkW- izfeyk feJk

viii

v/;kid f'k{kk esa uokpkj dh vko”;drk ,oa f'k{k.k vH;kl ij mldk izHkko /111 iou dqekj nqcs

orZeku le; esa vU/ksj uxjh ukVd dh izklafxdrk /114 lksuy nqcs

Hkkjrh; ukjh /117

MkW- izKk feJk

Hkze lEcU/kh fl)kUr % jkekuqt ds lUnHkZ esa/125 foeys'k dqekj feJ

mPp f'k{kk esa xq.koRrk dk iz'u /131 vferk feJk

iwl dh jkr dgkuh dk vuq'khyu /137 jktsUnz izlkn

iqjk.kksa esa foosP; d`f"k/139 y{e.k flag

Preeminence: An international peer reviewed research journal, ISSN: 2249 7927, Vol. 5, No. 1 /Jan-June. 20151

Applications of Genetic Algorithm in Data MiningDr. Bharat Mishra1 & Amit Agnihotri2

ABSTRACTMost data mining systems to date have used variants of traditional machine-learninga lgorithms to tackle the task of directed knowledge discovery. This paperpresents an approach which, as well as being useful or such directed data mining,can also be applied to the further tasks of undirected data mining and hypothesisrefinement. This approach exploits parallel genetic algorithms as the searchmechanism and seeks to evolve explicit “rules” for maximum comprehensibility.Example rules found in real commercial datasets are presented.

KEYWORDSGA, Classifier, data mining.INTRODUCTION OF GENETIC ALGORITHMA genetic algorithm (GA) is a procedure used to find approximate solutions tosearch problems through application of the principles of evolutionary biology.Genetic algorithms use biologically inspired techniques such as genetic inheritance,natural selection, mutation, and sexual reproduction (recombination, or crossover).Along with genetic programming (GP), they are one of the main classes of geneticand evolutionary computation (GEC) methodologies.Genetic algorithms are typically implemented using computer simulations in whichan optimization problem is specified. For this problem, members of a space ofcandidate solutions, called individuals, are represented using abstract representationscalled chromosomes. The GA consists of an iterative process that evolves a workingset of individuals called a population toward an objective function, or fitnessfunction.

1. Associate Professor, MGCG Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot (MP)2. Research Scholor, MGCG Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot (MP)


(Goldberg, 1989; Wikipedia, 2004). Traditionally, solutions are represented usingfixed length strings, especially binary strings, but alternative encodings have beendeveloped. The evolutionary process of a GA is a highly simplified and stylizedsimulation of the biological version. It starts from a population of individualsrandomly generated according to some probability distribution, usually uniform andupdates this population in steps called generations. Each generation, multipleindividuals are randomly selected from the current population based upon someapplication of fitness, bred using crossover, and modified through mutation to form anew population.

Crossover – exchange of genetic material (substrings) denoting rules,structural components, features of a machine learning, search, oroptimization problem.

Selection – the application of the fitness criterion to choose whichindividuals from a population will go on to reproduce

Replication – the propagation of individuals from one generation to the next. Mutation – the modification of chromosomes for single individuals.

Fig.1: Flowchart of Genetic Algorithm

INTRODUCTION OF DATA MININGData mining, or knowledge discovery, is the computer-assisted process of diggingthrough and analyzing enormous sets of data and then extracting the meaning of the
















data. Data mining tools predict behaviors and future trends, allowing businesses tomake proactive, knowledge-driven decisions. Data mining tools can answer businessquestions that traditionally were too time consuming to resolve. They scourdatabases for hidden patterns, finding predictive information that experts may missbecause it lies outside their expectations.Data mining derives its name from the similarities between searching for valuableinformation in a large database and mining a mountain for a vein of valuable ore.Both processes require either sifting through an immense amount of material, orintelligently probing it to find where the value resides.

HOW DOES DATA MINING WORK?How is data mining able to tell you important things that you didn't know or what isgoing to happen next? That technique that is used to perform these feats is calledmodeling. Modeling is simply the act of building a model (a set of examples or amathematical relationship) based on data from situations where the answer is knownand then applying the model to other situations where the answers aren't known.Modeling techniques have been around for centuries, of course, but it is onlyrecently that data storage and communication capabilities required to collect andstore huge amounts of data, and the computational power to automate modelingtechniques to work directly on the data, have been available.As a simple example of building a model, consider the director of marketing for atelecommunications company. He would like to focus his marketing and sales effortson segments of the population most likely to become big users of long distanceservices. He knows a lot about his customers, but it is impossible to discern thecommon characteristics of his best customers because there are so many variables.From his existing database of customers, which contains information such as age,sex, credit history, income, zip code, occupation, etc., he can use data mining tools,such as neural networks, to identify the characteristics of those customers who makelots of long distance calls. For instance, he might learn that his best customers areunmarried females between the age of 34 and 42 who make in excess of $60,000 peryear. This, then, is his model for high value customers, and he would budget hismarketing efforts to accordingly.

USE OF GENETIC ALGORITHM IN DATA MININGIn this paper, we discuss the applicability of a genetic-based algorithm to the searchprocess in data mining. Data mining algorithms require a technique that partitionsthe domain values of an attribute in a limited set of ranges, simply becauseconsidering all possible ranges of domain values is infeasible.


APPLICATION OF GENETIC ALGORITHMTraditional methods of search and optimization are too slow in finding a solution ina very complex search space, even implemented in supercomputers. GeneticAlgorithm is a robust search method requiring little information to search effectivelyin a large or poorly-understood search space. In particular a genetic search progressthrough a population of points in contrast to the single point of focus of most searchalgorithms. Moreover, it is useful in the very tricky area of nonlinear problems. Itsintrinsic parallelism (in evaluation functions, selections and so on) allows the uses ofdistributed processing machines.Basically, Genetic Algorithm requires two elements for a given problem:

encoding of candidate structures (solutions) method of evaluating the relative performance of candidate structure, for

identifying the better solutionsGenetic Algorithm codes parameters of the search space as binary strings of fixedlength. It employs a population of strings initialized at random, which evolve to thenext generation by genetic operators such as selection, crossover and mutation. Thefitness function evaluates the quality of solutions coded by strings. Selection allowsstrings with higher fitness to appear with higher probability in the next generation.Crossover combines two parents by exchanging parts of their strings, starting from arandomly chosen crossover point. This leads to new solutions inheriting desirablequalities from both parents. Mutation flips single bits in a string, which prevents theGA from premature convergence, by exploiting new regions in the search space. GAtends to take advantage of the fittest solutions by giving them greater weight, andconcentrating the search in the regions which lead to fitter structures, and hencebetter solutions of the problem.Finding good parameter settings that work for a particular problem is not a trivialtask. The critical factors are to determine robust parameter settings for populationsize, encoding, selection criteria, genetic operator probabilities and evaluation(fitness) normalization techniques.If the population is too small, the genetic algorithm will converge too quickly to alocal optimal point and may not find the best solution. On the other hand, too manymembers in a population result in a long waiting times for significant improvement.Coding the solutions is based on the principle of meaningful building blocks and theprinciple of minimal alphabets, by using the binary strings.The fitter member will have a greater chance of reproducing. The members withlower fitness are replaced by the offspring. Thus in successive generations, themembers on average are fitter as solutions to the problem.Too high mutation introduces too much diversity and takes longer time to get theoptimal solution. Too low mutation tends to miss some near-optimal points. Twopoint crossover is quicker to get the same results and retain the solutions muchlonger than one point crossover.


The fitness function links the Genetic Algorithm to the problem to be solved. Theassigned fitness is used to calculate the selection probabilities for choosing parents,for determining which member will be replaced by which child.Genetic Algorithm is applicable in many ways:

State Assignment Problem Economics Scheduling Computter-Aided Design

CONCLUSIONGA has been successfully parallelized and is scalable on main memory databases, itis becoming increasingly apparent that commercial data mining systems will requireto access volumes of data far in excess of available main memory. This is likely tomean that effective data mining systems will be dependent more on scalable datawarehouse systems than on explicitly parallel algorithms.

REFERENCES[1] Forrest, Stephanie. "Genetic algorithms: principles of natural selection applied to

computation." Science, vol.261, p.872-878 (1993).[2] Bandyopadhyay, S., and Muthy, C.A. “Pattern Classification Using Genetic

Algorithms”.[3] Jain, A. K.; Zongker, D. “Feature Selection: Evaluation, Application, and Small

Sample Performance”, IEEE Transaction on Pattern Analysis and MachineIntelligence, Vol. 19, No. 2, February (1997).

[4] Pattern Recognition Letters, (1995).Vol. 16, pp. 801-808.[5] Erick Cantu-Paz, “Feature Subset Selection, Class Separability, and Genetic

Algorithms”, Center for Applied Scientic Computing Lawrence LivermoreNational Laboratory Livermore, CA, (1994).

[6] Siedlecki, W., Sklansky J., A note on genetic algorithms for large-scale featureselection, Pattern Recognition Letters, Vol. 10, Page 335-347, (1989).

[7] Agrawal, R., and R. Srikant. 1994. Fast algorithms for mining association rules.In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on very large databases heldin Santiago, Chile, September 12-15, 1994, 487-99. San Francisco, CA: MorganKaufmann.

[8] M. M itchell (1997) an introduction to genetic Algorithm MIT press MA.[9] Agrawal, R., and R. Srikant. 1994. Fast algorithms for mining association rules.

In Proceedings of the 20th international conference on very large databases heldin Santiago, Chile, September 12-15, 1994, 487-99. San Francisco, CA: MorganKaufmann.

[10] Pei, M., Punch, W.F., and Goodman, E.D. "Feature Extraction Using GeneticAlgorithms", Proceeding of


Lkks”ky ehfM;k esa cnyrh Hkk’kkMkW-Jherh dYiuk feJk1] MkW-Jherh leh{kk pUnzkdj2

Lkks”ky ehfM;k vkt ds le; esa laizs’k.k dk ,d egRoiw.kZ lk/ku cupqdk gSA bl Rofjr o vklkuh ls miyC/k ek/;e us LFkku] le;] o /ku dhlhek dks de dj fn;k gS ftldk lokZf/kd izHkko Hkk’kk ds Lo#i ij iM+rkizrhr gksrk gSA “kfCnd vFkZ ds n`f’Vdks.k ls ehfM;k dk vFkZ gS ek/;e] olks”ky dk vFkZ gS lkekftdA bls nwljs 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks lkekftd ek/;eAvkt ls igys Hkh lekt esa jgus okys lkekftd izk.kh vkil esa laokn LFkkfirdjus ds fy, dksbZ u dksbZ ek/;e rks viukrs gh FksA og ek/;e equknh jgk gks;k es?knwr dh jpuk djus okys dkyhnkl ftUgksaus vius lans”k izsf’kr djus dsfy, nwr ds rkSj ij es?k dks ek/;e cuk;kA Hkksti=] rkM+i=] iRFkj] feV~Vh dsik= vkfn Hkh ek/;e gh Fks ftlds tfj;s lkekftd izk.kh vius fopkjksa]Hkkoukvksa vkSj lans”kksa dks ,d&nwljs rd laizsf’kr fd;k djrs FksA nwljs 'kCnksa esalaokn ds ek/;e rduhdh fodkl ds lkFk cnyrs pys x,A eqfnzr ek/;e Hkhgesa [kwc Hkk;kA f”kykys[kksa ls ysdj Hkksti=ksa rd us ys[ku ek/;e dks vkxsc<+k;kA ;g ,d ek/;e Fkk ftlds [kksy esa ge viuh Kku&foKku] laLd`fr]lH;rk Hkk’kk vkfn dks u dsoy latksa jgs Fks] cfYd mUgsa vkus okys le; dsfy, lajf{kr Hkh dj jgs FksA Hkk’kk ,ao lkfgR; dk fj”rk cgqr izkphu jgk gSAHkk’kk dks fdl rjg lkoZtfud fd;k tk, o loZekU; fd;k tk, blds fy,le;≤ ij fo}kuksa us iz;kl fd, gSaA ;fn ljy 'kCnksa esa dgsa rks Hkk"kkgekjh laizs’k.kh;rk esa u dsoy ennxkj gksrh gS cfYd gekjh vfHkO;fDrizHkko”kkyh Hkh cukrh gSA1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] fgUnh foHkkx] Lo-Bk-egk-flag “kkldh; egkfo|ky;] csesrjk] NRrhlx<+2- lgk;d vkpk;Z] jktuhfr foKku foHkkx] 'kkldh; jktho ykspu egkfo|ky;] xfj;kcan] NRrhlx<+


Lksk”ky ehfM;k ,slk lkekftd laizs’k.k gS ftlesa yksx l`tu djrs gS] osvkil esa lapkj djrs gSa vkSj lwpuk rFkk fopkjksa dk vknku^&iznku djrs gSaavkSj ;s lc ,d Virutal Community vkSj ys[kd ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA,fUMª;kl dIyku o ekbdy gsuysu ds vuqlkj&Andreas Kaplan and Michael haenlein define social media as “ a group ofinternet -based application that build on the ideological and technologicalfoundation of web 2.0 and that allow the creation and exchange of user-generated content”.

Lks”ky ehfM;k eksckbZy vkSj osc rduhd ij vk/kkfjr gksrk gSA ;g cgqrgh rhoz eap iznku djrk gS vfHkO;fDr dk A blls O;fDr iwjh lqj{kk oxksiuh;rk ds lkFk laokn LFkkfir dj ldrk gSA ;g laokn O;fDr&O;fDr]O;fDr & laLFkk] ;k O;fDr& leqnk; ds chp LFkkfir gks ldrk gSA ;gikjaifjd ehfM;k ls blfy, fHkUu gS D;ksafd blesa xq.koŸkk] igqap] bLrseky]rhozrk vkSj LFkkf;Ro gSA

ft;ksflVhl ds }kjk 1994 esa cuk;k x;k lkbV igyk lks”ky ehfM;kFkkA bldh vo/kkj.kk Fkh Lo;a dk osc lkbV cukukA

vkt lks”ky ehfM;k dk iz;ksx foKkiu] losZ o erfuekZ.k ds fy,fd;k tk jgk gSA bldk nq:i;ksax laiznkf;d Hkkouk dks HkM+dkus] fyax Hksn]jktuSfrd ncko cukus o v”kksHkuh; o ve;kZfnr NhVkdalh dk Hkh ek/;e cupqadk gSA

vk/kqfud ;qx esa loZ= vkSj loZO;kih gS] lks”ky ehfM;kA vkt euq"; dhewy vko”;drk gS] lwpuk dk vknku&iznku vkSj fldqM+rs tu laidZ esa lks’kyehfM;k gh bl vko”;drk dks iwjk dj ikus esa l{ke gSA lks”ky ehfM;k okLroesa ,d ,slk eap gS] tgk¡ lkekftd lEizs’k.k cgqr gh ljyrk ls vkSj fcukHkkSfrd mifLFkfr ds fd;k tk ldrk gSA

mn~ns”;&ge bl y?kq 'kks/k ds ek/;e ls yksxksa dk /;ku bl vksj vkdf"kZr djuk

pkgrs gSa fd HksaM pky pyrs & pyrs geus u dsoy nsoukxjh fyfi dks gh {kfrigqapkbZ gS vfirq fgUnh Hkk’kk ds Lo#i dks Hkh cny Mkyk gSSA og fnu vc nwjugha tc yksx ifjfuf"Br fgUnh vkSj lks”ky ehfM;k dh Hkk"kk esa Hksn djus esa Hkhv{ke gks tk,axsA vxj tuekul esa Hkk"kk ds iz;ksx dks ysdj tkx#drk vktk, rks gekjk ;g NksVk lk iz;kl lQy gks tk,xkA lkFk gh yksx nsoukxjhfyfi ds izfr viuk lEEkku O;Dr djrs gq, Hkk"kk ds iz;ksx esa ltx jgsa o mls


[khpMh Hk"kk u cuk nsa A gky gh esa ljdkj us Hkh lks”ky ehfM;k esa fgUnh dksc<kok nsus ds mn~ns”; ls lHkh 'kkldh; vf/kdkjh deZpkfj;ksa ls vihy dh gSfd os vius lans’k fgUnh esa gh laizsf’kr djsa A

baVjusV ,aaM eksckby ,lksfl,’ku vkWQ bafM;k dh fjiksVZ ds vuqlkj'kgjh {ks=ksa esa lks”kky ehfM;k ds iz;ksDrkvksa dh la[;k fnlacj 2012 rd 6-2djksM rd igqap pwdh FkhA 'kgjh Hkkjr esa izR;sd pkj esa ls rhu ¼74 izfr’kr½O;fDr lks”ky ehfM;k dk bLrseky djrs gSaAlks’ky ehfM;k dk c<rk izHkko &fp= 1-,f’k;k esa 'kh"kZ baVjusV bLrsekydrkZ jk"Vª (30 twu 2012)

Figure 1: bLrsekydrkZ yk[k esa

lzksr&www.internetworldstats.com/stats3.htmlks”ky ehfM;k esa lkekftd O;ogkj ds vankt esa cnyko yk fn;k gSA

izse] fe=rk] ifjokj] ?kfu"Brk] Hkk"kk vkSj fo”ks”kdj vfHkO;fDr esa gekjk iwjkn`f"Vdks.k cny pqadk gSA vkt okLro esa ge ,d fo”o xzke cu pqds gSaA lks”kyehfM;k u dsoy gesa vktknh nsrk gS] Lo;a dks vfHkO;Dr djus dh vfirq mlusf’k{kk] euksjatu vkSj uo&fuekZ.k dk vk/kkj Hkh iznku fd;k gSA vc okLro esadksbZ Hkh] fdlh fo"k; ls vufHkK ugha jg x;kA

'kCnksa dks NksVk fy[kus ,oa /ofu leku jgs vFkZ ogha fudys blds fy,orZuh es ifjorZu fd;k tkrk gSA vadks dk iz;ksx Hkh 'kCnksa ds LFkku ij fd;k

0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600

eyssf'k;k

FkkbZySaM

ikfdLrku

fo;rukek

fQyhihal

dksfj;k] lkÅFk

baMksusf'k;k

tkiku

Hkkjr

phu


tkrk gSA lks”ky ehfM;k ds bl udkjkRed igyw ij O;kid lanHkZ esa fopkjdjuk gksxkA ,d fopkj ;g O;Dr fd;k tk jgk gS fd lkspus ds vf/kdkj dh/kkj.kk ls izfrdkj ds vf/kdkj dks cy fey jgk gSA ,sls esa ;g loky mBrk gSfd D;k Lora=rk igys gS vkSj vkpkj uhfr ckn esa Hkkjr ds lafo/kku dsvuqPNsn 19¼1½ ¼d½ dks vuqPNsn 19¼2½ }kjk lhfer D;ksa u dj fn;k tk,\

Hkkjrh; lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19¼2½ esa ^^mi;qDr izfrca/kksa ^ dk mYys[kfd;k x;k gS tks izR;sd Hkkjrh; ukxfjd ds vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk ds ekSfydvf/kdkj ls lac) lafo/kku ds vuqPNsn 19¼1½ ¼d½ ds izko/kku ds bLrseky ijyxk, tk ldrs gSaA

Lkks”ky ehfM;k us bLrsekydŸkkZ&tfur lkexzh ds tfj;sa lkoZtfudthou ds tkus&ekus O;fDr;ksa dh izfr"Bk dks Hkh vk?kkr igqapk;k gS] futrk]dkWihjkbV vkSj vU; ekuokf/kdkj dkuwuksa dk vfrØe.k fd;k gSA bu lHkh ckrksads ckotwn bl vn~Hkwr ek/;e ds fodkl esa dksbZ :dkoV ugha vkbZ gS] ftlusu dsoy Hkkjr esa cfYd iwjh nqfu;k esa ijaijkxr ehfM;k dk LFkku ysus vkSj mlsekxZ ls gVkus dk [krjk iSnk dj fn;k gSA lks”ky ehfM;k dh vDlj ;g dgdj vkykspuk dh tkrh gS fd blusa yksxksa ds O;fDrxr :i ls feyus dh izo`fŸkij foijhr vlj Mkyk gS] tgk¡ ijaijkxr <ax ls ,d&nwljs ls feyus vkSjckrphr djus dk le; fdlh ds ikl ugha gS] ysfdu blds ckotwn fMftVyLisl lkekftd usVofdZax ds fur u;sa vkSj vkd"kZd lk/ku miyC/k djk jgk gSA

lkekftd usVofdZax vkSj lks”ky ehfM;k ds fodkl ds izeq[k lapkydksa esals ,d gS] eksckbZy VsyhQksuh] ,-lh- usYlu dh n lks’ky ehfM;k fjiksVZ 2012 esadgk x;k Fkk fd ^^lks”ky ehfM;k rd igaqp dk;e djus ds fy, vf/kdkf/kdLekVZQksuksa vkSj VscysV~l dk bLrseky dj jgs gSaA vf/kd dusDVhfoVh ds lkFkmiHkksDrkvksa dks lks”ky ehfM;k ds bLrseky djus dh vf/kd vktknh fey jghgS vkSj os tgka vkSj tc pkgsa lks”ky ehfM;k dk bLrseky dj ldrs gSaA^^

bldh lcls cM+h [kqch ;g gS fd blds fy, vkidks fo”ks"kK ;k cgqrtk¡p fopkj dj dqN dgus dh vko”;drk ugha gSA ;fn ge dgsa rks ;gvukSipkfjd laokn LFkkfir djus dk ek/;e gS og Hkh dsoy vkids fe=ksa oifjokjtuksa dh chp gh ugha vfirq fdlh dh lgerh ls fdlh ls Hkh!

bl fn’kk esa CykWx] Qslcqd] V~ohVj vkSj OgkV~l,Ik dh Hkwfedk vge gSAlks”ky ehfM;k es iz;qDr Hkk’kk dk izpfyr mnkgj.k *&Words:-Xperience, Find, Wanna, Sam 2u , h.r.u? , 2 day, gr8, How?Script:-Hi Mitro, Aap Kaise hain, Mahila divas ki kya Tayari hai.


Lkks”ky ehfM;k dk lcls yksdfiz; ek/;e Qslcqd gS ftlesa nqfu;kHkj ds yksxviuk lcls vf/kd le; [kikrs gSaA dEI;qVj] eksckby vkSj vkbZiSM ds tfj;slcls vf/kd yksx Qslcqd dk bLrseky djrs gSaA ns’k ds 'kgjh {ks= ds vkdM+ksij xkSj djsa rks dkWyst tkus okys ;qok lcls vf/kd mi;ksx djrs gSaA ns’k esabldh yksdfiz;rk dk vankt blh ls yxk;k tk ldrk gS fd dkWyst tkusokys lkSa esa 84 Nk= lks”ky ehfM;k ds fdlh&u&fdlh ek/;e ls tqMs+ jgrs gSAefgykvksa esa Hkh lks”ky ehfM;k dkQh yksdfiz; gSA lcls rkTtqc dh ckr ;g gSfd dkedkth efgyk;sa bl ekeys esa ?kjsyw efgykvksa ls ihNs gSA ?kjsyw efgykvksadk lks”ky ehfM;k bLrseky djus dk vkadM+k tgka 55 Qhlnh gS ogha dkedkthefgykvksa dk 52 Qhlnh cqtqxZ Hkh bl ekeys esa fdlh ls derj ugha gSA 65Qhlnh cqtqxZ lks”ky ehfM;k dk bLrseky djrs gSaA Ldwy tkus okys cPpsa Hkhblds bLrseky djus esa ihNs ugha gSaA 68 Qhlnh cPps bldk bLrseky djrs gSAgkykafd bZ&esy vHkh Hkh bl ekeys esa lcls vkxs gSA bZ&esybLrseky djus okyksa dh la[;k 90 Qhlnh gksrh gSAIkfj.kke&

Lkks”ky ehfM;k vkt vf/kdka”k Hkkjrh;ksa }kjk iz;ksx esa yk;k tk jgk gS]bl ek/;e esa vfHkO;fDr dh Lora=rk vf/kd gS o blesa Hkk"kk dk dksbZ ca/kuugha gS A blesa Hkk"kk dh 'kq)rk ls vf/kd vfHkO;fDr dh rhozrk o ljyrk rFkklgtrk dks egRo fn;k tkrk gSA ftlds ifj.kke Lo#i ,d ubZ f[kpMh Hkk"kkdk tUe gqvk gSA ftlesa fgUnh o vaxzsth ds leUo; ds vykok ubZ laf{kIr'kCnkoyh dk iz;ksx gksrk gSAfu"d’kZ%&

tSlk fd dgkor gS nq/kkjh ryokj] baVjusV vk/kkfjr lks”kyehfM;k nksuksa fn’kkvksa esa okj djsxkA mldk vlj jpUkkRed vkSj udkjkRed]vPNk vkSj cqjk] l`tukRed vkSj fo/oaldkjh nksuksa rjg dk gksxkA lks’kyehfM;k lkekftd] vkfFkZd vkSj jktuhfrd izo`fŸk;ksa dk vuqdj.k djsxk vkSjmUgsa vkdkj iznku djsxk] mudk ifjlheu vkSj foLrkj djsxkA ftl rjgbaVjusV ds Kku vkSj cqf)erk rd vklku igqap dk;e djus ds lkFk&lkFkv’yhyrk rd igqap Hkh vklku cukbZ gS] mlh rjg lks”ky ehfM;k Hkh fo’o vkSjHkkjr esa fefJr :i esa lelkef;d ;FkkFkZ dks fujarj izHkkfor djsxkA bllsvkfFkZd fodkl esa rsth vk,xh vkSj ekuo fodkl esa ;ksxnku gksxk ysfdu blhds lkFk ;g lkfgfR;d pksjh dks vklku cuk,xk] ewY; âkl dks c<+kok nsxk vkSjthou ds vf/kd O;ogkfjd igyqvksa ls dqN vyxko iSnk djsxkA ysfdu blds


ckotwn fMftVy Lisl lkekftd usVofdZax ds fur u;sa vkSj vkd’kZd lk/kumiyC/k djk jgk gS ftlus Hkk"kk ds Lo#i dks ifjofrZr dj fn;k gSAlanHkZ xzaFk lwph1- >k ] jkts”k dqekj (laiknd );;kstuk ]ebZ 2013 vad 5]izdk”ku

foHkkx]ubZ fnYyh i`-11]26]27]33]342- uanh ] izhfr’k]MhftVy nqfu;k dk “kksjxqy ]vfHkO;fDr ]nSfud HkkLdj ]14

ekPkZ 2013] i`-83- dksBkjh ] xqykc ] lks”ky ehfM;k dk c<rk izHkko ]tSdsV doj ]if=dk ]

vDVwcj 20134- nwcs ] vo/ks’k ] lks”ky ehfM;k dk nkuo ]lelkef;d ys[k ] izfr;ksfxrk

niZ.k Qjojh 2014 ]i`-45&46


lrr fodkl ,oa Hkkjrh; laLd`frMkW0 jkds'k dqekj frokjh1

vkS|ksfxdhdj.k dh gksM+ esa vkt lHkh ns'k fodkl dks egRo ns jgs gSaAysfdu bu ns'kksa dks bl ckr dh irk ugha gS fd fodkl dh fn'kk Bhd gS ;kughaA fodkl dh bl pdkpkSa/k esa izos'k ls igys bu ns'kksa dks lrr fodkl ;kfVdkÅ fodl dh vo/kkj.kk dks /;ku esa j[kuk pkfg,A

lrr fodkl 'kCn ls ;g ckr Li"V gks tkrh gS fd fodkl ,slk gksukpkfg, tks fujUrj pyrk jgs vFkkZr ^^lrr~ fodkl ,d ,slh izfØ;k gS] ftlesamiyC/k lalk/kuksa dk bl rjg ls mi;ksx fd;k tk, fd orZeku t:jrksa dksiwjk djus ds lkFk gh Hkkoh ih<+h dh t:jrksa esa dVkSrh u gksus ik,A blesai;kZoj.k dks {kfr igqapk, fcuk lalk/kuksa dk dq'kyre mi;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA**1

lrr fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk&lrr fodkl lalk/kuksa ds iz;ksx dk ,slk rjhdk gS] ftlls u flQZ

orZeku dh vko';drk;sa iwjh dh tk ldsa] cfYd vkus okyh ihf<+;ksa dhvko';drk,a Hkh iwjh dh tk ldsaA bl rjg i;kZoj.k dks lqjf{kr j[krs gq,]LFkkuh; fuokfl;ksa ds vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ lrr fodkl gSA

^lLVsuscy MsCyiesaV** ewyr% nks 'kCn Øe'k% ^lLVsuscy* o^MsOyiesaV ls feydj cuk gSA fgUnh Hkk"kk esa lLVsuscy ds fy, ^LFkk;h*^LFkk;hRo*] ^lrr*] ^lexz*] ^laiw.kZ*] ^fujarj* 'kCn izpfyr gSaA fo'o vk;ksx tksfd xzks gjysu czqaMySaM dh v/;{krk esa xfBr gqvk FkkA bl vk;ksx }kjk nh xbZlrr fodkl dh ifjHkk"kk loZekU; cu xbZ gSA tks bl izdkj gS&

^^LFkk;h fodkl og vo/kkj.kk gS] ftlesa Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa dh t:jrksadks iwjk djrs gq, ,oa mudh {kerkvksa esa fdlh rjg ds le>kSrs fd, cxSjorZeku t:jrksa dks iwjk djuk gh fodkl gSA**2

1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] vFkZ'kkL= foHkkx] ts-vkj-,p- fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


lLVsuscy MscyiesaV dks la{ksi esa ^fVdkÅ fodkl] fujarjrk ds lkFkfodkl ;k ^lrr fodkl* Hkh dgrs gSaA lrr fodkl] lalk/kuksa ds mi;ksx djusdk ,d vkn'kZ ekWMy izLrqr djrk gSA fuf'pr :i ls lrr fodkl dk fopkjvkSj egÙkk ledkyhu nqfu;k esa fujarj yksdfiz; jgk gS] D;ksafd LFkk;h fodklekuo leqnk; ds lkFk&lkFk i;kZoj.k ds vfLrRo ls tqM+k gqvk gSA

;g fVdkÅ fodkl ds lkFk&lkFk ifjfLFkfrdh; O;oLFkk dh lqj{kk dksHkh egRo nsrk gSA3 ftlesa i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k ds lkFk&lkFk orZeku ekuoh;t:jrksa dks iwjk djrs gq, vkus okyh Hkkoh ihf<+;ksa dh vko';drkvksa dks Hkh iwjkdjuk lqfuf'pr fd;k tkrk gSA lrr fodkl dh vis{kk gS& i;kZoj.k vkSjlalk/ku ds vk/kkj dks lqjf{kr ;k lajf{kr j[krs gq,] Hkfo"; dh ihf<+;ksa ds ykHkdks lqfuf'pr djus ds fy, lkekftd :i ls ftEesnkj vkfFkZd fodklA

oLrqr% fVdkÅ fodkl] izkd`frd rFkk ifjfLFkfrdh; ra= dks ,d lkFkysdj pyus dh fpark gSA ;g orZeku ifjfLFkfr;ksa ,oa lkekftd pqukSfr;ksa dksHkh n`f"Vxr j[krk gSA vr% fodkl dh vo/kkj.kk esa okrkoj.k] ekuo ,oaizkd`frd lalk/kuksa dk leqfpr mi;ksx fd, tkus dh vko';drk gSA

lrr fodkl] fodkl dh ,slh vko';drk gS tks vkfFkZd :i lsO;ogk;Z] lkekftd :i ls Lohdk;Z vkSj i;kZoj.k dh n`f"V ls larqfyr gksAxjhch esa deh] lkekftd lekurk vkSj i;kZoj.k lqj{kk ikjLifjd :i ls ,dnwljs ls lEc) gSa] vr% lrr fodkl ds fy, LFkkuh; lalk/kuksa dk fodkl¼LFkkuh; mRiknu esa o`f)] jkstxkj ds voljksa esa o`f)] xjhch esa deh] lkekftdlekurk vkSj i;kZoj.k lqj{kk½ visf{kr gSA lrr fodkl dks izkIr djus ds fy,fuekZ.k esa O;kid tuHkkxhnkjh vkSj lkekftd mÙkjnkf;Ro dks ewyHkwr vk/kkjekuk x;k gSA

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa ekuo Lo;a Hkh i;kZoj.k dk ,d vax gS] vr% ekuods leLr fØ;kdyki] fofHkUu fLFkfr;ksa esa mldh Hkwfedk rFkk i;kZoj.k laj{k.kds fy;s ml }kjk fd;s x;s iz;kl] lHkh dk izR;{k vkSj vizR;{k izHkko Li"Vn`f"Vxr gksrk gSAfgUnw /keZ vkSj i;kZoj.k&

fgUnw /keZ i;kZoj.k dh lqj{kk vkSj laj{k.k gsrq vfr laosnu'khy jgs gSavkSj muds yEcs bfrgkl esa ouLifr] oU; tho] ok;q] ty] vkdk'k] izdk'k¼vfXu½ dk gh mYys[k ugha feyrk cfYd budk mfpr iz;ksx vkSj muls gksusokys vizR;{k ykHkksa dk Hkh fooj.k bl fo'ks"krk ls feyrk gS fd ekuks iqjs fo'o


ds yksxksa dk ;gh ekul gks fd i;kZoj.kh; ?kVd gh gekjs thou dks lgh :ils lapkfyr djrs gksaA

fo'o dh dqy vkcknh ds yxHkx 13 O;fDr fgUnw /keZ dh vuq;k;h gSaAmuds lcls izkphu xzaFk osn vkSj mifu"kn gSaA buesa txg&txg izd`fr vkSjizd`fr ls fojklr esa feyh lHkh oLrqvksa dk thou ls xgjk tqM+ko feyrk gSvkSj bu lHkh dks vR;Ur ifo= ekudj yksx budh iwtk vpZuk djrs gSaA budsvuqlkj vkdk'k] ok;q] rst] ty vkSj i`Foh iaprRo gSa] ftuls gh izk.kh ek= dksthou feyrk gS vkSj e`R;q ds ckn og thou bUgha esa foyhu gks tkrk gS] vr%;g rÙo muds thou ds vk/kkj gSaA

ty dh egÙkk dks fgUnw /keZ esa bl lhek rd Lohdkj fd;k x;k gS fdO;fDr fdlh unh eas Luku djus ls iwoZ mlds ty dks ueu djrk gS] Lukudjrs le; ea=ksPpkj.k ls mldh iwtk vpZuk djrk gS vkSj vR;Ur J)k lsvkpeu dj viuk thou /kU; le>rk gS vkSj mldh ;g Hkh ekU;rk gS fdty ds Li'kZ ek= ls nSfod 'kfDr mldh j{kk djsxhA _Xosn esa bldk mYys[kdqN bl izdkj fn;k gS%&^^vkdk'k ds ikuh] unh vkSj dqvksa ds ikuh] ftudk lzksr lkxj gS] ;g lcifo= ikuh esjh j{kk djsaA**4

ouLifr vkSj isM+ ikS/kksa ds egÙo dks fgUnw /keZ esa cgqr ekU;rk nh gS vkSjfdlh u fdlh izdkj izR;sd o`{k dks fdlh nsoh nsork vFkok ekU;rk ls tksM+djmldh j{kk djus dk mik; dkykUrj ls cuk;s j[kk gSA oSKkfud n`f"V ls tksegÙo vkt o`{kksa dks crk;k tkrk gS vkSj ftl oLrqfu"B vk/kkj ij mudh j{kkdjus ij cy fn;k tkrk gS] og iwoZ dky esa vizR;{k :i ls gh izpyu esa FkkAtSls&

o`{k lEcfU/kr nsoh&nsork1- oV czãk] fo".kq vkSj dqcsj2- rqylh y{eh] fo".kq3- lkse pUnzek4- csy f'ko5- v'kksd bUnz6- vke y{eh7- dnEc d`".k8- uhe 'khryk] ealk9- iyk'k czã] xU/koZ


10- ihiy fo".kq] d`".k11- egqvk iwtk ikB gsrq12- lsey iwtk ikB gsrq13- xwyj fo".kq] :nz14- reky d`".k

fgUnqvksa ds ekU; xzUFk ôjkg iqjk.k* esa o`{kksa ds egÙo dks fuEu izdkjcrk;k gS&

^^,d O;fDr tks ,d ihiy] ,d uhe] ,d cM+] nl Qwy okys ikS/ks vFkokyrk,a] nks vukj] nks ukjaxh vkSj ikap vke ds o`{k yxkrk gS] og ujd esa ughatk;sxkA**5

i'kqvksa vkSj if{k;ksa dh j{kk gsrq mUgsa ikyuk] Hkkstu f[kykuk vkSj mu ijfdlh vR;kpkj dh v'kadk dks tM+ ls gVkus ds mn~ns'; ls izkphu dky ls ghfgUnw /keZ esa cM+h lqUnj O;oLFkk dh xbZ gSA vusd nsoh nsorkvksa ls budkstksM+uk Hkh blh Øe esa vkadk tk ldrk gS fd iqjkus yksxksa dks lHkh i'kq vkSjif{k;ksa ds izfr vR;Ur yxko jgk gS vkSj ftlls fu%lansg izd`fr dk larqyuO;ofLFkr gqvk gSA tSls&

i'kq ,oa i{kh lEcfU/kr nsoh&nsork1- 'ksj nqxkZ2- dygal czã3- gkFkh bUnz4- ukfn;k f'ko5- pwgk x.ks'k6- gal ljLorh7- x:.k fo".kq8- cUnj jke9- ?kksM+k lw;Z10- eksj dkfrZds;11- mywd y{eh12- fx) 'kfu13- phrk dkR;k;oh14- dqÙkk HkSjo15- fgj.k ok;q16- x/kk 'khryk


;gh ugha cfYd iqjkus xzaFkksa esa izkd`frd iznw"k.k QSykus dks jksdus rFkknks"kh dks n.M nsus dh O;oLFkk dk fooj.k Hkh dbZ LFkkuksa ij feyrk gSA tSls&

^^fdlh Hkh O;fDr dks ikuh esa is'kkc] ey vFkok Fkwduk ugha pkfg,Afdlh Hkh oLrq dks] tks bu vifo= oLrqvksa] jDr vkSj fo"k ls fefJr gks] ty esaQasaduk ugha pkfg;sA**6

^Ô;fDr ftlus 'kgj ds vUnj fcYyh] dqÙkk] usoyk vkSj lkai tSls thods yksFk vFkok dadky dks Qsadk rks mls rhu ikuk dk n.M fn;k x;k Fkk] Å¡V][kPpj vkSj uj dadky Qsadus okys dks ipkl ikuk dk tqekZuk fd;k x;k FkkA**7

blls ;g Li"V gS fd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr i;kZoj.k ds laj{k.k gsrq vkSj mlsfod`fr ls cpkus gsrq ges'kk ltd FkhAfu"d"kZ&

Hkkjrh; laLd`fr esa i;kZoj.k laj{k.k dh bl fojkV vo/kkj.kk dhlkFkZdrk gS] ftldh izklafxdrk vkt bruh c<+ xbZ gSA

blesa dksbZ nks jk; ugha gS fd Hkkjrh; laLd`fr vkSj lrr fodkli;kZoj.kh; ,oa ekuoh; vfLrRo ds dsUnz fcanq gSA ge dg ldrs gSa fd&îzd`frvkSj laLd`fr dk la;kstu gh i;kZoj.k gSA

vr% orZeku fodkl ;kstukvksa esa ;g lqfuf'pr fd;k tkuk pkfg, fdorZeku ,oa Hkfo"; dh t:jrksa dks iwjk djus ds fy, okrkoj.k dks de ls de{kfr gksA euq"; thou dh vk/kkjHkwr vko';drkvksa] ftlesa izkd`frd tSofofo/krk vkSj izkd`frd lalk/ku rFkk [kk| lqj{kk tSlh phtsa 'kkfey gSa] mudklaj{k.k fd;k tkuk pkfg,A ekuoh; xfrfof/k;ksa }kjk dsoy izkd`frd lalk/kuksadk ml ek=k esa mi;ksx fd;k tkuk pkfg, ftl ek=k esa ml izkd`frd lalk/kudk iquZmRiknu gks jgk gSAlanHkZ xzaFk&1- izfr;ksfxrk niZ.k] Hkkjrh; vFkZO;oLFkk] i`0 712- http://www.un.org/documents/ga/res/42/ares 42-187.htm3- http://sdnp.nic.in/

4- _Xosn] 7-4] 9-25- ojkg iqjk.k] 172-396- euqLe`fr] 4-567- dkSfVY;] vFkZ'kkL=] 2-145


efgyk fodkl ,oa Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa dh HkwfedkMkW- lquhrk JhokLro1

Lo;a&lsoh laxBu xzkeh.k fodkl gsrq fofo/k {ks=ksa esa egRoiw.kZ HkwfedkfuHkk ldrs gSaA ,sls laxBuksa esa fu%LokFkZ Hkko ls dk;Z djus okys O;fDr;ksa dkgksuk vko';d gSA ;fn Lo;a lsoh laLFkk,a viuh gh {kerkvksa o lalk/kuksa dscycwrs ij MVh jgrh gSa rks mudh lh[k¡ curh gS vkSj mUgsa tulg;ksx feyrkgSA

^^,d ,sfPNd dk;ZdrkZ og gqvk tks fdlh vPNsdk;Z ds fy;s viuh voSrfud lsok nsa**&ykMZcsofjt

Lo;a&lsok dh vo/kkj.kk ls tqM+s gq, 'kCn Lo;a&lsod ,oa Lo;alsohlaxBu oDr ds lkFk&lkFk fodflr gq, gSa] ysfdu bu 'kCnksa ds fodkl ds iwoZHkh ;g vo/kkj.kk ,d ,glkl ds :i esa tuekul esa fo|eku FkhA Lo;a lsohHkkouk gekjs ns'k dh dkQh iqjkuh ,oa le`) ijEijk jgh gS] ftlesa O;fDrxr,oa lkekftd fØ;kdyki lkewfgd fgr esa gksrs FksA LOk;alsoh laLFkkvksa us vDljvkinkxzLr {ks=ksa esa yksxksa dh enn igq¡pkus esa vHkwriwoZ Hkwfedk vnk dh gSA cgqrlh ,slh laLFkkvksa us t:jr ds le; yksxksa ds lkFk [kM+s jg dj viuslkekftd nkf;Ro dk iza'kluh; fuokZg fd;k gSA mUgksaus yksxksa dh tku mlle; cpkbZ gS tcfd ekSr fuf'pr :i ls vkink ihfM+rksa ds lkeus [kM+h jgrhgS vkSj mUgksaus vius ln~iz;klksa dks foifÙk ds ckn Hkh iquokZl dk;ZØeksa ds :iesa vkxs c<+k;k gSA

1- lgk;d vkpk;kZ] lekt'kkL= foHkkx] ts-vkj-,p- fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


bu Lo;a&lsoh laLFkkvksa dh i`"BHkwfe vyx&vyx jgh gSA LoSfPNdlaxBu lqnwj {ks=ksa esa LokLF;] f'k{kk] efgyk,¡] i;kZoj.k ekuokf/kdkj] ckyvf/kdkj] fu%'kDrrk vkfn tSls vusd {ks=ksa esa fodkl dk;Z dj jgs gSa vkSj ;glqfuf'pr dj jgs gSa fd yksxksa dks mudk gd feysA ljdkj us fodkl izfØ;kesa LoSfPNd laxBuksa dh Hkwfedk dks Lohdkj dj fy;k gSA dbZ ckj Lo;a lsohlaLFkk,a nqxZe {ks=ksa vkSj ljdkj ds chp ,d iqy ds :i esa dk;Z djrs gSaA bl{ks= dh egRoiw.kZ ;kstuk dks ns[krs gq, gh o"kZ 2002 esa ;kstuk vk;ksx dksljdkjh laxBu vkSj Lo;a lsoh laxBu ds leUo; ds fy, uksMy ,tsalh cuk;kx;k FkkA Lo;a lsoh {ks= dh foLr`r lEHkkoukvksa ds mi;ksx ds fy;s ;g ,dvfr vko';d dne FkkA

vBkjgoha 'krkCnh esa Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa rFkk Lo;a lsoh lektdk;ZdrkZvksa ds fy;s lektdk;Z ds {ks= esa ,d u;k ;qx izkjEHk gqvkA tcik'pkR; lH;rk dk izHkko izdV gqvk FkkA Hkkjr esa 1747 ls 1947 ds e/; Lo;alsoh dk;Z dk izeq[k y{k.k ;g Fkk fd Lo;a lsoh dk;Z /kkfeZd vk/kkj ij izkjEHkgqvk ik'pkR; lH;rk dh vis{kk og Hkkoukvksa ls vf/kd izHkkfor FkkA vkSjmlds fy;s ^Økafr* ^'kCn dh vis{kk mn~fodkl* (Evolution) dk egRo vf/kdFkkA ifjorZu ,d vkfo"dkj (Innovation) ds :i esa ugha vfirq gekjs izkphubfrgkl dks cuk;s j[kus vkSj blls Hkh vf/kd mls izR;kxeu djus ds :i easLohdkj fd;k x;k FkkA

chloha 'krkCnh ds izFke n'kd esa ,d izdkj dh rdZiw.kZ ekuorkoknhijEijk dk fodkl Lo;a lsoh lsok ds {ks= esa gqvkA lu~ 1905 esa Jh xks[kys}kjk izkjEHk fd;k x;k ^Hkkjr lsod lekt* vkSj mRrj Hkkjr esa Jh yktirjk;}kjk ^yksd lsod lekt* ds uke pyk;k x;kA Lora=rk ds mijkUr Lo;a lsoh,tsfUl;ksa dks lektdk;Z ds cnyrs gq, lanHkZ vkSj ^dY;k.k jkT;* ds dk;ksZa esa,d uohu nkf;Ro /kkj.k djuk iM+kA bl laLFkk dk eq[; mn~ns'; lkekftdizxfr ftldk vfHkizk; ,d ,sls dk;Z ls gS tks O;fDr }kjk vius ?kj ls ckgjvius vkSj vius lkfFk;ksa dh thou n'kk esa lq/kkj ykus ds fy;s fd;k tk;A

Lo;a lsoh laxBu O;fDr;ksa dk ,d ,slk lewg gksrk gS] ftlesa Lo;a dks,d fof/k&lEer fudk; esa laxfBr dj fy;k gks] rkfd os laxfBr dk;ZØeksa dsek/;e ls lkekftd lsok,a iznku dj ldsaA ;s laxBu viuh gh igy ijvFkok ckgj ls iszfjr gksdj] lkFk gh vkRefuHkZj jgdj xfrfof/k;k¡ pykrs gSaA ;slaLFkk,¡ yksxksa dh t:jrsa iwjh djus rFkk lkoZtfud {ks= dh izlkj lsokvksa dks,d nwljs ds djhc ykus dk iz;kl djrh gSA xzkeh.k detksj oxksZa ds U;k;ksfpr


vkSj izHkkoh fodkl dks vatke nsus ds fy;s Hkh ;s laLFkk,a fujUrj iz;Ru djrhjgrh gSaA

Hkkjr nqfu;k dk nwljk lcls fo'kky tula[;k okyk ns'k gSA tula[;kds c<rs xzkQ ds dkj.k xjhch vkSj fu/kZurk vius iwjs pje lhek ij Fkh lkFkgh lkFk f'k{kk dk egRo yksxksa ls ijs Fkk] ftlds dkj.k lekt esa xjhch]fu/kZurk] csjkstxkjh ,oa Hkq[kejh lekt esa ,d eq[; ,oa fodV leL;k ds :iesa fudy dj vk;hA lkFk gh lkFk cM+s o vehj ns'kksa ls lqyHkrk ls miyC/kdjk;h tkus yxh] ftlls xzkeksa dk l`tukRed o LokoyEcu l`tu ugha gqvkAxjhch] fu/kZurk] csjkstxkjh ,oa Hkq[kejh dh leL;k dks ns[krs gq, ;gk¡ dhljdkjsa csgn fpUrktud fLFkfr esa Fkh] ftldk ifj.kke ;g gqvk fd ljdkjksa usviuk lkjk /;ku xjhch] fu/kZurk] csjkstxkjh ,oa Hkq[kejh dks de djus ds fy,vusdksa ;kstukvksa dk fuekZ.k fd;k ,oa mls fØ;kfUor djds leL;k dks dedjus dk iz;kl fd;k x;k gSA bl izdkj dh ;kstukvksa ij fopkj fd;k tkusyxk rFkk fo'o ds iz[;kr izpkjd] cqf)thoh] fo}ku] ekuuh; eksgEen ;quqlth }kjk Lo;a lsoh laLFkk dh ;kstuk dh vo/kkj.kk dks izLrqr fd;k x;k rFkkckaXykns'k dh ljdkj }kjk bldk iz;ksx fd;k x;k] ftldk ifj.kkevis{kkuqlkj jgkA ;gh ls bldh mRifRr gqbZ rFkk bl ;kstuk dks Hkkjr esa Hkhykxw fd;k x;k ,oa xzkeh.k fodkl foHkkx }kjk lapkyu fd;k tkus yxkA

Lo;a lsoh laLFkk lw{e Lrj dh ,d ,slh laLFkk gksrh gS tks viuh laLFkkdh efgykvksa] lalk/kuksa ,oa fØ;kdykiksa dk izcU/ku bl izdkj djrk gS] ftllsefgykvksa dh O;fDrxr dksf'k'k iwjs laLFkk dks vius mn~ns';ksa dh izkfIr esalgk;rk iznku djrh gSA

Lo;a lsoh laLFkk ds ek/;e ls tkx#drk n{krk dk fodkl gksrk gS]blh izfØ;k esa mudks O;olk; ls tksM+ dj efgykvksa dks vf/kd :i ls l{kecukus ds fy, izksRlkfgr fd;k tkrk gSA vr% ;g laLFkk efgykvksa dh l'kDr,oa lg;ksx] ijke'kZ o izf'k{k.k nsdj vkfFkZd ,oa muds oS;fDrd {kerk dksc<+krk gSA lkFk gh efgykvksa dks ;g vuqHko djkrk gS fd os bl ;ksX; cus]ftlesa os ck/kkvksa dks rksM+dj vius y{; rd igq¡p ldsA ;|fi budhns'kO;kih xBu ,oa fo'ys"k.k ds vkadM+ksa ls ;g Kkr gksrk gS fd 5 yk[k lsvf/kd Hkkjrh; xkao vkSj dkQh vf/kd la[;k esa gekjh 'kgjh efyu cfLr;ksa]xjhc] /kekFkZ vkSj Lo;a lsoh laxBuksa us cM+s iSekus ij bu oafpr vkSj xjhcfuokfl;ksa rd igqapdj mUgsa LokLF; lsok miyC/k djkus esa viuk Hkkjh ;ksxnku


fn;k gSA lkFk gh bl dk;Z esa ;ksxnku nsus dk mn~ns'; eq[;r% ml oxZ dksÅ¡pk mBkuk gS tks dbZ dkyksa ls ?kj dh pkj fnokjh esa ca/kh gqbZ gSaA'kks/k izfof/k %

lkekftd 'kks/k ,d Øec) oSKkfud v/;;u gS] ftlds vk/kkj ijlkekftd ?kVukvksa ds lEca/k esa ge uohu Kku izkIr djrs gSa ;k fo|eku Kkudks ifj"d`r djrs gSa rFkk fofHkUu ?kVukvksa ds ikjLifjd lEca/kksa o miyC/kfl)karksa dh iquZijh{kk djrs gSaA 'kks/k dk ,d i)fr'kkL= gksrk gS] ftldsvk/kkj ij v/;;u fo'ks"k ij 'kks/k fd;k tkrk gSA'kks/k izk:i %

izLrqr 'kks/k izi= efgyk fodkl ,oa Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvkas dh Hkwfedk** dhizd`fr o.kZukRed gSAv/;;u {ks= %

bl v/;;u ds fy;s fp=dwV tuin esa dk;Z dj jgh Lo;a lsohlaLFkku] efgyk lek[;k dohZ] oukaxuk ,oa vf[ky Hkkjrh; lkekftd lsoklaLFkku] jkuhiqj HkV~V] lhrkiqj esa dk;Z dj jgh efgykvksa dks pquk x;k gSAv/;;u dk mn~ns'; %

Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa esa efgykvksa dh Hkwfedk dk v/;;u lkeqnkf;d fodkl dh izfØ;k esa laLFkk dh efgykvksa dk ;ksxnku dk

v/;;u laLFkk ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dh vkfFkZd fLFkfr esa lq/kkj dk v/;;u laLFkk ds ek/;e ls gq;s lq/kkj ls lkekftd ifjorZuksa dk v/;;u

rF; ladyu %izLrqr v/;;u esa rF;ksa dk ladyu izkFkfed ,oa f}rh;d lzksrksa ls

ladfyr fd;s x;s gSaA buesa dqy 50 efgykvksa dks pquk x;k gSAlkj.kh Øekad 1

tkfr ds vk/kkj ij Lo;a lsoh laLFkkvksa esa efgykvksa dh HkwfedkØ- tkfr la[;k izfr'kr1- lkekU; 06 12-002- fiNM+h tkfr 24 48-003- vuqlwfpr tkfr 17 34-004- vuqlwfpr tutkfr 03 06-00

;ksx 50 100


mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls irk pyrk gS fd lokZf/kd mRrjnkrk fiNM+h tkfrds gS] ftudk izfr'kr 48 gS rFkk lcls de vuqlwfpr tutkfr dh efgyk;saftudk izfr'kr 6 gS] 'ks"k 34 ,oa 12 izfr'kr efgyk;sa vuqlwfpr tkfr ,oalkekU; oxZ dh gSaA

lkj.kh Øekad 2laLFkk esa efgykvksa ds O;olk; ds vk/kkj ij oxhZdj.kØ- O;olk; la[;k izfr'kr1- i'kqikyu 05 10-002- d`f"k dk;Z 09 18-003- nqdku 15 30-004- etnwjh 20 40-005- ukSdjh 01 02-00

;ksx 50 100mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls irk pyrk gS fd 40 izfr'kr efgyk;sa etnwjh dk

O;olk; djrh gS] 'ks"k vU; dk;Z ls viuk Hkj.k&iks"k.k dk dk;Z dj jgh gSaAlkj.kh Øekad 3

f'k{kk ds vk/kkj ij efgykvksa dk oxhZdj.kØ- f'k{kk dk Lrj la[;k izfr'kr1- 0&5 08 162- 6&8 03 063- 9&12 08 164- vf'kf{kr 31 62

;ksx 50 100mi;qZDr lkj.kh ls Li"V gksrk gS fd vf'kf{kr efgykvksa dk izfr'kr 62

gS 'ks"k esa 6 ls 12 rd dh la[;k 16 izfr'kr gSAlkj.kh Øekad 4

Lo;a lsoh laLFkk esa efgyk ,oa iq#"k dk ,d leku dk;ksZa ls lEca/kh oxhZdj.kØ- fodYi la[;k izfr'kr1- gk¡ 38 76-002- ugha 12 24-00

;ksx 50 100


lkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij 76 izfr'kr efgyk;sa ,oa iq#"k ,d leku dk;Zdjrs gSa 24 izfr'kr efgykvkas dk ekuuk gS fd iq#"k ,oa efgykvkas ,d lekudk;ksZa dks ugha dj ldrsA

lkj.kh Øekad 5laLFkk esa efgykvksa dh vge Hkwfedk

Ø- efgykvksa dh jk; la[;k izfr'kr1- gk¡ 40 80-002- ugha 10 20-00

;ksx 50 100lkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij 80 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk ekuuk gS fd laLFkk esa

viuh vge Hkwfedk fuHkk jgh gS rFkk 20 izfr'kr efgykvksa dk ekuuk gS fdlaLFkk esa og iw.kZ :i ls yxko ugha j[krh gSAfu"d"kZ %

v/;;u ds nkSjku ;g tkuus ij cy fn;k x;k gS fd os dkSu&dkSu lspj gS tks fd Lo;a lsoh laLFkk ds ek/;e ls efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd :i lsizHkkfor djrh gS lkFk gh muesa LokoyEch cukus dk dk;Z dj jgh gSA mijksDrlkj.kh ds vk/kkj ij ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd Lo;a lsoh laLFkk ,d midj.kds :i esa iz;ksx dj efgykvksa dks vkfFkZd :i ls l'kDr djus dk dk;Z djjgh gSA

fp=dwV esa Lo;a lsoh laLFkk ls tqM+h vf/kdka'k efgyk;sa etnwjh ij fuHkZjgSaA

laLFkk ls tqM+us ij efgyk;sa vkRefuHkZj gSaA laLFkk ls tqM+dj efgyk;sa vius vf/kdkjksa ds ckjs esa tkx#d gqbZ gSA jkuhiqj xzke esa efgykvksa dk f'k{kk Lrj fxjk gqvk gSA

lq>ko %fu"d"kksZa ds vk/kkj ij ;g lq>ko gS fd fp=dwV tSls fiNM+s gq;s bykds

ds lekt ls tqM+us ds fy;s ;g Lo;a lsoh laLFkk cgqr gh vPNk ek/;e gS]ftlls ge efgykvksa dks l'kDr cuk ldsa cgqr lh ,slh laLFkk gS tks efgykvksads fy;s dk;Z dj jgh gS vkSj mUgsa lekt ls tksM+ jgh gSA

fyax Hksn de fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA fu.kZ; ysus dk iwjk vf/kdkj laLFkk dh efgykvksa ds ikl gksuk pkfg;sA efgykvksa dks iqjkuh :f<+xr /kkj.kkvksa dks gVkuk pkfg;sA


f'k{kk dk Lrj Å¡pk mBkus dh vko';drk gSA LFkkk;h :i ls jkstxkj ewyd dk;ZØe lapkfyr fd;s tkus pkfg;s tks

efgykvksa dks lgh fn'kk iznku djsA efgykvksa dks ifjokj ds lg;ksx ds lkFk&lkFk tkx#d ,oa izf'k{k.k

dk;ZØeksa dk lgkjk ysuk pkfg;sA lkekftd&vkfFkZd ,oa lkaLd`frd rF; ,Oka vU; igyqvksa ls lEcfU/kr

iq#"k o efgykvksa ds chp fHkUurk dks laLFkk }kjk de djds ,dlekurk dk okrkoj.k mRiUu fd;k tk;sa A

laLFkk }kjk efgykvksa dks bl rjhds ls izksRlkfgr fd;k tk; rkfd osviuh t:jr ,oa LFkkuh; lk/ku ds vuq:i lw{e Lrjh o`f) dk;ZØe'kq: dj ldsA

lanHkZ xzUFk lwph %1- enu lh-vkj-] lektdk;Z] i`-297&298-2- c?ksy Mh-,l-] Hkkjrh; lkekftd laLFkk,a ,oa leL;k;sa] i`-la-67&683- xqIr jkeckcw] lkekftd fo?kVu] i`-177&1794- efgyk fodkl&fodklihfM;k


^^fp=dwV tuin esa ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ fodykax ,oa xSjfodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:drk dk

rqyukRed v/;;u**MkW0 eqjyh/kj flag1

Ik;kZoj.k ekuo thou dk lg vfLrRo gSA ge tks dqN eglwl djrs gSa]Ik;kZoj.k gh mldk dkj.k gSSA ok;q] ty] ifj/kku] izdk'k] vfXu] tho&tUrq ,oaouLifr lHkh Ik;kZoj.k ds vo;o gSA vPNs Ik;kZoj.k dh ladYiuk mu fLFkfr;ksals gS ftlds }kjk izk.kh/kkjh dh leLr ewyHkwr vko';drkvksa dh iwfrZ gks ldsvkSj thou lq[ke; fcrk ldsA oSfnd lafgrkvksa esa Ik;kZoj.k 'kqf) ds fy, ou~]o`{k ouLifr;ksa dks mi;ksxh ekurs gq, muds egRo dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSAblds vfrfjDr ;K dks i;kZoj.k 'kqf) gsrq lokZf/kd izHkko'kkyh o loksZRrelk/ku ds :Ik esa vaxhdr fd;k x;k gSA fdlh Hkh /kkfeZd vuq"Bku esa okrkoj.kdks 'kq) djus ds fy, izkphu dky ls ftl gou] /kwi] vxjcRrh] v{kr] cjxn]ihiy] iyk'k vkfn dh ydMh dks ,d fof'k"V ;a=ksa ds mPpkj.k ds lkFk ;K esabLrseky fd;k tkrk Fkk mlesa ik;s tkus okys vkS"k/kh; xq.kksa dh oSKkfud iqf"VHkh gks x;h gSA orZeku esa fnuksa&fnu ekuo dh T;knk cnyrh NksVh fodkl dhpkg] vkarfj{k rd igqaprs vkneh ds dne] jkstkuk u;s&u;s vfo"dkjksa dh nkSM+esa ekuo thou Ik;kZoj.k dks iznwf"kr djus esa fdlh izdkj ihNs ugha gVrk gSvkt iznw"k.k ds nq"kifj.kke ls leqnz dk ty Lrj yxkrkj c<+ jgk gS vkSjekulwu dh vfuf'prrk ls rkieku esa o`f) gks jgh gSA ckj&ckj vdky]Hkq[kejh] ck<+ ls Ik;kZoj.k dh ekSfydrk lekIr gks jgh gSA ;fn blh nj lsIk;kZoj.k iznw"k.k c<rk jgk rks og fnu nwj ugha tc i`Foh iqu% ,d ckj vkxdk ngdrk gqvk xksyk esa ifjofrZr u gks tk;A

1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] f'k{kk ladk;] ts-vkj-,p- fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


mijksDr Ik;kZoj.k iznw"k.k dh fofHkf"kdk dks n`f"Vxr j[krs gq, ,oa ekuothou dks LoLFk cukus gsqrq Ik;kZOkj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:drk dk v/;;uuked 'kh"kZd ij 'kks/kkFkhZ ij 'kks/k djus dk fuf'pr fd;k gSAizLrkouk %&

Ik;kZoj.k ekuo thou dk lg vfLrRo gh ugha gS cfYd ekuo thou dhmn~Hkwr ojnku gS] ftlds }kjk ekuo tkfr iw.kZ lqjf{kr ,oa lajf{kr jgrk gSAoSfnd lafgrkvksa esa Ik;kZoj.k 'kqf) ds fy, ou] o`{k] ouLifr;ksa dks mi;ksxhekurs gq, muds egRo dks Li"V fd;k x;k gSA blds vfrfjDr ;K dksIk;kZoj.k 'kqf) gsrq lokZf/kd izHkko'kkyh o loksZRre lk/ku ds :Ik esa vaxhdkjfd;k x;k gSA blhfy, izR;sd 'kqHkkolj ij ;K dk fo/kku gSA ;K ls fudyusokyk /kqavk Ik;kZoj.k dks 'kq) djrk gSA vrhr esa ekuo&Hkwry ij fo|ekuIk;kZoj.k ds e/; y?kq lewgksa ls vkoflr vk[ksV] ou] Qyksa] ioZrh;] rygfV;ksa]o`{kksa dh Mkfy;ksa] izd`fr l`ftr dUnjkvksa esa jgdj vlqj{kk dh Hkkouk lsHk;Hkhr Hkk"kk ,oa Hkkouk jfgr laLd`fr dh ewykoLFkk esa Ik'kqor gh FkkA izkd`frdIk;kZoj.k ls la?k"kZ }kjk mldk Kku fujUrj fodflr gksrk jgkA o`{k ,oaouLifr;ksa ds lEiw.kZ okrkoj.k dks izk.koku ,oa e/kqe; cuk nsus okys ok;q dks,d ea= fo'o Hkk"k.k dgk x;k gS vkSj izkFkZuk dh x;h fd og nwf"kr ok;q dksnwj djs vkSj 'kq) ok;q es"kokV dks izHkkfor djsaA fdlh Hkh /kkfeZd vuq"Bku esaokrkoj.k dks 'kq) djus ds fy, izkphu dky ls ftl gou /kwi] vxjcRrh]v{kr] cjxn] ihiy] iyk'k vkfn dh yMdh dks ,d fof'k"V ea=ksa ds mPpkj.kds lkFk ;K esa bLrseky fd;k tk jgk gSA mlesa ik;s x;s vkS"k/kh; xq.kksa dhoSKkfud iqf"V Hkh gks x;h gSA

bldh lqxU/k ,jksekFkSlh dk dke djrh gSA blesa iz;qDr gksus okyslqxfU/kr inkFkksZa dks tykus ls fudys ok"Ik'khy rsy esa dhVk.kqvksa] thok.kqvksa ojksxk.kqvksa ls okrkoj.k dks eqDr djus dh vn~Hkqr 'kfDr ik;h tkrh gSA

ekuo gh D;k l`f"V ds leLr thoksa dk vfLrRo iw.kZ :is.k i;kZoj.k ijgh fVdk gqvk gSA izR;sd tho dk l`tu] lEizs"k.k] fujarjrk Ik;kZoj.k ls ghlapkfyr gS vkSj varr% blh esa og lek tkrk gSA lH;rk ds fodkl ls orZeku;qx rd geus tks izxfr dh gSA Ik;kZoj.k psruk mRiUUk djus ds fy, mfprIk;kZoj.k f'k{kk dk ,d l'kDr ek/;e gSA Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds dk;Zdze esa cPpksals ysdj o`)ksa rd f'kf{kr ls ysdj vf'kf{kr rd dks vkSipkfjd rFkkvukSipkfjd f'k{kk }kjk tkx:d cukuk gSA orZeku esa fo'o dh tks eq[;ToyUr leL;k gS] ftlds dkj.k lEiw.kZ fo'o ds izkf.k;ksa dk fouk'k lEHko gS]


mlds izfr leLr ekuo leqnk; dks fo'ks"k :Ik ls tkxzr djuk vko';d gS]tks mfpr Ik;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk }kjk gh lEHko gSA Ik;kZoj.k dh egRrk blh ckr lspfjrkFkZ gS fd i`Foh ry ij tSfod fodkl lEc)Zu vkSj j{kk ds fy, ,slhn'kk dk fuekZ.k djrk gS] ftlds fcuk thou dh dYiuk gh vlEHko gSA vktfo'o Lrj ij Ik;kZoj.k ladV ls mcjus dh rhcz vko';drk dk vuqHko fd;ktk jgk gSA D;kasfd izd`fr lqjf{kr gS rks thou lqjf{kr gSA vr% izd`fr o ekuods chp lg vuqdwyu o vfLrRo gh Ik;kZoj.k dk vk/kkj gSA

eu ,oa xqIr ¼1998½ esa Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls fo|kfFkZ;ksa dhIk;kZoj.k tkx:drk ds Lrj esa ldkjkRed vUrj ns[kus dks feykA jk;] 'kqHkksvkj ¼1990½ us vius 'kks/k ^'kgjh ,oa xzkeh.k {ks= ds vfHkHkkodksa vkSj f'k{kdksa dkIk;kZoj.kh; f'k{kk ds izfr vfHko`fRr** ds v/;;u esa ik;k fd& f'k{kdksa ,oavfHkHkkodksa dk Ik;kZoj.k f'k{kk ds izfr vfHko`fRr esa vUrj gSA fQj Hkh efgyk ,oaiq:"k f'k{kdksa esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA nwcs 'kf'k izHkk ¼1998½ ^fo|kfFkZ;ksa] f'k{kdksa,oa vfHkHkkodksa dk Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;k ds izfr vfHko`fRr;ksa dk v/;;u** esa ik;kfd fo|kfFkZ;ksa f'k{kdksa o vfHkHkkodksa esa Ik;kZoj.kh; leL;k ds izfr ldkjkRedvfHko`fRr ik;h tkrh gSAmn~ns'; %&

1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ fodykax ,oa xSj fodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dkIk;kZoj.k v/;;u ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;u

2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ fodykax ,oa xSj fodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dsfoKku oxZ ds ckydksa dk Ik;kZoj.k v/;;u fo"k; ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dkv/;;uA

3- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr fodykax ,oa xSj fodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dsfoKku oxZ dh ckfydkvksa dk Ik;kZoj.k ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k dk v/;;uA

ifjdYiuk %&1- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ fodykax ,oa xSj fodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk

Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA2- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ fodykax ,oa xSj fodykax foKku oxZ ds

ckydksa dk Ik;kZoj.k v/;;u fo"k; ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrjugha gSA

3- ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ foKku oxZ ds fodykax ,oa xSj fodykaxckfydkvksa dk Ik;kZoj.k ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA


tula[;k ,oa U;k;n'kZ %&fp=dwV ftys ds mRrj izns'k 'kklu }kjk lapkfyr ek/;fed Lrj ds

fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k fo"k; ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk lewg izLrqr 'kks/k dhtula[;k gSA

U;k;n'kZ ds :Ik esa 'kks/kdrkZ us fp=dwV tuin ds vUrxZr 4fodkl[k.Mksa ls 5 fo|ky;ksa dk p;u fd;k x;kA ftlesa esa ls 60 ljdkjh ,oa60 xSjljdkjh fo|ky;ksa dk izfrn'kZ ds :Ik esa fy;k x;k gSAiz;qDr 'kks/k fof/k %&

'kks/kdrkZ us bl 'kks/k gsrq o.kZukRed losZ{k.k fof/k dk iz;ksx fd;k gSAifjlhek,¡ %&

bl 'kks/k v/;;u gsrq 'kks/kdrkZ us fp=dwV tuin ds ek= pkjfodkl[k.M+ksa rd lhfer fd;k x;k gSAmidj.k %&

'kks/kdrkZ us 'kks/k midj.k gsrq Lo;a iz'ukoyh ¼n`f"Vdks.k ekiuh½ fuekZ.klfd;k rFkk dqN fo}ortuksa ¼f'k{kkfonksa½ ds lg;ksx ls mls izekf.kr fd;k x;kAbl n`f"Vdks.k ekiuh esa 50 iz'u fy, x;s tks fd Ik;kZoj.k ds eq[; ?kVdgSa&ftlesa ty] ok;q] tho&tUrq] isM&ikS/ks] e`nk ,oa /ofu lfEefyr gSAvkadMksa ds laxzg %&

fp=dwV tuin ds 'kgjh rFkk xzkeh.k {ks= ds ek/;fed Lrj ds fo|ky;esa i<+us okys fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Ik;kZOkj.k ds izfr lgHkkfxrk dk v/;;u djus gsrqn`f"Vdks.k ekiuh dks p;fur ek/;fed fo|ky;ksa esa tkdj iz/kkuk/;kid lslEidZ LFkkfir fd;k x;k rFkk mudh vuqefr izkIrdj 60 'kgjh fo|ky;ksa vkSj60 xzkeh.k fo|ky;ksa ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa }kjk izR;sd iz'u ds mRrj ds :Ik esa lghfodYi dks Hkjk x;k fo|kfFkZ;ksa dh miyfC/k ds vk/kkj ij vad fn;k x;kA lghmRrj nsus ij 01 ¼,d½ rFkk xyr mRrj ij 'kwU; ¼0½ vad iznku fd;k x;kAlkaf[;dh fof/k;k¡&

'kks/kdrkZ us izkIr vkadMksa ds fo'ys"k.k gsrq fuEufyf[kr lkaf[;dh;fof/k;ksa dk iz;ksx fd;k x;k&

xe/;eku ¼Mean½ =

N


x = dqy izkIrkadksa dk ;ksxN = dqy la[;k

x2

ekud fopyu ¼S.D.½ =N

x = izkIrkadksa ls vad lewg ds e/;eku ls fopyux = X-MN= izkIrkdksa ds vadksa dh la[;k

S12 S1

2

ekud =qfV;ksa esa vUrj lw= & SED= SDN1 N2

S1= igys lewg dk ekud fopyuS2= nwljs lewg dk ekud fopyuN1= igys lewg dh ekud la[;kN2= nwljs lewg dh ekud la[;km1-m2

t =SED

tgka m1= izFke lewg dk e/;ekum2= f}rh; lewg dk e/;ekuSED= ekud =qfV;ksa dk vUrj

ifjdYiukvksa dk lR;kiu ,oa fu"d"kZ %&ifjdYiuk ua0&01 ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr fodykax ,oa xSj

fodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Ik;kZoj.kh; laj{k.k ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrjugha gSAl0dz0 lkfj.kh e/;eku izekf.kd

fopyuVh&VsLV

01 fodykax fo|ky;ksa ds fo|kFkhZ 60-0 11-70 0-7802 xSj fodykax fo|ky;ksa ds

fo|kfFkZ;ksa58-2 12-23

m1 - m2

t =


SD12 SD2

2

n1 + n2

60 - 58.2t =

(11.70)2 (12.23)2

30 + 30

t= 0.58t= 0-58 dk eku 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZdrk ds fy, vko';d U;wure

Vh&eku 2-60 ls de gS] blhfy, ;g 0-01 ij lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vr% 'kwU;ifjdYiuk fd lef"V;ksa ds e/;ekuksa ds chp vUrj 'kwU; ugha gS] dks Lohdkjfd;k tk ldrk gSA blh izdkj dk t izekf.kd eku 0-05 Lrj ij 2-66 gksrk gSAt dk dk x.kukRed blls Hkh de gS] vr% 0-05 Lrj Hkh ;g ifjdYiuk lR;fl) gksrh gSA vFkkZr fodykax fo|ky; ds fo|kFkhZ ,oa xSj fodykax fo|ky;ds fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:drk esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAf}rh; ifjdYiuk %&

ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ fodykax ,oa xSj fodykax foKku oxZ dsckydksa dk Ik;kZoj.k v/;;u fo"k; ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSAdz0 lkfj.kh e/;eku izkekf.kd

fopyuVh&ewY;

01 foKku oxZ ds fodykaxfo|kFkhZ

62-23 11-76 1-02

02 foKku oxZ ds xSj fodykaxfo|kFkhZ

61-12 1-51

m1 - m2

t =SD1

2 SD22

n1 + n2

62.23 - 61.12t =

(11.76)2 (1.51)2

30 + 30


t= 0.51t = 0-51 dk eku 0-01 Lrj rFkk 0-05 Lrj 2-60 ,oa 2-66 Lrj vR;kf/kd

de gSA vr% t= 0-05 rFkk t = 0-01 Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vr% 'kwU;ugha gS] dks Lohdkj fd;k tk ldrk gSA vr% mDr ifjdYiuk Lohdkj dhtkrh gS vFkkZr~ foKku oxZ ds fodykax ,oa xSj fodykax ckydksa dk Ik;kZoj.kv/;;u fo"k; ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSSAr`rh; ifjdYiuk %&

ek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr~ foKku oxZ ds fodykax ,oa xSj fodykaxckfydkvksa dk Ik;kZoj.k ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSaAdza0 lkfj.kh e/;eku izekf.kd

fopyuVh&ewY;

01 foKku oxZ dh fodykaxckfydk,a

57-08 13-781-35

02 foKku oxZ dh xSj fodykaxckfydk,a

60-01 11-14

m1 - m2

t =SD1

2 SD22

n1 + n2

57.08 - 60.01t =

(13.78)2 (11.14)2

30 + 30t= 0.92t = 0-92 dk eku t = 0-01 ,oa t = 0-05 Lrj ij 2-60 ,oa 2-66 Lrj ij

de gSA vr% t = 0-01 ,oa t = 0-05 Lrj ij lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vr% 'kwU;ifjdYiuk dks Lohdkj fd;k tkrk gSSA vFkkZr foKku oxZ ds fodykax ,oa xSjfodykax ckfydkvksa dk Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ughagSA

mDr ifjdYiukvksa ds ijh{k.k ds Ik'pkr ;g fu"d"kZ fudyrk gS fdek/;fed Lrj ij v/;;ujr fodykax ,oa xSjfodykax fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk Ik;kZoj.klaj{k.k ds izfr n`f"Vdks.k esa lkFkZd vUrj ugha gSA vFkkZr fodykax ,oa xSjfodykax fo|kFkhZ Hkh Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:d gSA ifjdYiuk ua0


f}rh; ,oa ifjdYiuk ua0 r`rh; ls Hkh foKku oxZ ds ckyd ,oa ckfydkvksa esaHkh Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr lkFkZd vUrj ugha gS vFkkZr ek/;fed Lrj ijfoKku oxZ dh ckfydk,a ,oa ckydksa esa Hkh Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:dgSA

fu"d"kZ ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrs gS fd fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lkFk&lkFklEiw.kZ f'k{k.k rU=] ,oa lekt dks Hkh Ik;kZoj.k laj{k.k ds izfr tkx:d gksuk]pkfg, rkfd LoLF; thou ds lkFk&lkFk LoLF; fopkj ls jk"Vª ,oa lekt dksle; jgrs lajf{kr fd;k tk ldsAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph %&

1- 'kekZ] MkW0 vkj0,0& f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lkekftd ewyk/kkj] vkj0yky] cqd fMiks] esjB&2500A

2- xqIrk] izksQslj] ,l0ih0& Hkkjrh; f'k{kk dk bfrgkl] fodkl ,oaleL;k,a] 'kkjnk iqLrd] Hkou bykgkcknA

3- flag] fu'kk& Hkkjrh; f'k{kk 'kks/k if=dk okY;we 202 i`0&024- gkbZLdwy lkekU;] foKku] jk"Vªh; izdk'ku i`0 la0&555- xqIrk] ,& LVMh vkWQ ,VhV~;wM vkWQ VhplZ VqokMZl buok;jesaV

,twds'ku 1986 QksFkZ losZ vkQ fjlpZ bu ,twds'ku] cqp ,e0ch01983&88 oksY;weA


Photonic quantum-well structures containingmeta-materials

Rinki Jain1 and J. P. Pandey2

AbstractSemiconductor quantum-wells (QWs) can confine the electronic states on the

quantum length scale. It gives rise to many interesting and novel phenomena andnovel quantum electronic devices as well. Similar to semiconductor QW structures,we can use different PCs to form a photonic QW structure by making the properlineup of the PBGs of the constituent PCs. These quantized states have a hightransmissivity via resonant tunneling leading to potential applications such asmultiple channeled filters. Here, we have studied theoretically the quantizedconfined photonic states in 1-D photonic QWs in which the photonic barrier is basedon the zero-n gaps. It is found that the number of the quantized confined photonicstates can be tuned simply by changing the number of the period of the photonic wellregion. Moreover, these confined photonic states are insensitive to the incidentangle and polarization.

Recently, semiconductor [1-3] and metal [4-6] quantum well (QW) structureshave attracted tremendous attention in fundamental studies as well as possibletechnological applications. Thus, it is expected that their photonic counterparts,photonic quantum well (PQW) structure, are also attractive materials for intensiveresearch [7-8]. Qiao etal proposed PQWs composed of different photonic crystalswith positive-index materials. It is found that the number of the tunneling modes canbe tuned by adjusting the period number of the photonic crystal in the well region,leading to the phenomena of multiple channelled filtering. Through these structures,the photonic bandgaps (PBGs) can be enlarged effectively, and narrow multichannelfilters can be obtained when the constituent PBGs are designed properly [9, 10]. Forthese structures, however, the resonance modes as well as the PBGs vary noticeablywith different incident angles and polarizations. These multi-channel filters dependon the defects and the angle of incident light.

1. Research Scholar, M L K College, Balrampur(U. P.)2. Assistant Professor, M L K College, Balrampur (U. P.)


In 1970, Esaki and Tsu first presented the structures of semiconductors quantumwell structures (SQWS) [11]. In it, the wave functions of electrons are considerablymodified due to the quantum confinement effects, and the electronic energies arequantized. Simultaneously, the quantum confinement leads to many new physicalphenomena that do not exist in the usual semiconductors. Similarly, the photonicquantum wells structures (PQWS) can also be constructed provided that the bandgaps of the constituent photonic crystals are aligned properly [12-15].

Using an electronic quantum well as an analogy, photonic quantum well hasbeen proposed by inserting a photonic well into photonic barriers [16–17]. Due tothe confinement effect of photonic barriers, quantized confined modes in suchstructures are predicted in these studies. If the frequency is tuned to the frequency ofthe quantized confined modes, the light will be transmitted in manner of resonance,leading to the multiple channeled filtering phenomena [18, 19]. So, the quantizedconfined modes are also called the resonant modes. It must be noted here thatresonant modes in conventional photonic QW come into being owing to theconfinement effect of Bragg gap. Therefore, the resonant modes in the Bragg gapdepend strongly on incident angles and polarizations because of multiple scattering.For this reason, the phenomenon has only been used for filters under the limit ofnormal incidence.

A variety of new devices have been developed based on semiconductorquantum wells (QWs) which have great impacts on modern sciences andtechnologies. Naturally, their photonic counterparts, photonic QWs, have alsoattracted intensive attentions [20-22]. Structures consisting of two different SNMshave been proposed then to obtain omnidirectional and multi-channel filtering [23-24]. When the average permittivity and average permeability of the whole structureequal zero, there will be a number of resonance modes insensitive to incident angles.But the number of resonance modes in these structures cannot be accuratelycontrolled by adjusting the number of periods in the constituent PhCs, and theresonance modes usually appear in pairs.

Semiconductor quantum-wells (QWs) rise to many interesting and novelphenomena and novel quantum electronic devices as well because it can confine theelectronic states on the quantum length scale. We can use different PCs to form aphotonic QW structure by making the proper lineup of the PBGs of the constituentPCs [24–28] similar to semiconductor QW structures. These quantized states have ahigh transmissivity via resonant tunneling leading to potential applications such asmultiple channeled filters [26]. The photonic barriers of conventional photonic QWsrely on Bragg gaps because the refractive indices of its all constituents are positive.As we know that Bragg gaps owning to Bragg scatterings depend strongly on thedetails of the interference process. When the angle of incident light changes, theinterference process within a PC changes accordingly, leading to a shift of Bragggaps. Bragg gaps are also polarization-dependent because the interference process is


also sensitive to the polarization of light. Bragg gaps are also strongly dependent onthickness disorder because thickness disorders also influence the interferenceprocess.

In this paper, we have studied theoretically the quantized confined photonicstates in 1-D photonic QWs in which the photonic barrier is based on the zero-ngaps. It is found that the number of the quantized confined photonic states can betuned simply by changing the number of the period of the photonic well region.Moreover, these confined photonic states are insensitive to the incident angle andpolarization. As a result, a new type of multiple channeled filters that areindependent of incident angle, polarization, and thickness disorder could beachieved.MATHMATICAL FORMULATION

Here, the 1-D photonic QWs are composed of a photonic well regionsandwiched with a photonic barrier region on both sides. The barrier region is a 1-DPC consisting of two slabs A and B repeating alternatively. The dielectric constantand permeability of the material A is ƐA = 11, µA = 1. Material B is a negative-indexmaterial, which is assumed to be isotropic and dispersive. For the sake of anillustrative calculation, we suppose that the effective permittivity and permeabilityare given by

2

2

1

epB

2

2

1

mpB

where ep is the electronic plasma frequency and mp is the magnetic

plasma frequency. Such dispersion can be realized in a composite made ofperiodically LC loaded transmission lines. ep , mp and ω are the frequenciesmeasured in GHz. In the following calculation, we choose ep = 30 GHz and mp= 20 GHz. The thickness of slabs A and B are dA = 14.8 mm and dB = 3.7 mm.

The well region is a conventional 1-D PC consisting of two dielectric slabs Cand D repeating alternatively. The parameters for the material C are ƐC = 11, µC = 1,dC = 52 mm, while those for the material D are ƐD = 6, µD = 1, dD = 13 mm. Thestacking of the constituent PCs for forming photonic QW structures is similar to thatof semiconductor ones, namely (AB)m(CD)n(AB)m where m and n are the numbersof the AB and CD layers respectively.

Let a plane wave be incident from the vacuum into the 1D PC at an incidentangle with +Z direction. Generally the amplitudes of the electric and magneticfields at any two positions Z and ZZ on the two surfaces of a layer can berelated via a transfer matrix [29, 30],


]zkcos[]zksin[iq

]zksin[q

1i]zkcos[

,zTjz

jzj

jz

j

jz

j

where jj2

jjjz sin1ck is the z component of the wave vector

jk in the jth layer, c is speed of light in the vacuum and z is the thickness of the

layer. For TE wave, jj2

jjj sin1q ; for TM wave,

jj2

jjj sin1q .

If )2,1j,i()(x ij are the elements of the matrix

N2

ij jjN ),d(T)(X , which

represents the total transfer matrix connecting the amplitudes of the transmitted andthe reflected waves at the incident end and those at the exit end, then thetransmission coefficient )(t for both TE and TM waves passing through this 1D PCinto a vacuum can be obtained as

)](x)(xqq[)](xq)(xq[

q2)(t

1212s011s220

0

where, cos/sin1qq 002

00s0 for the vacuum (

1and1 00 ) of the space z < 0 before the incident end and the space z > d

after the exit end, where d is the total length of the 1D PC.RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

The photonic band gap of PC AB is a zero- n gap since in this frequencyrange the permittivity and permeability of material B are both negative. We choosethe parameters of the PC CD such that the photonic band of this PC CD is just insidethe zero-_n gap. Thus, PC AB acts as a photonic barrier and PC CD acts as aphotonic well. As we see in semiconductor or conventional photonic QWs, here, wecan also expect that when the second photonic band of PC CD will confine in thezero-_n gap of PC AB, it will lead to quantized photonic states [26].


Fig. 1. Transmittance of photonic QWs (a) (AB)5(CD)1(AB)5 (b) (AB)5(CD)2(AB)5

and (c) (AB)5(CD)3(AB)5 when the incident angle equals to 00. The sharp peaks inthe curve correspond to the quantized confined photonic states.

In the above figures 1(a)-(c), the transmittance of 1-D photonic QWs isshown for different number of periods in the photonic well as calculated by thetransfer matrix method. We observe sharp peaks in the transmission spectra in thefrequency region from 0.70 to 1.5 GHz which corresponds to the zero-_n gap. Thequantized confined photonic states correspond to these sharp peaks. Hightransmission occurs via resonant tunneling for the electromagnetic waves withfrequency equal to those of the quantized states. It is observed that the number of theconfined states is just equal to the number of the CD layers. This is similar to thatfound in conventional photonic QWs [26] and it is termed as multiple filteringphenomena.

As it is investigated that in conventional photonic QWs, the confinedphotonic states are strongly dependent on the incident angles and polarizations. Thisis due to the reason that the conventional PBG (acting as the photonic barrier)


originates from multiple Bragg scatterings which depend strongly on the aboveparameters. But we observe here that the confined photonic states in photonic QWsbased on the zero-_n gap show rather distinct features from conventional ones.These are insensitive to both incident angles and polarizations.

Fig. 2. (a) Transmittance of the Photonic QW (AB)5(CD)3(AB)5 for TE mode (solidline) and TM mode (dashed line) when the incident angle is equal to 100. (b)Transmittance of the photonic QW (AB)5(CD)3(AB)5 for TE mode when theincident angle is equal to 00 (solid line), 100 (dotted line) and 150 (dashed line).

The calculated transmission spectra of the photonic QW (AB)5(CD)3(AB)3 isshown in figures 2 at different incident angles and polarizations. In figure 2(b), wehave plotted the transmission spectra of the photonic QW (AB)5(CD)3(AB)3 for bothTE and TM polarizations. We observe that both the zero-_n gap and the confinedphotonic states are nearly identical for both TE and TM polarizations. This feature isabsent in the conventional photonic QWs. From the figure 2 (a), it can beinvestigated that the photonic band edges of the zero-_n gap keep almost invariant atdifferent incident angles and the sharp peaks in the transmission spectra are nearlyunaltered upon the change in incident angles. This observation is quite differentfrom the conventional photonic QWs where the Bragg gap acts as the photonicbarrier. For a Bragg gap, when the incident angle changes, not only the width and


position of the gap but also the confined photonic states will change accordingly.These characteristics could render a multiple channeled filter that is independent ofboth incident angle and polarization.

In conclusion, we have studied the photonic QWs based on the zero-_n gap.The transmittance spectra of the photonic QWs are investigated under the conditionsfor different incident angles, polarizations and thickness disorders. It is found thatthis new kind of photonic QWs have unique properties distinct from theconventional ones. The photonic QW is very weak dependent on the incident angleand polarization due to the zero-_n gap and it is also insensitive to thickness disorderof the barrier PC. These features are helpful to improve the performance of themultiple channeled filters.REFERENCES1. W. X. Yang, J. M. Hou, and R. K. Lee, “Ultraslow bright and dark solitons in

semiconductor quantum wells," Phys. Rev. A, Vol. 77, (033838)1-7, 2008.2. Christmann, G., C. Coulson, J. J. Baumberg, N. T. Pelekanos, Z. Hatzopoulos,

S. I. T sintzos, and P. G. Savvidis, “Control of polariton scattering in resonant-tunneling double-quantum-well semiconductor microcavities," Phys. Rev. B,Vol. 82, (113308)1-4, 2010.

3. C. Schindler, and R. Zimmermann, “Analysis of the exciton-exciton interactionin semiconductor quantum wells," Phys. Rev.B, Vol. 78, 045313, 2008.

4. A. Politano, and G. Chiarello, “Collective electronic excitations in systemsexhibiting quantum well states," Surf. Rev. Lett., Vol. 16, 171-190, 2009.

5. A. Politano, and G. Chiarello, “Enhancement of hydrolysis in alkali ultrathinlayers on metal substrates in the presence of electron confinement," Chem.Phys. Lett., Vol. 494, 84-87, 2010.

6. A. Politano, R. G. Agostino, E. Colavita, V. Formoso, and G. Chiarello,“Purely quadratic dispersion of surface plasmon in Ag/Ni(111): The influenceof electron confinement," Phys. Status Solidi Rapid Res. Lett. (RRL), Vol. 2, 86-88, 2008.

7. C. Zhang, F. Qiao, J. Wan, and J. Zi, “Enlargement of nontransmissionfrequency range in photonic crystals by using multiple heterostructures," J.Appl. Phys., Vol. 87, 3174-3176, 2000.

8. F. Qiao, C. Zhang, J. Wan, and J. Zi, “Photonic quantum-well structures:Multiple channeled filtering phenomena," Appl. Phys.Lett., Vol. 77, 3698-3700,2000.

9. Y. Xiang, X. Dai, S. Wen, and D. Fan, “Omnidirectional and multiple-channeled high-quality filters of photonic heterostructures containing single-negative materials," J. Opt. Soc. Am. A, Vol. 24, A28-A32, 2007.

10. Y. H. Chen, “Frequency response of resonance modes in heterostructurescomposed of single-negative materials," J. Opt.Soc. Am. B, Vol. 25, 1794-1799,2008.


11. L. Esaki and R. Tus, Superlattice and negative differential conductivity insemiconductors, IBM J.Res.Dev.,vol. 14, no. 1, pp. 61-65, 1970.

12. H. M. Fei, Y. K. Jiang, J. Q. Liang and D. L. Lin, Transmission spectra througha photonic double quantum well system, Chin. Phys. B, vol. 18, no. 6, pp. 2377-06, 2009.

13. C. Xu, X. C. Xu, D. Z. Han, X. H. Liu, C. P. Liu and C. J. Wu, “Photonicquantum-well structures containing negative-index materials”, Opt. Commun.,vol. 280, no. 1, pp. 221-224, 2007.

14. Y. H. Chen, “Frequency response of resonance modes in heterostructurescomposed of single-negative materials”, J. Opt. Soc. Am. B, vol.25, no.11, pp.1794-1799, 2008.

15. M. Lin, Z. B. Ouyang, J. Xu and G. X. Qiu, “Omnidirectional and multi-channel filtering by photonic quantum wells with negative-index materials”,Opt. Express, vol. 17, no. 7, pp. 5861-5866, 2009.

16. Y. Jiang, C. Niu, D. L. Lin, Phys. Rev. B 59, 9981, 1999.17. S. Yano, Y. Segawa, J. S. Bae, K. Mizuno, H. Miyazaki, K. Ohtaka, S.

Yamaguchi, Phys. Rev. B 63, 153316, 2001.18. X. Chen, W. Lu, S.C. Shen, Solid State Commun. 127, 541, 2003.19. Y. Zhang, B.Y. Gu, Optics Express. 12, 5910, 2005.20. J. Zi, J. Wan, and C. Zhang, “Large frequency range of negligible transmission

in one-dimensional photonic quantum well structures,” Appl. Phys. Lett. 73,2084-2086, 1998.

21. C. Zhang, F. Qiao, J. Wan, and J. Zi, “Enlargement of nontransmissionfrequency range in photonic crystals by using multiple heterostructures,” J.Appl. Phys. 87, 3174-3176, 2000.

22. Y. Xiang, X. Dai, S. Wen, and D. Fan, “Omnidirectional and multiple-channeled high-quality filters of photonic heterostructures containing single-negative materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. A. 24, A28-A32, 2007.

23. Y. H. Chen, “Frequency response of resonance modes in heterostructurescomposed of single-negative materials,” J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 25, 1794-1799,2008.

24. S. Yano, Y. Segawa, J.S. Bae, K. Mizuno, H. Miyazaki, K. Ohtaka, S.Yamaguchi, Phys. Rev. B 63, 153316, 2001.

25. A. Sharkawy, S. Shi, D.W. Prather, Appl. Opt. 41, 7245, 2002.26. L.D.A. Lundeberg, D.L. Boiko, E. Kapon, Appl. Phys. Lett. 87, 241120, 2005.27. E. Istrate, E.H. Sargent, Rev. Mod. Phys. 78, 455, 2006.28. J. Li, L. Zhou, C. T. Chan, and P. Sheng, “Photonic band gap from a stack of

positive and negative index materials,” Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 083901, 2003.29. M. Born and E. Wolf, Principles of Optics. (New York: Pergamon, 1980).30. P. Yeh, Optical Waves in Layered Media. (New York: John Wiley and Sons,

1988).


QSAR Study of HEPT Derivatives Against HIV UsingQuantum Chemical Descriptors

Mohiuddin Ansari1

Introduction:Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is caused by the depletion of helperTlymphocytes1 through infection by the human immunodeficiency virus2 type1(HIV-1)3 and human immunodeficiency virus type 2(HIV-2)4. Both of theseretroviruses require a reverse transcriptase (RT) to convert viral RNA into proviralDNA5-6 that can then be inserted into the host DNA. RT has become an importanttarget for drug discovery because of its critical role in HIV production. RT inhibitorscan be divided into two major categories, nucleoside analogues and non-nucleosideinhibitors. Nucleoside analogues7 cause chain termination when they areincorporated within newly synthesized DNA. Non-nucleoside inhibitors block RT bybinding to a pocket adjacent to the catalytic site of the enzyme and thereby disruptthe conformation of several amino acids essential for proper RT function. In thiscontext, the non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NNRTIs)8 gained thegreatest importance because of their specificity and their low cytotoxicity9. HEPTligands interact uncompetitive with an allosteric site of the enzyme and don’t affectin a direct way the substrate binding. Actually, NNRTI have a higher binding affinityto the ligand enzyme complex than to the free enzyme. The HEPT ligand – enzymeinteraction leads to enzymatic conformational variations meaning that the enzyme’sactive site has a decreased affinity to the natural substrate. This property is validonly regarding the HIV-1 RT, HEPT ligands are inactive against HIV-2 or otherretroviruses. The NNRTI exclusive specificity for the HIV-1 RT is due to thepresence at the level of this enzyme (and not in the case of other RT orDNApolymerases) of a flexible extreme hydrophobic pocket in which HEPTderivatives (different from natural substrate analogues) fit and can be bound.Literature data regarding quantitative studies upon chemical structure–biologicalactivity relationships (QSAR)10-16 in the class of HEPT derivatives are strictlyrelated to the presence or absence of atomic groups in certain positions on the HEPTgeneral structure. Our research is directed towards an extended HEPT series and isperformed using the Hansch model with quantum chemical descriptors adapted tomulti-linear regression technique (MLR).

1. Deptt. Of Chemistry, M. L. K. (P.G.) College Balrampur (U P)


A number of RT inhibitors including various non-nucleosides RT inhibitors(NNRTIs) have been discovered. Generally, these compounds are less toxic andmore stable than nucleoside RT inhibitors. Lower metabolism and clearance ratesare further advantages of NNRTIs. HEPT (1-[(2-hydroxyethoxy)methyl]-6-(phenylthio)thymine) forms the NNRTI series that does not target an active site ofpolymerase but rather the enzyme allosteric site. The interactions of thesecompounds with RT have been thoroughly investigated and the crystal structures ofseveral ligand-enzyme complexes have been determined. The HEPT compounds thathave been identified as NNRTIs and their observed activity in terms of log(1/EC50),where EC50 represents the concentration which produces a 50% protection of MT-4cells against the direct toxic HIV-1 effect, are presented in Table-1.Methodology:The computer aided techniques, such as AM1, PM317 are employed to evaluate theelectronic properties of anti HIV HEPT derivatives and with the help of quantitativevalues, MLR equations will be developed for finding the QSAR models, which havehigh predictive power.PM3 is very valuable and important parameterization. Hence Ihave used PM3 method for calculation of anti-HIV HEPT derivatives. The hundredand seven derivatives of HEPT are on parent skeleton [A]. QSAR study we havebeen used following descriptors:

1. Molecular weight (MW)2. Heat of formation (Hf

0)

3. Total energy (ET)4. HOMO value (HOMO)5. LUMO value (LUMO)6. Electronegativity ()7. Absolute hardness ()

For QSAR prediction, the 3D modeling and geometery optimization of all thecompounds have been done with the help of PCModel software using PM3hamiltonian7. The MOPAC calculations have been performed with WINMOPAC7.21 software, by applying keywords PM3 Charge=0 Gnorm=0.1, Bonds, Geo-OK,Vectors density. In DFT, the electronegativity, commonly known to a chemist, isdefine as the negative of a partial derivative of energy E of an atomic or molecularsystem with respect to the number of electrons N with a constant external potential

r)18

- - r Eq.(1)In accordance with the earlier work of Iczkowski and Margrave,19 it should bestated that when assuming a quadratic relationship between E and N and in a finitedifference approximation, Eq. 1 may be rewritten as

Eq. (2)


where IE and EA are the vertical ionization energy and electron affinity,respectively, thereby recovering the electronegativity definition of Mulliken20

Moreover, a theoretical justification was provided for Sandersons principle ofelectronegativity equalization, which states that when two or more atoms cometogether to form a molecule, their electronegativities become adjusted to the sameintermediate value 21-23 The absolutehardnessis define as

=(IP-EA) / 2 Eq. (3)where IP and EA are the ionization potential and electron affinity respectively, of thechemical species. According to the Koopman’s theorem, the IP is simply the eigenvalue of the HOMO with change of sign and the EA is the eigen value of the LUMOwith change of sign hence the equations 2 and 3 can be written as

= (LUMOHOMO/2 Eq. (4)= (LUMOHOMO/2 Eq. (5)

The heat of formation is defined as:Hf

0=Eelect.+Enuc.-Eisol.+Eatom Eq.(6)whereEelect. is the electronic energy, Enuc. is the nuclear-nuclear repulsion energy,Eisol is the energy required to strip all the valence electrons of all the atoms in thesystem, and Eatomis the total heat of atomization of all the atoms in the system. Thetotal electronic energy of the system is given by 24

ETF Eq.where is the density matrix and is the one-electron matrix. F is fock matrix.For regression analysis, we used project leader programme associated with CAChepro software of Fujitsu. Various regression equation were developed for theprediction of activity. The values of descriptors have been calculated by the aboveequation.

Results and discussion:PM3 calculation provides the valuable theoretical informations useful for drugdesign and QSAR studies. PM3 based calculation of the above descriptors have beenmade to obtain the values of the descriptors with the help of MOPAC and Cachesoftware. The values of descriptors in different combination have been put to multilinear regression analysis (MLR) to obtain the predicted activity of the compoundslisted in Table-1. Values of quantum chemical descriptors of HEPT derivatives areincluded in Table-2. The predicted activity has been compared with the observedactivity and their qualities have been adjudged by the values of cross validation andcorrelation coefficients.The predicted activities PA1-PA162 define the QSAR models. The QSAR modelhaving regression-coefficient (also called correlation coefficient) greater than 0.5and cross-validation coefficient greater than 0.2 is said to possess good predictivepower. As the value of correlation coefficient increases, the predictive power of


QSAR model increases. QSAR models have been defined with the help of 162Multilinear Regression (MLR) equations.Top 10 good QSAR models of HEPT derivatives have been arranged in decreasingorder of their predictive power and shown in Table-3.Best QSAR model:Best QSAR model of HEPT derivatives has been obtained by using the descriptorsviz. heat of formation, LUMO energy, total energy and global softness. The valuesof correlation and cross-validation coefficients are 0.978065 and 0.976775respectively. These values indicate that the predictive power of the QSAR modelPA111 is very good and it can be utilized in the prediction of activity of anyunknown HEPT derivative. MLR equation of QSAR model PA111 is given below-PA111=0.0503869*ΔHf+0.133351*εLUMO-0.317498*TE+10.7356*S-48.6342rCV^2=0.976775 r^2=0.978065Graph between observed and predicted activities PA111 is shown in Graph-1 whichclearly shows that the observed and predicted values are very close.Second best QSAR model:Second best QSAR model of HEPT derivatives has been obtained by using thedescriptors viz. heat of formation, electronegativity, total energy and global softness.The values of correlation and cross-validation coefficients are 0.978059 and0.976781 respectively. These values indicate that the predictive power of the QSARmodel PA122 is very good and it can be utilized in the prediction of activity of anyunknown HEPT derivative. MLR equation of QSAR model PA122 is given below-PA122=0.0503986*ΔHf-0.317013*TE+0.127271*χ+6.49677*S-47.5129rCV^2=0.976781 r^2=0.978059Conclusion:Best QSAR model of HEPT derivatives has been obtained by using the descriptorsviz. heat of formation, LUMO energy, total energy and global softness. The valuesof correlation and cross-validation coefficients are 0.978065 and 0.976775respectively.Heat of formation alone is the best descriptor of activities of HEPT derivativesbecause it alone produces a QSAR model with 0.974798 value of correlationcoefficient. Next best descriptor of activity, with 0.73 value of correlationcoefficient, is total energy.Any combination of quantum chemical descriptors, in which either heat of formationor total energy is present, is capable to produce very good QSAR model.

Table-1: Chemical structures of HEPT derivatives with observed values ofanti-HIV activities in terms of log(1/EC50)

CompoundNo. R1 R2 R3 X

ObservedActivity



ObservedActivity

1 2-Me Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.1502 2-NO2 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.8503 2-OMe Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.7204 3-Me Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.5905 3-Et Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.5706 3-t-Bu Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.9207 3-CF3 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.3508 3-F Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.4809 3-Cl Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.89010 3-Br Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.24011 3-I Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.00012 3-NO2 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.47013 3-OH Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.09014 3-OMe Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.66015 3,5-Me2 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 6.59016 3,5-Cl2 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.89017 3,5-Me2 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH S 6.66018 3-COOMe Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.10019 3-COMe Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.14020 3-CN Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.00021 H CH2CH=CH2 CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.60022 H Et CH2OCH2CH2OH S 6.96023 H Pr CH2OCH2CH2OH S 5.00024 H i-Pr CH2OCH2CH2OH S 7.23025 3,5-Me2 Et CH2OCH2CH2OH S 8.11026 3,5-Me2 i-Pr CH2OCH2CH2OH S 8.30027 3,5-Cl2 Et CH2OCH2CH2OH S 7.37028 H Et CH2OCH2CH2OH O 6.92029 H Pr CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.47030 H i-Pr CH2OCH2CH2OH O 7.20031 3,5-Me2 Ei CH2OCH2CH2OH O 7.89032 3,5-Me2 i-Pr CH2OCH2CH2OH O 8.57033 3,5-Cl2 Et CH2OCH2CH2OH O 7.85034 4-Me Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.66035 H Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.150



ObservedActivity

36 H Me CH2OCH2CH2OH S 6.01037 H I CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.44038 H CH=CH2 CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.69039 H CH=CHPh CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.22040 H CH2Ph CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.37041 H CH=CPh2 CH2OCH2CH2OH O 6.07042 H Me CH2OCH2CH2OMe O 5.06043 H Me CH2OCH2CH2OAc O 5.17044 H Me CH2OCH2CH2OCOPh O 5.12045 H Me CH2OCH2Me O 6.48046 H Me CH2OCH2CH2Cl O 5.82047 H Me CH2OCH2CH2N3 O 5.24048 H Me CH2OCH2CH2F O 5.96049 H Me CH2OCH2CH2Me O 5.48050 H Me CH2OCH2Ph O 7.06051 H Et CH2OCH2Me O 7.72052 H Et CH2OCH2Me S 7.58053 3,5-Me2 Et CH2OCH2Me O 8.24054 3,5-Me2 Et CH2OCH2Me S 8.30055 H Et CH2OCH2Ph O 8.23056 3,5-Me2 Et CH2OCH2Ph O 8.55057 H Et CH2OCH2Ph S 8.09058 3,5-Me2 Et CH2OCH2Ph S 8.14059 H i-Pr CH2OCH2Me O 7.99060 H i-Pr CH2OCH2Ph O 8.51061 H i-Pr CH2OCH2Me S 7.89062 H i-Pr CH2OCH2Ph S 8.14063 H Me CH2OMe O 5.68064 H Me CH2OBu O 5.33065 H Me Et O 5.66066 H Me Bu O 5.92067 3,5-Cl2 Et CH2OCH2Me S 7.89068 H Et CH2O-i-Pr S 6.66069 H Et CH2O-c-Hex S 5.79070 H Et CH2OCH2-c-Hex S 6.450



ObservedActivity

71 H Et CH2OCH2C6H4(4-Me) S 7.11072 H Et CH2OCH2C6H4(4-Cl) S 7.92073 H Et CH2OCH2CH2Ph S 7.04074 3,5-Cl2 Et CH2OCH2Me O 8.13075 H Et CH2O-i-Pr O 6.47076 H Et CH2O-c-Hex O 5.40077 H Et CH2OCH2-c-Hex O 6.35078 H Et CH2OCH2CH2Ph O 7.02079 H c-Pr CH2OCH2Me S 7.02080 H c-Pr CH2OCH2Me O 7.00081 H Me CH2OCH2CH2OC5H11-n O 4.46082 2-Cl Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.89083 3-CH2OH Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.53084 4-F Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.60085 4-Cl Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.60086 4-NO2 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.72087 4-CN Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.60088 4-OH Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.56089 4-OMe Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.60090 4-COMe Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.96091 4-COOH Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.45092 3-CONH2 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.51093 H COOMe CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.18094 H CONHPh CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.74095 H SPh CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.68096 H CCH CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.74097 H CCPh CH2OCH2CH2OH O 5.47098 3-NH2 Me CH2OCH2CH2OH O 3.60099 H COCHMe2 CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.920100 H COPh CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.890101 H CCMe CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.720102 H F CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.000103 H Cl CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.520104 H Br CH2OCH2CH2OH O 4.700105 H Me CH2OCH2CH2OCH2Ph O 4.700



ObservedActivity

106 H Me H O 3.600107 H Me Me O 3.820

Table-2: Values of quantum chemical descriptors of HEPT derivatives used inthe development of QSAR models

Com

poun

d

Hea

t of

For

mat

ion

(kca

l/mol

e)

HO

MO

Ene

rgy

(eV

)

LU

MO

Ene

rgy

(eV

)

Tot

al E

nerg

y(H

arte

e)

Mol

ecul

ar W

eigh

t

Ele

ctro

nega

tivi

ty

Abs

olut

e So

ftne

ss

Glo

bal H

ardn

ess

Act

ivit

y

1 -116.987 -9.297 -1.026 -180.525 322.378 -5.162 4.135 0.121 4.1502 -118.265 -9.321 -2.176 -180.440 353.349 -5.749 3.572 0.140 3.8503 -109.962 -9.121 -0.948 -180.685 338.378 -5.035 4.086 0.122 4.7204 -89.661 -9.236 -0.921 -180.331 322.378 -5.078 4.157 0.120 5.5905 -89.016 -9.048 -1.009 -180.925 336.405 -5.029 4.020 0.124 5.5706 -91.445 -9.057 -1.076 -180.142 364.459 -5.066 3.991 0.125 4.9207 -109.460 -9.453 -1.369 -180.581 376.350 -5.411 4.042 0.124 4.3508 -81.596 -9.388 -1.298 -180.100 326.342 -5.343 4.045 0.124 5.4809 -99.972 -9.307 -1.242 -180.733 342.797 -5.274 4.032 0.124 4.89010 -98.817 -9.359 -1.094 -180.832 387.248 -5.227 4.133 0.121 5.24011 -95.038 -9.159 -1.209 -180.164 434.248 -5.184 3.975 0.126 5.00012 -109.350 -9.526 -2.158 -180.315 353.349 -5.842 3.684 0.136 4.47013 -119.042 -9.105 -1.064 -180.508 324.351 -5.085 4.021 0.124 4.09014 -101.017 -9.207 -0.955 -180.168 338.378 -5.081 4.126 0.121 4.66015 -65.074 -9.148 -0.940 -181.213 336.405 -5.044 4.104 0.122 6.59016 -89.381 -9.297 -1.184 -181.015 377.242 -5.240 4.057 0.123 5.89017 -61.843 -9.055 -1.407 -181.233 352.466 -5.231 3.824 0.131 6.66018 -99.279 -9.308 -1.241 -180.793 366.388 -5.275 4.033 0.124 5.10019 -99.576 -9.244 -1.126 -180.804 350.389 -5.185 4.059 0.123 5.14020 -95.038 -9.424 -1.350 -180.764 333.361 -5.387 4.037 0.124 5.00021 -85.486 -9.235 -0.822 -180.134 334.389 -5.028 4.206 0.119 5.60022 -69.567 -8.961 -1.287 -181.117 338.439 -5.124 3.837 0.130 6.96023 -91.038 -9.028 -1.418 -180.764 352.466 -5.223 3.805 0.131 5.000


Com

poun

d

Hea

t of

For

mat

ion

(kca

l/mol

e)

HO

MO

Ene

rgy

(eV

)

LU

MO

Ene

rgy

(eV

)

Tot

al E

nerg

y(H

arte

e)

Mol

ecul

ar W

eigh

t

Ele

ctro

nega

tivi

ty

Abs

olut

e So

ftne

ss

Glo

bal H

ardn

ess

Act

ivit

y

24 -59.819 -9.019 -1.376 -181.393 352.466 -5.198 3.822 0.131 7.23025 -41.342 -9.089 -1.420 -181.642 366.492 -5.254 3.835 0.130 8.11026 -31.001 -9.063 -1.268 -181.195 380.519 -5.165 3.897 0.128 8.30027 -59.356 -9.151 -1.587 -181.433 407.329 -5.369 3.782 0.132 7.37028 -61.271 -9.541 -0.930 -181.306 322.378 -5.235 4.305 0.116 6.92029 -85.772 -9.311 -0.936 -180.897 336.405 -5.123 4.187 0.119 5.47030 -59.346 -9.385 -1.087 -181.385 336.405 -5.236 4.149 0.121 7.20031 -45.211 -9.503 -0.899 -181.180 350.432 -5.201 4.302 0.116 7.89032 -35.252 -9.264 -0.969 -181.771 364.459 -5.116 4.147 0.121 8.57033 -45.915 -9.480 -1.205 -181.568 391.268 -5.342 4.138 0.121 7.85034 -111.605 -9.207 -0.924 -180.186 322.378 -5.066 4.142 0.121 3.66035 -99.400 -9.313 -0.954 -180.807 308.351 -5.133 4.179 0.120 5.15036 -79.275 -9.033 -1.272 -181.049 324.412 -5.153 3.881 0.129 6.01037 -85.300 -8.809 -1.170 -180.888 420.221 -4.990 3.820 0.131 5.44038 -81.903 -9.078 -1.096 -180.959 320.362 -5.087 3.991 0.125 5.69039 -95.169 -8.815 -1.252 -180.126 396.460 -5.034 3.782 0.132 5.22040 -107.118 -9.307 -0.964 -180.587 384.449 -5.136 4.172 0.120 4.37041 -71.220 -9.167 -0.859 -181.066 460.547 -5.013 4.154 0.120 6.07042 -95.983 -9.062 -1.023 -180.781 322.378 -5.042 4.020 0.124 5.06043 -99.048 -9.050 -0.981 -180.112 366.388 -5.015 4.035 0.124 5.17044 -99.927 -9.144 -1.110 -180.798 396.460 -5.127 4.017 0.124 5.12045 -75.009 -9.045 -1.006 -181.182 292.352 -5.025 4.019 0.124 6.48046 -81.616 -9.125 -1.095 -180.996 326.797 -5.110 4.015 0.125 5.82047 -95.817 -9.372 -1.393 -180.832 333.364 -5.383 3.990 0.125 5.24048 -71.154 -9.166 -1.177 -181.035 310.343 -5.172 3.994 0.125 5.96049 -87.596 -9.047 -1.008 -180.100 306.379 -5.027 4.020 0.124 5.48050 -55.808 -9.258 -0.900 -181.345 354.423 -5.079 4.179 0.120 7.06051 -49.201 -9.313 -1.001 -181.532 306.379 -5.157 4.156 0.120 7.72052 -55.663 -8.960 -1.325 -181.492 322.439 -5.142 3.817 0.131 7.58053 -39.056 -9.456 -1.063 -181.178 334.432 -5.260 4.196 0.119 8.240


Com

poun

d

Hea

t of

For

mat

ion

(kca

l/mol

e)

HO

MO

Ene

rgy

(eV

)

LU

MO

Ene

rgy

(eV

)

Tot

al E

nerg

y(H

arte

e)

Mol

ecul

ar W

eigh

t

Ele

ctro

nega

tivi

ty

Abs

olut

e So

ftne

ss

Glo

bal H

ardn

ess

Act

ivit

y

54 -35.001 -9.008 -1.360 -181.695 350.493 -5.184 3.824 0.131 8.30055 -39.232 -9.262 -1.023 -181.675 368.450 -5.142 4.119 0.121 8.23056 -35.604 -9.004 -0.907 -181.766 396.503 -4.956 4.048 0.124 8.55057 -49.694 -9.069 -1.394 -181.136 384.510 -5.231 3.837 0.130 8.09058 -41.814 -9.027 -1.311 -181.650 412.564 -5.169 3.858 0.130 8.14059 -45.452 -9.195 -0.993 -181.108 320.406 -5.094 4.101 0.122 7.99060 -34.307 -9.020 -0.983 -181.754 382.476 -5.002 4.019 0.124 8.51061 -45.211 -9.031 -1.389 -181.580 336.466 -5.210 3.821 0.131 7.89062 -49.814 -9.073 -1.326 -181.650 398.537 -5.199 3.873 0.129 8.14063 -85.079 -9.060 -1.016 -180.956 278.325 -5.038 4.022 0.124 5.68064 -90.234 -9.048 -1.008 -180.857 320.406 -5.028 4.020 0.124 5.33065 -81.430 -9.099 -1.097 -180.951 262.326 -5.098 4.001 0.125 5.66066 -78.858 -9.095 -1.099 -181.624 290.379 -5.097 3.998 0.125 5.92067 -45.211 -9.125 -1.552 -181.580 391.330 -5.338 3.786 0.132 7.89068 -69.843 -9.055 -1.429 -181.233 336.466 -5.242 3.813 0.131 6.66069 -83.144 -9.017 -1.370 -180.587 376.531 -5.193 3.823 0.131 5.79070 -79.537 -9.078 -1.431 -181.173 390.558 -5.255 3.823 0.131 6.45071 -59.929 -9.041 -1.385 -181.360 398.537 -5.213 3.828 0.131 7.11072 -49.684 -9.092 -1.424 -181.588 418.955 -5.258 3.834 0.130 7.92073 -62.160 -9.063 -1.405 -181.540 398.537 -5.234 3.829 0.131 7.04074 -40.990 -9.470 -1.188 -181.647 375.269 -5.329 4.141 0.121 8.13075 -79.185 -9.047 -0.970 -181.179 320.406 -5.008 4.038 0.124 6.47076 -81.003 -9.299 -0.988 -180.877 360.470 -5.143 4.156 0.120 5.40077 -70.295 -9.295 -0.977 -181.545 374.497 -5.136 4.159 0.120 6.35078 -60.512 -9.326 -1.014 -181.334 382.476 -5.170 4.156 0.120 7.02079 -60.512 -9.014 -1.381 -181.334 334.450 -5.198 3.816 0.131 7.02080 -69.864 -9.043 -1.056 -181.529 318.390 -5.050 3.994 0.125 7.00081 -105.535 -9.055 -1.014 -180.612 378.485 -5.035 4.020 0.124 4.46082 -111.560 -9.143 -1.173 -180.451 342.797 -5.158 3.985 0.125 3.89083 -121.891 -9.121 -1.052 -180.550 352.404 -5.087 4.035 0.124 3.530


Com

poun

d

Hea

t of

For

mat

ion

(kca

l/mol

e)

HO

MO

Ene

rgy

(eV

)

LU

MO

Ene

rgy

(eV

)

Tot

al E

nerg

y(H

arte

e)

Mol

ecul

ar W

eigh

t

Ele

ctro

nega

tivi

ty

Abs

olut

e So

ftne

ss

Glo

bal H

ardn

ess

Act

ivit

y

84 -120.660 -9.215 -1.219 -180.369 326.342 -5.217 3.998 0.125 3.60085 -129.660 -9.064 -1.184 -180.369 342.797 -5.124 3.940 0.127 3.60086 -118.549 -9.385 -2.202 -180.403 353.349 -5.793 3.592 0.139 3.72087 -120.660 -9.388 -1.355 -180.569 333.361 -5.372 4.017 0.124 3.60088 -129.363 -9.392 -0.912 -180.358 324.351 -5.152 4.240 0.118 3.56089 -120.660 -9.178 -0.979 -180.369 338.378 -5.079 4.099 0.122 3.60090 -111.328 -9.258 -1.228 -180.571 350.389 -5.243 4.015 0.125 3.96091 -123.298 -9.365 -1.294 -180.327 352.361 -5.330 4.035 0.124 3.45092 -129.243 -9.278 -1.247 -180.544 351.376 -5.262 4.015 0.125 3.51093 -92.872 -9.783 -1.192 -180.815 336.362 -5.488 4.295 0.116 5.18094 -101.611 -9.015 -1.273 -180.691 413.447 -5.144 3.871 0.129 4.74095 -109.666 -8.721 -1.262 -180.574 402.482 -4.992 3.729 0.134 4.68096 -100.611 -9.170 -1.168 -180.691 318.347 -5.169 4.001 0.125 4.74097 -81.772 -8.986 -1.287 -180.897 394.444 -5.136 3.850 0.130 5.47098 -122.660 -8.906 -1.060 -180.369 323.366 -4.983 3.923 0.127 3.60099 -99.445 -9.617 -1.237 -180.542 364.415 -5.427 4.190 0.119 4.920100 -91.972 -9.548 -1.153 -180.733 398.433 -5.351 4.197 0.119 4.890101 -101.962 -9.082 -1.118 -180.685 332.373 -5.100 3.982 0.126 4.720102 -113.625 -9.373 -1.214 -180.582 312.315 -5.293 4.080 0.123 4.000103 -104.480 -9.234 -1.132 -180.629 328.770 -5.183 4.051 0.123 4.520104 -109.314 -9.220 -1.070 -180.680 373.221 -5.145 4.075 0.123 4.700105 -101.314 -9.092 -1.100 -180.680 398.476 -5.096 3.996 0.125 4.700106 -129.660 -9.316 -1.132 -180.569 234.272 -5.224 4.092 0.122 3.600107 -116.791 -9.389 -1.049 -180.532 248.299 -5.219 4.170 0.120 3.820

Table-3: Top 10 good QSAR models of HEPT derivatives arranged indecreasing order of their predictive power

S. No. Predicted Activity rCV^2 r^21 PA111 0.976775 0.9780652 PA122 0.976781 0.9780593 PA101 0.976785 0.978054


S. No. Predicted Activity rCV^2 r^24 PA93 0.976776 0.9780505 PA99 0.976776 0.9780506 PA100 0.976776 0.9780507 PA109 0.976776 0.9780508 PA110 0.976776 0.9780509 PA121 0.976776 0.97805010 PA98 0.975805 0.978013

Graph-1: Graph between observed and predicted activities PA111 of HEPTderivatives

References1. Aptula AO, Roberts DW(2006) Chem Res Tox 19:1097–11052. Streitwieser A, Heathcock CH (1985) Introduction to organic chemistry. 3rd

edn. Macmillan, New York3. Schüürmann G (2004) Quantum chemical descriptors in structure–activity

relationships – calculation, interpretation and comparison of methods. In:Cronin MTD, Livingstone DJ (eds) Predicting Chemistry Toxicity and Fate.Taylor and Francis, London

4. Fuentealba P, Perez P, Contreras R (2000) J Chem Phys 113:2544–25515. Leach AR (2001) Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications. Pearson

Education Limited, Harlow6. Foresman JB, Frisch A (1996) Exploring Chemistry with Electronic Structure

Methods, 2nd edn. Gaussian Inc., Pittsburgh.7. Dewar MJS, Zoebisch EG, Healy EF et al. (1985) J Am Chem Soc 107:3902–

39098. Rocha GB, Freire RO, Simas AM et al. (2006) J Comput Chem 27:1101–1111

0

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

1 5 9 13 17 21 25 29 33 37 41 45 49 53 57 61 65 69 73 77 81 85 89 93 97 101 105

Compound

Activ

ity

Observed ActivityPredicted Activity PA111


9. Koch W, Holthausen MC (2000) A chemist’s guide to density functionaltheory. Wiley-VCH, Weinheim.

10. Roy DR, Parthasarathi R, Subramanian V et al. (2006) QSAR Combi Sci25:114–122.

11. Contreras RR, Fuentealba P, Galvan M et al. (1999) Chem Phys Lett 304:405–413

12. Yan X, Xiao HM, Ju XH et al. (2005) Chin J Chem 23:947–95213. Kazius J, McGuire R, Bursi R (2005) J Med Chem 48:312–32014. Eder E, Scheckenbach S, Deininger C et al. (1993) Toxicol Lett 67:87–10315. Passerini L (2003) QSARs for individual classes of chemical mutagens and

carcinogens. In: Benigni R (ed) Quantitative Structure-Activity Relationships(QSAR) Models of Mutagens and Carcinogens. CRC Press LLC, Boca Raton

16. Lopez de Compadre RI, Debnath AK, Shusterman AJ et al. (1990) EnvironMol Mutagen 15:44–55

Parr, R. G.; Donnelly, R. A.; Levy. M.; Palke, W. E. J. Chem. Phys.1978, 68, 3801.

9. Iczkowski, R. P. ; Margrave, J. L. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1961, 83,3547.

10.Mulliken, R. S. J. Chem. Phys. 1934, 2, 782. 11.Sanderson, R. T. Science 1995, 121, 207. 12.Sanderson, R. T. Chemical Bonds and Bond Energy;

1976Academic Press: New York,. 13.Sanderson, R. T. Polar Covalence; Academic Press: 1983New

York,. 14.Parr, R. G. ; Pearson, R. G. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1983,105, 7512. 15.Clare, B. W. Aust. J. Chem. 1995,48, 1385.


fcey nklxqIrk dh vkjfEHkd Ñfr;k¡ % fo’k;oLrq ,oa “kSyhxrfo’ks"krk

iznhi jktkSfj;k1

fcey nklxqIrk dh dyk ;k=k esa rhu izeq[k iM+ko vkrs gS tgk¡ ges mudhd`fr;ksa esa [kkl “kSyhxr ifjorZu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA izd`fr iz/kku n`’;ksa dhjpuk djus okys fcey nkl ds n`”; fp= vius o.kZ foU;klksa dh Lkqdqekjrk dsfy, mYys[kuh; gSaSA buesa vewZr euksjkT; dh vykSfddrk ,oa laxhr ds Lo:iksatSlh Lkaosnu’khyrk ns[kh tk ldrh gSA buds fp=kssa dks ns[kdj n’kZd ,sls/kjkry ij pys vkrs gS tgk¡ mUgsa ckº; thou ds ruko ls eqfDr vkSj ,dvo.kZuh; lq[k dk vuqqHko gksrk gSA 'kSyh dh bl ifjiDork rd igq¡pus esfcey nklxqIrk us izd`fr dk xw<+ ,oa lw{e v/;;u fd;kA iz;ksxkRedrk ds Øeesa dqN le; rd os Þra= dykÞ }kjk Hkh izsfjr gq,A fofHkUu ek/;eksa esa vius dksvfHkO;Dr djrs gq;s fcey nklxqIrk us izd`fr esa gh vius l`tukRed fo"k; dks<w<+k A jktLFkku ds e:LFky esa QSyh jsrksa ds chp daVhys o`{kksa dk lewg] dqYyqo”d”ehj ds cQhZys vk¡py] dkSoye vkSj dU;kdqekjh rd ds oSfo/;iw.kZ leqnzhrV iqu% iqu% muds fp=ksa eas mHkjrs jgsA ;s lkjs rRo /khjs /khjs fcey nklxqIrkdh vuwBh 'kSyh esa ?kqyrs feyrs jgs vkSj futh vuqHkwfr;ksa ls vftZr gksrs gq;s ,dfo”ks"k vewrZ vfHkO;fDr dh fo/kk esa ifj.kr gksrs pys x;sA

1- dyk v/;kid] dsUnh; fo|ky;] iklh?kkV] v#.kkpy izns'k


fcey nklxqIrk ds dyk&f”k{k.k ds nkSj ds vkjfEHkd dk;ksZ esa dydRRkk dsxoeZasaUV dkyst vkWQ vkVZl~ ,.M Øk¶V ds ;FkkZFkoknh vdknfed izf”k{k.k dkizHkko Li"V fn[krk gSA pkgs og js[kkadu gks] tyjax gks ;k fQj rSy fp=.kAbuds vkjfEHkd tyjaxks ,oa rSy fp=ksa ij muds v/;kid jesUnz ukFk pØorhZ¼1902&1955½ ,oa clar xkaxqyh dk izHkko dqN le; rd jgkA blds vykokxksiky ?kks’k ljh[ks n`”; fp=dkj dk izHkko Hkh udkjk ugha tk ldrk gSA viusv/;;u dky esa fcey nklxqIrk us vusd fo"k;ksa dks fp=.k ds fy, pquk fdUrqmuesa n`’; fp=ksa fd la[;k vf/kd jghA mnkg.k ds fy, vkids ßlaFkky xk¡oß

¼fp= la0 1½ 'kh’kZd d`fr esa ;FkkZFk ds izHkko dks js[kkvksa o rSy jax }kjk ykusdh lQy dksf”k”k jgh o Nk;k izdk”k dk iz;ksx oLrqijd jgkA rqfydk dsLk”kDr Lkapkyu dks ge fp= ds izR;sd fgLlksa esa ns[k ikrs gSABhd blh izdkj jktLFkku dh ;k=k ds nkSjku fcey nklxqIrk ds fp=ksa esaLFkkuh; okLrqdyk vkSj e:LFkyh; izkd`frd n`”;ksa dk lekos”k gqvkA jktLFkkudh okLrq dyk ds fojkV :i vkSj izHkko”kkyh vkd`fr;ksa us mUgsa ,d yEcs le;rd izHkkfor fd;kA jktLFkku esa vkius isfUly pkjdksy vkSj tyjax ek/;e esavusd n`”; fp=ksa dh jpuk dh A 1942 esa cuk xYrk ¼fp= la0 2½

'kh’kZd fp= rFkk blh o’kZ esa gh cuk ehjkckbZ dk efUnj

1& laFkky xkWo] dSuokl ij rSyjax]1938eki&30.5x46 lseh0laxzg % /kqfeey dyk nh|kZ] ubZfnYyhizzdkf”kr % yfyr dyk vdkneh] ubZfnYyh

2& xYrk] t;iqj] dSuoklij vikjn”khZ tyjaxeki&51x76 lseh0izzdkf”kr % yfyr dykvdkneh] ubZ fnYyh


'kh’kZd fp= bl laUnHkZ esa fy;k tk ldrk gSA jktLFkku esa gh vikjn”khZtujax ¼Xok”k½ rduhd esa cus

,d vU; fp= dqvk¡ ¼fp= la0 3½esa ge fo”kys’k.kkRed ?kuokn dk izHkko o ukjhvkd`frZ;ksa esa jktLFkkuh oL= ifj/kku dh ikjaifjd Nfo dks Li’V :Ik ls ns[kldrs gSaAfcey nklxqIrk dh vkjfEHkd ikjn”khZ tyjax dh 'kSyh dks le>us ds fy,ßehjkckbZ ds efUnjß 'kh’kZd fp= ¼fp= la0 4½

dk mYys[k vfuok;Z gSA bl fp= esa jktLFkku ds e/;dkyhu LFkkiR; dhlajpuk ij T;knk /;ku fn;k x;k gSA fp=iV ds fupys Hkkx esa la;ksftr ekuovkd`fr;kW fp= dk vfHkUu vax cu tkrh gSA ge bl fo”ks"k fp= esa dydRrkxoesZUV vkV~Zl dkyst dh vkdknfed izf”k{k.k dk izHkko Li’V ns[k ldrs gSAikjn”khZ tyjax ds iz;ksx esa os fl)gLr Fks ,oa bl vkajfHkd d`fr esa ,dlq;ksX; Nk= dh yxu dk ladsr Li"V :Ik ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSA loZizFkegYds jaxks dk iz;ksx fQj Øe”k% e/;e o xgjs jaxks dk iz;ksx dj Nk;k izdk”kds f>yfeykrs izHkko dks izLrqr fd;k x;k gSA fp= esa iRFkj ds gkFkh dh

3& dqvkW] eslksukbV cksMZ ij¼Xok’k½eki&76x55.5 lseh0LkaUnHkZ % www.arcadj.com

4& ehjkckbZ efUnj mn;iqj] dkxt ijikjn’khZ tyjax] 1940eki&51x76 lseh0laxzg % /kqfeey dyk nh|kZ]ubZ fnYyhizzdkf”kr % yfyr dyk vdkneh] ubZfnYyh


vkd`fr esa ;FkkZrrk ykus ds fy, CysM ls lrg dks dgha&dgha [kqjpdj ik"kk.kds izHkko dks ykus dh lQy dksf”k”k dh xbZ gSA

1955 eas cus ßlSjkß 'kh’kZd fp= ¼fp= la0 5½esa Hkh ge fcey nklxqIrk ds jaxks ds iz;ksx es ikjnf”kZrk dks ns[k ikrs gSA

fcey nklxqIrk ds vusd fp=ksa dh Hkk¡fr ;gk¡ Hkh nks iwjd jaxks xgjs ihys vkSjuhys ds lakeTkL; dks /;ku es j[krs gq, o.kZØe dks larqfyr fd;k gSA1955 esa fcey nklxqIrk ds dyk ;k=k esa ,d u;k cnyko ml le; vkrk gSAtc og nf{k.k Hkkjr dh yEcs le; dh ;k=k ij tkrs gSaA ogk¡ dh izkd`frdNVk fo”ks”k :i ls lkxjrV ds lqjE; n`”;ksa us fcey nklxqIrk dks bu n`”;ksadks fpf=r djus ds fy, izsfjr fd;kA bl ;k=k ds nkSjku cuk;sx;s fp=ksa esa eq[; :Ik ls uhys ihys o gjs jaxks dh iz/kkurk fn[krh gSA 1955 esagh cus muds ,d ¼fp= la0 6½

dks mnkgj.k ds rkSj ij ns[kk tk ldrk gSA ftles lkxjrV fLFkr o`{kksa ukoksao ºn; Li”khZ fp=.k gSA bl fp= esa o`{k dks dks xgjs Hkwjss o ihys rFkk leqnzdks uhys jax ls fn[kk;k x;k gSAfcey nklxqIrk ds thou esa 1961 esa ,d u;k v/;k; ml le; tqM+rk gSAtc mUgsa 6 eghus dh ljdkjh o`fRr ij ;wjksi Hkze.k dk ekSdk feyrk gSA bl

5& lSjk] dkxt ij ikjn”khZtyjax] 1955eki&51x76 lseh0laxzg % lh0 ,e0 lh0 dyknh|kZ] ubZ fnYyh

6& ukWo] dkxt ij tyjax]eki&56x74 lseh0laxzg % dqekj vkVZ xSyjh] ubZfnYyh


le; dh miyfC/k;kW muds thou esa cgqvk;keh fl) gqbZA bl ;k=k dsnjfe;ku mUgsa ,slk yxus yxk fd muds ikl le; de gS vkSj fopj.k Hkwfefoiqy bl otg ls mUgksaus dkQh lkjs js[kkadu dj Mkys ftlls vkids js[kkaduesa ykfyR; Hkj vk;k gSA js[kk,sa Li’V ,oa laosnu”khy fn[krh gS lkFk gh lkFkNk;k izdk'k ds izHkko dks Li’V djus dh ps’Vk dh xbZ gSA laEHkor bUghjs[kkfp=ksa ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus oLrqvksa ds vkdkjksa esaa ljyhd`r izHkko ykukvkjEHk fd;k vkSj fp=.k ds ijorhZ le; esa ra= ,oa Qarklh J`[kayk ds fp=ksa esabUgh vfHkizk;ksa dks T;knk fpf=r fd;kA bl lanHkZ eas vkids }kjk isfjl esacuk;s x;s js[kk fp= ßcqysojo eknsyhuhß 1961 ¼fp= la0 7½

dh ppkZ dh tk ldrh gSA fcey nklxqIrk us laEHkor rSy] ,sØsfyd ,oae Xok’kek/;e ls iz;ksxkRedrkZ ls vksrizksr fp=ksa dh jpuk vius ;wjksi ds vftZrvuqHkoksa ds vk/kkj ij dhA3 ;wjksi Hkze.k ds ckn gh muds fp=ksa esa vewrZn`”;dYi dh izsj.kk fn[kkbZ iM+rh gSA vkSj dqN le; rd iw.kZ vewrZu esa vusdmRd`"V fp=ksa dh jpuk dhA ¼fp= la0 8½

vkius vius iw.kZ vewrZu dh dfr;ksa esa lrg dks mHkjk izHkko nsus ds fy, fo”ks"kizdkj ls fufeZr ekse dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;kA yxHkx blh le; fnYyh ds vU; nksfp=dkj “kkfUr nos ¼1931½ vkSj xqYkke jlwy larks"k ¼1929½ Hkh bl rjg dsiz;ksx dj jgs FksA fu%lUnsg bl izdkj ds iz;ksx ds ihNs fcey nklxqIrk ijvewrZ vfHkO;atukoknh f’kfYi;ksa ds fp=ksa dk izHkko iM+kA

8& 'kh"kZd foghu vewZr lajpukdSuokl ij rSy fp=.k] 1966eki& 76.20x86.36 lseh0laUnHkZ % www.askart.com

7& cqysojo eknsyhuh] dkxt ij isu o L;kghls js[kkadu] 1961eki& 22.5x38 lseh0laxzg % /kqfeey dyk nh|kZ] ubZ fnYyhizzdkf”kr % yfyr dyk vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh


fcey nklxqIrk us bl le; iSysV ukbQ ls bEikLVks i}fr esa jaxks dh eksVhijrksa dk iz;ksx fd;k rFkk lw[kus ds mijkUr mu ij ikjn’khZ jaxks dh iryhiryh rgksa }kjk fp=ksa dks iw.kZ fd;kA bl izdkj dh i)fr ds fp= dk LkqUnj

mnkgj.k ds LkSjk fp= ¼fp= la0 9½dks fy;k tk ldrk gSA iw.kZ vewrZ fo|k esafpf=r bl fp= esa mUgksaus iqUk% vkdkjkas dks ,d fu’fpr ifjp; nsrs gq, mHkkjukvkjEHk fd;k A izd`fr ds cnyrs :iksa ls ?kfu"V :i ls tqM+s fcey nklxqIrk usvius fp=ksa es iw.kZ vewrZu dh vis{kk mUgsa bl rjg ls izLrqr fd;k fd os viuhlw{erk;sa cuk;s j[ks vkSj ,d lk/kkj.k n’kZd Hkh muds ltZu ds LkkFk vrjax gksldsA blh dkj.k vkxs pydj Hkh vkius js[kkfp=ksa] tyjaxks] ,sØfyd vkSj rSyjaxks es Hkh izd`fr ds rRoksa dks latksdj gh vewrZu dks Lohdkj fd;kA1967&68 ls os /khjs /khjs vius fp=kas esa ekse ds mHkjs gq, VsD’kpj dks irys ,oavikjn’khZ jaxks ds izysi }kjk cnyus yxs A xksykdkj f=dks.kkRed pkSdksjv)Zo`Rr vkSj yaEckdkj vkd`fr;kW dHkh&dHkh vfr ;FkkZroknh okrkoj.k dkscukrh gSA tkWu fejks ¼1893½ okflyh dkafMfuLdh ¼1866&1944½ ds tSfod vfr;FkkZrokn dh Le`fr ges buds fp=ks es ns[kus ls feyrh gSA

fcey nklxqIrk dk ;g v/;u Qarklh J`[kyk esa vkxs tkdj cnyk rks t:j

9& 'kh"kZd foghu] vewZrlajpuk dSuokl ij rSyfp=.k]eki& 101.6x101.6 lseh0laUnHkZ %www.invaluable.com

10& :ikdkj] dSuokl ij rSyfp=.k] 1968eki& 30x30 lseh0laxzg % yfyr dyk vdkneh] ubZfnYyh


ijUrq bu nksukas iM+koksa ds chp FkksM+s le; rd jgus okyh ra= ls izHkkfor 'kSyhdks ge iwjh rjg ls Hkwyk ugh ldrs A mudh fo|k esa vkdkj iz/kkurk dksle>us ds fy, ß:ikdkjß ¼fp= la0 10½ dh foospuk vko’;d gSA bl fp= esdkafMfuLdh ds tSfod vfr ;FkkZrokn ds LkkFk gh lkFk rkaf=d izo`fr ds vkjEHkdk fp= gSA fp= esa lQsn i`"BHkwfe ds mij Hkwjs ,oa ihys jaxks ds fofo/k o.kZØeikjn”khZ izysi ds :i es yxk, x, gSA lrg ij jaxks ds iz;ksx esa diM+s dk Hkhdgha dgha bLrseky fd;k x;k ftlls jaxks dks gYdk f?kl f?kl dj feyk;kx;k gSA

1970 esa cus ,d vU; fp= ¼fp= la0 11½esa vkids bl leUo; dh >yd Li"V :i ls ns[kh tk ldrh gSA ftles vkiusxgjs gjs vkSj uhys jax ds fefJr jax dk iz;ksx dj vewZr nsoLo:i dks:ikf;r fd;k gSA fp= esa iz;qDr dqN va’kks dks jkspd vkSj nsoRo izHkko ykus dsfy, ihys] yky vkSj ukjaxh ,oa dgha dgha lQsn jax dk iz;ksx Hkh fd;k gSA tksvkids ltZu’khy o.kZ iz;ksx dk ifjpk;d gSA fp= esa T;kferh; js[kkvksa dkiz;ksx ns[kk tk ldrk gSA uo ra=okn esa fcEc vFkok vkdkj ls lEcfU/kr lHkh/kkj.kkvksa dk izk; vHkko gksrk gS ,sls fp=ksa ds ewyra= ;k rks vkyadkfjd gS ;kdsoy lq:fpiw.kZ jpukAizfl) dyk lekykspd d`’.k pSRkU; fcey nklxqIrk ds fo"k; es dgrs gSA fdog ra= dh n`”; fo|k dks vius <+x ls fcEc vkSj laLkkj dh izfrPNk;k dksT;kferh; jpuk ds :Ik esa latksrs gSAyxHkx 1970 ls 1973 rd dh vof/k esa fcey nklxqIrk us ikjEifjd ra= dykesa iz;qDr eaM+yksa] pØks vkSj T;kferhd vkdkjksa dks vius fp=kas eas LFkku fn;kAledkyhu Hkkjrh; fp=ksa esa 70 dk n’kd uora= fo|k ds fodkl dk egRoiw.kZ{k.k jgk gSA tc ohjsu Ms ¼1926½ ,oa xqyke jlqy larks’k ¼1929½ ds fp=ksa esara= ,d 'kSyh ds :Ik esa fodflr gks jgk Fkk rc fcey nklxqIrk us bu ra=

11& :ikdkj] dSuokl ij rSy fp=.k]1970eki& 85.05x122 lseh0laxzg % fnYyh dyk nh|kZ] ubZ fnYyhizdkf’kr% yfyr dyk vdkneh] ubZfnYyh


dyk ds fcEc fo/kkuksa esa izd`fr lEca/kh :fp dks y;kRed js[kkvksa vkSj :iksa}kjk lefUor fd;kAfcey nklxqIrk vius fp=ksa es ckº; lalkj ds LFkwy okrkoj.k dh mis{kk djrsutj vkrs gaSA vkSj izd`fr dh xgjkbZ;ksa dks vkRelkr djrs gq, mldhlw{erkvksa dks bl izdkj ls :ikafdr djrs gSa tgk¡ fp=ksa esa dsoy izkd`frdlq"ek dks gh ugha cfYd izd`fr ds vUrjky esa fufgr xw<+ vfHkizk;ksa dks Hkh Li"V:Ik ls ns[kk tk ldrk gSAjaxks ds iz;ksx esa ,d fo’ks"k izdkj dk yko.; >ydrk gSA lkxjry Jà[kyk dsn`’; fp=kas esa fefJr jaxks ds irys ls vkoj.k dk iz;ksx vR;Ur mRd`"Vrk dksfn[kkrk gSA vkd`fr;ksa dks jaxks ds )kjk i`"BHkwfe ls mHkkjk rks dgha dgha jaxks dsek/;e ls gh i`"BHkwfe esa vkdkjksa dks cM+s yko.; <+x ls fefJr fd;k gSA ,slktku iM+rk gS fd fp= vafdr djrs le; og vkl&ikl ds okrkoj.k dks Hkwyx;s gksa vkSj yxrk gS tSls ;FkkFkZ ugh cfYd fdlh lkxjry dh ;k=k is gksaAlkxjry ls >k¡drs fofo/k lhi] “ka[k] thok’e] 'kSoky] pV~Vkuksa ds e/; f[kyrsgq, ek;koh Qwy ;k fi?kyrh cQZ dh pksfV;k¡ vkSj leqnz lEcU/kh tSfod rRoksa dslkFk fofo/k izdkj ds xqfPN;ksa] iq’i o mudh ia[kqfM+;ks ds f[kyrs o can :iksadks ifj’kq)rk ds lkFk vafdr fd;kA fcey nklxqIrk rSy] ,sØsfyd] isfUly]L;kgh ,oae~ pkjdksy }kjk js[kkadu djrs gq, og ,d ckj iqu% viuh n’kdksaiqjkuh loZizFke fo|k tyjax dk ubZ rktxh ds lkFk iz;ksx djus yxsAßfcey nkl ds fp= vewrZu fcEcksa dh ,slh ik.Mqfyfi;kW gSa tgk¡ u;u ok.kh dkLFkku ysus yxs gSaß &d`".k pSrU; ds 'kCnksa esalUnHkZ%1- lkSfe= eksgu] l0 lEiknd] fcey nklxqIrk] eksuksxzkQ] yfyr dyk

vdkneh] ubZ fnYyh] 1990] i`"V&52- izk.k ukFk ekaxks] vuqokn % lkSfe= eksgu] Hkkjr dh ledkyhu dyk ,d

ifjizs{;] f}rh; vko`fr] ubZ fnYyh] 2011]i`"V&1493. http://www.saffronart.com/artists/bimal-dasgupta


iSVdj fp=.k ds mnxe ] fo’k;&oLrq ,oa bldh oÙkZeku fLFkfrij ,d laf{kIr fooj.k

Mk0 mek'kadj izlkn1

iSVdj fp=.k >kj[k.M dh cgqr gh yksdfiz; fp=.k gSA ;g ewyr%dFkkud fyiVok fp=.k gSA LFkkfu; Hkk’kk esa bls iVhnkj ;k iVsdj ds uke lsHkh tkuk tkrk gSA >kj[k.M dh iSVdj fp=”kSyh Hkkjrh; fp=dyk ds izlh)izkphu fp= “kSyh;ksa esa ls ,d gSA ;g fp=dkjh >kj[k.M dh lhek ls lVsjkT;ksa fcgkj] mfM+lk o if”pe caxky ds {ks=ksa esa Hkh tutkfr;ksa }kjk fd;ktkrk jgk gSA >kj[k.M dk venqch xkWo iSVdj fp=.k ijEijk dk mnxe xkWoekuk tkrk gSA

venqch xkWo dh mRifÙk ds ckjs esa iSVdj dykdkjksa }kjk dbZdgkfu;ka crk;h tkrh gSa ftuesa ls ,d fuEu gSa& ?kV”khyk ds jktk IkSVdjksa dksikMk ¼ xhr ½ xkus ds fy, cqyk;k djrsA iSVdj dykdkjksa dk jktnjckj lsvPNk lEcU/k jgk gSA bu dykdkjksa dk lcls igyk laj{kd Fkk & jktk/kaoynsoA ,d fnu /kaoynso us iSVdkjksa dks JhlR;ukjk;.knso iV o uesZ/k ;KiV izLrqr djus ds fy, cqyok;kA iSVdjksa dh dyk izLrqfr bruh lqUnj jghfd jktk eU=&eqX/k gksdj dykdkjksa ls LosPNkuqlkj migkj ekWxus dks dgkArc iSVdj dykdkjksa us vius lewg dks clus ds fy, tehu dh ekax dhA jktkus mudh ekax dks Lohdkj dj fy;k o ?kV”khyk ds ikl gh mUgsa clus ds fy,tehu dk ,d cM+k VqdM+k nsus dks vknsf”kr dj fn;k tks vkxs pydj venqchxkWo ds uke ls izfl) gqvkA jktk us mUgsa Ks; dh mikf/k ls Hkh LkEekfurfd;kA venqch ds igys Ks; ujflagiqj ds ikl jgrs Fks tks îVsdjikMk* ds uke

1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] ,l0,e0ih0 jktdh; efgyk LukrdksŸkj egkfo|ky;] esjB


ls tkuk tkrk FkkA dkykUrj esa izkd`frd vkink ds dkj.k ;g xkWo u’V gksx;kA QyLo:Ik Ks; vyx&vyx {ks=ksa dh vksj dwp dj x;sA “kq:vkr esaiVsdj dykdkjksa dks Ks; ds uke ls tkuk tkrk FkkA ysfdu vkxs pydjmUgksaus viuk ljuse fp=dkj j[k fy;kA tks yksx xhr xkrs mUgsa Ks; dgktkrk o fp=&deZ djus okyksa dks fp=dkj dgk tkrkA

iSVdj isafVax iV fp= dk gh ,d fofo/k :i gSA iV fp= Hkkjr dsvkjfEHkd yksd fp=ksa esa ls ,d gSA bl “kCn dk iz;ksx yEch fyiVok fp= dsfy, fd;k tkrk gS ftldk izk:Ik Å/okZ/kj gksrk gSA caxky esa ,sls fp=.k dksiV ;k iVqvk fp= ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA >kj[k.M esa bls iVhnkj] iVsdj;k IkSVdj ds uke ls tkurs gSaA ^îVfp=** “kCn dh mRifr fuEu :Ik ls gqbZgS&

in~; fp= ikMk fp= iV fp= Ain~; ;k ikMk dk vFkZ gS & nks y;kRed iafä;kaA

IkSVdj LdzkWy isaf.Vx ds bfrgkl ij utj Mkyus ls irk pyrk gS fdbldk lh/kk lEcU/k caxky ls jgk gSA caxky ds fgUnw leqnk; esa nsfo;ksa dsvusd :iksa dh iwtk & vpZuk dh tkrh gSA mUgha nsfo;ksa esa ls ,d gSa & eUlknsoh] ftls ukxksa dh nsoh dgk tkrk gSA iSVdj fp=.k esa eUlk nsoh vFkkZr ukxksadh nsoh dk gh izeq[krk ls fp=.k fd;k tkrk gSA tSlk fd ge tkurs gSa fdHkkSxksfyd cukoV ds n`f’Vdks.k ls >kj[k.M xqgkvksa o l?ku taxyksa ls Hkjk gqvkigkM+h {ks= gSA fp=.k ds fy, ;s ikjEifjd dykdkj jax&IkzkfIr gsrq xqgkvksa otaxyksa ij gh fuHkZj jgrs gSa tgkW liZ na”k dk [krjk ges”kk cuk jgrk gSA ukxksadh nsoh eUlk nsoh ukxksa ls budh j{kk djrh gSa( ,slk budk ekuuk gS oblhfy, eUlk nsoh dk vadu buds fy, egRoiw.kZ gks tkrk gSA

IkSVdj LdzkWy isaf.Vx ds ckjs esa ,d nqljh ekU;rk ;g Hkh gS fdiSVdj dykdkj Lo&jfpr fp=ksa dk laxzg lkFk esa ysdj d:.kkRed jkx xkrsgq, ?kj&?kj ?kqers gSa o vUrr% ml ?kj ds ikl :d tkrs gSa ftl ?kj ds fdlhlnL; dh e`R;q gqbZ gksA ogkW :ddj vius ikl laxzfgr js[kkfp=ksa ds la;kstuds lkFk e`rd ds vfrr ds ?kVukvksa ls rkjrE; fcBkdj dgkfu;kW lqukrs gSa Abl rjg iSVdj isaf.aVx fo’k;xr :Ik ls ikjykSfdd thou dk nk”kZfud fp=.kgSA bu fp=ksa esa o;fä ds e`R;w ds ckn ds thou dk nk”kZfud n`f’Vdks.k lsfo”ys’k.kkRed vadu ns[kus dks feyrk gSA /;kukdf’kZr fo”ys’k.k djus ls iSVdjisaf.Vax ds ckjs esa esjs n`f’Vdks.k ls ,d fo”ks’k ckr ;g Li’V gksrh gS fd blesan`”; ds lkFk&lkFk jkxkRed “kCnksa dk Hkh xhr o dgkuh ds :i esa iSVdj


dykdkjksa }kjk vke tu&ekul ds chp izLrqfr dh tkrh gSA xhr o dgkuh ds;ksx ls iSVdj fp= Jksrk&n”kZd ds le{k thoar gks mBrk gSA bl rjg iSVdjfp=dkj u flQZ ,d ikjEifjd fp=dkj gSa cfYd ,d fl) ikjaifjd xhrdkjo dgkuhdkj Hkh gSaA Bhd blh rjg bu fp=ksa dk vkuUn mBkusokys jlhd uflQZ ,d n”kZd gSa cfYd n”kZd ds lkFk&lkFk Jksrk Hkh gSaA

Tkks Hkh gks] iSVdj isf.Vax fdonafr;ksa] ikSjkf.kd dFkkvksa vkfn dslkFk&lkFk ekuo thou ds jkstejsZ ds fofo/k ?kVukvksa dks thoarrk ls izfrfcafcrdjrk gSA laFkky tkfr ds mnxe lzksr ls lEcfU/kr ikSjkf.kd dFkk fiYlqgkjk ofiYlqHkwjh dFkkud dk Hkh vadu fd;k tkrk gS ftls lEiw.kZ :Ik ls fpf=r djusesa nks ekg ds vkl&ikl le; yx tkrk gSA dFkk ds vko”;drkuqlkji”kq&if{k;ksa] ouLifr;ksa] unh vkfn dks Hkh fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA jkek;.k ]egkHkkjr o eka nqxkZ ,oa dkyh ls lEcU/khr dFkkvksa dk vadu Hkh bl fp=.k esans[kk tk ldrk gSA jkek;.k ds rgr eq[;r% lhrk] jke o eanksnjh dh dgkuhdks vk/kkj cukdj fp=dkjh dh tkrh gSA

iSVdj fp=dkj vkt Hkh jax Lo;a cukdj iz;ksx djrs gSaA [kfut]ouLifr o Hkwfe buds jax izkfIr ds lzksr gSaA ca/kd ds :Ik esa csy ds xksan ;kuhe ds jsftu dk iz;ksx djrs gSaA bl fp=.k “kSyh esa ikjEifjd :Ik ls cgqrgh lhfer jaxksa dk iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA iSVdj esa iz;qDr jax gSa & lQsn ¼pwuk ikmMj ½] ihyk ¼ iRFkj ;k Hkwfe ls izkIr ½] dkyk ¼ ySEi CySd ;k pkoydks tykdj ½] gjk ¼ ckdyk dh ifÙk;ksa ls ½] yky ¼ iRFkj ;k Hkwfe ls izkIr ½o uhyk ¼ bf.Mxks ½A fxygjh ;k cdM+h ds cky ls cus rwfydk ls fp=kadu ojaxkadu fd;k tkrk gSA diM+s ds vykok dkxt dk Hkh vc vk/kkj ds :Ik esaiz;ksx gks pyk gSA “kq: esa bldk vk/kkj rkyi= gqvk djrk FkkA

iSVdj isf.Vax esa etcwr ¼ eksVh ½ js[kk dk iz;ksx gksrk gSAfp=&/kjkry dk vf/kdka”k Hkkx ekuokd`fr;ksa ls vkPNkfnr jgrk gS ftldspsgjs izk;% ik”oZ o us= yEcs gksrs gSaA ifjizs{; dk vHkko gS ftldh iwfÙkZ fo’k;


ds izfr buds fu”Ny lknxhiw.kZ vfHkO;fDRk Hkko ls gks tkrh gSA vkjEHk esa ;gfp=.k “kSyh js[kkRed gh Fkh ysfdu 20 oha “krh ds e/; ls ekuokd`fr;ksa ds“kjhj dk jax likV xgjs yky ;k eVeSyk ihyk jax ls Hkjk tkus yxk gSAgkf”k;s pkSM+s o vyadj.kkRed cuk;s tkrs gSaA ikjEifjd :Ik ls i`’BHkwfejax&jfgr gksrk gSA

400 o’kZ iqjkuh fp=.k dh ;g ijEijk dykdkjksa ds lkeus vkfFkZd raxhds dkj.k foyqfIr ds dxkj ij gSA >kj[k.M dk ,d xkWo vakenqch (Amadubi)

ftls iSVdj xkWo ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gS] ds lHkh 47 ifjokj bl ijEijkdks lEHkkyus esa yxs jgsA ysfdu bl dyk dk cktkj esa ewY;kadu u gks ikus dsdkj.k os vFkkZHkko esa vk x;sA QyLo:Ik dbZ ifjokjksa us thfodk ds fy, nqljsm|eksa ;Fkk& dkjisUVjh] ewfÙkZdkjh] d`f’k&etnwjh] flykbZ] fjis;fjaxoxSjg&oxSjg dk;ksZa dks viuk fy;kA t:jr gS le; jgrs iSVdj dykdkjksadks tehuh izksRlkgu fn;s tkus dh( cktkj esa izfr’Bk fnykus dh rkfd ;g dykvius vfLrRo dks dk;e j[k ldsA ljdkj }kjk mfpr dne mBkrs gq, Hkkjrds bl izkphu xkSjo”kkyh dyk ijEijk dks lqjf{kr fd;k tk ldrk gSA vktt:jr gS bl dyk dks eq[;/kkjk ls tksM+us dh rkfd ge Hkkjr ds yksx blxkSjo”kkyh dyk ijEijk dks vius chp thoar o loaf/kZr j[k ldsaAlUnHkZ&lwfp%&1. Paitkar Painting: A folk art of Eastern India | Tata

indianfolklore.org/TataFellowships/?p=7032. Paitkar Painting - Indianetzone

www.indianetzone.com › ... › Indian Paintings › Types of Indian Painting3. Harekrishna: Paitkar Painting: Its form, content and style

haure4u.blogspot.com/2014/.../paitkar-painting-its-form-content-and.ht.


fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax o blesa iz;qDr ikjEifjd ,oa vk/kqfud fcacjatu dqekj1

fiFkkSj+k isaf.Vax jFo] Hkhyky o uk;d vkfnoklh leqnk;ksa }kjk eq[;r% fHkfÙk ijfpf=r fd;k tkus okyk vuq’Bkfud fp=.k dh ,d ijEijk gSA ;g fp=.kewyr% xqtjkr ] e/; izns”k o NÙkhlx<+ ds tutkfr; leqnk; ls lEcfU/kr gSAijEijk ds vuqlkj xqtjkr ds ftyk oMksnjk ds rstx<+ xkWo o ftyk NksVkmn;iqj ds vkfnoklh {ks=ksa esa ;g fp=.k dk;Z gksyh ds vxys fnu fd;k tkukJs;Ldj ekuk tkrk gSA tks Hkh gks bl isaf.Vx ds fd;s tkus ds [kkl le; dh,slh dksbZ ck/;rk vc ugha gSA ysfdu gkW] ikjEifjd :Ik ls bl isaf.Vx dsfd;s tkus dk edln Li’V gSA

fiFkkSj+k isaf.Vax dks fpf=r djus dk edln gksrk gS&vius bZ”oj¼fiFkkSjk ckck½ dks /kU;okn Kkfir djuk ;k muds le{k viuh bPNkvksa dksO;Dr djus ;k vk”khoZpu izkIr djus ds fy, muls viuh dkeuk djukA

lq[k & nq%[k thou dk ,d vax gSA tgkW thou gS ogkW budklekxe gS ( blls bUdkj ugha fd;k tk ldrk A lalkj dk dksbZ Hkh ,slkleqnk; ugha gS tgkW flQZ lq[k gh lq[k vFkok nq%[k gh nq%[k gksA ,slk gh blleqnk; ds lkFk Hkh gSA ysfdu fo”ks’k ckr ;gkW;g gS fd tc ;g leqnk; vius dks d’Vksa ;k n%q[kksa esa vlgk; ikrk gS rc ogblls NqVdkjk ikus dh tks ;qfDr <qW<rk gS og cgqr gh jkspd gSA ;gha ls“kq:vkr gksrh gS fiFkkSM+k isaf.Vax ds mRifRk dh tM+saA og vius d’Vksa ;k n%q[kksatks fofo/k izdkj dh gks ldrh gSa ;Fkk&Ik”kqvksa dk ejuk] uotkr f”k”kq¼vksa½ dk1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] ,l-,e-ih- efgy LukrdksÙkj egkfo|ky;] esjB


lkekU; u jguk ¼utj yx tkuk] vDlj chekj jguk vkfn½ vFkok fdlh ufdlh rjg dh ijs”kkuh vDlj tfur gksuk ] ls ikj tkus ds fy;s vius leqnk;ds cMok ¼eq[; iqtkjh@rkaf=d½ ls lEidZ lk/krk gSA rkaf=d lEcfU/kr O;fDrdh leL;kvksa dks cM+h rYyhurk ds lkFk lqurk gSA rÙki”pkr iqtkjh lEcfU/krO;fDr dks leL;k ¼vksa½ ls futkr ikus ds fy;s ;qfDr ds :Ik esa vius ?kj dsvkslkjh ;k ckgjh nhokjksa ;k ?kj ds eq[; d{k ds vUnj dh nhokjksa ij fp=ksa dsek/;e ls vkgokgu ds :Ik esa fiFkSkjk ckck dk izfr & dkRed vadu ,dvuq’Bku ds rgr djkus dk funsZ”k nsrk gSA blds fy;s ?kj dk rhu nhokjrS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA eq[; nhokj ;kuh lkeus ds nhokj ds lEiw.kZ Hkkx dksfp=dkjh ds fy;s rS;kj fd;k tkrk gS tcfd vxy & cxy ds “ks’k nksuksanhokjksa dk eq[; nhokj ds vuqikr esa 1@2 Hkkx rS;kj fd;k tkrk gSA rkaf=dds funsZ”ku esa xkts & ckts ds lkFk /kqe/kke ls fuckZ/k :Ik ls ;g fp=.kfnu&jkr 4 ls 5 fnu rd pyrk gSA

mDr ekU;rk ds vykok ;g isf.Vax xqtjkr] e?; izns”k o NÙkhlx<+ ds[kkl tutkfr; ifjokj ;k leqnk; esa ] fdlh fo”ks’k “kqHk volj ;Fkk& “kknh]cPps ds tUe] ;k R;ksgkj vkfn ds vkxeu ds iwoZ lwpd ds :Ik esa Hkh fd;ktkrk gS tks iqjs leqnk; esa g’kksZYykl ds okrkoj.k dks rS;kj djrk gS o lkFkgh LkkFk HkkbZpkjs ds lEcU/k dks izxk<+ djus dk lw=ikr djrk gSArduhd &

nhokj dh rS;kjh DokWjh dU;kvksa ds gkFkksa }kjk lEiUu djk;k tkrkgSA nhokj ij loZizFke xk; ds xkscj dk nks ysi p<+k;k tkrk gSA bl ysi dslq[kus ds Ik”pkr pwus ds ?kksy dk ,d ysiu fd;k tkrk gSA vo nhokj rS;kjgks tkus ds okn iq:’k oxZ }kjk ckal ;k ccwy ds ydM+h ds ,d fljs dksdqWpdj rS;kj fd;s x;s jax&dWqph ls fp=dkjh dh tkrh gSA ;gkW ;g Li’V djnsuk lehphu gksxk fd vc efgyk dykdkj Hkh lkeus mHkj dj vkus yxh gSaAvU; yksd dyk ;k vkfne dyk dh rjg fiFkkSjk isf.Vax esa Hkh jaxksa dk iz;ksxlikV gh fd;k tkrk gSA

fiFkkSjk dykdkj jax Hkh Lo;a rS;kj djrs gSaA jax & pw.kZ dks nq/k oegqvk ds isM+ ds Qwy &ifRr;ksa ls fo”ks’k :Ik ls rS;kj fd;s x;s jl esa ?kksyktkrk gSA eq[;r% ihyk ]uhyk] gjk] xqykch] yky o dkyk jax iz;qDr fd;ktkrk gSA

vk/kqfud fiFkkSjk dykdkjksa }kjk flaFksfVd dyj dk iz;ksx fd;k tkusyxk gSA mDr jaxksa ds vykok pkWnh ds jaxksa dk Hkh iz;ksx ns[kus dks feyrk gSA


vk/kkj ds :Ik esa dSuokl o dkxt dks fo”ks’k :Ik ls viuk fy;k x;k gSAvk/kkj ds bl foLrkj us fiFkkSjk isfVax dks iqjs fo”o esa izlkfjr djus esa vgeHkwfedk fuHkkbZ gSAfiFkkSjk isf.Vax esa iz;qDr fcac % &

fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax esa eq[;r% fiFkkSjk nso o fiFkkSjh nsoh ds “kknhdks fpf=r fd;s tkus dh ijEijk jgh gSA bl isaf.Vax esa iz;qDr fd;s tkus okysloZizeq[k fcac gSa & lw;Z] pkan rkjs o tkuoj gSaA ?kksM+k loZizeq[k fcac gSA i{khisM+ vkfn ds vykok lEcU/khr tutkfr; leqnk; ds nSfud thou ls Hkh fcacksadk p;u fd;k tkrk gSA

fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax esa vk/kqfudrk dk lekos”ku %&tSlk fd mij of.kZr dj Li’V fd;k tk pqdk gS fd fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax

eqyr% vuq’Bkfud isaf.Vax ds :i esa E;wjy dh ,d ijEijk jgh gS ftls xqtjkr]e?; izns”k o NÙkhlx<+ ds [kkl tutkfr; cfLr;ksa esa muds ?kjksa dh fHkfÙk;ksaij ik;k tkrk gSA dgus dk vk”k; gS fd bldk vk/kkj fHkfÙk jgk gS o blijikjEifjd :Ik ls rS;kj fd;s x;s jaxksa }kjk gh fp=.k fd;k tkrk jgk gSAysfdu flaFksfVd dyj ,oa dSuokl o dkxt dk iz;ksx bl ckr dk |ksrd gSfd rdfudh :Ik ls blus vk/kqfudrk dks vius esa vkRelkr fd;k gSA

bruk gh ugha fo’k;xr :Ik ls Hkh ns[ksa rks vk/kqfud :idksa ¼ xfrekucl] thi] VzSDVj ] fjDlk vkfn ½ dks Hkh izrhdkRed :Ik esa fiFkkSjk fp= &/kjkry ij Qfyr fd;k x;k gS tks bls vk/kqfudrk ds lkFk leatu djus dksn”kkZrk gSAfiFkkSjk isaf.Vax dh fo”ks’krk,a %&

blds /kjkry esa likV lQsn] fdze ;k ;nk& dnk yky jax dkiz;ksx gSA fiFkkSjk isf.Vax ,d lkFk izkxSfrgkfldrk ] QSUVklh o ;FkkFkZrk dks


ljyrk ds lkFk vius esa lekfgr fd;s gq, gS tks fdlh vU; yksd ;ktutkfr; dyk ls vyx dj bls nqyZHkre cukrk gSA blds ,d Nksj ijikjEifjdrk rks nqljh Nksj ij vk/kqfudrk gS] ,d Nksj ij v?;kfRed “kfDr;ksadks tkx`r djus dk n”kZu gS rks nqljs Nksj ij vk/kqfud oSKkfud lalkj dsxfrf”kyrk ds ;FkkFkZfod liuksa ds lkFk vius dks tksM+us dk vdqykgV A ,dgh /kjkry ij v/;kfRed lRrk ds izrhd ds :Ik esa ?kksM+s dk n”kZu gksrk gS rksHkkSfrd lRrk ds izrhd ds :Ik esa lM+dksa ij nkSM+rh gqbZ xkfM+;ksa dk HkhA

fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax esa vkd`fr;ksa ds fp= /kjkry ij j[k & j[kko esaVdjkgV ugha gSA lHkh :ikdkjksa dks vius LoHkko dks Li’V :Ik ls dgus dsfy, i;kZIr LFkku vkoafVr fd;k tkrk gSA ,d vkd`fr nqljh vkd`fr ds mijyVddj viuh rLohj ugha f[kpok ldrh tSlk fd rFkkdfFkr gekjs lH;lekt esa izk;% ns[kus dks feyrk gSA ,slh O;oLFkk gS &fiFkkSj+k isaf.Vax esa AizR;sd vkd`fr ds vkl&ikl vodk”k dh mUur O;oLFkk ,d fof”k’V xq.k gS Afp= dh lEiw.kZ vkd`fr;kW vkil esa laxfBr gksdj la;kstu ds izHkko dks,fdd`r cukrh gSaaA

xfr”khyrk tks vkfne lekt ds vlhe ÅtkZ dk |ksrd gS mldk Hkhfun”kZu gesa fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax esa ns[kus dks feyrk gSA fp=&/kjkry ds izR;sdvkd`fr dks xfr”khy eqnzk esa fpf=r fd;k tkrk gSA izR;sd vkd`fr pyrs &fQjrs ;k nkSM+rs gq, vafdr dh tkrh gSA

fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax esa ,d iryh lh liZ dh rjg ygjkrs gq, ljiVnkSM+rh fofo/k jaxksa esa xawFkh gqbZ jLlh :ih js[kk bu tutkfr;ksa ds fuokl LFkyds Hkwxksy dk lVhd C;kSjk ns tkrh gSA xR;kRed js[kkvksa ds lkFk & f=Hkwt]vk;r o o`r dk Hkh iz;ksx fd;k tkrk gSA

fiFkkSjk isaf.Vax ds fo”ks’krkvksa esa ls ,d ;g Hkh gS fd vkd`fr;ksa dkscgqr vyad`r djus dk iz;kl ugha fd;k tkrk cfYd fpf=r vkd`fr;kW ghvyadj.k ds Hkko dks m}sfyr dj izLQwfVr djrh gSaA

gkf”k;k pkSM+k cuk;k tkrk gS tks fupys fgLls ds e/; Hkkx esa fp= dsnjokts ds :Ik esa [kqyk gqvk gksrk gSA gkf”k;s izk;% nks lh/kh js[kkvksa ds fcpfofo/k jaxh cQhZuqek vkd`fr ls vyad`r gksrh gS o ckgj ds vksj dh lh/khjs[kkvksa ls lVh gqbZ <sj lkjh f=Hkwtkdkj Vksih ftlds “kh’kZ f=”kwy ds tSlk rhuHkkxksa esa cWVs gq, gksrs gSa] dh vkdfr;kW fofo/k jaxksa esa jaftr dh tkrh gSaAgkf”k;k da?ks ds vkdkj ls lkE; j[krk gqvk izrhr gksrk gSA


lUnHkZ&lwfp%1. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pithora_(painting)2. http://gaatha.com/pithora-paintings/3. http://indianexpress.com/article/lifestyle/pithora-art-depicts-different-hues-of-

tribal-life/4. www.craftandartisans.com


izlkn ds ukVdksa esa jk"Vªh; HkkoukMkW0 'kkUr dqekj prqosZnh1

fgUnh lkfgR; esa ukV~; fo/kk dk foiqy lkfgR; izkIr gksrk gS] bl lkfgR; fo/kk dsmUuk;dksa rFkk lkfgR; Hk.Mkj dks le`) djus okys ukVddkjksa esa t;’kadj izlkn th dkLFkku loksZifj gSA izlkn th ds gh uke ij ukVd fo/kk dk bfrgkl foHkkftr fd;k tkrk gSAnwljs 'kCnksa esa bl fo/kk dh foHkktd js[kk dk uke gS izlknA izlkn ds igys ftrus Hkh ukVdfy[ks x;s os izlkn iwoZ ;qx ds ukVd dgyk;s vkSj tks izlkn th ds ckn fy[ks x;s mUgsaizlknksRrj dky dh ukV~; d`fr;k¡ dgh x;hA

izlkn th dh jpukof/k lu 1905 bZ0 ls 1937 bZ0 rd O;kIr gSA bl le; Hkkjrh;turk ds jk"Vªh;] lkekftd vkSj jktuhfrd :Ik ls tkx`r gksus dk le; FkkA Hkkjrh; jk"Vªh;vkUnksyu dh ikou lqjlfj ns’k ds izR;sd Hkkx esa izokfgr gks jgh FkhA ,sls le; esa blifo=/kkjk dk Li’kZ izlkn th ds vUr%dj.k rd igq¡pkA

vaxsztksa us flQZ Hkkjrh;ksa ij viuk 'kklu gh ugha Fkksik cfYd bfrgkl vkSj laLd`frnksuksa dks u"V djus dh iqjtksj dksf’k’k Hkh dhA ,slh fLFkfr esa izlkn th ds }kjk uohumRlkg] izsj.kk vkSj ÅtkZ dk lapkj djus ds fy, izkphu Hkkjrh; laLd`fr dks vius ukVdksa}kjk izpkfjr ,oa izLkkfjr fd;k x;kA bu ukVdksa dh dFkkoLrq ,sfrgkfld gS] tks xqIrdky lsyh x;h gSA bl dky dks Hkkjrh; bfrgkl esa Lof.kZe dky ds uke ls tkuk tkrk gSA ;gha lsizlkn th dks ns’k ds xkSjo ,oa Lof.kZe vrhr dk ;’kksxku djus dh vfHkizsj.kk izkIRk gqbZ vkSjvius ukVdksa ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus tu&tu rd jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk fo’kn lapkj fd;kA

1- lgk;d vkpk;Z] fgUnh foHkkx] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


jk"Vª dk xkSjo xkuizlkn th us rRdkyhu lekt esa ;g ckr Li"V :Ik ls ns[kh fd vaxzstksa }kjk jk"Vª

dh laLd`fr] lH;rk ,oa Hkk"kk ij fueZerk ls izgkj fd;k tk jgk Fkk] ,sls esa Hkkjrh;ksa ds ân;esa vius ns’k ds izfr eeRo txkus ds fy, mUgksaus ns’k dh vej xkSjo xkFkk dk xku fd;kA

**t; t; t; vkfn Hkwfet; t; t; Hkkjr HkwfeA**t; t; t; tUe Hkwfe]vius le I;kjhAfgefxfj le /khj jgs tuuh ozr/kkjhAA**1

izlkn th dh n`f"V esa HkkjrHkwfe vR;Ur xkSjoe;h] ,sfrgkfld] ohjizlqrk vkSjvR;f/kd le`)’kkyh Hkwfe gSA izlkn th us vius ,sfrgkfld ukVd *pUnzxqIr* ¼1931½ esa flU/kqunh ds uV ij xzhd f’kfoj esa dkusZfy;k ds xhr }kjk ns’k izse dh ,oa jk"Vª xkSjo xku dhHkkouk dks iznf’kZr fd;k gS tks vkt Hkh lEiw.kZ ns’kokfl;ksa ds fy, vuqdj.kh; izrhr gksrhgS&

**v:.k ;g e/kqe; ns’k gekjkAtgk¡ igq¡p vutku f{kfrt dks feyrk ,d lgkjkAAljl rke jl xHkZ foHkk ijukp jgh r: f’k[kk euksgjfNVdk thou gfj;kyh ijeaxy dqadqe lkjkA**2

izlkn th us vius ukVdksa esa vusd xhrksa dh ltZuk dh ftuds ek/;e ls mUgksaus jk"Vªds vykSfdd lkSUn;Z dks O;k[;kf;r fd;kAjk"Vª fgr esa vkReksRlxZ

izlkn ds dbZ ukVd ns’k fgr esa vkReksRlxZ ds fy, izsfjr djrs gSa] mudh cgqpfpZrukV~;d`fr LdUnxqIr ¼1928 bZ0½ esa ekr` xqIr Hkkjr ds fnO; ,oa HkO; vrhr dk xhr xkdjHkkjrh; lsuk esa vn~Hkqr lkgl ,oa mRlkg Hkj nsrk gSA ftlesa ns’k ds fy, vkReksRlxZ djusdh Hkkouk ik;h tkrh gSA

**ft;sa rks lnk mlh ds fy,];gha vfHkeku jgs ;g g’kZAfu%Nkoj dj nsa ge loZLo]gekjk I;kjk Hkkjr o"kZAA**3


blh ukVd esa gw.k vkØe.kdkjh f[kaf[ky dks ;q) {ks= esa ijkLr djus ds mn~ns’; lsukV~; uk;d LdUnxqIr HkVkdZ ls dgrk gS **vkt bl j.kHkwfe esa iqjxqIr dks ;qojkt cukrkgw¡A ns[kuk] esjs ckn tUeHkwfe dh nqnZ’kk u gksAA**4

izlkn th ds ukVdksa esa flQZ iq:"k ik= gh ugha] cfYd L=h ik= Hkh vkReksRlxZ dhizsj.kk iznku djrh gSA fu’rst] fu%lgk; LdUnxqIr dks deyk izksRlkfgr djrs gq, dgrh gS&**mBks LdUn ! vklqjh o`fRr;ksa dk uk’k djksA lksus okyksa dks txkvksa vkSj jksus okys dksg¡lkvksaA vk;kZorZ rqEgkjs lkFk gksxk vkSj vk;Zirkdk ds uhps lexz fo’o gksxkA**5

ukVddkj us LdUnxqIr ds ek/;e ls ;g O;[;kf;r fd;k fd tuuh vkSj tUeHkwfedh j{kk gsrq izk.kksRlxZ djus okys liwrksa dk _.k ns’koklh dHkh ugha pqdk ldrsA gw.kksa dsijkt; ds ckn LdUn xqIr dk nsolsuk ls dFku&n`"VO; gS& **tuuh tUeHkwfe dk m)kj djusdh ftl ohj us dh n`<+ izfrKk FkhA ftldk dHkh izfr’kks/k ugha fd;k tk ldrk ml ohjcU/kq oekZ dh Hkfxuh ekyos’k dqekj nsolsuk dh D;k vkKk gS\6

bl izdkj izlkn ds ukVd Hkkjrh; turk esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dk lapkj djdsvkReksRlxZ dh vewY; iszj.kk ls vksr&izksr gSa vkSj ;g izsj.kk mUgsa jk"Vªfgr esa ej feVus okys,sfrgkfld ik=ksa ls izkIr gqbZAjk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk

izlkn th ds O;fDrRo esa lrjaxs jax ns[kus dks feyrs gSaA blesa ,d jax mudkukVddkj okyk Hkh gSA mUgksaus vius ukVdksa esa jk"Vªh; ,drk ,oa v[k.Mrk dks thoUr djfn;k gSA muds ukVdksa dh lcls izfl) fo’ks"krk jk"Vªh; Hkkouk gSA izlkn th vuqHko dhthoUrewfrZ FksA vius pkjksa vksj ds ifjos’k dks mUgksaus vPNs <ax ls igpkuk FkkA mUgksaus /keZdks Hkh u;s lUnHkksZa esa xzg.k fd;k FkkA muds egku mnkRr ik=ksa ds fy, ,d ek= /keZ Fkkekuo /keZA

lEiw.kZ ns’k dks mUgksaus ,drk ds lw= esa ck¡/kus ds fy, ekuo /keZ dks gh viuk;k gSAmifu"knh; fopkj ls vuqizkf.kr gks olq/kSo dqVqEcde~ dk ewy ea= cuk;kA vtkr’k=q dhekfydk izLrqr dFku dh ltho ewfrZ gSA og vius ohj ,oa lkglh ifr lsukifr cU/kqRo dsgR;kjs dh iwjh rUe;rk ls lsok djrh gSA

bl ukVd esa xkSre cq) ekuoek= dh lekurk ,oa ,drk ij cy nsrs gq, dgrs gSa&**jktu ! D;k nkl&nklh euq"; ugha gSa\ D;k thou dh orZeku fLFkfr dks ns[kdj izkphuvU/kfo’oklksa dks tks u tkus fdl dkj.k ls gksrs vk;s gSa] rqe cnyus ds fy, izLrqr ughagks\**7

izlkn th us bl ukVd ds ek/;e ls ,drk LFkkfir djus dk lQyre~ iz;kl fd;kgSA xkSre cq) dk dFku bldk izek.k gS] **bl nq%[k leqnz esa dwn iMka+sA ;fn ,d Hkh jksrs gq,ân; dks rqeus g¡lk fn;k rks lglzksa LoxZ rqEgkjs vUnj fodflr gksaxsA fQj rqedks


ijnq%[kdkrjrk esa gh vkUkUn feysxkA**8 bl Hkkouk ls izlkn th us lexz Hkkjr esa /kkfeZdyM+kbZ] lEiznkf;d leL;k] izkUrh;rk vkfn dks fuewZy djds v[k.M ,drk dh LFkkiuk dhAns’k dh ,drk ds ckjs esa mUgksaus dsoy iq:"k ik=ksa ds ek/;e ls gh ugha cfYd L=h ik=ksa dsek/;e ls Hkh jk"Vªh; Hkkouk dks txkus dk iz;kl fd;kA deyk] jkek] t;ekyk vkSj vYkdkLons’kkuqjkfxuh ukfj;ka gSaA ftUgksaus vius drZO; ,oa n`<+ izfrKk ls jk"Vªh; ,drk dks leof/kZrdjus esa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku iznku djrh gaSA vydk] ekfydk tSlh ukfj;k¡ la?k"kZ’khy thou dksthdj Hkh jk"Vªh; ,drk dks v{kq.; cuk;s j[krh gSaA

izlkn ds ukVd pUnzxqIr dk ;g dFku jk"Vªh; ,drk dks ifjHkkf"kr djrk gS& **esjkns’k ekyo gh ugha xU/kkj Hkh gSA ;gh D;k lexz vk;kZorZ gSA**9

bl izdkj t;’kadj izlkn th ds ukVdksa esa jk"Vªh; Hkkouk ds vUrxZr R;kx] ,drk,oa vkReksRlxZ dh Hkkouk ik;h tkrh gSA ftlls Hkkjrh; turk dks lEiznkf;drk izkUrh;rk,oa tkfrokn ls Åij mBdj vkxs c<+us dh izsj.kk izkIr gqbZ& **fgekfnz rqax Jax ls izcq) 'kq)HkkjrhA

Lo;a izHkk leqTToyk Lora=rk iqdkjrh vfr lSU; flU/kq esa lqokM+kfXu ls tyks izohj gkst;h cuks cM+s pyks c<+s pyksAA**10

lUnHkZ&1- izlkn t;’kadj] dY;k.kh ifj.k;] izFke vad] n`’;&2] i`0&122- izlkn t;’kadj] pUnzxqIr] f}rh; vad] izFke n`’;] i`0&813- izlkn t;’kadj LdUnxqIr] iape vad] iape n`’;] i`0&1334- izlkn t;’kadj] LdUnxqIr] iape vad] iape n`’;] i`0&1345- izlkn t;’kadj] LdUnxqIr] prqFkZ vad] lIre n`’;] i`0&1196- izlkn t;’kadj] LdUnxqIr] iape vad] lIre n`’;] i`0&1257- izlkn t;’kadj] vktkr’k=q] r`rh; vad] iape n`’;] i`"B&878- izlkn t;’kadj] vtkr’k=q] r`rh; vad lIre n`’;] i`0&919- izlkn t;’kadj] pUnzxqIr] rrh; vad] v"Ve n`’; i`0&7310- izlkn t’kadj] pUnzxqIr] prqFkZ vad] NBk n`’;] i`0&157


uDlyokn vkSj mlds mn~Hko ds dkj.kMkW0 vf=eqfu f=ikBh1

uDlyokn ds iuius ds ihNs Hkkjr esa igys ls gh fo|eku vlarqyu vkSj vlekurk dhifjfLFkfr;ka dkQh ftEesnkj gSA fdlh ds ikl tehu dk ,d VqdM+k rd ugha rks dksbZcsfglkc tehu dk ekfyd ;k Lokeh gSA lkearh rRo tks vaxzsth O;oLFkk ds lkFk Hkkjr dsfofHkUu Hkkxksa esa mHkjs Fks tehankjh vkSj ns”kh jtokMksa ds [kRe gksus ds ckn Hkh jg x;s gSaALora=rk ds igys Hkh vusd d`’kd vkanksyu gq, ftuesa Lora=rk dh Ikw.kZ la/;k ij gq, caxkydk rsHkkxk] vkUnksyu] gSnjkckn] <Ddu dk rsyaxkuk vkUnksyu rFkk if”pfe Hkkjr esa oyhZvkUnksyu izeq[k gSA Lora=rk ds le; ;g fo”okl fd;k tkrk Fkk fd Lora=rk Hkkjr esa bud`’kdksa dh mfpr ekaxs Lohdkj gks tk;sxh] ijUrq yxHkx 60 o’kksZa esa Hkh ;g vk”kk iw.kZ ughagqbZA Lora=rk izkfIr ds ckn xzkeh.k {ks=ksa ds fodkl ds fy, ;|fi vusd dk;Zdzeksa dk“kqHkkjEHk gqvk] ijUrq tfVy fu;e] dkuwu] lRrk dk lkearh pfj=] Hkz’Vkpkj rFkk tkx:drkdh dHkh bR;kfn dkj.kksa ls fodkl dk ykHk t:jr eanksa dks ugha fey ldkA tehu dsforj.k dk Qk;nk Hkwfeghuksa ds lcls xjhc rcdks dks ugha fey ldkA orZeku ifjizs{; esa Hkhbl ,d i{kh; fodkl dks lgtrk ls O;oLFkk dk vax ekudj vuns[kh dh tk jgh gSA

Lora=rk ds ckn Hkkjr dh lkekftd vkfFkZd O;oLFkk dh ;FkkfLFkfr dks ftuvkUnksyuksa us lcls vf/kd o tksjnkj <ax ls >d>ksj muesa uDlyoknh vkanksyu Hkh ,dizeq[k gSA bl rF; ls badkj ugha fd;k tk ldrkA uDlyokn tuokn dk i{k/kj gSA phu dsfuekZ.k esa egRoiw.kZ Hkwfedk fuHkkus okys dkyZekDlZ vkSj ysfuu ds n”kZu ls izHkkfor FksA bUgksausgh uDlyokn dk lw=ikr fd;kA ekvks dkyZekDlZ us iwathoknh O;oLFkk ds f[kykQ fcxqy Qawd

1 lekt dk;Z foHkkx] tk0jk0fo0fo0fp=dwV ¼m0iz0½


fn;k vkSj tuoknh O;oLFkk dh fgek;r dhA ekvks us 1928 vkSj 1948 ds chp chl lky dhvof/k esa d`’kdksa ds leFkZu ls ,d NksVs xzkeh.k vapy ls QSydj lRrk gkfly dj yhA ekvksdh ;gh lQyrk uDlyoknh vkUnksyudkfj;ksa ds fy, izsj.kklzksr cuhA

Lora=rk ds yxHkx fiNys 60 o’kksZa ls uDlyoknh tehu cVokajs rFkk “kks’k.k ,oavR;kpkj ls eqfDr dk ukjk nsrs jgk gSA 1960 ds n”kd esa if”pe caxky ds nkftZfyax ftys esauDlyoknh xkao ls fdlku vkUnksyu ds :Ik esa “kq: gq, bl la?k’kZ dks 1967 esa uDlyhvkUnksyu dgk x;kAbudk QkSjh dk;Zdze ;g dgrk gS&1- HkwLokfe;ksa vkSj /kuh fdlkuksa ds voS/k dCts esa iM+h reke vfrfjDr csukeh vkSj nwljhfdLe dh tehu lkFk gh Hkwnku ds vUrxZr nh x;h tehu ^^fMekdsZVsM** tehu rFkk dfFkrou lajf{kr tehu dks n[ky djus rFkk bu tehuks dks Hkwfeghu] etnwj] xjhc o fuEu e/;efdlkuksa rFkk [kqn dk”r esa :fp j[kus okys csjkstxkj ;qodksa dks forfjr djus ds fy, la?k’kZA2- vfrfjDr tehu dk irk yxkus vkSj v?kksf’kr iV~Vsnkjh dks fjdkMZ djokus ds vykokekStwnk Hkwfe fjdkMksZa dk uohuhdj.k djus ds fy, Hkwfe loZs dh ekax ij la?k’kZ djukAxyr j.kuhfr ds dkj.k igys rsyaxkuk vkSj fQj uDlyoknh ds vkl&ikl ds uDlyokfn;ksadk lQk;k gks x;kA ysfdu mu vkUnksyuksa ds ihNs tks Hkkouk Fkk og xyr j.kuhfr dsdkj.k efyu ugha gqbZA lektokfn;ksa] dE;wfu’Vksa] tsih vkUnksyu ls fudyh /kkjkvksa vkSj cknesa uo&vkUnksyu us vius&vius <ax ls O;oLFkk dks pqukSrh nsus dh dksf”k”k dh gSA 1970&71ds vkl&ikl lks”kfyLVks vkSj dE;wfuLVksa us vfrfjDr tehu n[ky djus dk jk’VO;kihvkUnksyu pyk;k FkkA mlh dze esa lektoknh usrk jkekuUn frokjh Ikj tkuysok geyk Hkhgqvk FkkA ysfdu bldk fn[kk;h nsus okyk urhtk lkeus ugha vk;kA 1960&70 ds n”kd esaewy uDlyh vkUnksyu ds dqpys tkus ds ckn fo[k”kvks gqvk vkSj muesa vyx&vyx /kkjk;saiSnk gq;hA vkU/kz izns”k ds dksMkiYyh esa lhrk jeS;k ds usr`Ro esa ihiqYl ckj xzqi dk xBu gqvkrks dUgkbZ pVthZ ds usr`Ro esa ekvksoknh lsUVj cukAuDlyokn dh “kq:vkr ,d ,slh O;oLFkk ds fuekZ.k ds fy, gqbZ gS tks fdvkfFkZd&lkekftd U;k; ij dsfUnzr gSa] vkSj ftlesa fdlh dh mis{kk u dh tkrh gksA ;|fiuDlyokn “kq:vkr if”pe caxky ls gqbZ] exj bldh tMs e/; fo’kj esa cgqr iq[rk gqbZ gS]1970 esa uDlyh vkUnksyu flQZ 4 ftyksa rd lhfer FkkA ysfdu vkt ns”k ds 13 jkT;ksa ds160 fty blls izHkkfor gS] ftuesa vkU/kz izns”k] fogkj] >kj[k.M+] egkjk’Vª] mMhlk] if”pecaxky ds 76 ftys uDlyh fgalk ls cqjh rjg izHkkfor gSA xjhc vkSj “kksf’kr turk us “kks’k.kvkSj vR;kpkj ls cpus ds fy, fgalk dk jkLrk pqu fy;kA blesa bUgsa Rofjr ykHk fn[kkbZ nsrkgSA blds fy, O;fDr gh ugha gekjh O;oLFkk Hkh ftEesnkj gSA uoEcj 2005 esa tgkukckntsy czsd ?kVuk ftlesa uDlfy;ksa us tsy ij geyk djds vius lkfFk;ksa dks NqMk;k Fkk] ds


ckn Hkkdik ¼ekvksoknh½ izoDrk us dgk fd tc rd xjhch] “kks’k.k vkSj Hkz’Vkpkj c<rk jgsxk]rc rd gekjh rkdr Hkh c<rh jgsxh vkSj gekjh dzkfUr Hkh c<rh tk;sxhA

uDlfy;ksa esa Hkwfeghu ,oa NksVs fdlkuksa dks tehu fnykus dks yksHk nsdj ;suDlyoknh mUgsa viuh lRrk dh jktuhfr esa “krjat dk eksgjk cuk jgs gSaA tgka ,d vksjuDlyh vius 60 lky ds bfrgkl ds ckotwn Hkkjrh; lekt dks xqfRFk;ksa dks gy djus esaukdke gks jgs gSa vkSj lekt esa vkewy cnyko dh dqath vkt Hkh muds gkaFkksa ls nwj gS oghanwljh vksj fgalk cSeuLFk vkfn vusd fod`fr;ka lekt esa iui jgh gSa ftlls budk U;k; ijvk/kkfjr lkekftd O;oLFkk LFkkfir djus dk ukjk Lo;a esa ,d etkd cudj jgk x;k gSAHkkjr esa tehu dk cVokjk ,slk gS fd T;knkrj xkaoksa esa ,d ;knksa e/; ;k vxMh tkfr;ksa dsyksxksa ds gkaFkksa esa gh vf/kdka”k tehu gksrh gSA blfy, Hkwfeifr ;k Hkwfeghu ds chp la?k’kZ dkukkjk tc Hkh fn;k tkrk gS rks /kzqohdj.k ,d rjQ tehu okys lo.kksZa rFkk nwljh rjQHkwfeghu ;k lhekar tksrokys fiNMks gfjtuksa ds chp gks tkrk gS] ftldk izHkko ;g gksrk gSfd LFkkuh; uDlyh dk;ZdrkZ vDlj ,lsh izfr}afnrk ds izokg esa “kq) :Ik ls tkrh; la?k’kksZa esamy> tkrs gSaA blfy, uDlyh laxBuksa dk vk/kkj Hkh oxhZ; cuus ds ctk; {ks=h; cu tkrkgSA fcgkjk esa j.kohj lsu vkSj uDlyoknh la?k’kZ bldk thoar mnkgj.k gSAuDlyoknh vkanksyu ds tkrh; vk/kkj dk ,d ifj.kke ;g Hkh gksrk gS fd dgha&dgha tgka nksvyx&vyx uDlyh lewg ,d gh bykds esa dke djrs gSa rks muds leFkZu dk vk/kkj Hkhvyx&vyx tkfr;ka gks tkrh gSaA bu LFkkuksa ij uDlyh lewg [kqydj bu tkfr;ksa dhizfr}afnrk esa vius gfFk;kjcan tRFkksa dk ,d tkfr FkkA bwljh tkfr ds f[kykQ bLrsekydjrs gSaA mnkgj.k ds fy, ekpZ 1989 esa fcgkj dk tgkukckn ftyk tgka dbZ uDlyh lewglfdz; gSA v[kckjksa esa izdkf”kr [kcjksa ds vuqlkj fycjs”ku xzqi ds leFkZdksa us vYykgxat xkaods ljdkjh iks[kjs ds ,d ,sls Bsdsnkj dh eNfy;ka ywV yh tks ikVhZ ;wfuV ¼nwljk ekvksoknhlewg½ dk leFkZd FkkA vYykg xat xkao dh eqlgj Vksyh fycjsxu xzqi dk vM~Mk ekuh tkrhgSA blfy, cnys esa ikVhZ ;wfuV ds l”kL= nLrs us bl eqlgj Vksyh ij leFkZd ?kjksa esa vkxyxk nhA bl LFkku ij ikVhZ ;wfuV ds leFkZd ;kno gS vkSj bl izfr”kks/k esa ;knoksa dk gkFkcrk;k tkrk gSAuDlyokfn;ksa us viuh xfrfof/k;ka bruh vkxs c<k nh gS fd mudk lEiw.kZ Hkkjr ds ckgj Hkhgks jgk gS] rFkk mUgksaus vUrjkZ’Vªh; leFkZu izkIr djus dh teZuh dk nkSjk dj ogka dhdE;wfuLV ikfVZ;ksa ,e0,y0 ih0Mh0 ¼teZuh½ vkSj ,0ds0ih0 ¼ukosZ½ ds usr`Ro ds lkFk gh ogkacls lkE;oknh fopkj /kkjk ds Hkkjrh;ksa ls lEidZ LFkkfir fd;kA bl ;k=ko dk mn~ns”;vUrjkZ’Vªh; leFkZu tqVkus ds lkFk gh vk/kqfud gfFk;kjksa o foLQksVdksa dks izkIr djuk FkkAbl izdkj Li’V gS fd uDlyokfn;ksa ds bu fgalkRed rFkk vyxkooknh xfrfof/k;ksa dsifj.kkeLo:Ik jk’Vªh; ,drk rks ckf/kr gksrh gh gSA fodkl dh izfdz;k Hkh izHkkfor gksrh gSA


uDlyoknh fgalk ds tokc esa vU; lewgksa }kjk dk;Zokgh dh izfdz;k ls ruko dh fLFkfr iSnkgksrh gSA vR;k/kqfud gfFk;kjksa ls yS”k uDlyh ,d leL;k curs tk jgs gSaA vkt uDlyoknds c<rs izHkko dks jksduk o fgalk&izfrfgalk dh ?kVukvksa dh jksdFkke iz”kklu ds le{k ,dcMh pqukSrh curh tk jgh gSAuDlyoknh dks [kRe djus ds fy, gesa ewy leL;k ij /;ku nsuk gksxk] ftlls bl leL;kcy fey jgk gSA gesa bl vlekurk dks nwj djus ds fy, Hkwfe&lq/kkj dks izHkkoh cukuk gksxkrFkk dkuwuksa dks l[r djuk gksxkA ;g lc rHkh laHko gksxk tc ge nwjn”khZ lksp] n`<+ ladYids lkFk Bksl igy djsaAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph&1. Naxalism : Cause and cure- P.K. Agrawal.2. The Naxul challenge : Cause, linkages, and policy option. P.V.

Ramanna.3. The Naxul threat : Cause, State Responses and Consequesence- V.R.

raghavan.4. Revolution Highway- Dilip Simeon.5. Neo Naxul Challenge: Issue and option Girdhari Nayak.6. Nexalite Movement in india – Prakash Singh.


ekS;Z dkyhu lsukvksa dk Lo:Ik o ;q) dkS'kyjkts'k dqekj flag1

ekS;Z ;qx esa vkUrfjd ,oa okâ; lqj{kk ds fy, mUur lsuk laxfBr dhx;h FkhA vFkZ”kkL= esa prqjafx.kh lsuk vkSj mlds vaxksa dk mYys[k feyrk gSAdkSfVY; ds vuqlkj iSny v”o jFk vkSj gkaFkh lsuk ds pkj izeq[k vax FksAesxkLFkuht us lsuk ds lapkyu dk nkf;Ro ,d i`Fkd foHkkx ds vUrxZr ekukgSA ;g foHkkx N% milfefr;ksa esa foHkDr FkkA izFke pkj milfefr;ka lsuk dspkjksa vaxksa dks iznf”kZr djrh gSA ikapoha milfefr lsuk ds fy, vko”;d[kk|&lkexzh ;q) ds fy, mi;ksxh vL=&”kL= o vU; midj.k vkSj lkekudh nqykbZ ds lk/ku tqVkus dk dk;Z djrh FkhA NBh milfefr tgkth csMs dslsukifr ds lkFk lg;ksx djrh FkhA dkSfVY; us Hkh ‘kMaxksa esa ukSlsuk vkSj fo’Vdks “kkfey fd;k FkkA ekS;ksZa dh ;g ,d LFkk;h lsuk Fkh] ftlds gj lSfud dksjkT; dh vksj ls osru feyrk FkkA

;q) dk izeq[k vk/kkj lsuk gksrh FkhA vr% lqfu;ksftr <ax ls yM+us dsfy, mUgsa cyksa vkSj vaxksa esa laxfBr fd;k tkrk FkkA dkSfVY; us vFkZ”kkL= esaN% izdkj ds lSfud cyksa dk mYys[k fd;k gS] ekSy] Hk`r] Js.kh] fe= vfe= vkSjtkVohA vU; jktuhfrd xzUFkksa esa Hkh cyksa dk ,slk gh mYys[k gS& cyksa dklaf{kIr fooj.k bl izdkj gS& ekSycy& ml cy dks dgrs gS] tks LFkk;h :Ikls jktlsok esa jgrk FkkA blds lSfudksa dk p;u o Hkj.k &iks’k.k jkT; djrkFkkA ekS;ksaZ ds lSU; cy esa Hk`r cy dk nwljk LFkku FkkA ;s lSfud jkT; dsfudV jgrs FksA ges”kk ;q) ds fy, rRij jgrs Fks vkSj jkT; ds fu;a=.k esa jgrsFksA1- 'kks/kNk=] Ek0xk0fp0xzk0fo0fo0fp=dwV


dkSfVY; us jktuSfrd n`f’V ls lEiw.kZ lkezkT; dh lqj{kk ds fy, pkjizdkj ds nqxksaZ dk mYys[k f;dk gSA tks nqxZ fdlh unh esa fLFkr gks ;k ,slsLFkku ij cuk gks ftlds pkjksa vksj dh Hkwfe Å¡ph&uhph gks mls vkSnd nqxZdgrs gSaA ftl nqxZ dks igkMh ij cuk;k tk; ;k ioZr xqgk esa fLFkr gks] mlsikoZr nqxZ dgrs gSaA ty ls “kwU; e:Hkwfe esa >kaM>kS[kM ls ifjiw.kZ tehu ijcuk;s x;s nqxZ ^/kkUou nqxZ* dgrs gSaA taxyksa ls f?kjk taxy esa cuk nqxZ ôunqxZ*dgykrk gSA mDr nqxksZa esa vkS<d rFkk ikoZr vkifRr esa tuin dh j{kk dsmi;ksx esa yk;s tkrs Fks vkSj /kkUou ,oa ounqxZ ouikyksa dh j{kk ds fy,mi;ksxh gksrk FkkA vkifRr ds le; bu nqxksZsa esa vkdj jktk viuh j{kk djrkFkkA

izkphu dky esa O;olkf;;ksa vkSj f”kfYi;ksa ds laxBu dks dgrs FksA;q) vDlj ij ;s lSfud Jsf.k;ksa /ku izkIr dj j.k{ks= esa mrj iM+rh FkhA buJs.kh ds lSfudksa dk LokFkZ vkSj /;s; jktk ds vuq:Ik gksrk FkkA Js.khcy dksjkt/kkuh dh j{kk esa vkSj ;q) esa lkFk ys tk;k tkrk FkkA jk’Vª o jkT; dhlqj{kk ds fy, Js.khcy dks Js’B ekuk x;k FkkA lSU; cy esa fe= cy dks pkSFkkLFkku izkIRk FkkA bl oxZ ds vUrxZr fe= vkSj jkT;ksa vkSj lkeUrksa }kjk lgk;rkLo:Ik Hksth x;h lsuk vkrh FkhA leku mn~ns”;ksa ls izsfjr gksdj lsuk,a mi;ksxhle>h tkrh FkhA vkVfod tkfr;ksa dh lsuk dks gh dkSfVY; us vkVfod cydgk gSA budk mn~ns”; ;q) esa ywV&ikV djuk gksrk FkkA vr,o jktk dksbuls lko/kku jgus dh vko”;drk crkbZ x;h gSA v”kksd ds rsjgosa f”kykys[kesa Hkh vkVoh dk mYYks[k feyrk gSA

;q) {ks= esa iSny pydj lSU; dk;Zokgh djus okyh lsuk dks infr lsu;k iSny lsuk dh laKk nh x;h FkhA iSny lsuk le vkSj fo’ke ¼Å¡ph vkSjuhph½ nksuksa izdkj dh Hkwfe ij ;q) dj ldrh FkhA bZ”kk iwoZ pkSFkh lnh esaiSny lsuk dk Hkkjrh; j.kHkwfe esa izHkko c<kA ;q) esa xfr”khyrk cuk;s j[kus dsfy, v”o lsuk ij cy fn;k tkuk LokHkkfod FkkA ;wukuh ;kf=;ksa us Hkkjr ds;q)ksa esa jFk dk iz;ksx gksrs ns[kk FkkA esxkLFkkuht us fy[kk gS fd ;q) esa dwpds nkSjku jFk cSyksa }kjk [khaps tkrs FksA ?kksMs jLlh ls cka/kdj ys tk;s tkrs FksArkfd os t[eh ,oa mRrsftr u gks vkSj mudh “kfDr jFk [khapus esa detksj uiMsA lkjFkh ds vykok jFk esa nks ;ks)k vkSj cSBrs FksA ekS;Z ;qx esa xtlsuk dksizfrf’Br LFkku izkIr FkkA ukxfjdksa o lkefjd nksuksa izdkj dh vko”;drkvksarFkk jktdh; oSHko o le`f) ds izn”kZu esa gk¡fFk;ksa dk eq[; :Ik ls iz;ksx fd;ktkrk FkkA ckS) ;qx ls gh gk¡Fkh ,d l”kDr lsukax FkkA


jkT; ds }kjk gh mUgsa ;q) ds lc vko”;d lk/ku tSls&?kksMs] gk¡Fkh]gfFk;kj] jln vkfn izkIr gksrk FkkA dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj lSfud lnSo ;q) dsfy, rRij jgrs FksA mUgksaus Å¡Vksa] ?kksMksa ,d lgk;d lsuk dk Hkh mYys[k fd;kgS] ftuds lkFk dqN x/ks Hkh gksrs Fks] tks lw[ks ekSle esa ,slh txgksa ij dkedjrs Fks] tgka nyny ugha gksrh FkhA

pUnzxqIr ekS;Z ds N% lSU; foHkkxksa esa ls ,d foHkkx ukSlsuk ls lEcfU/krFkkA ;wukfu;ksa ds fooj.k ls irk pyrk gS fd Hkkjrh; iksr cukus dh dyk esan{k FksA dkSfVY; ds vuqlkj ukSlsuk foHkkx ukSdk/;{k ds v/khu FkkA ftls ;q)ls lEcfU/kr lHkh leL;kvksa ij fopkj djuk iMrk FkkA fo’V lsuk ds pkjksavaxksa dks jln o ifjogu vkfn igqapkrk FkkA bl foHkkx ds v/khu lSU; lkexzho jln <ksus okys okgu] fpfdRld] Hkfo’;oDrk ;a=ksa dh ejEer djus okys]lSfud o v”oksa dh ns[kHkky djus okys O;fDr vkrs FksA

;q) {ks= esa lSfudksa dks Hkkstu] oL=] “kL= vkfn dk forj.kdjuk] ;q) Hkwfe ls ?kk;y lSfudksa dks fpfdRlk dsUnzksa ij ykuk mudh fpfdRlkdjuk] f”kfoj LFkkfir djuk] m[kkMuk taxy lkQ djuk rFkk jkLrksaa dk fuekZ.kdjuk] vkfn bl foHkkx dk nkf;Ro FkkA

ekS;Z ;qx esa ;fn prqjafx.kh lsuk egRoiw.kZ Fkh] rks lsuk ds lgk;d vaxksadk egRo de ugha FkkA lSU; vfHk;ku esa dbZ ,sls dk;Z Fks] tks lgk;d lsuk dsvHkko esa ugha gks ldrs FksA vr% mi;qZDr fooj.k ds vk/kkj ij ge dg ldrsgS fd lgk;d lsuk] lsuk ds eq[; vaxksa dh iwjd FkhAizkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr fcnks

izkphu Hkkjrh; jktuhfr fcnks us vUrjkZ’Vªh; jktuhfr esa “kkfUriw.kZ uhfrij vR;f/kd egRo fn;k vkSj lekfn ¼pkj mik;ksa½ ds }kjk ikjLifjd laca/k dkslkSgknZiw.kZ cuk;s j[kus ij cy fn;k] “kkfUriw.kZ mik;ksa dh vlQyrk dh fLFkfresa ;q) dk fodYi lkeus vk;kA bl lEcU/k esa Jh dk”kh izlkn tk;loky usfy[kk gS fd ^îzkphu Hkkjr esa ;FkklaHko ;q) Vkyus dh uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;ktkrk FkkA blh uhfr dk vuqlj.k djrs gq, pUnzxqIr ekS;Z us lsY;wdl ds lkFkvdzked uhfr dk ikyu ugha fd;k vkSj mlus ikjLifjd lEcU/k ea=hiw.kZcuk;kA v”kksd lezkV us ;q) dh vdzkedrk ls gh izHkkfor gksdj ;q) dkifjR;kx dj “kkfUriw.kZ uhfr dk vuqlj.k fd;kA ijUrq jkT; dh dkSfVY; usrhu izdkj ds ;q)ksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA tks fd bl izdkj gS&

1- izdk”k ;q)2- dwV ;q)


3- rw’.kh ;q)dkSfVY; us bu ;q)ksa ds }kjk gksus okyh fot;ksa dk Hkh mYys[k fd;k gS] ftlsmUgksaus ^^/keZ fot;** ^yksHk fot;*] rFkk ^vlqj fot;* dh laKk nh gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- Vh0oh0 eq[kthZ] i`0la0&16A2- v”kksd dk f”kykys[k]&13] jktcyh ik.Ms;] ogh i`0la03- ch0,e0 c:vk ogh] i`0la0 154A4- vkpk;Z nhikadj ogh] i`0la0&2785- /keZ fot;h rq’;frA6- vFkZ “kkL=A7- ch0,0 fLeFk] vkehZ fgLVªh vkQ bafM;u i`0la0 558- uhyd.B “kkL=h i`0la0&669- vFkZ”kkL= 7]6A


f'k'kq f'k{kk esa ekUVsljh i)fr dh mikns;rkMkW0 t; flag1 ,oa T;ksfr feJk2

lkjka'kbfUnz; ;FkkFkZokn dh leFkZd vkSj f'k{kk ds oSKkfud] euksoSKkfud ,oa

fodkloknh fl)kUrksas ds egRo dks ekU;rk iznku djus okyh MkW0 esfj;kekUVsljh us fiNM+s ckydksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, ,d fof'k"V f'k{k.k i)fr dks tUefn;k tks ekUVsljh i)fr ds uke ls iz[;kr gqbZA ekUVsljh fo|ky;ksa esa 3 o"kZls 6 o"kZ rd ds f'k'kq f'k{kk xzg.k djrs gSA MkW0 ekUVsljh us f'k{kk mn~ns';ksa esaf'k'kq f'k{kk dks gh iz/kkurk nh gS vkSj mUgksaus viuh f'k{k.k fof/k;ksa esa desZfUnz;ksadh f'k{kk] KkusfUnz;ksa dh f'k{kk o i<+us fy[kus dk xf.kr dh f'k{kk dks fo'ks"kegRo fn;k gSA ekUVsljh i)fr iq:"k f'k{kd dh vis{kk L=h f'kf{kdk dks vf/kdegRo nsrh gS D;ksafd L=h f'kf{kdkvksa esa izse] Lusg o lgkuqHkwfr iq:"k f'k{kd dhvis{kk vf/kd gksrh gSA cky eu dks le>us esa vf/kd leFkZ gksrh gSA ekUVsljhi)fr fo'ks"kr;k f'k'kqvksa ds euksfoKku ij vk/kkfjr gSA bl i)fr esa f'k'kqvksadh :fp;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdj fofHkUu midj.kks o fØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kknsus o lh[kus ds volj iznku fd;s gSA

ekUVsljh i)fr flQZ f'k{k.k i)fr gh ugha gS u ;g f'k{kk txr dk,d ØkfUrdkjh fopkj gS] u oSKkfud txr dk uwru lR;] u vkfFkZdleL;kvksa dk ,dkfUrd lek/kku ;k tokc gS] u gh orZeku jktuhfrd my>udk jkeck.k byktA ;g rks ,d n`f"V gS ,d u;k izdk'k gSA ;g i)fr f'k'kqvksadk lokZaxh.k fodkl djrh gS vkSj lkFk gh lkFk muesa O;kolkf;d n{krk ,oalkekftd dq'kyrk dk fodkl dj mudk Hkkoh thou lq[ke; cukus dk iz;kldjrh gSA1- f'k{kk egkfo|ky;] jhoka ¼e0iz0½2- HkkxoUrh ,tqds'ku lsUVj fMxzh dkyst] eU/kuk] dkuiqj


HkwfedkbfUnz; ;FkkFkZokn dh leFkZd vkSj f'k{kk ds oSKkfud] euksoSKkfud ,oa

fodkloknh fl)kUrksa ds egRo dks ekU;rk iznku djus okyh] MkW0 esfj;kek.Vsljh dk tUe lu~ 1870 esa bVyh ds vUdksuk izns'k ds f'k;kjSosy uxj esagqvk FkkA mUgksaus 1894 esa jkse fo'ofo|ky; ls MkDVjh dh ijh{kk ikl djus dsi'pkr~ mlh fo'ofo|ky; esa mUgsa fiNM+s gq, rFkk eUn cqf) ckydksa dh f'k{kkdk Hkkj lkSaik x;kA mUgksaus vius bl drZO; dks cM+s gh lQyrkiwoZd <ax lsfuHkk;k vkSj fiNM+s ckydksa dh f'k{kk ls lEcfU/kr vusd vUos"k.k Hkh fd;sA

Mk0 ekUVsljh us fiNM+s ckydksa dh f'k{kk ds fy, ,d fof'k"V f'k{k.ki)fr dks tUe fn;k tks ekUVsljh i)fr ds uke ls iz[;kr gqbZA viuh i)frdks Js"B cukus ds fy, mUgksaus iz;ksxkRed euksfoKku dk Hkh v/;;u fd;kAfiNM+s ckydksa ds lkFk&lkFk mUgksaus bl i)fr dks lk/kkj.k cqf) okys f'k'kqvksaij Hkh iz;ksx fd;k vkSj mUgsa bl dk;Z esa vf/kd lQyrk feyhA mUgksaus viuhi)fr ds ek/;e ls lkekU; ,oa eUn nksuksa gh izdkj dh cqf) ds ckydksa dksf'kf{kr djuk izkjEHk fd;kA Mk0 esfj;k us viuk lEiw.kZ thou f'k'kqvksa dh f'k{kkesa O;rhr dj fn;k vkSj mUgksaus 3 o"kZ ls 6 o"kZ ds cPpksa dh f'k{kk ijvf/kdkf/kd /;ku fn;kA Mk0 ekUVsljh dbZ cky x`gksa dh v/;{kk Hkh jghaA

f'k{kk ds {ks= esa vius ijh{k.kksa dk ldkjkRed ifj.kke ns[kdj og bruhmRlkfgr gqbZ fd mUgksaus lEiw.kZ fo'o dks bl uohu i)fr ds izpkj&izlkj dsfy, Hkze.k djuk izkjEHk dj fn;kA lu~ 1952 esa bl egku f'k{kk fo'kkjn usvius 'kjhj dk R;kx dj fn;kA

vkt ekUVsljh i)fr ;wjksi] vesfjdk] phu] fQyhihu] vkLVªsfy;k]vQzhdk rFkk vU; ns'kksa esa rsth ls QSy jgh gSA bldk dkj.k ;g gS fd bldsfl)kUr ekuo fodkl dh LoHkkfod vko';drk rFkk Øe ij fufeZr gSA vktfo'o esa ftl izdkj dh f'k{kk f'k'kqvksa ds fy, vko';d gS bl ekUVsljh i)frds ek/;e ls mls miyC/k djk;h tk ldrh gSA

ek.Vsljh dh nk'kZfud fopkj /kkjk ,oa f'k{kk n'kZuf'k{kk dk vFkZ

MkW0 esfj;k us f'k{kk lEcU/kh vius fopkjksa dks okLrfod iz;ksxksa rFkkLofujh{k.k ds vk/kkj ij fu/kkZfjr fd;s gSaA ek.Vsljh ds fopkjkuqlkj & f'k{kk,d xfr'khy izfØ;k gS tks ckyd ds thou ds dk;Z&dykiksa ls ifjfpr djkrhgS] mlds O;fDrRo dk lE;d fodkl djrh gS vkSj bl fodkl dk ekuo tkfrds fodkl ls lkeatL; LFkkfir djrh gSA


ek.Vsljh us viuk dksbZ n'kZu ugha fn;k gS vkSj u gh mUgksaus dksbZnk'kZfud fopkj izLrqr fd, gSaA mUgksaus f'k'kqvksa ls lEcfU/kr tks fopkj izLrqrfd, gSa mUgha ls mudh nk'kZfud fopkj/kkjk dk irk pyrk gSA

ek.Vsljh dS/kksfyd /kekZfoyEch Fkh vkSj vkRek&ijekRek o f'k'kq dh 'kq)vkRek esa fo'okl j[krh Fkh] bl fy, dqN fo)ku mUgsa vk/;kfRed ;FkkFkZoknhekurs gSA dqN fo)ku mUgsa KkusfUnz;ksa ;FkkFkZokn dk leFkZd ekurs gSa D;ksafdog foKku dks ekurh gS oSKkfud i)fr dk iz;ksx djrh gSA bfUnz; izf'k{k.kdks f'k{kk dk vk/kkj ekurh gS] fodklokn esa fo'okl j[krh gS vkSj oLrq txrdks ;FkkFkZ ekurh gSA dqN mUgsa izd`froknh le>rs gSa D;ksafd og f'k'kqvksa dsLorU= fodkl ij cy nsrh gSA ekuorkoknh ,oa ekuo dY;k.k rFkk lsok esavxk/k J)k j[kus ds dkj.k dqN fo)ku mUgsa ekuorkoknh Hkh ekurs gS blizdkj ;g vk/;kReoknh rFkk HkkSfrdoknh n'kZuksa ds ekuorkoknh fopkjksa dhvuq;k;h FkhAf'k{kk ds mn~ns';ek.Vsljh esa Lo;a dks dsoy f'k'kq f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa rd gh lhfer j[kk mudhn`f"V ls f'k{kk ds mn~ns'; fuEu gksus pkfg, %&

1- tUetkr 'kfDr;ksa dk LokHkkfod fodklA2- thou ds fy, rS;kj djukA3- O;kogkfjd dq'kyrk dk fodklA4- bfUnz;ksa dk izf'k{k.k o fodklA5- f'k'kqvksa dk uSfrd fodkl djuk] mUgsa 'kfDr vkSj lsok dk ikB i<+kukA

ikB~;ØeMkW0 ek.Vsljh us fd;k iz/kku ikB~;Øe ij fo'ks"k cy fn;kA mUgksaus

ikB~;Øe esa fofHkUu izdkj ds fØ;kRed o jpukRed [ksy] izd`fr fujh{k.k ,oav/;;u] fy[kuk] i<+uk o xf.kr] laxhr] u`R;] fp=.k] lkekU; foKku vkfnfo"k;ksa dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k gSA mUgksaus ikB~;Øe dks vyx&vyx fo"k;ksa ds:i esa ugha oju~ ,dhd`r fo"k; ds :i esa ekuk lkfgR;] dyk] bfrgkl]lkekftd eqn~ns] jktuSfrd foKku] vFkZ'kkL= foKku o rduhdh dk v/;;ulHkh dks ,d nwljs ds iwjd crk;k gSA vkSj igyh ls ikapoh rd ds f'k'kqvksa dsfy, vyx&vyx dk;ksZa dk forj.k fd;kAfo|ky; dk Lo:i

MkW0 ek.Vsljh us vius Ldwy dk uke ^fpYMªsu gkml* j[kkA Hkkjr esabldks ek.Vsljh fo|ky; ds uke ls Hkh tkuk tkrk gSA orZeku le; dh


lokZsRd`"V f'k'kq&ikB'kkykvksa esa ekW.Vsljh Ldwy dk lqfuf'pr LFkku gSaAf'k'kq&fo|ky; ds Lo:i ds fo"k; esa vius vfMx fo'okl dks O;Dr djrs gq,MkW0 esfj;k ek.Vsljh us dgk fd ;g fo|ky;] vcks/k ckydksa ds efLr"d esaKku B¡wlus okyk dkj[kkuk u gksdj ?kj ds leku fiz; ,oa lq[kn LFkku gksukpkfg,A

ek.Vsljh fo|ky; esa 3 o"kZ ls 6 o"kZ rd ds ckyd f'k{kk xzg.k djrsgSA blesa vusd dejs gksrs gSA Hkou dk izeq[k dejk v/;;u d{k gSA NksVsdejs tSls&dkWeu :e] vYikgkj xg] foJke x`g] gLrdk;Z d{k] O;k;ke'kkyk]'kkSpky; vkSj cPpksa dk Luku&d{k bR;kfn eq[; dejs ls tqM+s gksrs gSaA cPpksa ds[ksyus ds fy, cM+k eSnku gksrk gSA cPpksa ds cSBus ds fy, NksVh&NksVh dqflZ;ksarFkk estsa gksrh gSA ftu ij ckyd cSBdj dHkh&dHkh [ksy Hkh [ksyrs gSA eSnkuesa dqN dEcy fcNk fn;s tkrs gSa ftu ij ckyd [ksyrs gSaA fo|ky; esa lHkhlkeku cPpksa dh vko';drk ds vuq:i gksrh gSA dejksa esa fofHkUu izdkj dslksQk vkSj vYekfj;kW Hkh gksrh gSA cPps viuh ikB~;&lkexzh vYekfj;ksa esa j[krsgSA nhokjksa esa NksVs dkys r[rs tqM+s jgrs gSA ftuin cPps viuhvko';drkuqlkj fp= Hkh cukrs gS ;k fpidkrs gSA cPPkksa dks f[kykSus] Qwy] fp=vkSj mUrysZ[k dh lkexzh iznku dh tkrh gSA Hkkstu x`g esa est&dqflZ;ksa] pEep]tyik= vkfn lkexzh gksrh gSA

cPpksa ds cSBd ds dejs esa Hkh mudh vyekjh gksrh gS] tgkW os Luku dsfy, viuk lkcqu vkSj rkSfy;k j[krs gSA ogkW ,d NksVh lh QqyokM+h Hkh gksrhgS ftldh ns[kHkky Lo;a cPps gh djrs gSA cPPkksa dh Å¡pkbZ ukius ds fy,isM+ksehVj rFkk otu rkSyus ds fy, osV e'khu dh Hkh lqfo/kk fo|ky; esa gksrhgSA fo|ky; esa rhu izdkj ds vH;klksa dh leqfpr O;oLFkk gSA

1- O;kogkfjd thou esa izf'k{k.k2- jk"Vªh; izf'k{k.k3- Hkk"kk,¡ vkSj xf.kr f'k{k.k ds fy, vH;klA

ek.Vsljh us cPpksa dks LorU=rk iw.kZ f'k{kk nsus ds lkFk gh lkFk muesavuq'kklu dk Hkh /;ku j[kkA mudk ekuuk Fkk fd ek.Vsljh fo|ky;ksa esackydksa dks ,slk okrkoj.k iznku fd;k tk, fd os dqN Hkh djus ds fy,iw.kZ:i ls LorU= gksrs gq, Hkh ogh djsa tks vkUrfjd vuq'kklu dh ekax gksAmUgksaus cPpksa esa Lovuq'kklu o vkRe fu;a=.k dh Hkkouk fodflr dh ftllsek.Vsljh fo|ky;ksa esa vuq'kklughurk dh leL;k mRiUu u gSA


v/;kid o fo|kFkhZ dk LFkkuMkW0 ek.Vsljh us loZizFke f'k{kd 'kCn dks gVkdj ml LFkkuij

lapkfydk ;k funsZf'kdk 'kCn dk iz;ksx fd;k mudk fopkj gS fd mldk igykdrZO; f'k{kk u gksdj lapkyu djuk gSA mUgksaus iq:"k f'k{kd ls L=h f'kf{kdkvksadks vf/kd egRo fn;k mudk ekuuk Fkk fd L=h f'kf{kdkvksa esa izse] Lusg] olgkuqHkwfr iw:"k f'k{kd ls vf/kd gksrh gS os ckydksa ds dksey gzn; dks tkuldrh gSA os f'k{kdksa esa ekyh dk :i ns[kuk pkgrh Fkh tks ikS/kksas dh rjg cPpksadh izkd`frd o`f)] /kS;Z] izse] vkSj ekuork ds xq.k vo'; fo|eku gksaA Øks/k dksos cgqr cM+k iki ekurh Fkh tks cPpksa dks le>us esa ck/kd gSA

ekUVsljh i)fr dk ewY;kaduxq.k ,oa nks"kksa ds ek/;e ls ekUVsljh i)fr dk ewY;kadu djuk laHko gS %&xq.k

1- MkW0 ekUVsljh dh i)fr oSKkfud gS os vuqHko vkSj fujh{k.k ij cy nsrhgSA

2- midj.kksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk nsus dk mudk fopkj ljkguh; gS D;ksafdNksVs cPpksa dks oLrqvksa ds iz;ksx esa vkuUn feyrk gS vkSj mUgsa ljyrkls lh[kus esa Hkh enn feyrh gSA

3- MkW0 ekUVsljh us lkewfgd f'k{k.k dh vis{kk O;fDrxr f'k{k.k ij vkf/kdcy fn;k gSA

4- mUgksaus KkusfUnz;ksa dh f'k{kk ij vf/kd tksj fn;k gSA blls ckydksa dsefLr"d dk fodkl laHko gSA

5- MkW0 ekUVsljh us vuq'kklu iqjLdkj ,oa n.M dk fojks/k fd;k gS mUgksaus,oa vuq'kklu dk egRo fn;k gSA

6- ekUVsljh i)fr esa fy[kus o lh[kus dks fo'ks"k egRo fn;k x;k gSA7- ;g i)fr ckydksa dks okrkoj.k ds lkFk lek;ksftr gksus ds l{ke cukrh

gSA8- ekUVsljh i)fr lkekftd ewY;ksa ls ifjiw.kZ gS D;ksafd ckyd lg;ksxkRed

:i ls lHkh dk;Z djrs gSAnks"k

1- LVuZ egksn; dk dguk gS fd 'kSf{kd midj.kksa ls ckydksa esa cqf) dk,dkaxh fodkl gksrk gSA

2- LiSaxj egks; ds vuqlkj & ekUVsljh i)fr esa dkYifud [ksyksa dh mis{kkdh x;h gSA ckydksa dh vlUrq"V ewy izo`fRr;ksa dk jspu bUgha dkYifud


[ksyksa ls gksrk gSA bl jspu ds vHkko esa Hkkouk xzfUFk;ksa ds cuus dk Hk;gksrk gSA

3- ekUVsljh i)fr igys fy[kuk fl[kkrh gS ;g iz'u Hkh fooknkLin gSA ;gi)fr ftl fof/k ls fy[kuk fl[kkrh gS og oSKkfud gksrs gq, HkheuksoSKkfud ugha dgha tk ldrh gSA o.kZ rFkk v{kj ls u pydj okD;ls pyuk xsLVkYl eukSoSKkfud ds vuqlkj mi;qDr gSA

4- gslu dk dguk gS fd ekUVsljh i)fr esa [ksy ds okLrfod fl)kUr dkvHkko gSA [ksy] [ksy ds fy, gks] rHkh og [ksy gksxk] vU;Fkk dk;Z gkstk;sxkA

5- ;g i)fr le; vf/kd ysrh gSA6- bl i)fr esa dsoy ,d gh KkusfUnz; dh ,d ckj f'k{kk nh tkrh gSA7- ;g i)fr vf/kd [kphZyh gS vkSj xjhc lekt esa dfBurk ls ykxw gkss

ikrh gSA8- bl i)fr esa ckydksa ls dqN ,sls dk;Z djk;s tkrs gS tks mldh voLFkk

ds vuqdwy ugha dgs tk ldrsA tSls Hkkstu ijksluk] crZu /kksuk vkfnA9- ekUVsljh i)fr esa lkfgR; rFkk dfork dks dksbZ LFkku ugha fn;k x;k gS

tcfd NksVs cPps dfork] Mªkek rFkk bl izdkj dh lkfgfR;d xfrfof/k;ksaesa vf/kd :fp ysrs gSaA

mi;qZDr nks"kksa ds ckotwn Hkh ek.Vsljh i)fr dh f'k{kk txr esavogsyuk ugha dh tk ldrh gSA bl f'k{k.k i)fr dh orZeku esa Hkhmruh gh mikns;rk gS] ftruh ml le; FkhA blesa dksbZ lUnsg ugha gSfd mUgksaus vk/kqfud f'k{kk txr dks ,d uohu f'k{k.k i)fr iznku dhgSA

MkW0 ek.Vsljh us fo'ks"k :i ls fdUMjxkMZu i)fr dks ifj"d`rdjds iwoZ&izkFkfed Lrj ij f'k'kqvksa ds fy, vf/kd ykHkdkjh i)fr dkfuekZ.k fd;k gSA ;g iz.kkyh fo'ks"kr;k f'k'kqvksa ds euksfoKku ijvk/kkfjr gSA bl i)fr esa f'k'kqvksa dh :fp;ksa dks /;ku esa j[kdjfofHkUu midj.kksa o fØ;kvksa ds ek/;e ls f'k{kk iznku djus ds o lh[kusds volj iznku fd;s gSA ;g i)fr cPpksa dks Lo;a djds o Lo;a dsvuqHko ds }kjk lh[kus ds volj nsrh gS rFkk nSfud thou dh fØ;kvksals f'k'kqvksa dks ifjfpr djkrs gq, mUgsa f'k{kk iznku djrh gS] mudklokZaxh.k fodkl djrh gSA vkSj lkFk gh lkFk muesa O;kolkf;d n{krk


,oa lkekftd dq'kyrk dk fodkl dj mudk Hkkoh thou lq[kh olEiUu cukus dk iz;kl djrh gSA

ekUVsljh ds dk;ksZa dh ljkguk djrs gq, f'k{kkfon~ gksEl dk dFkugS%&

^^MkW0 ekUVsljh dk dk;Z vf}rh; vuks[kk vkSj xkSjoiw.kZ gSA gekjsikl f'k{kk iz.kkyh dk dksbZ ,slk vU; mnkgj.k ugha gS] tks de ls deviuh Øec) iw.kZr% vkSj vius O;kogkfjd iz;ksx esa ekSfyd gks vkSjftldk fuekZ.k rFkk mn~?kkVu ,d L=h ds efLr"d vkSj gkFk ls fd;kx;k gksA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph1- MkW0 ik.Ms; jke'kdy] fo'o ds Js"B f'k{kk'kkL=h] laLdj.k ckjgokW]

vxzoky ifCyds'kUl] vkxjkA2- R;kxh th0,l0Mh0] f'k{kk ds nk'kZfud ,oa lkekftd lq/kkj] laLdj.k

lIre 2010] vxzoky ifCyds'ku vkxjkA3- Hkkjrh; vk/kqfud f'k{kk o"kZ & 32 vad&3 tuojh 20124- vxzoky ts0lh0] mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt esa v/;kid] vxzoky

ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk5- MkW0 ik.Ms;] jke'kdy] mnh;eku Hkkjrh; lekt esa f'k{kd vxzoky

ifCyds'kUl] vkxjk


v"Vkodz egkdkO; dk varjax&fu:i.k'kjn dqekj flag1

v"Vkodz egkdkO; dh dFkk dk lzksr &egkdfo Hkkjrh; lkfgR; ds egku fo}rk v/;srk gSA bUgksaus osnksa]

mifu"knksa] 'kkL=ksa rFkk iqjk.kksa dk xgu v/;;u fd;k gS vkSj bl v/;;u dksviuh dkjf;=h izfrHkk ds }kjk ;qxkuq:i] vusd dkO;d`fr;ksa esa izLrqr Hkh fd;kgSA fodykaxrk Hkkjr gh ugha vfirq lEiw.kZ fo'o dh ,d Toyar leL;k gSAbl leL;k ls xzLr izk.kh dh dfBukbZ;ksa dks lalkj ns[krk vkSj vuqHko djrkgS] rks Hkh dHkh&dHkh dksbZ&dksbZ egkiq:"k gh buds fgrfpard vkSj fgr ds fy;siz;Ru'khy gks tkrs gSA tcfd vf/kdka'k lekt vius O;aX; opuksa mis{kkiwoZdO;ogkjksa ls budk grksRlkgu gh djrk jgrk gSA fodykax Hkh ekuo gS vkSj bUgsaHkh lkekU; ekuo lk thus dk vf/kdkj gS vkSj blesa Hkh mPp dksfV dh izfrHkk;safNih jgrh gS] ftUgsa vkxs c<+kus dk nkf;Ro fuokZg lekt ljdkj o lg`n;lq/khtuksa dk izeq[k /keZ gSA

Lo;a gekjs dfo n`f"V fodykax gS] bUgksaus Hkh bldh dfBukbZ;ksa vkSjvis{kkvkssa dk rh{.k vuqHko fd;k gS] vkSj viuh izfrHkk ds cy ij bUgksausfodykaxksa ds m)kj gsrq viuk ru] eu vkSj lEiw.kZ thou vfiZr dj j[kk gSAbUgksaus HkkSfrd Lrj ds fo|ky;ksa] fo'ofo|ky;ksa vkSj fpfdRlky;ksa ds }kjkbudh lsok izkjEHk dh gS] rks vk/;kfRed Lrj ls bUgksaus fodykax v"VkoØ dksuk;d cukdj vius Hkkoksa o fopkjksa ds }kjk fodykaxksa ds le{k ,d uwruvkn'kZ izLrqr fd;k gS rFkk muesa ifjfLFkfr;ksa ds lkFk la?k"kZ djus dk lkgl HkhHkjk gSA bldh dFkk dh i`"BHkwfe ikSjkf.kd gS] bldh dFkk eq[;r% egkHkkjr¼ouioZ½] okYehfd jkek;.k ¼;q)dk.M½ mRRkjjkepfjre~ ¼izFke vad½]NkanX;ksifu"kn xxZ lafgrk] rFkk vU;kU; iqjk.kksa ls izR;{k vizR;{k :i esa xzg.kdh x;h gSA ;gk¡ mu ij laf{kIr foospu izLrqr fd;k tk jgk gSA1- 'kks/k Nk=] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


1- egkHkkjr ds ¼ouioZ½ ds v/;k; 132] 133 o 134 esa v"Vkodz dh foLr`rHkk"kk of.kZr gq;h gS] tks bl izdkj gS & mn~nkyd ,d riLoh ,oa x`gLFk egf"kZds :i esa vius vkJe esa jgrs Hkh gSA

vius czg~epkjh f'k";kssa dks osn vkSj 'kkL= dk Kku nsrs gq;s ] muesa R;kx]ri] fouezrk] lfg".kqrk vkfn ln~xq.kksa dk fodkl Hkh dj jgs gSA dgksM mudkloZxq.k lEiUu es/kkoh fouez xq:HkDr f'k"; gS] ftls os lekorZu ds i'pkrviuh iq=h O;kgdj viuh gh Hkkafr x`gLFkkJe esa jgrs gq;s&

ra oS foiz% i;Zpjr lf'k";&Lrka p KkRok ifjp;kZsxq:% l%ArLeS izknkrl|Loa Jqra pHkk;kZspoS nqfgrja Loka lqtkrke~AA1

foizojdgksM+ ,d fouhr f'k"; dh Hkkafr mn~nkyd dh ifjp;kZ esa layXu jgrsFksA xq: us f'k"; dh ml lsok ds egRo dks le>dj 'kh?kz gh laiw.kZ osn 'kkL=ksadk Kku djk fn;k Fkk vkSj viuh iq=h lqtkrk dks Hkh iRuh :i ls lefirZrdj fn;kA

cVqvkaaas dks fo|knku dh izsj.kk nsrs gS dgksM+ mudh iq=h lqtkrk dks xq:vk'kkhokZn :i essa xzg.k djrs gS] vkSj cM+s ifjJe ds lkFk vius fo|kfFkZ;kaas dksosnksa dh f'k{kk nsrs gSA vkJe ds ikou okrkoj.k esa lqtkrk xHkZorh gks tkrh gSAvkJe ds ikou okrkoj.k rFkk osnksa dh _pk /ofu;ksa us xHkZLFk f'k'kq easavykSfdd ikourk rFkk izfrHkk dk lapkj fd;k gS] og /khjs&/khjs osn ikB dhlHkh ckjhfd;ksa dks xHkZ esa gh lh[k ysrk gS vkSj lkr ekl dk gh xHkZLFk ckydcVqvksa dks Hkzeo'k v'kq) ikB djkus okys firk dk ladsr djrs gq;s Vksd nsrk gSblls fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds lEeq[k dgksM+ ds vgadks dks Bsl igqaprh gS vkSj os mls vkBvaxkssa ls Vs<+k gks tkus dk Jki ns Mkyrs gS&

mikyC/k f'k";e/;s egf"kZ%l ra dksiknqnjLFka 'k'kkiA;Lekr~ odzks orZekuks czohf"krLekn~ odzks HkforkL;"Vd`Ro%AA2

^^f'k";ksa ds chp esa cSBs gq;s egf"kZ dgksM+ bl izdkj mykguk lqudj vieku dkvuqHko djrs gq;s dqfir gks mBs vkSj ml xHkZLFk cky dks 'kki nsrs gq;s cksys]vjs! rw vHkh isV esa jgdj ,slh Vs<+h ckrsa cksyrk gSA vr% rw vkB vaxksa ls Vs<+kgks tk;sxkA


;|fi 'kki nsdj os cgqr i'pkrki Hkh djrs gS] fdUrq muds veks?k opuksads izHkko ls xHkZLFk ckyd v"Vkodz gks tkrk gSA

izlo fudV vkrs vkrs vkJe esa O;kIr Hk;adj nkfjnz; vkSj vHkkoksa esaO;kdqy lqtkrk dks ;g fpark gksus yxrh gS fd dSls esjk vkSj esjs uotkr f'k'kqdk iks"k.k gksxkA ;gh lkspdj og vius ifr dks jktf"kZ tud dh lHkk esa'kkL=kFkZ dj dqN /ku dek ysus dks Hkstrh gS] ogka ds o:.k ds Nn~e os'kh nwrîq=canh^ }kjk ijkftr gksdj ty esa Mqcksrs gq;s o:.k yksd Hkst fn;s tkrs gSaAvHkkvksa ds chp gh ckyd dk tUe gksrk gS&

loS rFkk odz ,okH; tk;n`"Vkodz% izfFkrks oS egf"kZ%AvL;klhn~ oS ekrqy% 'osrdsrq%lrsu rqY;ks o;lk cHkwo%AAml 'kki ds vuqlkj os egf"kZ vkBks vaxksa ls Vs<+s gksdj iSnk gq,] blfy,

v"Vkodz uke ls mudh izflf) gqbZA 'osrdsrq musd ekek Fks ijUrq voLFkk esamUgha ds cjkcj FksA

ftls mlds Lo:i ds vuqlkj v"Vkodz uke fn;k tkrk gSA egf"kZmn~nkyd firk ds 'kki dh ?kVukvksa dks lqtkrk }kjk xksiuh; j[kus dk ijek'kZnsdj v"Vkodz ds leo;Ld vius iq= 'osrdsrq dk Hkh ikyu&iks"k.k djus yxrsgSA dqN n;k dqN rhljh ih<+h ds izse dqN foy{k.k izfrHkk ds izfr mRd`"V gq,mn~nkyd mls T;knk gh Lusg nsrs gSA tks buds iq= 'osrdsrq bZ";kZ dk dkj.kcu tkrk gSA 'osrdsrq mUgsa ;g crkrk gS fd rw esjs firk dh xksn esa cSBdjvius firk gksus dk Hkze er iky rsjs firk rks ;gka gSa gh ugh&

rrks o"kZs }kn'ks 'osrdsrqj"Vkodza firqja ds fu".k.ke~AvikdiZn x`g;ik.kks :nUrauk;a rokM-d% firqfjR;qDroka'oAA3

rnuUrj ,d fnu tc v"Vkodz dh vk;q ckjg o"kZ dh Fkh] vkSj osfir`rqY; mn~nkyd eqfu dh xksn esa cSBs gq;s Fks fd mlh le; 'osrdsrq vk;svkSj jksrs gq;s v"Vkodz dk gkFk idM+dj nwj [khap ys x;sA bl izdkj 'osrdsrqus nwj gVkdj dgk ;s rsjs cki dh xksanh ugha gSA

foo'k gksdj lqtkrk tc vius iq= dks firk dh okLrqfLFkfr crkrh gS rksckjg o"khZ; ;g es/kkoh fodykax ckyd vius ekek 'osrdsrq ds lkFk vusdvojks/kksa o migklksa ds lkFk tudiqj easa izos'k djrk gS vkSj v"Vkodz] egkjkt


tud ds njckj esa igqapdj vgadkjh canh ls 'kkL=kFkZ djrk gS iwjh lHkk blfd'kksj osnk/;;h ls vfrl; izHkkfor gks tkrh gS vkSj mldh izfrHkk dk egkulEeku djrh gS&

rrksegkuqnfr"BfUuknLrw".khHkwra lqriq=a fu'kH;Av/kkseq[ka /;ku ija rnkuhv"Vkodza pkjI;qnh;ZUresoAA4

ykse'k th dgrs gS& bruk lqurs gh lwriq= canh pqi gks x;k vkSj eqaguhpk fd;s fdlh Hkkjh lksp fopkj esa iM+ x;k] b/kj v"Vkodz cksyrs gh jgs ;glc ns[k Jksrkvksa vkSj n'kZdksa esa egku dksykgy ep x;kA

mls ;g Hkh jgL; Kkr gksrk gS fd mlds firk ty esa Mqcks;s tkus lsejs ugha gS vfirq mUgssa o:.k yksd esa llEeku j[kk x;k gSA v"Vkodz ds izHkkols mlds firk dgksy dh eqfDr gksrh gS vkSj os vius iq= dk okRlY;Hkko lsvkfyaxu djrs gq, lqtkrk ds ikl tkrs gS vkSj lqtkrk dks Hkh leaxk unh dsrV ij ys tkdj v"Vkodz dks mleas Luku djus dk funZs'k nsrs gSA o mldslkjs Vs<+s vax lh/ks gks tkrs gSA og fodyakx ls lokZax lqUnj leykax cu tkrkgS&

r=ks·"Vkodzekrqj FkkfUrdsfirkunh leaxk 'kh/kzfe'kka fo'k LoAizksokp pSua l rFkk foos'kleSjaxS"okfi cHkwo l|%AA5

rnuUrj firk dgksy us v"Vkodz dh ekrk lqtkrk ds fudV v"Vkodz lsdgk csVk rqe 'kh?kz gh bl leaxk unh esa Luku ds fy, izos'k djksA firkth dsvkKkuqlkj mUgksasus ml unh esa izos'k fd;kA mlds ty dk Li'kZ gksrs gh mudslHkh vax lh/ks gks x;sA2- ckYehfd jkek;.k &

ckYehfd jkek;.k esa jko.kc/k ds i'pkr~ tc egkjkt n'kjFk vk'khokZnnsus vkrs gS rks ;g dgrs gS fd gs iq= rqeus vkt bl izdkj gesa eqDr fd;k gS]ftl izdkj dksgM+ ds iq= v"Vkodz us eqDr fd;k FkkA

csVk! tSls v"Vkodz us vius /kekZRek firk dgksy uked czkg~e.kdksrkjfn;k Fkk] oSls gh rqe tSls egkRek iq= us esjks m)kj dj fn;kA 6

3- v"Vkodzxhrk rFkk mRrj jkepfjre~ &


HkoHkwfr d`r bl ukVd ds izFke vad esa Jhjke lhrk ds lEeq[k v;ks/;keas of'k"B ds dqN uhfr ijd mins'kksa dk lans'k ysdj vkrs gSA

ftlls fl) gksrk gS fd egf"kZ of'k"B budh izfrHkk vkSj buds pfj= lsvfr'k; izHkkfor gS] blfy, bUgsa v;ks/;k ds egkjktk ds ikl Hkstk x;k gSAv"Vkodz% & bna p HkxoR;k·:U/kR;k nsohfHk% 'kkUr;k pHkw;ksHkwi% lafn"Vre~ & ;% df'prxHkZnksgnks HkoR;L;k% lks·o';efpjkEekf;rO; bfrAjke% fdz;rs ;|s"kk dFk;frAv"Vkodz% uukanq% iR;k p nsO;k% lafn"Ve~ & ôRls] dBksj xHkZsfr ukuh rklhAoRlks·fijkHknzLRof}uksnkFkZfeo LFkkfir^%ArRiq=iw.kkZsRlaxk & ek;q"erh nz{;keM~frAjke% ¼lg"kZyTtk·fLere~½ rFkkLrq Hkxork of'k"Bsu u fdft;nkfnLVks·fLe\v"Vkodz% & Jw;rkeA7

v"Vkodz vkSj Hkxorh v:U/krh ¼dkS'kY;k izHk`fr½ egkjkfu;ksa rFkk 'kkUrk us ;gckj &ckj dgk gS fd &

bldh ¼lhrk dh½ tks dksbZ Hkh xHkZ ds le; bPNk gks mldh iwfrZvoyEc djuh pkfg;sAjke & ;fn ;s dgrh gS gS] rks vo'; iwjk fd;k tkrk gSAv"Vkodz¼vkidh½ uUn dh ifrnso us vkidks lans'k fn;k fd ôRls vklUuizlok gksus ds dkj.k rqEgsa ¼bl mRlo esa ½ ugha yk;k x;k gS vkSj oRl jke dksHkh rqEgkjs euksjatu ds fy;s ogha jgus fn;k gSA vc rks ge rqedks lkSHkkX;orh¼iq= ls Hkjh xksnokyh gh½ ns[ksaxsAjke &¼g"kZiwoZd yTtk vkSj eqLdjkgV ds lkFk½ ,slk gh gks! Hkxoku of'k"V usD;k esjs fy;s dksbZ vkSj vkns'k ugha fn;k gSAv"Vkodz & lqfu;sA4- NkanksX; mifu"kn &

/keZjkt ftKklk ij ^ykse'k th^ us dgk NkanksX; mifu"kn eas izfl)egf"kZ mn~nkyd oSfnd /keZ ikyu djrs gq;s fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds v/;kiu esa yxs jgrsgSA bl izdkj dFkk dk foLrkj fd;k x;k gSA tSls & mn~nkyd dks gk··:f.k%'osrdsrq iq=emokp & LoIukare eas lksE; foKkuh ghfr ;=SRiq:"k%]Lofifrukelrk lksE;rnk lEiUuks Hkofr Loeihrks HkofrA rLekesnuLofirhR;k{krs Loa/;ihrks HkofrA

mn~nkyd us vius iq= 'osrdsrq ls dgk & gS lkSE; eSa LoIukar dk eeZcrykrk gwa] tc iq:"k lks tkrk gS rks og tho Hkko dk R;kx dj czg~e ds lkFk


,d Hkko okyk gks tkrk gS ml le; og vius lr:i dks ik ysrk gSA mlsyksx ¼Lofi½ lks;k gqvk dgrs gSA og vius Lo:i dks ik;k gqvk gksrk gSA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph &1- egkHkkjr ouioZ] v/;k;&132] 'yksd & 92- egkHkkjr ouioZ] v/;k;&132] 'yksd & 113- egkHkkjr ouioZ] v/;k;&132] 'yksd & 184- egkHkkjr ouioZ] v/;k;&134] 'yksd & 215- egkHkkjr ouioZ] v/;k;&132] 'yksd & 396- ckYehfd jkek;.k ] ;q) dk.M] 119oka lxZ dk 17 oka HkkokFkZ7- mRrjjkepfjre~ izFke vad] f}rh; Hkkx] i`0 39&40]44


Development of Rural Region through VillageKnowledge Centers

Satish Mishra1

I. AbstractDeendayal Research Institute, Chitrakoot is based on the philosophy of Rastra RishiNana ji Deshmukh, founder of this institute, extend the benefits of informationtechnology to the rural areas. Information village shops are equipped withcomputers, telephones, and dial-up connectivity which are established in 10 villagesof UP & MP region of Chitrakoot. Information is downloaded from the Internet andtransformed into locally specific information that directly benefits the villagers.Such information consists of the daily local news, latest prices of agricultural cropsand inputs, weather reports, and government programs, to name a few.

One of the distinctive features of the project is local content creation by volunteersfrom various sources. More than 50 databases have been created that provideupdated information on issues ranging from crop prices to government programs.Another feature is the focus on increased participation by women. On average,women also make up a substantial percentage of the users at each center, rangingfrom 34 percent to 50 percent. Many centers have become a hub for socialgatherings. This case study cites some examples in which discussions raised at thesecenters have led to the organization of a local voice to speak against unfair practices.

II. IntroductionDeendayal Research Institute (DRI) was founded in 1972 by Nanaji Deshmukh tovalidate the philosophy of Integral Humanism propounded by Pandit DeendayalUpadhyaya (1916-1968). Integral Humanism gives us a vision for India that, with anapproach to man and his relationship to society that is integral and complementary,could transform India into a self-reliant and compassionate example for the world tofollow The project was conceptualized as part of a larger initiative called the “bio-

1. Research Scholar, Department of Computer Science, MGCGV, Chitrakoot


village” project that was initiated in 2001. Aninter disciplinary dialogue oninformation technology—“Reaching the Unreached”— organized by DeendyalResearch Institute Chitrakoot in 2001 concluded that ICTs would have a major roleto play in promoting sustainable agriculture and rural development in the developingworld. The Information Village Research Project was an outcome of this dialogue.A survey carried out by the foundation revealed that only 5 public and 10 privatetelephones served a population of1 2,000 in 2 villages around an area called Paldevat Satna District. Only 13 television sets existed, out of which less than one- thirdhad cable connections. A Chitrakoot Rural Appraisal helped to identify theinformation needs of the community, their communication habits, and theinformation links in the villages. The analysis revealed that the villagers wantedlocally and personally relevant data that would have a definite impact on their lives,such as daily news and weather reports, agricultural crop prices, fishing information,and information on government programs. The primary sources of informationidentified were the local shopkeeper, the market place, and information exchangeamong villagers. Dependence on external agencies for information, such asgovernment departments, universities, research centers, and industries, wasrelatively weak. Project work at the mobilization stage indicated that the villagers’information requirements could be best met by strengthening the existing linkages.Knowledge from external sources would have to be compiled and edited in such away that it would become locally relevant.

The IVRP was set up with the objective of using technology as a medium ofproviding to the rural poor in the villages of Chitrakoot easy access to locallyspecific information.

In the first phase of the (January 2010–June 2011), information shops were set up infour villages, along with a value-added services center in the village of Ganiwan.Phase II commenced in February 2010, covering 5 villages in the region. The centerat Ganiwan functions as the hub of the network, and has six computers, twotelephone lines, and dial-up accounts to two Internet service providers (ISPs). Theother village centers have off-line wireless access to e-mail and the Internet throughthe center at Ganiwan. VHF duplex radio devices facilitate voice transfer among thecenters. Information needs are identified at each center and transmitted to the hub bye-mail across the wireless network. The staff at then tracks down the requiredinformation from the Internet and other sources, and transmits it back to the centersby e-mail or e-mail attachments in Hindi (the local language). Standard informationrequirements are compiled and dispatched daily in the form of a newsletter or asvoice messages. For illiterate villagers, information such as weather reports is


downloaded as audio files and played over speakers located in front of theinformation shops.

Before setting up a village information center, a Memorandum of Agreement issigned by DRI and the villagers, indicating that the community will supply basicinfrastructure in the form of electricity and office space, and identify volunteers tooperate the facility. Most of the operators and volunteers are women. Working asinformation providers, their status and influence in the community is enhanced. Thecenter has to agree to meet certain norms of operation. Each center must stay openfor a specified number of hours in a day, guard equipment against vandalism ortampering, guarantee access to members of the low-status Dalit population, andensure that at least half of the trained volunteer operators are women.

A considerable share of the information is accessed from the World Wide Web andother sources, such as research centers, government departments and institutions,and remote sensing and meteorological centers. The center at Ganiwan maintains anumber of databases that are regularly updated (some of them twice daily) toprovide the latest news pertaining to locally relevant issues. Some of the databasesmaintained contain information relating to prices of agricultural inputs (seeds,fertilizers, and pesticides) and outputs (rice, Wheat and vegetables), central and stategovernment programs, health care (including a list of doctors and paramedics innearby hospitals and health information specifically related to women), cattlediseases, transport (road conditions and cancellations of bus trips), and weather (theappropriate time for sowing, areas of abundant fish catches, and wave heights on thesea). The information is provided free of cost to the villagers.

III. Impact/ResultsIn the villages of Chitrakoot, with high poverty and illiteracy levels, informationprovided from the databases has provided several benefits to the villagers. The useof multimedia technology with voice facilities has enabled illiterate residents toeffectively use the information. Based on the success of the project, 5 villages in theregion have requested their own information shops. A number of key officials of thegovernment of UP are closely associated with preparing plans for the extension ofthe current project.

IV. Key Elements of Empowerment

InformationThe rationale behind the initiation of the project was to enable the rural poor to


easily access information by means of computer and communications technology.The shops provide information on a wide range of issues, including details ongovernment programs, updated prices of crops and inputs, weather conditions, busschedules, and lists of doctors. Women have mostly accessed the centers to gaininformation on issues relating to reproductive health and income-generatingactivities. Women with infections or disorders of the reproductive system preferredcomputers as the best means of accessing information on preventive e medialmeasures.

For illiterate villagers, information on crop prices and the prices of inputs such aspesticides and fertilizers is announced daily on the loudspeakers located in front ofthe information centers. Similarly, in the coastal village of Ganiwan daily weatherreports are announced on the loudspeakers. The report is based on images obtainedfrom a Website run . Before the project commenced, the Farmers not have goodcultivated land. The likelihood of this happening has diminished now with timelyand accurate announcements.

Rural Yellow Pages have been introduced in two villages (Ganiwan and Malvara) onan experimental basis. This facility enables the farmers to find out who rentsagricultural equipment in the region, names of cattle agents, and the availability of avariety of products (including bricks, pesticides, and secondhand sewing machines).This service helps to promote business in and around the village.

Inclusion/ParticipationA notable feature of the project is the active participation of villagers from theproject’s inception. During the design phase of the project, several interactivesessions between the project staff and the community helped to identify theinformation requirements of the villagers. The project staff visited the villages ofPahadi and Ragauli to set up the information centers, but the centers at the otherseven villages were self-initiated because of the demands of the villagers.

Villagers provide resources for the basic infrastructure, such as the office space, andelect their own representatives from their respective villages. They have beensuccessful in gaining working space from a Panchayat (local government) office, aprivate individual’s home, and even a temple. The task of content creation is alsodone locally. This is done by using indigenous knowledge combined with expertinformation.


Gender sensitivity in the context of participation, content creation, and assessment ofinformation needs has been incorporated into the project. This has resulted in anincreased participation by women, both in managing the centers and in use patterns.All the volunteers of an information center in Ganiwan village are women, andalmost 35 percent of the users are women. The following table presents the analysisof the number of users in five knowledge centers from January 2010 to the end ofJune 2011.

Table 1: Analysis of Registers in Five Knowledge Centers(January 1, 2010–June 30, 2011)

Category of users NumberFemales 1,532Assetless families 2,571Illiterates 192Persons below 14 years of age 1,421One-time users 1,674Total number of users 7700/

Source: Locally survey around of Chitrakoot regionThe Project facilitates the participation of women in operating the centresdisseminating information. In Chheebo village, a former washerwoman whocollected clothes from her clients is now a volunteer, operating computers anddispensing information when people come and ask her for information.

Accountability

Villagers often asked how the hub (at Ganiwan) would be able to pass on and followup on the suggestions and inquiries that they were making to different levels ofauthorities through the new network. The team at Ganiwa decided to send letters topolitical representatives with copies to relevant department heads in theadministration.

In the Chhebo village, when local thugs, aided and abetted by local politicians,started felling trees in a village Pahadi, villagers rushed to the knowledge center andlocated the Forest Department’s telephone number using the Web. They used thetelephone in the center to inform the Forest Department officials of the illegal treefelling activities. The wood was impounded, and the culprits were arrested.

Similarly, local action was organized to root out discriminatory practices. For


example, at the local tea stall in Ragauli, the Dalit (“untouchable”) landless laborersused to get their tea served in glasses meant only for their caste. After some of theDalits started working in the Ragauli Knowledge Center, they became emboldenedto challenge this practice. They started to write poems in Bundelkhandi condemningcaste-based discrimination and posting them on the knowledge center’s noticeboards. Today, there is only one set of glasses in the tea stall.

Local Organizational Capacity

The success of the project, to a large extent, might be attributed to the capacity of thevillagers to coordinate efforts to advance their own development. While DRI playeda facilitator role in the project, important tasks such as recognition of informationneeds, selection of volunteers, and arrangement of office space were done by thevillagers.

V. Issues and Lessons

Challenges

The long-term financial sustainability of the project remains an issue to be addressedsince the services are provided minimum cost, and the systems are installed throughgrants. Some means of generating revenue need to be considered.

When the project began in 2010, certain technical challenges existed. Because ofarestricted budget, a telephone infrastructure was absent, and, hence, Internetconnectivity was not possible. Electricity was sporadic and unreliable. The centeracted as a LAN (local area network) and provided data and voice transmission toother centers, using the VHF radio. This saved the expense of creating an expensivecommunication infrastructure (that is, laying copper wires or fiber optic cable). Asolar power backup system was set up to supplement the sporadic electricity.

Key Factors for Success

The project was initiated following the work done by the bio-village project, whichhad completed substantial developmental work in these villages. This included theestablishment of livelihood systems and providing technical knowledge and skills.Such a prior orientation helped in increasing the capacity of the local population toabsorb the technology.

The villagers attached trust and credibility to the information provided by the


centers. One of the prime reasons for this could be level of community involvementin the project that led to a sense of ownership among the villagers. It can be inferredthat a project managed and operated by community members themselves—that is,people at the grassroots level—has a greater chance of being accepted andimplemented successfully.

DRI played a key role in the project’s initiation and implementation. The foundationacted as a catalyst in mobilizing financial resources for the project, coordinating thevillagers to identify their own information requirements, and building an informationsystem that would respond to their information needs. The foundation intends towithdraw from the project as soon as the project becomes self-sustainable.

Replication of such projects perhaps requires the backing of a facilitator, because therural population may not have the necessary expertise to demand and design aknowledge center on its own.

The location of these rural telecenters often determines their use. In the beginning,DRI selected two private houses in which to set up the knowledge centers. After sixmonths, it was realized that the private houses were not allowing sociallyunderprivileged people inside the house. Subsequent centers were created in publicplaces.

VI. Conclusion

A key factor in the success of the project is the creation and updating of relevant

content to suit local needs. The village residents are most interested in “dynamic”and customized information. They are not interested in the technology (any more

than urban users), but in specific information that is accurate and is provided

quickly. Content is the key element in the success of such projects, second only to

the people and their context. Technology is a mere enabler. Building content is a

resource-intensive activity and has implications for the sustainability of such

projects. The participatory rural appraisal carried out in the villages prior to starting

the project seemed to have helped build local ownership for the initiative.

References:

1. Ali, Farwa. 2000. “Rural Bytes: Linking to the Cyber World—Hooked to theNet.” The Week, December 31st. URL: <http://www.the-


week.com/20dec31/events1.htm>.2. Bora, Anita. 2002. “The Rural Connection.” Features, rediff.com. URL:

<http://www.rediff.com/search/2002/mar/06rural3.htm>.3. M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation (MSSRF). 2002. Education,

Communication, Training and Capacity Building. Annual Report 2001-2002.URL: <http://www.mssrf.org/annualreport/pa500.pdf>.

4. Hinas, Maria. “Indian Information Village Reaches the Unreached.” Features,Stockholm Challenge. URL:

5. <http://www.challenge.stockholm.se/feature_right.asp?IdNr=20>.

6. Krishnakumar, Asha. 2001. “Changing Rural Lives.” Frontline Magazine18(24). URL: <http://www.flonnet.com/fl1824/18240990.htm>.

7. Project Details on Stockholm Challenge Site. URL:<http://www.challenge.stockholm.se/projects.asp?ProjectId=2684>.

8. The Communication Initiative. 2001. Program Descriptions: InformationVillage Project—India. URL: <http://www.comminit.com/pds11-2001/sld-3357.html>.

9. Shore, Keane. 1999. “Internet comes to Rural India.” Reports, Science from the

Developing World, November 5. URL:<http://www.idrc.ca/reports/read_article_english.cfm?article_num=552>.

10. United Nations Center for Regional Development (UNCRD). “VillageKnowledge Centers, Pondicherry.” URL:<http://www.uncrd.or.jp/ict/pondicherry.html>.

11. Web portal of M.S. Swaminathan Research Foundation. URL:<www.mssrf.org>.


fou; if=dk dh lkaxhfrd vo/kkj.kkMkW- T;ksfr fo'odekZ1

dfyikoukorkj xksLokeh rqylhnkl th egkjkt lUr ijEijk ds ,sls mnh;ekuHkkLdj gSa] ftuds lEcU/k esa ;gh dgk tk ldrk gS fd xksLokeh rqylhnkl dsleku xksLokeh rqylhnkl gh gSaA xksLokeh th lxq.k lkdkj lfo'ks"k czã dsi{k/kj gSa] ;g muds ys[kksa esa ckj&ckj Li"V gks pqdk gSA ;q) dk.M esa bUnz dhLrqfr ds ek/;e ls mUgksaus ;g ckr vkSj Li"V dj nh fd dksbZ fuxqZ.k fujatufufoZ'ks"k czã dk /;ku djs ijUrq rqylhnkl dks rks lxq.k Lo:i v;ks/;kf/kifrij czã Hkxoku jke gh Hkkrs gSaA

dksm czã fuxqZu /;ko Avo;Dr tsfg Jqfr xko AAeksfg Hkko dksly Hkwi AJhjke lxqu Lo:i AA1

;gh rF; lqrh{.k dh Lrqfr ds ls Hkh Li"V djrs gq, xksLokeh rqylhnklth dgrs gSa &

^^ts tkufg rs tkugq¡ Lokeh A lxqu vxqu mj vUrjtkuh AAts dkslyifr jkftou;uk A djgq tks jke mn; e; v;uk AAvl vfHkeku tkb tfu Hkksjs A eSa lsod j?kqifr ifr eksjs AA2

vFkkZr~ tks vkidks lxq.k] vxq.k lokZUr;kZeh :i esa tku jgs gSa] os tkursjgs] eq>s muls D;k ysdj nsukA eSa rks ;gh pkgrk gw¡ fd tks vki deyu;uv;ks/;kf/kifr Jhjke gSa] os gh izHkq esjs ân; dks viuk fuokl LFkku cuk ysaAblls ;g Li"V gks tkrk gS fd xksLokeh rqylhnkl th ds izHkq Jhjke ;ksfx;ksa

1-lgk- vkpk;kZ] laxhr foHkkx] ts-vkj- fodykax fo”ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


ds Ks; rFkk /;kfu;ksa ds ân; gksrs gq, Hkh lxq.kksikldksa ds fy, xs; gSaA HkysmUgsa Kkuh Kku ds ek/;e ls tkusa vkSj /;kuh /;ku ds ek/;e ls /;s; cuk ys]ijUrq lxq.k mikld HkDr rks vius izHkq dks xk&xkdj gh fj>krk gSA ;ghlxq.k HkDrksa dh n`f"V esa bl djky dfydky esa vorj.k dk ,d ek= mik;gSA xksLokeh th bl rF; dks mRrj dk.M esa Li"V djrs gq, dgrs gSa fd ;fndksbZ fo'okl djs] rks dfy;qx ds leku dksbZ nqljk ;qx gh ugha gSA blesa rksfueZy eu ls Hkxoku Jhjke ds xq.kksa dk xku djds gh fcuk iz;kl gh Hkolkxjdks ikj dj ldrk gSA ;Fkk &

dfytqx le tqx vku ugha] tks dj fo'okl AxkbZ jke xqu xu fcey] Hko mrj fcufg iz;kl AA3

blds iwoZ xksLokeh th us pkjksa ;qxksa dh ijEijkvksa dk mYys[k fd;k gSA;s dgrs gSa fd —rtqt esa lHkh tho ;ksxh vkSj Hkxoku ds vuqHkoh gksrs gSaA osizHkq dk /;ku djds gh Hkolkxj ls ikj gks tkrs gSaA =srk esa lk/kd vusd ;Kdjrs gSa vkSj izHkq ds Jhpj.kksa esa deksZa dk leiZ.k djds Hkolkxj ls rj vkrs gSaA}kij esa izHkq ds pj.kksa dh iwtk djds lk/kd Hko ls ikj gksrs gSa ogk¡ vkSj dksbZnwljks mik; ugha gSA ijUrq dfytqx esa rks dsoy Hkxoku Jhjke ds xq.kksa dhxkFkk gSA xk&xk dj gh HkDrtu Hkolkxj dh Fkkg yxk ysrs gSaA dfy;qx esa;ksx] ;K vkSj Kku ;s lHkh lk/ku fujk/kkj vkSj fu"Qy gks pqds gSa] vc rksHkxoku Jhjke ds xq.kksa dk xku gh ,dek= vk/kkj jg x;k gSA ;Fkk &

—rtqx lc tksxh foX;kuh A dfj gfj /;ku rjfg Hko izkuh AA=srk fcfc/k tX; uj djgha A izeqfga lefiZ deZ Hko rjgha AA}kij dfj j?kqifr in iwtk A uj Hk; rjfga mik; u nwtk AA

dfytqx tksx u tX; u X;kuk A ,d vk/kkj jke xqu xkuk AA4

blls ;g Li"V gS fd Hkxoku Jhjke xksLokeh th ds xs; gSaA blhfy,fdf"da/kk dk.M esa Lo;a izHkq viuk pfj= xkdj dgrs gSaA ;Fkk &

vkiu pfjr dgk ge xkbZ Afciz dggq fut dFkk cq>kbZ AA5

blhfy, vius izHkq Jhjke dks fj>kus dh n`f"V ls gh xksLokeh rqylhnklth us fou; if=dk dks xhrdkO; ijEijk dk lqes: fl) dj fn;k A izkjEHk ghfd;k xku ls & ^^xkb;s x.kifr txcanuA**


;g rF; Li"V gh gS fd ftu ijekRek dks Kkuh Kku ls vkSj /;kuh/;ku ls ikrk gS] mUgha Hkxoku dks HkDr 'kq) eu ls xk&xkdj fn>k ysrk gSAin~eiqjk.k ds 294 os v/;k; esa Hkxoku ukjn ls Lo;a dgrs gSa fd ukjn eSaoSdq.B esa fuokl ugha djrk vkSj u gh ;ksfx;ksa ds ân; esa jgrk gw¡A esjs HkDrtgk¡ xkrs gSa] ogha fLFkj gks tkrk gw¡A

^ûkga olkfe oSdq.Bs ;ksfxuka ân;su p en~HkDrk% ;= xk;fUr r= fr"BkfeukjnAA**

blh mn~ns'; dh iwfrZ ds fy, xksLokeh rqylhnkl th us fou; if=dk esaU;wukfrU;wu 22 jkxksa esa Hkxoku] dks xk;kA dgha fcykoy esa] dgha /kukJh esa]dgha HkSjoh esa] dgha dkUgjk esa] dgha foHkkl esa rks dgha fogkx esa] dgha eYgkj esa]rks dgha rksM+h esaA

xksLokeh th us vius izHkq jke dks xk&xkdj bruk jek;k fd Lo;ajktkf/kjkt e;kZnk iq:"kksRre Jhjke fou; if=dk ij gLrk{kj djus dks foo'kgks x,A ;Fkk &eqfnr ekFk ukor cuh rqylh vukFk dh ijh j?kqukFk gkFk lgh gSA 6

Qyr% ftl laxhr dks vU; yksxksa us okluk dk lk/ku cuk;k] mlh dksxksLokeh th us Hkxonksikluk dk vax cuk fn;kA mUgksaus laxhr dks lkfgR; dkifj/kku igukdj ljLorh dks Hkh Hkxon~ xq.k x.k ljksoj ls Luku djkdsJejfgr fd;k vkSj ik'koh izo`fRr dks Hkh egkekuork ds flagklu ij lek:<+dj fn;kA j?kqifr —ik tFkkefr x;kA eSa ;g ikou pfjr lwgkokAA

lUnHkZ xzUFk lwph &1. ekul 6@113@72. ekul 3&11&19@20@213. ekul4. ekul 01@103@1&55. ekul 04@&01&056. fou; if=dk


Jhen~okYehdh; jkek;.k esa f'k{kk o lnkpkj ds rRoMkW0 izfeyk feJk1

^f'k{k fo|ksiknkus* /kkrq ls ^v* izR;; dj ^Vki~* djus ls f'k{kk 'kCnfu"iUu gksrk gSA ^f'k{;rs fo|ksiknh;rs∙u;sfr f'k{kk* vFkkZr~ izk.kh ftllk/ku&iz.kkyh ls Kku mikftZr djrk gS mlh dk uke f'k{kk gSA O;fDr ;klekt ds vkH;kUrj fo|eku LokHkkfod ekSfyd lRrk dk ifjLQqVhdj.k f'k{kkdk y{; gSA vr% euq"; dks iw.kZ ekuork lEiUu cukuk f'k{kk dk mn~ns'; gSA,slh gh f'k{kk jkek;.kdky esa nh tkrh FkhA f'k{kk o lnkpkj ds rRoksa ds vk/kkjij jkek;.kdkyhu f'k{kk ds mn~ns';ksa dk fu/kkZj.k fd;k x;k Fkk tks bl izdkjls gSA

jkek;.kdky esa f'k{kk o lnkpkj ds rRoksa esa izeq[k lR;kpj.k dh f'k{kknsuk FkkA blds vfrfjDr Kku dk fodkl] pfj= dk fodkl] nfUnz;la;e]ifo=Hkkouk dk fodkl] LokLF; dk laj{k.k] lkekftd dRrZO;ksa dk ikyu]bZ'ojHkfDr o mikluk ij cy] jk"Vªh; laL—fr dk laj{k.k o izlkj] O;fDrrodk fodkl] lkekftd dq'kyrk dh mUufr] vk/;kfRed mUufr vkfn ij fo'ks"kcy fn;k tkrk FkkA eks{k dh izkfIr thou dk vfUre mn~ns'; ekuk tkrk FkkAlR;kpj.k dh f'k{kk dk fodkl & fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lR;kpj.k dk fodkljkek;.kdkyhu f'k{kk&O;oLFkk dk iz/kku mn~ns'; FkkA czãpkjh dk thou lR;ri vkSj fu;e dk thou FkkA jkek;.k ds v;ks/;kdk.M esa o.kZu vk;k gS fdJhjke vius lkfRod Hkko ls lsok ds }kjk xq:tuksa dks lnSo izlUu j[krs FksA

lR;a nkua riLR;kxks fe=rk 'kkSpektZoe~ A fo|k p xq:'kqJq"kk /kzqok.;srkfujk?kosAA*1

1- lgk- vkpk;kZ] laLd`r foHkkx] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


vFkkZr~& lR;] nku] ri] R;kx] fe=rk] ifo=rk] ljyrk] fo|k vkSjxq:&'kqJw"kk ;s lHkh ln~xq.k Jhjke esa fLFkj:i ls jgrs gSaA lR; ds fo"k; esavkSj Hkh o.kZu izkIr gksrk gS] ^^lR; gh iz.koLo:i gS] 'kCn czã gS] lR; esa gh/keZ izfrf"Br gS] lR; gh vfouk'kh osn gS vkSj lR; ls gh ijczã dh izkfIrgksrh gSA**2

pfj= dk fuekZ.k& euq"; ds pfj= dk mRFkku f'k{kk dk ewy mn~ns'; FkkAblds vUrxZr fo|kFkhZ uSfrd fØ;k lEiUu djrk gqvk lUekxZ dk vuqlj.kdjrk FkkA pfj= fuekZ.k dk cgqr vf/kd egRo FkkA f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls O;fDrviuh rkelh vkSj ikf'od izo`fRr;ksa ij fu;a=.k djrk Fkk] rFkkdj.kh;&vdj.kh;] ln~&vln~ dk Hksn dj ikus esa l{ke gksrk FkkA czãpkjh dkthou lR;] ri vkSj fu;e dk thou FkkA euq us czãpkjh ds pfj= ds vk/kkjrRo dk o.kZu bl izdkj fd;k gS &miuh; xq:% f'k";a f'k{k;sPNkSpekfnr% A vkpkjefXudk;Z p la/;ksiklueso pAA3

vFkkZr~ 'kkSp] ifo=rk] vkpkj] Luku fØ;k] vfXudk;Z vkSj la/;ksikluczãpkjh ds pfj= ds vk/kkj&rRo Fks ftlls mlds pfj= dk mRFkku gksrk FkkAckydksa dks mRlkgh cukuk f'k{kk dk egRoiw.kZ mn~ns'; gSA okYehfd jkek;.k dslqUnjdk.M esa ;g of.kZr gS fd& ^mRlkg gh izkf.k;ksa dks loZnk lc izdkj dsdeksZa esa izo`Rr djrk gS vkSj ogh mUgsa os tks djrs gSa ml dk;Z esa lQyrkiznku djrk gSA**4 fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds vkpj.k esa mRlkg dk lapkj jkek;.k dky esafd;k tkrk FkkA pkfjf=d fo'ks"krk ds dkj.k vkfn dkO; dk fuekZ.k gqvk bldkizek.k Jhen~okYehdh; jkek;.k ds ckydk.M ls izkIr gksrk gS egf"kZ okYehfdth us nsof"kZ ukjn th ls iwNk& ^pkfj=s.k p dks ;qDr%*5 vFkkZr~ pfj= ls ;qDrdkSu iq:"k gS\ bldk rkRi;Z ;gh gS fd loZFkk funksZ"k pfj= okyk dkSu iq:"k gSblh pfj= cy dks ysdj gh okYehfd jkek;.k dkO;:i esa fuc) gqbZA pfj=cy gekjs ;gk¡ ds n`f"Vdks.k esa fo'ks"k LFkku j[krk gSA

vr% jkek;.kdkyhu f'k{kk&O;oLFkk esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk pfj= xBu iw.kZ:ils fd;k tkrk FkkA mlesa fdlh izdkj dh f'kfFkyrk ugha jgrh FkhAfo|kfFkZ;ksa dh /kkfeZd o`fRr;ksa dk mRFkku& izR;sd euq"; ds thou esa /kkfeZdo`fRr;ksa dk mnkRr vkSj xfjeke; LFkku gS] ftlls euq"; dk thou HkfDr&Hkkols ;qDr rFkk /keZ izo.k gksrk gSA vr% ,slh /keZ izo.k Hkkouk jkek;.kdky esan`f"Vxkspj gksrh gSA fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds thou esa /keZ] 'kq)rk] ifo=rk vkSj HkfDr dhHkkouk dk fodkl f'k{kk ds ek/;e ls gksrk gSA czãpkjh }kjk fuR;deZ]


la/;ksiklu] czrksa dk vuqikyu] /keZ lefUor mRlo vkfn dk vuqxeu mldh/kkfeZd o`fRr;ksa ds mRFkku esa ;ksx nsrs jgs gSaA /kkfeZd izo`fRr dk euq"; ds thouesa egRoiw.kZ ;ksxnku gSA /keZ ls O;fDr lcdqN izkIr dj ysrk gSA okYehfdjkek;.k esa o.kZu vk;k gSA Hkxorh lhrk th JhjkepUnz th ls dgrh gSa &/kekZnFkZ% izHkofr /kekZr~ izHkors lq[ke~ A /kesZ.k yHkrs loZ /keZlkjfena txr~ AA6

vFkkZr~ ^/keZ ls vFkZ dh izkfIr gksrh gS] /keZ ls lq[k dh izkfIr gksrh gS] /keZls gh lc dqN izkIr gksrk gSA ;g lEiw.kZ txr~ /keZ dk lkj gSA* /keZ ekuoek=dk ,d ,slk mfpr drZO; gS] ftldk ikyu djus ls O;fDr] lekt] jk"Vª rFkklEiw.kZ yksd dh fLFkfr] lRrk v{kq..k cuh jgrh gS ,oa ftlls ekuo bl yksdesa vH;qn; vkSj ijyksd esa ijekRek ds izkfIr:i fu%J;l dks izkIr djrs gSAvr% /keZ lefUor f'k{kk nh tkuh vko';d gSA

Jhen~okYehdh; jkek;.k esa o.kZu vk;k gS fd xaxk th ds fdukjsczãoknh xkSre eqfu ls lkSnkl uked czkã.k us lEiw.kZ /keksZ dk mins'k lquk Fkk& Jkfor% loZ/kekZa'p xaxkrhjs euksjesA7 vr% Li"V gS jkek;.kdky esa f'k";ksa esa/kkfeZdrk dk fodkl fd;k tkrk FkkAO;fDrRo dk mRFkku& f'k{kk vkSj Kku dh izkfIr ls O;fDrRo dk mRd"kZ gksrkFkkA fofHkUu izdkj ds funsZ'kksa] la;e vkSj fu;eksa ls euq"; dk thou lqO;ofLFkrgksrk Fkk] ftlls mlds O;fDrRo dk fodkl gksrk FkkA f'k{kk izkfIr ls gh O;fDrfofHkUu drZO;ksa dks djus esa lQy gksrk Fkk rFkk bl dkj.k mlesa lHkh ln~xq.kksadk fodkl gksrk FkkA fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa f'k{kk ls gh vkRela;e] vkRefo'okl]vkRefo'ys"k.k] vk/;kfRed o`fRr dk mn; gksrk FkkA vkRefo'okl dh Hkkouk lsgh O;fDrRo dk lokZxha.k fodkl gksrk FkkA jkek;.kdky esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks lHkhizdkj ds Kku ls ifjiw.kZ fd;k tkrk FkkA

Jhen~okYehdh; jkek;.k ls fofnr gksrk gS fd v;ks/;k esa fuokl djusokys czkã.k rFkk vU; oxZ dk f'k{kk ds }kjk O;fDrRo dk fodkl fd;k x;kFkkA v;ks/;k ds fuokfl;ksa ds ckjs esa o.kZu gS & ^ôgk¡ fuokl djus okys czkã.klnk vius dk;Z esa yxs jgrs FksA bfUnz;ksa dks o'k esa j[krs FksA nku vkSjLok/;k; djrs rFk izfrxzg ls cps jgrs FksA ogk¡ dksbZ Hkh ,slk O;fDr ugha Fkktks ukfLrd] vlR;oknh] vusd 'kkL=ksa ds Kku ls jfgr] nwljksa dk nks"k <wa<+usokyk] lk/ku esa vleFkZ vkSj fo|kghu gksA**8

lkekftd drZO;ksa dk fu"iknu& f'kf{kr vkSj Kkuoku gksus ds dkj.k O;fDrvius mRrjnkf;Roksa dks fu"BkiwoZd lEiUu djrk FkkA Lukrd ds :i esa ogvius gh fgr dk /;ku ugha j[krk Fkk cfYd vU;kY; ftKklq fo|kfFkZ;ksa dks


fu%'kqYd f'k{kk Hkh iznku djrk FkkA iq=] ifr] firk vkSj HkkbZ ds :i esa ogvius fofHkUu mRrjnkf;Roksa dk fu"iknu djrk FkkA Hkkb;ksa ds izfr Jhjke dsân; esa dSlk izse Fkk bldh >yd fp=dwV esa gesa Hkjr th ds 'kCnksa esa ns[kusdks feyrh gSA ^gk;! tks loZFkk lq[k Hkksxus ds ;ksX; gS] os Jhjke esjs gh dkj.k,sls nq%[k esa iM+ x;s gSaA vksg! eSa fdruk Øwj gw¡\ esjs bl yksd fufUnr thoudks f/kDdkj gSA*9 jke f'k"Vkpkj dh izfrewfrZ gSa tc jkT;kfHk"ksd dh lwpuk nsusds fy;s xq: of'k"B th jke ds Hkou esa tkrs gSa ml le; f'k"Vkpkj ds ikyuesa jke us tjk Hkh =qfV ugha gksus nh] o.kZu ;g gS & rrks∙orkj;kekl ifjx`ájFkkr~ Lo;e~A10 Jh jke us Lo;a mudk gkFk idM+dj mudks jFk ls uhpsmrkjkA iztk ds nkf;Roksa ds izfr Jhjke iw.kZ:i ls ltx jgrs FksA rHkh iztkx.kizlUufpr gksdj vius&vius o.kZ rFkk vkJe ds vuqlkj /keZ dk;Z esa yxs jgrsFksA Jhjke th mudh j{kk rFkk ikyu firk ds leku djrs Fks] vkSj os Hkh mUgsavius firk ds leku gh ekurs FksAu fg rn~ Hkfork jk"Vªa ;= jkeks u Hkwifr% A rn oua Hkfork jk"Vªa ;= jkeksfuoRL;frAA11

vFkkZr~ Jhjke tgk¡ ds jktk u gksaxs] og jkT; jkT; ugha jg tk;sxk]taxy gks tk;sxk rFkk Jhjke tgk¡ fuokl djsxsa] og ou ,d Lora= jk"Vª cutk;sxkA jkek;.kdky esa f'k{kk ds }kjk fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa lkekftd mRrjnkf;RofuoZgu dk xq.k iw.kZ:i ls fodflr fd;k tkrk FkkA rHkh rks jktk gks ;k iztklc vius drZO;ksa dk ikyu HkyhHkk¡fr djrs FksA jke vius firk dks nsork ekursFks] ,slk o.kZu Jhen~okYehdh; jkek;.k ds v;ks/;kdk.M esa vk;k gS& êSa nsorkle>dj gh firk ¼vki½ dh vkKk dk iky d:¡xkA*12

ns'kizse dh Hkkouk dk fodkl& jkek;.kdky esa fo|kfFkZ;ksa esa jk"VªHkfDr] ns'klsokvkfn dh f'k{kk nh tkrh FkhA ftlls jk"Vª iqf"ir] iYyfor gksrk Fkk vkSj ,slsgh yksx jk"Vª j{kk djrs gq;s viuk lc dqN cfynku djus dks rS;kj jgrs FksAjk"Vªlsok O;fDr ds thou dh lcls cM+h lsok gS vkSj jk"Vªnzksg lcls cM+k ikiAjke&y{e.k us viuh jk"Vªlsok ds }kjk gh vius riksfu"B xq: fo'okfe= dksizlUu dj fy;k FkkA

okYehfd jkek;.k ds ckydk.M esa o.kZu gS& fo'okfe= us dgk fd gsêgkckgks! eSa rqEgsa ikdj —rkFkZ gks x;kA rqeus xq: dh vkKk dk iw.kZ:i lsikyu fd;kA egk;'kLoh] ohj] rqeus bl fl)kJe dk uke lkFkZd dj fn;kA*13

bl izdkj JhjkepUnz th dh iz'kalk djds eqfu us mu nksuksa Hkkb;ksa ds lkFklU/;ksikluk dh A Jhjke dk ns'k ds izfr izse Hkkouk muds bl izdkj ds opuksa


esa iw.kZ:i ls ifjyf{kr gksrh gSA Jhjke us dgk y{e.k Lo.kZe;h yadk eq>svPNh ugha yxrh D;ksafd tuuh vkSj tUeHkwfe LoxZ ls Hkh c<+dj gSAmilagkj& mi;qZDr o.kZu ls Li"V gS fd jkek;.k dky esa f'k{kk o lnkpkj dstks izeq[k rRo Fks os orZeku le; ds fy;s vR;Ur izklafxd fl) gksrs gSaAftuds }kjk lEiw.kZ ekuo lekt dks laosnu'khy ,oa ekuoh; thou ewY;ksa ls;qDr cuk;k tk ldrk gSA

ekuork ds eu efUnj esa] Kku dk nhi tyk nks Ad:.kkfu/kku Hkxoku] esjs Hkkjr dks LoxZ cuk nks AA

lanHkZ xzUFk &1. okYehfd jkek;.k] v;ks/;kdk.M] 12@302. ogh] 14@73. euqLe`fr] 2@694. okYehfd jkek;.k] lqUnjdk.M] 12@115. okYehfd jkek;.k] ckydk.M] 1@36. okYehfd jkek;.k] vj.;dk.M] 9@307. okYehfd jkek;.k] egkRE;] 2@308. okYehfd jkek;.k] ckydk.M] 6@13&149. okYehfd jkek;.k] v;ks/;kdk.M] 99@3610. ogh] 5@711. ogh] 37@2912. okYehfd jkek;.k] v;ks/;kdk.M] 34@5213. okYehfd jkek;.k] ckydk.M] 30@26


v/;kid f'k{kk esa uokpkj dh vko’;drk ,oa f'k{k.k vH;kl ij mldkizHkko

iou dqekj nqcs1

fdlh jk’Vª ds xkSjo ,oa fodkl dk vk/kkj mldh f'k{kk iz.kkyh gSA f'k{kk dh izfdz;kds fo’k; esa fMoh us rhu vk/kkj LrEHk ekus gS & f'k{kd] f'k{kkFkhZ ,oa ikB~;dzeA bl izdkjns[kk tk ldrk gS fd f'k{kd vFkok v/;kid lEiw.kZ f'k{kk izfdz;k esa vfr egRoiw.kZ LFkkuj[krk gSA mUur ,oa izHkkoh f'k{kk ds fy, vko”;d gS fd f'k{kd uohu rduhdh ls ySl ,oaJs’B f'k{k.k dkS”kyksa esa n{k gksA

v/;kid f'k{kk ds {ks= esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dh flQkfj'k dh 'kq:vkr lcls igys,MEl us viuh fjiksVZ esa dh FkhA blds ckn ôqM ds vkKk i=* 1854] ^Hkkjrh; f'k{kk vk;ksx*1882] ^dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; vk;ksx* 1919] ^lktsZUV ;kstuk* 1944] ^fo'ofo|ky; f'k{kk¼jk/kkd`".ku½ vk;ksx* 1949] êk/;fed f'k{kk vk;ksx* 1953] f'k{kk vk;ksx 1966 us f'k{kdizf'k{k.k dh izeq[k :i ls flQkfj'k dh gSA jk"Vªh; f'k{kk uhfr 1986 esa ;g dgk x;k fdv/;kidksa dh f'k{kk ds u;s dk;Zdze esa lrr~ f'k{kk ij vkSj bl f'k{kk uhfr dh u;h fn'kkvksads vuqlkj vkxs c<+kus dh vko';drk ij cy nsus dh ckr dghA

LorU=rk izkfIr ds i'pkr ns'k esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.k dks f'k{kd f'k{kk uke nsdj vf/kdO;kid cuk fn;k x;k A rRdkyhu ifjfLFkfr esa izf'kf{kr v/;kid dh vko';drk vf/kdek=k esa eglwl dh x;h bldh iwfrZ ds fy, v/;kid f'k{kk iznku djus okyh laLFkkvksa dkfodkl la[;kRed n`f"V ls rhoz xfr ls gqvkA blds fy, vf/kd la[;k esa f'k{kd izf'k{k.klaLFkk,¡ [kksyh x;hA v/;kidksa dks izf'kf{kr djus ls rkRi;Z mUgs f'k{k.k dkS'kyksa ;k fof'k"Vf'k{k.k O;ogkjksa rFkk fofHkUu izdkj dh fØ;kvksa esa n{krk iznku djus ls gSA

1- 'kks/kNk=] f”k{kk ladk;] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


v/;kiu O;olk; ds izfr muds vUnj ldkjkRed n`f"V rFkk LoLFk vfHko`fRrfodflr djukA ijUrq fdlh v/;kid dks izf'kf{kr djrs le; ;g /;ku nsuk pkfg, fdmuds vUnj mu uSfrd ewY;ksa ds fodkl dks egRoiw.kZ LFkku fn;k tk; tks fd lEiw.kZ thou{ks= ls lEcfU/kr gks A f'k{kk ekuo fuekZ.k ij cy nsrh gS rFkk og orZeku le; ds fy,mi;ksxh gSA v/;kid f'k{kk dk bfrgkl vfr izkphu jgk gS oSfnd dky ls ysdj orZekule; rd og vius vkidks le; ,oa vko';drk ds vuq:i viuh f'k{kk i)fr esa ifjorZudjrk pyk vk jgk gSA vkt dk ;qx ¼bDdhloha lnh½ oSKkfud ;qx gSA

izR;sd {ks= esa u;h&u;h rduhdh dk iz;ksx fd;k tk jgkA blh ifjis{; esa v/;kidf'k{kk ds {ks= esa Hkh ijEijkxr f'k{k.k izfØ;k] ftlesa Le`fr lrj dk f'k{k.k vf/kd egRoiw.kZLFkku j[krk Fkk] vkSj O;k[;ku i)fr ls gh f'k{k.k dk;Z fd;k tkrk FkkA ijUrq vkt/khjs&/khjs thou dh ifjfLFkfr;k¡ cnyh vkSj izR;sd txg uohu rduhdh ds iz;ksx dsQyLo:i lwpuk rduhdh dk cksyckyk gSA vkt ge bDdhloha 'krkCnh esa izos'k dj pqds gSavkSj ;g 'krkCnh lwpuk rduhdh dh 'krkCnh gSA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdh ds dkj.k gks jgs uokpkjls laizs"k.k dh reke iqjkuh rduhdsa vkt vrhr dh ckrsa cu pqdh gSaA bu lHkh uokpkjksa¼uohu rduhdh½ dk iz;ksx dj v/;kid f'k{kk dks vkSj mUur ,oa izHkkoh cuk;k tk ldrkgSA v/;kid f'k{kk esa Hkh vuq:fir ifjfLFkfr;ksa esa vH;klewyd <ax ls f'k{k.k rduhd dhegrh vko';drk eglwl dh tkrh jgh gSA tks ns'kdkykuqlkj f'k{kd dks i;kZIrr% izHkkoh ,oal{ke cukrh gSA

v/;kid f'k{kk iw.kZ :is.k fo|ky;h f'k{kk ij vk/kkfjr gSA ;k bldks bldsfoijhrkFkZd :i esa Hkh ns[kk tk ldrk gS fd fo|ky;h f'k{kk ds {ks= esa lq/kkj djus ds fy,v/;kid f'k{kk ds {ks= esa uohu rduhdh dk iz;ksx djrs gq, blds lrj esa lq/kkj djukgksxkA

vkt ds orZeku ifjizs{; esa ;g ekuk tkrk gS fd vesfjdk lfgr vU; vxz.kh if'pehns'kksa dh f'k{kk dh xq.koRrk mUur gS rks mldk lh/kk lEcU/k izkS|ksfxdh ds iz;ksx ls gSA ;gns[kk x;k gS fd vesfjdk vkSj dukMk ds izR;sd fo|kFkhZ dk bZ&esy ,dkm.V gS ;k fQj Nk=ksadks fo|ky; vFkok fo'ofo|ky; Lrj ij dEI;wVj O;oLFkk lgtrk ls miyC/k gS gekjs ns'kesa n'koha iapo"khZ; ;kstuk esa ;g fu'p; fd;k x;k fd dkyst ;k fo'ofo|ky; ds f'k{kddks vkil esa b.VjusV ds }kjk tksM+k tk; ijUrq bldk ykHk rHkh fey ldrk gS tc ogdEI;wVj o b.VjusV ds iz;ksx esa l{ke gksaA v/;kid f'k{kk dk {ks= Hkh blls fojr ugha gSAorZeku le; ;s v/;kid f'k{kk esa uokpkfjd vuqiz;ksxksa esa fuEufyf[kr fof/k;ksa dks lfEefyrfd;k tk ldrk gS & lektksUeq[kh dk;kZuqHko dk mi;ksx lw{e f'k{k.k esa Dykst lfdZV dSejs dk iz;ksx


dEI;wVj iz;ksx ,oa lEc) vuqns'ku ,y0lh0Mh0 izkstsDVj jsfM;ks dkUÝsaflax ohfM;ks dkUÝsaflax bZ&esy ,dkm.V dk mi;ksx b.VjusV dk iz;ksx bZ&yfuZax bZ&odZ'kkWi vku ykbu ikB~;Ø bZ&lsfeukj okV~l&,i dk iz;ksx

mi;qZDr fof/k;ksa ds ek/;e ls v/;kid Lo;a uohu vuqla/kkuksa ls ifjfpr gksrk jgrkgS rFkk blls og vius f'k{k.k vH;kl dks vkSj izHkkoh cuk ldrk gSA tks izk;ksfxd n`f"V lsizpfyr v/;kid f'k{k.k fof/k ls dgha vf/kd mi;ksxh ,oa izHkko'kkyh lkfcr gksrk gSA ftllsf'k{kd f'k{kk esa xq.kkRed ifjo/kZu ,oa mUu;u ifjyf{kr gks jgk gSA

fu"d"kZr% ;g dgk tk ldrk gS] fd v/;kid f'k{kk esa uohu rduhdh ds iz;ksx lsf'k{k.k vH;kl dks rks izHkkoh vo'; cuk;k tk jgk gS ijUrq blds lkFk gh lkFk ;g Hkh /;kuesa j[kuk gksxk fd f'k{kd vkSj f'k{kkFkhZ ds e/; tks HkkoukRed tqM+ko gSA mldks cuk;s j[kktk;A


orZeku le; esa vU/ksj uxjh ukVd dh izklafxdrklksuy nqcs1

HkkjrsUnq th us lexz Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k thou dh jktuhfrd ,oa lkaLd`frd O;oLFkk dksn`f”Vxr j[krs gq, vU/ksj uxjh ukVd dh jpuk fd;k gS] lkekU; ls fn[kus okys dFkkud esalkeUrh O;oLFkk] jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dh Hkz”Vkpkfjrk] lRrk dh foosdghurk] f’kfFkyrk&tM+rk]lRrk/kkjh ekufldrk] mudh fujadq’krk fujhg turk dks vf/kd le; rd my>kus o Bxusdh izo`fŸk orZeku ;qx esa ewY;ksa dh fod`fr o folaxfr dk fp=.k fd;k x;k gSA bls vxj ek=n`”VkUr ‘kSyh ekus rks bldk dsUnz fcUnq deZQy gS& yksHko`fŸk vkSj pkSiVjktk dh ifj.kfrAfdUrq ukVd dk ewy mn~ns’; izpfyr vjktdrk] ewY;ghu] vekuoh; O;oLFkk iz.kkyh dkinkZQk’k djuk gS] ftlesa vU;k; gS] >wB gS] yksHk vkSj LokFkZ gS] ‘kks”k.k tSlh o`fŸk;k¡ iui jghgSa vkSj fQj Hkh thou izokgeku gSA vU/ksj uxjh Hkz”V O;oLFkk dk izrhd gS] pkSiV jktkfoosdghurk vkSj U;k; n`f”V ds u gksus dk ewrZ Lo:i gS] mldk U;k; Hkz”Vkpkj dk izek.k gSD;ksafd cdjh dh e`R;q dk n.M nsus ds fy, xksc/kZu dks idM+k tkrk gS] vFkkZr dksbZ Hkhnf.Mr gks ldrk gSA

vfoosdh] izeknh] ewY;ghu jktk dh ifj.kfr rks HkkjrsUnq th us vU/ksj uxjh esa fn[kkbZgS] ysfdu lkFk gh xkso/kZu ds ek/;e ls Hkkjrh; turk dh yksHko`fRr ij O;aX; Hkh fd;k gS]yksHko`fŸk gh Hkkjrh; xzkeh.k turk dks vU/ksj uxjh dh Hkz”V O;oLFkk] vekuoh;rk esa Q¡lkrhgSA

vaxzstksa dh U;k; O;oLFkk esa Hkh "kks”kd&’kksf”kr] vijk/kh&fujijk/kh esa dksbZ vUrj ughaFkk] gekjh ledkyhu ‘kklu O;oLFkk ij] ‘kks”kd o`fŸk ij rks vU/ksj uxjh O;aX; gh gS] ij ;gvaU/ksj uxjh fo’o ds fdlh Hkh txg gks ldrh gS] D;ksafd ;s izo`fŸk;k¡ vk/kqfud ;qx dh nsugSaA

1- 'kks/kNk=] fgUnh foHkkx] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


vU/ksj uxjh dsoy HkkjrsUnqdkyhu lEcU/kh lekt /keZ o jktuhfrd O;oLFkk dkukVd ugha gS] cfYd og ml ewY;ghurk dk] eukso`fŸk lexz vkSj lkoZtfud psruk dk ukVdgS tks loZ= QSyh gqbZ gSA ;g vU/ksj uxjh lqUnj vkd”kZd gS ij ^^vU/kk/kqU/k eP;kS lc ns’kk]ejugq¡ jktk jgr fons’kkA** turk vc tku pqdh gS fdl izdkj lkgcksa us] gkfdeksa us lkjkfgUn gte dj fy;k gS] nwuk VSDl yxk;k gS] iqfyl csbZeku gS] dkuwu [kRe gks x;k gS] gjvkneh LokFkhZ] yksHkh] QwV Mkyus okyk cu pqdk gS] lHkh Vds ds yksHkh cu pqds gSa] ,sls esaHkkjrsUnq th us Hkkjrh; turk esa psruk txkus dk iz;kl fd;k gS] vc rks lEHky tkb,sns’kokfl;ksa] laxfBr gksdj jk”Vª ds uofuekZ.k esa ;Fkk laHko lg;ksx dhft,A

Vds ds okLrs /keZ o izfr”Bk nksuksa csaps] Vds ds okLrs >wBh xokgh nsa] Vds ds okLrsuhp dks Hkh firkeg cukosa] osn /keZ dqy ejtknk lpkbZ] cM+kbZ lc Vds lsjA

;s vUrfoZjks/k] ;s O;fDrRoghurk] LokFkZijrk ledkyhu vuqHko gS] ;gh orZeku ;FkkFkZvkSj lR; gSA bl ewY;ghu ;qx esa os’;k] iRuh] xk;&cdjh] jktk&ea=h] HkMq;s&iafMr lc ,dtSls gSaA vU/ksj uxjh esa lcdk ân; vUnj ls efyu gS fdUrq lc ckgj ls cM+s ekynkj odq’ky fn[kykbZ iM+rs gSa] tks lgh gS] lPpk gS] og b/kj&m/kj ekjk&ekjk fQjrk gS] mldhdgha iwN ugha gSa tks ftruk gh Hkz”V] yksHkh] ew[kZ gS og mruk gh lQy gS] iq.;] bZekunkj]lR;] /keZ] vkpj.k] lEeku] xfjek vkfn dk yksi gh vkt dh =klnh gSA ftls HkkjrsUnq th usbruh lgtrk ls fn[kk fn;k gSA ;g vekuoh; i{k vkt ds ;qx dk gS] blfy, gh jaxdfeZ;ksadk /;ku bl ukVd ij x;k] ftldk dkj.k bl ukVd dh izklafxdrk vf/kd jgh] ckgj dkfonwziRo vkSj Hkhrj dh fod`fr;ka blesa vUrghu laHkkouk,a mtkxj djrh gSa] D;ksafd og^fonwziRo* ;g vU/ksjuxjh gj dgha gSaA bls ge ^dHkh u lekIr* gksus okys loZukRed xfr’khy;FkkFkZ vkSj vlekIr ukVd dg ldrs gSaA fu’p; gh vU/ksj uxjh ,d izglu gksrs gq, Hkhvius dF; esa vk/kqfud fujUrj uohu ‘kSyh f’kYi esa ekSfyd vkSj yphysiu dk ,d ijEijkvkSj iz;ksx dk mnkgj.k gSaA HkkjrsUnq vkt Hkh ,sls vdsys ukVddkj gSa tks ukVd] ukV~;dyk]jaxeap] ukV~;Hkk”kk] ukV~;leh{kk ds izfr ltx] lfØ; lkfgR;dkj Fks mUgksaus dFkk&foU;kl dksbrus jkspd <ax ls izLrqr fd;k fd turk us mls Lohdkj dj fy;k ;gh mudh lQyrk dkewyea= jgkA HkkjrsUnq th turk ds uCt dks [kwc igpkurs FksA ftls cM+h gh lgtrk lstuekul ds le{k izLrqr fd;k gS] fdl izdkj xzkeh.k turk vius thou ds fy, la?k”kZdjrh gSA rFkk fdl izdkj vaxzstksa ds vR;kpkj ls ihfM+r gSaA mDr fo”k; ij cM+k gh ekfeZdo laosnukiw.kZ n`”Vkar izLrqr dj lHkh dk /;ku [khapus esa lQy jgs gSaAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph&

1. fxjh'k jLrksxh] 2002& fgUnh ukVd dk vkRe la?k’kZ] izdk”kd& yksdHkkjrh izdk”ku]15&,] egkRek xka/kh ekxZ bykgkckn&1] i`0&11&29A


2. jktdqekj mik/;k; êf.k*] 2010& vk/kqfud fgUnh ukV; lkfgR; esa prq% LrEHk]izdk”ku fd”kksj fo|k fudsru] ch&2@236&,] HknSuh] okjk.klh&221001]i`0la0&41&52A

3. Mk0 dqlqe jk;] 2012& fgUnh lkfgR; dk oLrqfu’B bfrgkl] izdk”kd& fo”ofo|ky;izdk”ku] pkSd okjk.klh] i`0la0&59&73A

4. Mk0 n”kjFk vks>k] 2006& fgUnh ukVd mn~Hko vkSj fodkl] izdk”kd& jktiky ,.Mlal] d”ehjh xsV] ubZ fnYyh] i`0la0&145&147A

5. “kjn~ flag& ljLorh ¼ekfld if=dk½] i`0la0&39A


Hkkjrh; ukjhMkW0 izKk feJk1

;= uk;ZLrq iwT;Urs jeUrs r= nsork%A;=SrkLrq u iwT;URks lokZLr=kQyk% fdz;k%AA1

Lokeh foosdkuUn th ds LoIuksa ds Lof.kZe Hkkjr esa fL=;ksa dh fLFkfrosndkyhu L=h ds leku lEekutud] f'kf{kr] vkn'kZ] loZxq.klEiUu ,oa_f"kdkvksa ds :i esa ije ikou rFkk lokZsifj gSA izkphu Hkkjr esa L=h vkSjiq#"k esa fyax ds vk/kkj ij dksbZ HksnHkko ugha fd;k tkrk Fkk] cfYd xq.kksa dsvk/kkj ij fL=;ksa dk LkEeku Hkh iq#"kksa ds leku gh gksrk FkkA bl lEcU/k esaLokeh foosdkUkUn th us vius ,d okrkZyki esa mifu"kn~ ds ml vk[;ku dksmn~/k`r fd;k Fkk tc _f"k ;kKoYD; jktk tud ds njckj esa i/kkjs Fks vkSjmuls iz'u djds mudh fo}Rrk vkSj Kku'khyrk dh ijh{kk yh xbZ Fkh] ftlesaeq[; ijh{kd dh Hkwfedk esa ,d czãokfnuh efgyk FkhaA ;Fkk&

Do you remember how Yajnavalkya was questioned at the Courtof King Janak ? His principal examiner was Vachaknavi, the maidenorator- Brahmvadini, as the word of day was. 'Like two shining arrowsin the hand of the skilled archer,' she says, 'are my questions.' Her sex isnot even commented upon. Again could anything be more complete thanthe equality of boys and girls in our old forest universities?2

gtkjksa osnK czkã.kksa dh lHkk esa xkxhZ us ;kKoYD; dks cãKku lEcU/kh'kkL=kFkZ gsrq vkgwr fd;k FkkA lc fL=;ksa dks ml le; v/;kRe Kku izkIrdjus dk iq#"kksa ds leku gh vf/kdkj Fkk rFkk vkn'kZ czãK fL=;ksa dk czãKkuh

1- v/;{k] laLd`r foHkkx] e-xk¡-fp-xzk-fo-fo] fp=dwV] lruk] e-iz-


iq#"kksa ds leku gh lEeku FkkA iqUk% vkt Hkh LorU= Hkkjr esa Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksadks ml vf/kdkj ls dkSu oafpr dj ldrk gS\ ge L=h vkSj iq#"k gSa] ekuorkdks foHkkftr djus okyh ;g lksp dHkh Hkh Hkkjrh; lksp ugha gks ldrhAHkkjrh; vk/;kfRed lkfgR; esa rks Li"V dgk x;k gS fd lcesa ,d gh ijekRekO;kIr gS o.kZ] tkfr] fyax vkfn ds Hksn rks eu%dfYir gSa] oLrqr% rks,desokf}rh; czã ls gh lEiw.kZ txn~ O;kIr gSA ge L=h gSa vFkok iq#"k gSa ;gu lkspdj gesa ;g lkspuk pkfg, fd ge ekuo gSa vkSj ,d nwljs dh lgk;rkdjus ds fy, tUes gSaA fdlh Hkh jk"Vª dh izxfr dk loksZRre ifjek.k gS ogk¡dh efgykvksa ds lkFk gksus okyk O;ogkjA Hkkjro"kZ esa izkphu dky ls ghefgykvksa dk vR;Ur lEekutud LFkku jgk gSA mi;qZDr n`"VkUr bl fo"k; esaizek.k gSA

izR;sd jk"Vª esa L=h ;k iq#"k fdlh ,d vkn'kZ dks O;Dr djrs gSaS]ftldh iwfrZ Kkr ;k vKkr Hkko ls gksrh jgrh gSA O;fDrfo'ks"k vfHkizsr vkn'kZdk ckg~; :i ek= gksrk gSA ,sls O;fDr;ksa ds lewg dks gh jk"Vª dgrs gSa] vkSj,slk jk"Vª Hkh fdlh egku~ vkn'kZ dk izrhd gksrk gS] ftldh vksj og c<+rkjgrk gSA fdlh jk"Vª dks le>us ds fy, mlds vkn'kZ dks le>uk vko';dgksrk gSA dksbZ jk"Vª vius vkn'kZ ls vfrfjDRk fdlh vU; vkn'kZ ls tk¡pk tkukLohdkj ugha djrkA lHkh izdkj dh mUufr] izzxfr] HkykbZ] cqjkbZ rFkk voufrlkis{k gksrh gS vkSj og fdlh vkn'kZ dk funsZ'k djrh gSA izR;sd O;fDr dksiw.kZrk ls le>us ds fy, ;g vko';d gS fd mls mlds vkn'kZ ls tk¡pk tk,Avr% Hkkjr dh ukjh dks ij[kus ds fy, Hkkjrh; vkn'kZ dk Kku gksuk vko';dgSA

Hkkjr dk vkn'kZ gS vkRek dh lc izdkj ds cU/kuksa ls eqfDrA ;g lalkjvlkj gSA ;g dsoy eu dh dYiuk gSA ;g ,d LoIu gSA ;Fkk&

nkjkIkR;a {ks=a foRra nsga xsga loZefuR;e~Abfr ifjHkko; loZelkja xHkZfod`R;k LoIufopkje~AAek;kdfYireSUnza tkya u fg rRlR;a n`f"Vfodkje~AKkrs rRRos loZelkja ek dq# ek dq# fo"k; fopkje~AAjTtkS liZHkze.kkjksiLr}n~czãf.k txnkjksi%AfeF;k ek;keksg fodkja eufl fopkj; ckjEckje~AAHkt xkSjh'ka Hkt xkSjh'ka xkSjh'ka Hkt eUnersAA3


;g thou ,ssls dbZ yk[k thouksa esa dsoy ,d gSA lkjk fo'o czãk.Mdsoy ek;k gS] ejhfpdk gS] ejhfpdkvksa ds dhM+ksa dk ?kj gSA ;gh Hkkjrh; n'kZugSA thou dey ds iRrs ij fLFkr ty fcUnq ds leku vfLFkj gSA ;Fkk&

ufyuhnyxrlfyya rjya r}Tthforefr'k; piye~Afof) O;k/;fHkekxzLra yksda 'kksdgra p leLre~AAHkt xksfoUna Hkt xksfoUna xksfoUna Hkt ew<ersAA4

vFkkZr~ dey ds iRrs iM+h gqbZ ikuh dh cw¡n ds leku ;g thou vR;Urpiy] uk'koku~ vkSj {k.kHkaxqj gSA lEkLr yksd O;kf/k] vfHkeku vkSj 'kksd lsxzLr gSA vr% fujUrj xksfoUn dk gh Hktu dj vFkkZr~ ijekRek dk gh Lej.kdjA

ijUrq og Hkxoku~ u rks yEch pkSM+h ckrksa ls feYkrk gS u gh ckSf)d'kfDr ls vkSj u gh fotsrk dh vrqyuh; 'kfDr ls gh mls izkIr fd;k tkldrk gSA ij tks O;fDr l`f"V ds ewy jgL; dks tkurk gS vkSj ;g le>rk gSfd ijekRek ds vfrfjDr vU; lc dqN uk'koku~ gSA bl izdkj tks ijekRek dksgh tkuus dh bPNk j[krk gS] og ijekRek mlh ds lEeq[k izdV gksrk gS&

uk;ekRek izopusu yH;ks u es/k;k u cgquk JqrsuA;esoS"k o`.kqrs rsu yH;LrL;S"k vkRek foo`.kqrs ruwa Loke~AA5

vFkkZr~ ;g vkRek izopu ds }kjk izkIr gksus ;ksX; ugha gS] u gh xzUFk dhvf/kd /kkj.k'kfDr ls vkSj u gh vf/kd Jo.k ls izkIr gks ldrk gSA ;g lk/kdftl vkRek dk oj.k djrk gS ml vkRek ls gh ;g izkIr fd;k tk ldrk gSAmlds izfr ;g vkRek vius Lo:i dks vfHkO;Dr dj nsrk gSA vr% vkReKkudsoy lPPkss fTkKklq dks gh izkIr gksrk gSA

Hkkjrh; fL=;ksa ds fy, lhrk loksZRd`"V vkn'kZ gSaA L=h pfj= ds ftrusHkh Hkkjrh; vkn'kZ gSa] os lc lhrk ds gh pfj= ls mRiUu gq, gSaA blhfy,lEiw.kZ vk;kZorZ esa lglzksa o"kksaZ ls ek¡ lhrk dh iwtk gks jgh gSA

Hkkjr esa lhrk 'kCn ije ifo=rk] fo'kq)rk rFkk fueZyrk dk izrhd]lhrk ds ikou pfj= ds dkj.k gh ekuk tkrk gSA vr% czkã.k izk;% fdlhdqyo/kw dks vk'khokZn nsrs le; dgrs gSa& ^^lhrk cuksA** bl vk'khokZn dkvfHkizk; ;gh gksrk gS fd os lhrk lh ifo=] loZlfg".kq] fo'kq) vkpj.k;qDr]ifrijk;.k rFkk ifrozrk cusaA Hkkjro"kZ esa izk;% izR;sd ckfydk dks lhrk dkrFkk ckyd dks Jhjke dk :i ekuk tkrk gSA ;Fkk&

pUnu gS bl ns'k dh ekVh riksHkwfe gj xzke gSAgj ckyk nsoh dh izfrek cPpk&cPpk jke gSAA6


blhfy, ekrk lhrk Hkkjrh; ukjh ds vkn'kZHkko dh izfrfuf/k gSaAtxTTkuuh lhrk ewfrZe;h Hkkjr ekrk ekuh tkrh gSaA Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa dksvk/kqfud ik'pkR; Hkkoksas esa jaxus dh tks ps"Vk,¡ gkss jgh gS] ;fn mu lc iz;Ruksaesa mUgsa lhrk&pfj= ds vkn'kZ ls Hkz"V djus dh ps"Vk dh xbZ rks os lc iz;RuvlQy gksaxs] tSlk fd ge izfrfnu ns[krs gSaA Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa ls lhrk ds pj.kfpàksa dk vuqlj.k djkdj viuh mUufr djuh gksxh] ;gh ,dek= iFk gSALokeh foosdkUkUn dgrs gSa&

^êSa fnO;n`f"V ls ns[k jgk gw¡ fd ;fn Hkkjr dh ukfj;k¡ ns'kh iks'kkdigus Hkkjrh; _f"k;ksa ds eq[k ls fudys gq, /keZ dk izpkj djsa rks ,d ,slh cM+hrjax mBsxh tks lkjs if'peh lalkj dks Mqck nsxhA**

Hkkjr esa L=hthou dk vkn'kZ ekr`Ro gSA izR;sd Hkkjrh; ds eu esa ^L=h*'kCn ds mPpkj.kek= ls ekr`Ro Hkko mHkjrk gSA D;ksafd Hkkjr esa izR;sd L=h dksek¡ ds :i esa ns[kus dh ifjikVh jgh gSA ;Fkk&

ekròr~ ijnkjs"kq ijnzO;s"kq yks"Bor~AvkReor~ loZHkwrs"kq ;% i';fr l i';frAA7

vFkkZr~ tks ijfL=;ksa dks ekrk ds leku] ijnzO; dks feV~Vh ds <sys dsleku rFkk lc Hkwrizkf.k;ksa dks vius gh leku ns[krk gS ogh ;FkkFkZ ns[krk gSA

if'pe esa L=h dk vkn'kZ ekr`Ro u gksdj iRuhRo rd gh lhfer gSA ogk¡iRUkh ds :i esa gh L=hRo dk Hkko dsfUnzr gSA fdUrq Hkkjr esa leLr L=hRo dksekr`Ro esa gh dsUnzhHkwr ekuk tkrk gSA ik'pkR; ns'kksa esa tgk¡ x`g dh LokfeuhvkSj 'kkfldk iRuh gS] ogha Hkkjrh; x`gksa esa Lokfeuh vkSj 'kkfldk ekrk gSAik'pkR; x`g esa ;fn ekrk gksrh Hkh gS rks mls iRuh ds v/khu jguk iM+rk gS]D;ksafd ?kj dh ekyfdu IkRuh gh gksrh gSA Hkkjrh; ?kjksa esa ekrk lnSo ?kj dhLokfeuh vkSj 'kkfldk ds :i esa jgrh gS vkSj IkRuh mlds v/khu jgrh gSA

Hkkjrh; vkn'kZ R;kxe; vkSj rikse; thou dks egRRo nsrk gSA vkSj ogtUenk=h ekrk tks vius iq= vkSj iqf=;ksa ds fy, viuk loZLo R;kx nsus dkslnSo mRlqd jgrh gS] D;ksa u mPpre nso ds :i esa iwth tk;A og ekrk tksviuh lUrku dks ukS ekl rd xHkZ esa j[krs gq, vius jDr vkSj izk.kksa ls mldkiks"k.k djrh gS] rFkk tUe ds i'pkr~ Hkh ;fn lUrfr ds fy, mls vius izk.kksadh vkgqfr Hkh nsuh iM+s rks og lg"kZ rS;kj jgrh gS] thfor jgrs gq, lUrfr dslq[k vkSj le`f) ds fy, lc izdkj ds 'kkjhfjd vkSj ekufld d"V lgrh gSAHkyk] ml ekrk ds vfrfjDr vkSj dkSu ml mPpre in dk vf/kdkjh gS\ vr%Hkkjr esa ekrk dk LFkku lokZsPp gSA ekr`Ro dh /kuh fL=;k¡ loksZRd`"V lEeku dh


ik= gSaA Hkkjr esa izk;% lHkh fL=;ksa dks ekr`Hkko ls fugkjk tkrk gSA ;fn Hkkjresa ek¡ ds thfor jgrs gq, iq= dh e`R;q gksrh gS rks ej.kklUu iq= lnSo ;ghbPNk djrk gS fd ejrs le; mldk flj ek¡ dh xksn esa jgsA

Hkkjrh; eu mu vkn'kksaZ ds izfr l'kafdr jgrk gS ftlesa dgk tkrk gSfd ekal dks ekal ls gh layXu jguk pkfg, vFkkZr~ L=h iq#"k lEcU/k dkmn~ns'; ek= oklukiwfrZ gSA Hkkjrh; ekul bls vLohdkj djrs gq, rFkk izR;sdL=h dks vHk; nsrs gq, dgrk gS] ugha ugha nsfo! ekal rks D;k\ ekal ls lEcfU/krfdlh Hkh oLrq ls rqEgsa laYkXu ugha fd;k tk,xkA rqEgkjk uke rks lnk gh R;kx]ifo=rk vkSj fnO;xq.kksa dk izrhd jgk gSA fo'o esa ek¡ ls vf/kd ifo= vkSjfueZy nwljk dkSu lk uke gS\ ftlds ikl okluk QVd rd ugha ldrhA ;ghHkkjr dk vkn'kZ gSA Hkkjro"kZ esa L=hRo ekr`Ro dk gh cks/kd gSA ekr`Ro esaegkurk] LokFkZ'kwU;rk] d"Vlfg".kqrk vkSj {kek'khyrk dk Hkko fufgr gSA IkRuhrks Nk;k dh rjg ihNs pyrh gSA ekrk ds thou dk vuqlj.k djuk gh iRuhdk dRkZO; gksrk gS] fdUrq ekrk izse dk ewrZ:i gksrh gSA ,d vksj og ifjokj ij'kklu djrh gS] vf/kdkj j[krh gS] vko';drkuqlkj Mk¡V&QVdkj yxkrh gS]fdUrq vius izse dh Mksj ls lcdks ck¡/ks j[krh gS] ftlls mldh QVdkj Hkhlq[kn yxrh gSA izk;% Hkkjr esa tc ckyd dksbZ vijk/k djrk gS rks firk ghmls ekjrk&ihVrk gS] ek¡ rks dsoy chpcpko djds lkURouk nsrh gSA Hkkjr esasdksbZ Hkh ekrk vius iq=&iqf=;ksa dks vfHk'kki ugha nsrh gSA og lnSo mudsvijk/kksa dks {kek djrh gSA ;fn lUrfr ds vijk/k nwljksa ds izfr gksrs gSa] ftudsQyHkksx vfuok;Z gksrs gSa rks ekrk mu vijk/kksa dk n.M vius Åij ysuk pkgrhgSA ekrk ds ikl iq=&iqf=;ksa ds izfr loZLo R;kx dk Hkko lnSo fo|eku jgrkgSA Hkkjrh; laLd`fr ds vuqlkj L=h thou dk egku~ mn~ns'; ekrk dk xkSjoe;in izkIr djuk gh gSA Hkkjr esa izR;sd laLdkfjr L=h ekr`Ro izkIr djus ds fy,Hkxoku~ ls izkFkZuk djrh gSA D;ksafd vk;Z dh ifjHkk"kk djrs gq, Le`frdkj euqdgrs gSa& ^ôgh lUrku vk;Z gS tks izkFkZuk ds }kjk tUe ysrh gSA fcuk izkFkZukds mRiUu izR;sd lUrku ekuks v/keZ ls mRiUu lUrku gSA** vr% LkUrku izkfIrds bPNqd izR;sd nEirh dks igys bZ'oj ls izkFkZuk djuh pkfg,A vU;Fkk blizdkj dh lUrkuksas ls bl lalkj esa D;k vk'kk dh tk ldrh gS] tks vfHk'kkiksads lkFk tUe ysrs gSa vkSj okluk iwfrZ ds {k.k] nqcZyrk ds dkj.k lalkj esa ek=blfy, inkiZ.k djrs gSa D;ksafd mlls cpuk lEHko ugha FkkA vr% lHkhLokfHkekuh rFkk cqf)erh ekrkvksa dks lUrku izkfIr ls iwoZ fujUrj bZ'oj lsizkFkZuk djuh pkfg,A D;ksafd tks cPps fcuk izkFkZuk ds tUe ysrs gSa os lalkj ds


fy, vfHk'kki fl) gksrs gSaA Hkkjrh; n'kZu 'kkL=ksa dk er gS fd izR;sd ckYkdtUe ls gh nso ;k vlqj gksrk gSA tUeiwoZ izHkko ckyd dks 'kqHk ;k v'kqHkizo`fRr;qDr cukrk gSA

Hkkjr esa f'k{kk vkSj laLd`fr dk fodkl Åijh rkSj ij rks iq#"kksa ijvoyfEcr fn[kkbZ nsrk gS fdUrq Lkw{e voyksdu ls Kkr gksrk gS fd f'k{kk vkSjlaLd`fr ds fodkl esa iq#"kksa ds leku gh fL=;ksa dk ;ksxnku jgk gSA ekrk ghf'k'kq dh izFke ikB'kkyk vkSj f'k{kd gksrh gSA ekrk dh f'k{kk ds lkFk&lkFkHkkjr dh izkFkfed f'k{kk iapk;r ds v/khu jgh gSA vfr izkphu dky ls jkT;O;oLFkk esa Hkwfe jktk ;k jk"Vª dh ekuh tkrh gSA Hkwfe ij O;fDrfo'ks"k dk dksbZvf/kdkj ugha gksrk FkkA Hkkjr esa lkjk jkTkLo Hkwfe ds yxku ls gh vkrk FkkD;ksafd izR;sd O;fDr ljdkj ls gh Hkwfe ikrk FkkA Hkkjr esa izkFkfed f'k{kk gsrqeB&izFkk ¼Monastery System½ dk mYys[k feyrk gS tks izkFkfed f'k{kk iznkudjus dk ,d rU= FkkA bl izFkk ds vuqlkj xk¡o ds yksx feydj ,d f'k{kddks vius xk¡o esa j[krs Fks vkSj mlds [kkus&ihus rFkk jgus vkfn dh O;oLFkkdjrs FksA og f'k{kd xk¡o ds lHkh ckyd&ckfydkvksa dks f'k{kk nsrk FkkA mUgsafy[kus&i<+us ds lkFk&lkFk O;kogkfjd ,oa laLd`fr lEcU/kh Kku Hkh iznkudjrk FkkA bl KkuizkfIr ds vf/kdkjh ckyd vkSj ckfydk,¡ nksuksa gh gqvk djrsFksA blds vfrfjDr xq#dqyh; f'k{kk iz.kkyh izpfyr Fkh ftlesa ckyd vkSjckfydkvksa ds fy, i`Fkd~&i`Fkd xq#dqy gqvk djrs FksA ;s xq#dqy izk;% xk¡oksals nwj ,dkURk LFkku ij gksrs FksA xqykeh ds dky esa lqj{kk dkj.kksa ls ?kj ls nwjtkdj i<+us dh izFkk esa vojks/k vk tkus ls vf/kdka'k ckfydk,¡ mPp f'k{kk lsoafpr gks tkrh FkhaA fdUrq izkphu dky esa xkxhZ] eS=s;h] fo|ksRrek tSlh fonq"khefgyk,¡ Fkha ftUgksaus fcuk fdlh HksnHkko ds iq#"kksa ds leku gh f'k{kk izkIr dhFkhA oSfnd eU=ksa dh jpuk esa Hkh _f"k;ksa ds lkFk&lkFk _f"kdkvksa dk Hkhleku ;ksxnku FkkA

vktdy ;ksjksih; <ax ls f'k{kk nsus ij yksxksa dk fo'ks"k /;ku gSA Hkkjreas Hkh ckydksa ds leku ckfydkvksa dks Hkh leku :i ls f'k{kk fnyokus dsi{k/kj vf/kdka'k yksx gSaA dkyfo'ks"k ,oa ifjfLFkfrfo'ks"k esa fL=;ksa ds lkFkHksnHkko fo'o ds vusd ns'kksa esa jgk gSA Hkkjr ls dgha vf/kd HksnHkko ik'pkR;ns'kkas esa FkkA Lokeh foosdkuUn th us Lo;a ;g ckr vius 'kCnksa esa bl izdkjO;Dr dh gSA

^^ ;g vk'p;Z dh ckr gS fd dSfEczt vkSj vkDlQksMZ fo'ofo|ky; dsnjokts fL=;ksa ds fy, vkt Hkh cUn gSaA ;gh fLFkfr gkoZMZ vkSj ;sy ds


fo'ofo|ky;ksa dh Hkh gSA ij dydRrk fo'ofo|ky; us chl o"kZ iwoZ gh fL=;ksads fy, viuk }kj [kksy fn;k FkkA eq>s Lej.k gS fd ftl o"kZ eSa ch-,- esamRrh.kZ gqvk Fkk] ml lky dbZ yM+fd;k¡ Hkh esjs lkFk ch-,- eas mRrh.kZ gqbZ FkhaAmu yksxksa dh ikB~;iqLrdsa vkSj vU;kU; fo"k; yM+dksa ds gh leku FksA fQj Hkhcgqr lh yM+fd;k¡ lQyrk iwoZd mRrh.kZ gqbZaA**8

Lokeh foosdkuUnth vkxs dgrs gSa&^^gekjs /keZ eas rks yM+fd;ksa dks f'k{kk nsus dk fu"ks/k gS gh ughaA izkphu

xzUFkksa es fy[kk gS fd fo|kihBksa esa yM+ds&yM+fd;k¡ nksuksa gh tkrs FksA**9

Hkkjrh; ukjh laLd`fr dks iYyfor vkSj iqf"ir djus esa iq#"kksa ls Hkhvxz.kh Hkwfedk essa jgh gSSA lqj{kk dkj.kksa ls xqykeh ds dky[k.M esa ukjh f'k{kk esatks vojks/k vk;k mlds dkj.k ns'k dh laLd`fr vkSj lH;rk dk Hkh vkaf'kdiru gqvkA ijUrq vc iqu% Hkkjrh; ukjh LokfHkeku ds lkFk [kM+h gks jgh gS]ftlesas iq#"kkssa dk Hkh leku lg;ksx fey jgk gSA ;|fi Hkkjrh; ukjh dk ckg~;LOk:i Hkh dkydze ls cny jgk gS ijUrq vc og vcyk ugha fdUrq 'kfDr dkdsUnz cu jgh gSA izkphudky ls gh Hkkjrh; dqVqEc esa x`gLokfeuh dksbZ efgykgksrh FkhA uxj lfefr;ksa esa Hkh efgykvksa dh la[;k vf/kd gkssrh FkhA vkt iqUk%efgyk mRFkku ds lkFk Hkkjr ekrk dk mRFkku gksxk ,slk fo'okl ds lkFk dgktk ldrk gSA fdUrq gesa ;g dHkh ugha Hkwyuk pkfg, fd Hkkjrh; ukjh dkvkn'kZ vkSj mldh iw.kZrk ekr`Ro izkIr djus esa gSA ,d u ,d fnu fo'o dhlEkLr ukjh lekt dks bl ckr dk vglkl vo'; gksxk fd ukjh dk vkn'kZekRkRo rFkk iq#"k dk vkn'kZ lQy fir`Ro gh gSA ekr`Ro dk dsoy HkkSfrd vFkZysdj ;g vk'kadk ugha djuh pkfg, fd lUrkughu fL=;ksa dh D;k fLFkfr gksxhD;ksafd os ekr`Ro ds lEeku dh ik= ugha gSaA HkkSfrd :i ls 'kkjhfjd viw.kZrkds dkj.k os Hkys gh lUrku ghu gksa] ijUrq muds g`n; esa fo|eku ekr`RoHkko ghmUgsa lEekfur vkSj iwT; cukrk gSA blds mRd`"V mnkgj.k ds :i esa ijegaljked`".k dh lg/kfeZ.kh ek¡ 'kkjnk dks fy;k tk ldrk gSA mudh viuh dksbZlUrku ugha Fkh fdUrq vusdkusd Hkkjrokfl;ksa dks os viuk iq= ekurh FkhaAfoosdkuUn th tSls vusd euh"kh vkSj ;ksxh Hkh muesa ekr`Ro dk lk{kkr~ n'kZudjrs Fks rFkk muds ekr`Ro ds dkj.k mUgsa viuk vkjk/; rd ekurs FksAvulw;k] lhrk] lkfo=h vkfn tgk¡ izkphu Hkkjr dh vkn'kZ ekrk,¡ Fkha],sfrgkfld Hkkjr esa Hkh ekrk thtkckbZ] ehjkckbZ] psUuEek] nqxkZorh rFkk jkuhYk{eh ckbZ tSlh vusd ohjkaxuk,¡ gqbZ gSa ftudk g`n; ekr`Ro ls ifjiw.kZ FkkAvkn'kZ Hkkjrh; ukfj;ksa dk izfrfoEc muesa >ydrk FkkA


lUnHkZ lwph1- euqLEk`fr] fo|kfogkj] ubZ fnYyh] v/;k;&3] 'yksdla[;k&56]

i`"Bla[;k&1092- Complete Works Of Swami Vivekananda, page 230, para 43- Lrks= jRukoyh] Jhenk|'kadjkpk;Zf'k"; fpUrkef.kfojfpr Lrks=]

i`"B la[;k 278&79&80] xhrkizsl xksj[kiqj] laLdj.k&laor~&2066fodzekCnA

4- Lrks= jRukoyh] Jhenk|'kadjkpk;Zd`r~ iatfjdk Lrks=] i`"B la[;k277] 'yksd la[;k 10] laLdj.k& laor~ 2066 fodzekCnA

5- dBksifu"kn~] 'yksdla[;k&23] oYyh 2] v/;k; 1] bZ'kkfn ukSmifu"kn~] i`"B la[;k& 231] laLdj.k& 2060 fodzekCnA

6- cky laLdkj ikBekyk] i`"B 9] izdk'kd& xhrk ifjokjlaxeusj]iq.ks egkjk"Vª] laLdj.k& laor~ 2066

7- lqHkkf"kr fgrksins'kA8- foosdkuUn lkfgR;] i`"Bla[;k 320&21] izdk'kd& v}Sr vkJe

dksydkrk] laLdj.k 1963 bZ0A9- foosdkuUn lkfgR;] i`"Bla[;k 321] izdk'kd& v}Sr vkJe

dksydkrk] laLdj.k 1963 bZ0A


Hkze lEcU/kh fl)kUr % jkekuqt ds lUnHkZ esaMkW- foeys'k feJ1

jkekuqt us fof”k’Vk}Sr dk mn~Hko vius iwoZorhZ nk”kZfudksa ds erksa dk [k.Mudjrs gq, fd;k gSA osnkUr nhi dh Hkwfedk esa mUgksaus “kadjkpk;Z dsfeF;kmikf/kokn] HkkLdj ds ikjekfFkZd mikf/kokn rFkk ;kno izdk”k ds HksnkHksndk [k.Mu djrs gq, fof”k’Vk}Sr dk izfriknu fd;k gSA HkkLdj fpr~ vkSjvfpr~ dks czºe dh feF;k mikf/k ekurs gSaA HkkLdj fpr~ vkSj vfpr~ dks czºedh ikjekfFkZd mikf/k ekurs gSaA ;kno izdk”k fpr~ vkSj vfpr~ esa rFkk czºe esaHksnkHksn ekurs gSaA jkekuqtpk;Z dgrs gSa fd ;kno izdk”k dk HksnkHksnoknonrksO;k?kkr gS D;ksafd Hksn vkSj vHksn ,d lkFk lR; ugha gks ldrsA HkkLdjdk ikjekfFkZd mikf/krRo] rr~Roe~vfl bR;kfn okD;ksa esa izfriknu v}Srokn dsfo:) gSA “kadjkpk;Z dk feF;k mikf/kokn vfo|k dfYir gS rFkk Jqfr lsfo:) gSA bl izdkj bu rhuksa erksa dk fujkdj.k djrs gq, Jqfr Le`fr lEerlukru oSfnd ekxZ dk izpkj djrs gq, jkekuqt us fof”k’Vk}Sr dk izfriknufd;k gSA bl fl)kUr ds }kjk mUgksaus Hksn Jqfr vkSj vHksn Jqfr nksuksa dkrkRi;Z vf}rh; czºe esa gh ekukA muds er ls lHkh “kCn czºe ;k bZ”oj dsokpd gSaA fQj mUgksaus Hksn dks vHksn dk vi`Fkd fl) fo”ks"k.k cryk;k gSA blizdkj vi`Fkdflf) fl)kUr ds }kjk xq.k vkSj xq.kh ds lEcU/k dks ;k fo”ks"k.kvkSj fo”ks’; ds lEcU/k dks mUgksaus ,d rkfRod xgjkbZ iznku dh gSA blfl)kUr ds }kjk mUgksaus tho dks ,d vksj bZ”oj ls vfHkUu fl) fd;k rksnwljh vksj mUgksaus tho dks mlds v”kqHk deZ vkSj vKku ds fy, ftEesnkj HkhBgjk;k gSA

1- Qzhykalj


jkekuqt ds vuqlkj czºe vkSj bZ”oj vfHkUu gSA O;kogkfjdn`f"Vdks.k ls tks bZ’oj gS ogha ikjefFkZd n`f"Vdks.k ls czºe gSA bZ”oj bl txr~dk miknku dkj.k gSA txr bZ”oj dk dk;Z gSA bZ”oj vkSj txr esa dk;Zdkj.k lEcU/k gSA jkekuqt lRdk;Zoknh gSaA muds vuqlkj dk;Z dkj.k esa igysls gh fo|eku jgrk gSA dkj.k dk;Z ls ,dne Ik`Fkd~ ugha gksrkA czºe dkdk;Z:i txr] dkj.k :i czºe ls Ik`Fkd ugha gS] ysfdu czºe vkSj txr ,dHkh ugha dgs tk ldrsA muesa Hksn gSA bZ”oj vuUr gS] tcfd txr dk vUrfuf”pr gSA blfy, nksuksa ds chp rkE; ugha gks ldrkA bZ’oj vkSj txr dschp u rks iw.kZ vHksn gS vkSj u iw.kZ Hksn gh gSA jkekuqt us bl izdkj ds lEcU/kdks “kjhj&”kjhjh lEcU/k vFkok nsg vkRek lEcU/k dgrs gSaA bZ”oj txr dhvkRek gS] txr mldk “kjhj gSA bZ”oj gh txr dk mn~s”; vkSj fu;ked gSAjkekuqt bZ”oj vkSj txr ds chp ds lEcU/k dks fu;E;&fu;ked lEcU/k dhlaKk nsrs gSA “kjhj&”kjhjh lEcU/k dks izks0 ,e0 fgfj;Uuk us tSfod lEcU/k dgkgSA tSfod lEcU/k gSA bZ”oj] tho vkSj txr ds chp vU;ksU;kJ; lEcU/k dsoyl`f"V ds lUnHkZ esa gh gksrk gSA bZ”oj l`f"V ds fy, tho vkSj izd`fr ij fuHkZjgSA bZ”oj Lo;a izd`fr ls la;ksx ugha djrk D;ksafd og fuxqZ.k gSA og thoksa }kjkizd`fr esa izos”k djrk gSA

jkekuqt us txr dks czºe ls vfHkUu ekuk gSA fdUrq bls os oSlkvfHkUu ugha ekurs tSlk v}Srokn esa ekuk x;k gSA jkekuqt ds vuqlkj dk;Zdkj.k dh fo”ks"krk ;k xq.k gSA xq.k dHkh Hkh xq.kh ls vyx ugha gks ldrkAvr% txr dkj.kkfHkUu dk;Z gSA og feF;k ugha gSA v}Srh dk;Z dks feF;k vkSjdkj.k dks lR; ekurs gq, dk;Z dkj.k dh vuU;rk dk izfriknu djrs gSaAjkekuqt dgrs gS fd lR; feF;k ,sD; dh fLFkfr esa ;k rks lR; czºe feF;k gkstk;sxk ;k L;kr~A** jkekuqt txr dks czºe dk foorZ ugha ekurs] muds vuqlkjtxr ugha iM+rkA czºe esa fdlh izdkj dk fodkj ugha gksrkA ftl izdkj nw/kls ngh dk fuekZ.k gksrk gS] mlh izdkj czºe ls lalkj dh l`f"V gksrh gSAjkekuqt ds vuqlkj dkj.k vkSj dk;Z nksuksa lR; gSA nw/k Hkh lR; gS] ngh HkhlR; gSA czºe dh lRrk vkSj txr dh lRrk nksuksa lR; gSA

l`f"V ds lEcU/k esa jkekuqt mifu"knksa ds fl)kUrksa dk v{kj”k%ikyu djrs gSaA loZO;kih czºe esa fpr~ vkSj vfpr~ nksuksa rRo fo|eku jgrs gSAfpr~ tho dk |ksrd gS vkSj vfpr~ tM+ rRo ;k izd`fr dkA “osrk’oj mifu"kn~]Le`fr] iqjk.k vkfn esa of.kZr vfpr~ izd`fr rRo ds :i dks os Lohdkj djrs gSaAblh ls leLr HkkSfrd fo"k; mRiUu gksrs gSaA “osrk’oj mifu"kn~ esa izd`fr rRo


dks lalkj dk cht ;k ewy ekuk x;k gSA ;gh izd`fr gh vukfn] ,d rFkk viusleku cgqr lh iztkvksa dh l`f"V djrk gSA bZ”oj dh bPNk ls izd`fr Lo;a rhuHkkxksa rst] ty rFkk i`Foh esa foHkkftr gks tkrh gS] ftuesa Øe”k% lRo] jt rFkkreksxq.k ik;s tkrs gSaA bUgha rhuksa rRoksa ds la;ksx rFkk feJ.k ls txr ds LFkwyinkFkZ mRiUu gksrs gSaA bl feJ.k dks f=o`r dkj.k dgk tkrk gSA

czºe dh nks voLFkk,¡& dkj.koLFkk vkSj dk;kZoLFkkA dkj.kkoLFkkesa og l`f"V ugha djrk gSA fdUrq l`f"V ds lHkh rRo mlesa cht :i esa fo|ekujgrs gSaA ;g izy;koLFkk gSA dk;kZoLFkk esa czºe l`f"V djrk gSA ;g lalxkZoLFkkgSA bu nksuksa voLFkkvksa dh rqyuk fLiukstk ds uspqjk&uspqjkUl ¼ewykizd`fr½ vkSjuspqjk&uspqjkVk ¼rwykizd`fr½ ls fd;k tk ldrk gSA igyh voLFkk esa fpr~ vkSjvfpr~ vfoHkDr jgrs gS vkSj nwljh voLFkk esa foHkDr jgrs gSaA

jkekuqt ds vuqlkj bZ”oj ds ladYi ls l`f"V izkjEHk gksrh gSAftl izdkj edM+h ds vUnj ls tkyk fudyrk gS] mlh izdkj czºe ds vUnj lsl`f"V fudyrh gSA mifu"knksa ds vuqlkj bZ”oj cgqr gks tkus dh dkeuk lsl`f"V djrk gSA ;g ekuus ij ;g fl) gksrk gS fd bZ”oj vkIrdke ugha gSAD;k mlesa dksbZ deh gS ftldh iwfrZ ds fy, og l`f"V djrk gSA jkekuqtbldk mRrj nsrs gw, dgrs gSa fd bZ”oj iw.kZ gS] vkIrkdke gSA l`f"V dsoybZ”oj bPNk ds dkj.k gksrh gSA bZ”oj thoksa dh bPNk ls fHkUu gSA thoksa dhbPNk nldh viw.kZrk dks fl) djrh gSA bZ”oj bPNk bZ”oj dh iw.kZrk dkizdk’ku gSA l`f"V czºe dh yhyk gSA l`f"V dks yhyk eku ysus ij l`f"V dhokLrfodrk vkSj bZ”oj dh iw.kZrk dk fojks/k nwj gks tkrk gSA

l`f"V dk fodkl jkekuqt mlh Øe esa ekurs gSa ftl Øe esalka[; nk”kZfudksa us izLrqr fd;k gSA ijUrq nksuksa esa izeq[k vUrj ;g gS fd lka[;izd`fr ifj.kkeokn dks ekurk gSA jkekuqt czºe ifj.kkeokn dks Lohdkj djrsgSaA jkekuqt iaphdj.k dks ekurs gSa vkSj lka[; iaphdj.k dks ugha ekurkA lka[;ds vuqlkj lHkh HkkSfrd oLrq,¡ fdlh&u&fdlh egkHkwr ls ;k dbZ egkHkwrksa dsla;ksx ls cuh gSaA iaphdj.k ds vuqlkj izR;sd oLrq esa i`Foh] ty] vfXu] ok;qvkSj vkdk”k ds va”k gSaA ik¡pksa egkHkwr feydj dke djrs gSaA O;ogkjokn esavkus okyh lHkh oLrq,¡ egkHkwrksa ls feydj curh gSaA euq"; dk “kjhj Hkh bUghaik¡p egkHkwrksa ls feydj cuk gSA

jkekuqtkpk;Z ds vuqlkj ek;k ijekRek dh fofp= :ik “kfDr gSAos ek;k dks vk”p;Zoknh ekurs gSaA ftl izdkj LoIu esa jFkkfn dk iw.kZr;k vHkkogksus ij Hkh jFkkfn dh vk”p;Ztud l`f"V fn[kyk;h iM+rh gS mlh izdkj


ijekRek dh ;g l`f"V Hkh vk”p;Z :ik gSA ijekRek dh ;g l`f"Vd=hZ “kfDrvfpUR; gSA blds vfrfjDr jkekuqtkpk;Z dHkh&dHkh ek;k dks dwV ;qfDr Hkhdgrs gSA7 muds vuqlkj ek;k rdZr% vuqii= bu dFkuksa ls izekf.kr gksrk fd“kadjkpk;Z us ftl ek;kokn dh LFkkiuk dh gS mlls jkekuqtkpk;Z dh ek;klEcU/kh vfHkO;fDr;kW fHkUu gSaA muds vuqlkj izfrfnu ds djksM+ksa euq";ksa dsvuqHko dsk ek;k dguk Bhd ugha gSA

“kadjkpk;Z us ek;kokn ds }kjk txr dh mRifRr dh leL;k]txr ds vfLrRo dh leL;k dh lek/kku izLrqr fd;k gSA os bu lHkhleL;kvksa dks vfo|k ls xzflr v/;kRe dh leL;k ekurs gSA vfo|k dhfuo`fRr gks tkus ij bu leL;kvksa dk mn~Hko lekIr gks tkrk gSA jkekuqtkpk;Zds vuqlkj “kadjkpk;Z dk ek;kokn leL;kvksa dk lek/kku djus ds ctk;leL;kvksa dk gh mUewyu dj nsrk gSA jkekuqtkpk;Z us bu leL;kvksa dks ;FkkFkZcrkrs gq, mudk lek/kku izLrqr fd;k gSA blds fy, mUgksaus fof”k"Vk}SroknvkSj czºe ifj.kkeokn dk lgkjk fy;k gSA

jkekuqtkpk;Z us Hkze LFky esa lr~[;kfr ds fl)kUr dks vLohdkjfd;k gSaA mudk dFku gS fd Kku dk fo"k; lr~ gksrk gS D;ksafd fufoZ’ks"k oLrqdk xzg.k ugha gks ldrkA ^^loZ Kkua lR;a lfo’ks"k fo"k; p] fufoZ’ks"koLrquksxzg.kr~A* bl izdkj jkekuqtkpk;Z ds vuqlkj lHkh Kku ;FkkFkZ gSA HkzefeF;k u gksdj lr~ gh gSA Hkze esa Hkh ;FkkFkZrk gSA jLlh dks ns[kdj lk¡Ik dkHkze gksrk gSA okLro esa ogk¡ lki¡ ugha gS] tc lk¡Ik ugha gS rks fQj lk¡Ik dh;FkkFkZrk dk Kku dSls gks jgk gSA bldk mRrj nsrs gq, jkekuqt dgrs gSA fdlHkh oLrq,W iapHkwrksa ls fufeZr gSaaA ;s iapHkwr gSa& ty] ok;q] vfXu] vkdk”k]i`FohA iaphdj.k ls gh l`f"V gksrh gSA dksbZ Hkh egkHkwr loZizFke nks Hkkxksa esafoHkDr gksrk gSA muesa ls ,d Hkkx iqu% pkj Hkwrksa esa foHkkftr gksdj vU; Hkwrksals fey tkrk gSA bl izdkj fdlh oLrq esa fdlh ,d Hkwr dk va’k vf/kd gksrkgSA] “ks"k Hkwrksa dk va”k de gksrk gSA ;FkkFkZ Kku ds LFky esa tks Hkwr vf/kdek=k esa gS mldk xzg.k gksrk gSA bu vf/kd va”kksa dks xzg.k ftldks gksrk gSmldk Kku ;FkkFkZ Kku dgykrk gSA bu vf/kd va”kksa dk xzg.k ftldks gksrkgS mldk Kku ;FkkFkZ Kku dgykrk gSA tks de va”kksa dks xzg.k djrk gSmldk Kku v;FkkFkZ Kku dgykrk gSA jLlh esa lk¡i dk Vs<+kiu jgrk gSA mlVs<+siu dks xzg.k djds lk¡i dk Kku gksrk gSA vr% ;g Kku Hkh ;FkkFkZ gSA

jkekuqtkpk;Z lHkh Kku dks lR; ekurs gSaA muds vuqlkj LoIuHkh lR; gSA blds fy, os dgrs gS fd tc dksbZ O;fDr LoIu esa flag dks ns[krk


gS rks flag eu dh dYiuk ugha gSA LoIu dky esa Hkh flag dk vfLRkRo gksrk gSAbl izdkj jkekuqt ds vuqlkj lHkh Kku lR; gS] pkgs muesa vkaf”kd lR;rk ghD;ksa u gksA vkaf”kd lR;rk dk vFkZ ;g gS fd mldk “ks"k Hkkx vlR; gSA ;fnfdlh oLrq esa vlR; dh ek=k vf/kd gks rks mls Hkze ;k vlR; gh ekuukpkfg,A lkS :i;s dks ,d :i;k dgus ls og ;FkkFkZ ugha gks ldrkA ,slk KkuviwoZ gksus ds dkj.k v;FkkFkZ gh gSA lR; vkSj vlR; dks feyk;k ugha tkldrkA

Hkze Kku vkSj lR; Kku esa O;kogkfjd vUrj gSA HkzkUrdkyhu liZvkSj lR; liZ esa vUrj gSA jkekuqtkpk;Z ds vuqlkj Hkze Kku O;kogkfjd “krZdh iwfrZ ugha djrk] bl dkj.k lR; Kku ls fHkUu gSA lR; Kku lR; vkSjO;ogkfjd gSA Hkze Kku lR; vkSj vO;kogkfjd gSA Kku dks lR; gksus ds fy,^Ô;ogkjuq xq.;** Hkh gksuh pkfg,A

jkekuqtkpk;Z dk er gS fd Kku lfo’ks”k vkSj lfo"k; gSA nwljs“kCnksa esa Kku fufoZa’ks"k vkSj fufoZ"k; ugha gSA ^û p fufoZ"k;k dkfpr~ lafonkvfLr vuqiyC/ksA** vFkkZr~ dksbZ Kku fufoZ"k; ugha gS D;ksafd ,sls fufoZ"k; Kkudk dksbZ vuqHko ugha gksrkA bl izdkj jkekuqtkpk;Z “kadj ds fufoZ”ks"k vkSjfufoZ"k; Kkuokn dk [k.Mu djrs gSA mudk dFku gS fd fo"k; ;k vFkZ dksizdkf”kr djuk Kku dk LoHkko gSA ;fn Kku vFkZ izdk’kd u gks rks og Lo;avfl) gksxkA ^^lfo’ks"k oLrq fo"k;Rokr~ loZizek.kkuke~A vFkkZr~ lHkh izek.kksa dkfo"k; lfo”ks"k gSA fufoZ”ks"k oLrq fdlh Hkh izek.k dk fo"k; ugha gSA fdlh Hkhizek.k ds vk/kkj ij fufoZ”ks"k dh flf) ugha dh tk ldrh gSA vr% izkekf.kdkukau dsukfi izek.ksu fufoZ”ks"k oLrq flf)%A vr,o lHkh izdkj dk Kku lfo”ks"k gSAjkekuqt ds bl er ds vk/kkj ij lkekU;] fo”ks"k leok; vkSj vHkko ftUgsaoS”ksf"kd n”kZu esa Lora= inkFkZ ekuk x;k gS Lora= inkFkZ ugha gSA

jkekuqtkpk;Z Kku dh O;k[;k Hkk"kk foKku ds vk/kkj ij djrs gSaAmudk dFku gS fd ^?kVega tkukfe** esa eSa ?kV dks tkurk gw¡] ;g Kku dkvkdkj vkSj izdkj gSA bl okD; esa ^^Kk** /kkrq ldeZd vkSj ldrZd gSA fcukdRrkZ vkSj deZ ds Kku ugha gks ldrk gSA vr,o Kku dk lEcU/k tSlsdk;Z:i fo"k; ls gS oSls gh mldk lEcU/k drkZ:i vge~ ls Hkh gSA vge~ vkRekgSA vkRek gh fo"k;h] Kkrk dRrkZ vkSj HkksDrk vkSj HkksDrk gSA Kku mlh vkRekdk xq.k gSA fdUrq xq.k gksrs gq, Hkh og vfuR; vkSj vO;kih ugha gS] cfYd fuR;vkSj loZO;kih gSA mlesa ladksp vkSj fodkl gksrk gSA bl dkj.k Kku dks nzO;Hkh ekuk x;k gSA


ijUrq Kku vkRek ugha gSA jkekuqt dgrs gSa fd ^^rLekr~ ukRekHkforqegZfr lafor~A** lafor ;k Kku vkRek ugha gks ldrkA D;ksafd vkRek Lo;aizdk’k gSA ’kCn llEcfU/kd ’kCn gSA budk lEcU/k fdlh nwljs ls jgrk gSA ogKkrk gS bl dkj.k Kku ls fHkUu gS fQj Hkh Kku mldk vfuok;Z xq.k gSA ogKku ls fof’k"V gSA lafor] vuqHkwfr Kku vkfn ”kCn lEcfU/kd ’kCn gSaA ;s ’kCnfdlh lEcU/kh dks lwfpr djrs gSaA

jkekuqtkpk;Z /keZHkwr Kku vkSj /kfeZHkwr Kku esa Hksn djrs gSaA/keZHkwr Kku fo”ys"k.kkRed Kku gSA ;g tho vkSj bZ”oj dks izkIr gSaA bls/keZHkwr Kku blfy, dgk tkrk gS D;ksafd ;g vkRek vkSj bZ”oj dk xq.k gSAtho ¼vkRek½ dks leLr izrhfr;k¡ /keZHkwr Kku }kjk gh gksrh gSA tho vkSj bZ”oj/kfeZHkwr Kku gSA /keZHkwr Kku dk /kfeZHkwr Kku ls ogh lEcU/k gS tks Tokyk lsfdj.kksa dk gSA ftl izdkj Tokyk ls fdj.ksa fudyrh gS mlh izdkj /kfeZHkwrKku ls /keZHkwr Kku fudyrk gSA

jkekuqt ds vuqlkj izR;{k Kku og Kku gS tks lk{kkr~ ,oalk|Ld :i ls vuqHkwr gSA ;g lHkh izek.kksa dk ewyk/kkj gSA vk¡[k] dku vkfnbfUnz;ksa ds }kjk tks Kku mRiUu gksrk gS] mls izR;{k Kku dgrs gSA ^^ v{kHk{kaizrhRFkksRi|rs bfr izR;{ke~A** tks vk¡[k ds lkeus gS mlds fy, izek.k dhvko”;drk ugha gksrhA ^îzR;{ka fda izek.kaA** rdZHkk"kkdkj ds”ko feJ ds vuqlkj^^ lk{kkr~dkfj izekdj.ka izR;{ke~A** vFkkZr~ lk{kkRdkfj.kh izek ¼;FkkFkZ vuqHko½ dsdkj.k ¼mRd`"V lk/ku½ dks izR;{k dgrs gSaA uS;kf;dksa ds vuqlkj ^^ bfUnz;kFkZlfUud’kZtU;a Kkua izR;{ke~** vFkkZr~ bfUnz; vkSj oLrq ds lfUud"kZ dks vfuok;Zekuk gSA

jkekuqt ds vuqlkj] U;k;oS”ksf"kd dk ;g Hksn ljy oLrq lstfVy oLrq dh vksj gksrk gSA fufodYi izR;{k oLrq dh lkexzh iznku djrk gSvkSj lfodYid izR;{k esa fu.kZ;d Kku gksrk gSA jkekuqt dks ;g ekU; ugha gSAlUnHkZ%1- Kku ehekalk ifjp;& ,0Mh0 cwtsy2- osnkUr Kku ehekalk&ekydkuh3- vkRe ehekalk&Qwy pUnz 'kkL=h4- iwohZ ,oa if'peh n'kZu&nsojkt5- Kku jRukdj& lwjt ey f=ikBh


mPp f”k{kk esa xq.koRrk dk iz”uvferk feJk1

fdlh Hkh “kCn ds vFkZ dks le>us dk lcls lgt rFkk LokHkkfod <ax gSmlds “kCn ds “kkfCnd vFkZ dks tkuukA “kkfCnd vFkZ ls vFkZ dh mRifRr dkKku gksus ds lkFk&lkFk mldk vFkZ Hkh dqN lhek rd Li’V gks tkrk gSA

f”k{kk “kCn dk vFkZ le>us ds fy, igys blds “kkfCnd vFkZ dks tkuukmfpr gksxkA f”k{kk “kCn **f”k{k** /kkrq esa v izR;; yxkus ls cuk gSA **f”k{k** dkvFkZ gS lh[kuk vkSj fl[kkukA vr% **f”k{kk** “kCn dk “kkfCnd vFkZ gqvk lh[kuso fl[kkus dh izfØ;kA

f”k{kk ds lEcU/k esa “kadjkpk;Z us dgk gS fd& **lk fo|k ;k foeqDr;s**AizR;sd ckyd esa dqN vUrfufgZr “kfDr;k¡ gksrh gSa tks mfpr okrkoj.k ds

lEidZ esa vkus ij fodflr gks tkrh gSa] tcfd mfpr okrkoj.k ds vHkko esa ;s“kfDr;k¡ ;k rks iw.kZ:is.k fodflr ugha gks ikrh gSa vFkok vokafNr :Ik ys ysrhgSaA

oS”ksf’kd n”kZu esa f”k{kk dk vFkZ inkFkksZa ds tkuus vkSj le>us esa rFkkml Kku ls thou ds y{;ksa dks izkIr djus ls gSA oS”ksf’kd lw=ksa esa eu rFkkvkRek dks “kkfey fd;k x;k gSA budk lEcU/k cqf) ls gSA f”k{kk dk rkRi;Zeu&vkRek tSls inkFkksZa ds ek/;e ls Kku vuqHkwfr rFkk fØ;k djuk gS] ftllsge lh[krs gSaA

oS”ksf’kd n”kZu esa f”k{kk dk vU; vFkZ ;g gS fd fo|k rFkk vfo|k tkscqf) ds iz/kku i{k ekus x;s gSaA mls Kku rFkk vKku Hkh dgk x;k gSA egf’kZd.kkn~ us vius lw=ksa esa fo|k dks nks’kjfgr Kku dgk gS vkSj vfo|k dks feF;kKku blesa inkFkksZa ds 25 xq.kksa dks egRo fn;k gSA f”k{kk ds lEcU/k esa bl izdkjds ladsr oS”ksf’kd n”kZu esa feyrs gSaA

1- lgk;d vkpk;kZ] f'k{kk ladk;] ts-vkj- fodykax fo'ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


Lokeh foosdkuUn ds vuqlkj&**euq’; dks tUe ls iw.kZ Lohdkj djrs Fks rFkk muds vuqlkj f”k{kk dk

mn~ns”; mldh iw.kZrk dks izLQqfVr djuk FkkA** muds “kCnksa esa **euq’; esafufgr iw.kZrk dks vfHkO;Dr djuk f”k{kk gSA**tkWu Mh0oh0 ds vuqlkj&

**f”k{kk dk dk;Z O;fDr dh mu leLr {kerkvksa dk fodkl djuk gS] tksmls vius okrkoj.k dks fu;af=r djus rFkk viuh lEHkkoukvksa dks iwjk djus;ksX; cuk;sxhAmPp f”k{kk dk egRo

izkphu le; esa mPp f”k{kk eas tks xq.koRrk ns[kus dks feyrh Fkh] ogvk/kqfud le; esa fn[kkbZ ugha ns jgh gSA

ek/;fed f”k{kk dh lekfIr ds mijkUr mPp f”k{kk izkjEHk gksrh gSA mPpf”k{kk egkfo|ky;ksa] fo”ofo|ky;ksa] fof”k’V f”k{kk laLFkkuksa vkfn esa iznku dhtkrh gSA izkphu rFkk e/;dky ds dqN mPp f”k{kk dsUnz fo”o izfl) FksAftuesa v/;;u djus ds fy, nwj&nwj ls Nk= vk;k djrs Fks ijUrq nqHkkZX; lsdkykUrj esa ;g ijEijk u’V gks x;h rFkk vk/kqfud foKku o rduhfd dsfodkl ds lkFk&lkFk ik”pkR; ns”k mPp f”k{kk ,oa vuqla/kku ds {ks= esa vxz.khgks x;sA blds ifj.kkeLo:Ik Hkkjr esa vk/kqfud fo”ofo|ky; dh LFkkiuk dhvko”;drk eglwl dh x;hA vk/kqfud Hkkjrh; mPp f”k{kk dh vk/kkjf”kyk lu~1857bZ0 esa j[kh x;h FkhA lu~ 1854 bZ0 esa oqM ds ?kks’k.kk i= esa Hkkjr esafo”ofo|ky; [kksyus dh flQkfj”k dh x;h FkhA ftlds ifj.kkeLo:Ik lu~1857 bZ0 esa dydRrk] cEcbZ o enzkl esa rhu fo”ofo|ky; [kksys x;s FksA

;|fi lu~ 1857 bZ0 esa mPp f”k{kk ds yxHkx 23 dkyst fo|eku FksArFkkfi mPp f”k{kk dh okLrfod vk/kkjf”kyk bu rhu fo”ofo|ky; ds }kjk ghj[kh x;h FkhA Lora=rk izkfIr rd bykgkckn 1887] cukjl 1916] eSlwj 1916]iVuk 1917] mLekfu;k¡ 1918] vyhx<+ 1921] y[kuÅ 1927] fnYyh 1922]ukxiqj 1923] vkU/kz 1926] vkxjk 1927] vUuk eykbZ 1929] dsjy 1937] mRdy1943] lkxj 1946] jktLFkku 1947 rFkk p.M+hx<+ 1947 esa fo”ofo|ky; [kksystk pqds FksA

bl izdkj 1947 bZ0 esa Hkkjr esa dqy 20 fo”ofo|ky; FksA Lora=rk dsmijkUr mPp f”k{kk dk foLrkj dkQh rsth ls gqvk] rc ls ysdj vkt rdvusd fo”ofo|ky; rFkk egkfo|ky; LFkkfir fd;s tk pqds gSaA


bl le; Hkkjro’kZ esa yxHkx 260 fo”ofo|ky; ;k ekfur fo”ofo|ky;gSA ftuls yxHkx X;kjg gtkj egkfo|ky; lEcfU/kr gS rFkk bufo”ofo|ky;ksa o egkfo|ky;ksa esa yxHkx 80 yk[k Nk= v/;;u dj jgs gSaALora=rk ds mijkUr mPp f”k{kk ds la[;kRed fodkl ls lEcfU/kr dqNegRoiw.kZ rF; lkj.kh;ksa esa izLrqr fd;s x;s gSaA ;|fi ;s la[;kRed vk¡dM+siw.kZr;k ;FkkFkZ u gksdj vuqekfur gSa] fQj Hkh ;s mPp f”k{kk ds izlkj dh izo`fRrdks Li’V djus esa lgk;d gksaxsAmPp f”k{kk esa xq.koRrk dh vko”;drk

vk/kqfud le; esa f”k{kk ds izfr yksxksa esa tkx:drk c<+h gS] fdURkqnqHkkZX; dh ckr ;g gS fd vkt ds f”k{kk O;oLFkk esa og xq.koRrk ugha gS tksgksuh pkfg;sA f”k{k.k rduhfd;ksa dk fodkl gqvk gS fdURkq lHkh egkfo|ky;ksa,oa fo”ofo|ky;ksa rd ;g lqfo/kk;sa lqyHk ugha gks ldh gSaA mPp f”k{kk esaek=kRed of) gqbZ gSA ysfdu bldh xq.koRrk esa fxjkoV vkbZ gSA dkj.k ;g gSfd /ku dk vHkko vuqla/kkuksa esa deh] dq”ky izoDrkvksa dh deh] Js’B fo|kFkhZdk vHkko] ijh{kk iz.kkyh dk nks’kiw.kZ gksuk] ikB~;Øe dk vk:fpdj gksuk vkfnfofHkUu dkj.k gSaA buds ifj.kkeLo:Ik mPp f”k{kk esa xq.koRrk dk vHkko gSArhozxfr ls gks jgh vkfFkZd mUufr vk/kqfud le; esa dq”ky tu”kfDr pkgrhgSA orZeku vFkZO;oLFkk us mPp f”k{kk dks c<+kok fn;k gSA ;gh dkj.k gS fdlHkh LFkkuksa ij izfrLi/kkZ fn[kkbZ nsrh gSA orZeku le; esa mPp f”k{kk esaxq.koRrk esa deh gSA ;g fpUrk dk fo’k; gSA mPp f”k{kk izkIRk djds ;qok oxZHkh csjkstxkj gSA lcls igyh leL;k f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk dh gSA bldkchtkjksi.k bldk “kks/k vkSj fodkl blesa Lukrdksa dh jkstxkj n”kk lkFk ghbldh leku igq¡p dk iz”u dfBu gqvk gSA vius ns”k esa mPp f”k{kk esa ukekadudk vuqikr] o`f) ds ckotwn vkt ek= 11 izfr”kr gSA tcfd fo”o dk ;gizfr”kr 23-6 gSA ;gk¡ izfr Nk= mPp f”k{kk O;; Hkh fuEu dksfV dk gSA

blh izdkj ;gk¡ izoDrkvksa dh deh vkSj es/kkoh Nk=&Nk=kvksa dkfo”ofo|ky;ksa esa deh gksuk fopkj.kh; gSA ;gk¡ lkef;d ikB~;Øe lq/kkj esavko”;d gSA bu lcdk vf/kxe dh xq.krk ij izHkko iM+k gS vkSj iM+ Hkh jgkgSA bl izdkj egkfo|ky;ksa dh lEc)u izfØ;k Hkh lehphu ugha gSA gekjs ;gk¡“kSf{kd lalk/ku] vuqla/kku rFkk fodkl ds fy, Ik;kZIr :Ik ls miyC/k ugha gSAvU;kU; ikB~; lgxkeh fØ;kvksa ds fy, Hkh ;Fks’V lqfo/kk;sa Hkh ugha gSA mPpf”k{kk xq.koRrk fofHkUu n`f’Vdks.kksa dh ghurk ls xzflr gSA ,slh fLFkfr esa vk”kk


bl ckr dh gS fd fuEukafdr fcUnq izkFkfedrk ls fopkjs tk;sa rFkk mu ijxEHkhjrk ls lkspk tk;s&

1- “kS{kf.kd l= dh ¼izos”k&izfØ;k] ijh{kk;sa] ifj.kke] mn~?kks’k.kk½ vkfn dkslqfuf”pr fd;k tk;sA

2- ;ksX; fo|kfFkZ;ksa dk gh ukekadu fd;k tkuk pkfg;sA3- izos”k ijh{kkvksa esa udy ;k flQkfj”k dks egRo u fn;k tk;s vkSj izos”k

ijh{kkvksa ds fu;eksa dk ikyu dBksjrk ls fd;k tk;sA4- mPp f”k{kk laLFkkvksa esa mPp izf”kf{kr f”k{kdksa vkSj dfeZ;ksa dh fu;qfDr

dh tk;sa ,oa mudh ;ksX;rk;sa fo”oLrjh; gksA5- l= ds e/; esa uSfrd ewY;ksa vFkkZr~ fo|kfFkZ;ksa ds uSfrd fodkl gsrq /keZ

,oa uSfrdrk ls lEcfU/kr O;k[;ku fn;k tkuk pkfg;sA6- jk’Vªesa okf.kT; vkSj m|ksx mnkjhdj.k oS”ohdj.k ls ykHkkfUor gqvk gSA

;|fi blls mPp f”k{kk dh xq.koRrk esa g~kl gqvk gSA dkj.k Hkys gh gksbZjgk gks ,slh n”kk esa vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fd izfrLi/kkZ dksn`f’Vxr jj[krs gq, ljdkj mPp f”k{kk dk fu;eu vkSj fu;a=.klqfopkfjr Hkko ls djsA

7- mPp f”k{kk ds {ks= esa lq/kkjksa dh ;kstuk;sa fopkjk/khu gSaA cktkj dh“kfDr;k¡ mnf;eku izkS|ksfxfd;k¡ xfreku gSaA lwpuk izkS|ksfxdhKkuk/kkfjr vf/kxe dk iqu% Lo:i.k dj jgh gSA ,slh n”kk esa Nk=ksa vkSjvfHkHkkodksa dh cM+h vkdka{kk;sa gSa ,oa vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fdfo”ofo|ky;ksa dh deh u gksA lekt bl fu’d’kZ ij [kjk mrjs vkSj buvkdka{kkvksa dh iwfrZ ds fy, rRij gks tk;s fd mlesa fdlh izdkj dkiz”u fpUg u yxsA

8- mPp f”k{kk dh ns”k esa ,slh O;oLFkk dh tk;s fd og ykHk dk gsrq ucus] vfirq og Js’Brk dk gsrq cus Kku dk gsrq cusA

blh izdkj mPp f”k{kk dh igq¡p lHkh okafNrksa ds fy, lqYkHk gks ;gvfr vko”;d gSA mPp f”k{kk esa iw.kZ:is.k jkstxkjijd ,oa Je Jk) dk;Z gksA

9- fo”oLrjh; laLFkkuksa dk lapkyu lk/kkj.k rkSj ij futh {ks= ds oa”k dkugha gSA ,sls n”kk esa ljdkjsa izkFkfedrk ds vk/kkj ij budk vHkh’VfoRr iks’k.k djs] vU;Fkk ladfYir y{; v/kwjk jgsxkA

10- vkt dh Kkuk/kkfjr vFkZ O;oLFkk esa gekjs fo”ofo|ky; u ek= iz[kjLukrd iSnk djs] vfirq os ,sls fo}kuksa dks tUe nsa tks vius dks cgqfof/koSKkfud “kks/k {ks=ksa esa fu;ksftr dj ldsa vkSj tks ;Fks’B dq”ky


tu”kfDr dk fuekZ.k Hkh djs] U;k; dj lds] blh Hkk¡fr os vkt dhlwpuk izkS|ksfxdh vkSj laizs’k.k O;oLFkkvksa dk vius dk;Z {ks=ksa esa Hkjiwjvuqiz;ksx dj ldsA

11- jk’Vª ds okafNr fuekZ.k ds fy, laHko loksZRre dq”ky tu”kfDr dhvko”;drk gSA foRrh; igyw vkSj cktkj “kS{kf.kd O;oLFkk dk Lo:IkdkQh dqN funsZf”kr dj jgs gSa] ,sls n”kk esa vis{kk bl ckr dh gS fdfo”ofo|ky; Lrjh; lHkh laLFkk us vfrJs’Brk lerk nkf;Rocks/kLok;Urrk ftEesnkjh vkfn xq.kksa ls O;kogkfjd /kjkry ij vius dksef.Mr djsa] ftlls fd os lkekftd vkSj jk’Vªh; fodkl ds fy,izklafxd cus jgsA fo”ofo|ky; f”k{kkijd lq/kkjksa dks jk’Vª ds lkekftd]vkfFkZd igyqvksa ls vUrlZlEcfU/kr gksuk pkfg;sA fo”ofo|ky;ksa ds }kjkxq.koRrk Nu&Nu dj iwjs jk’Vª leqnk; vkSj ;qok txr rd igq¡puhpkfg;sA muds }kjk izLrqr vk;ksftr uokpkjksa dks Hkh jk’Vª ds fy,mUu;udkjh gksuk pkfg;sA bl fufgrkFkZ dh iwfrZ dh tkuh pkfg;sA

12- fo”oLrjh; fo”ofo|ky;ksa esa vis{kk mPpdksfV ds vkpk;ksZa vkSj Nk=ksa dhgSA leqfpr le`) LFkkiuk lqfo/kkvksa dh gS tks mRlkgo/kZd gks] bldsfy, vko”;d gS fd bu laLFkkuksa dks ;Fks’B foRr ls vuqnkfur fd;ktk;sA muds vkpk;ksZa] izk/;kidksa ds osru vkSj vU; lqfo/kk;sa vkd’kZd gksarFkk mRre Nk=ksa dks i;kZIr Nk=o`fRr;k¡ nh tk;sa ftlls xq.koRrk esa“kS{kf.kd lkaLd`frd fodkl gks ldsA blh Hkk¡fr jpukRed “kks/k ds fy,bu laLFkkuksa dks Lok;Rrk nh tk;sA lkFk gh mUgsa lg mRrjnkf;Ro vkSjmRiknd {kerk ls tksM+k tk;s] bl LFky ij vc ;g vo”; gh mYys[kgS fd Hkkjr ljdkj vkSj jkT; ljdkjksa us mPp f”k{kk txr~ ds vkpk;ksZavkSj izk/;kidksa ds osrueku ;Fkkis{kk lq/kkj fn;s gSaA ftUgsa izksRlkgudkjhdk;Z gh dgk tk ldrk gSA

13- orZeku dkfyd mnf;eku mPp f”k{kk dk futh {ks= lkekU;r% okafNr“kS{kf.kd izxfr dk lk/kd&lgdkjh ugha fl) gks ik jgk gSA fo”ks’kdjbuesa ls vf/kdka”k laLFkku foKku ds {ks= esa mPp f”k{k.k izf”k{k.k ij cyugha ns ik jgsA vr,o vko”;drk bl ckr dh gS fd jk’Vªh; vkSj jkT;ljdkjsa budh mPp dksfV dh {kerk dks lqfuf”pr djus ij rRdkydk;Zokgh djsaA


14- bl izdkj nwjLFk vkSj eqDr f”k{k.k laLFkkuksa }kjk Hkh xq.koRrk iw.kZdk;ZØe pykus pkfg;s] blds fy, ;g okaNuh; gS fd os viusfuEukafdr {ks= esa lq/kkj yk;s vkSj {ks=ksa dh iwjh lgk;rk djsA

deZpkjh la?k lg;ksx lgdkj ikB~;Øe vkSj funsZ”ku Nk=ksa dh izxfr ds igyw Nk=&lewg&lg;ksx&lgdkj “kk”or xq.koRrk vuqj{k.k vkSj mlds leqUu;u dk ;gh ekxZn”khZ

ekufp= gSA bu mik;ksa dh ldkjrk O;ogkj vo”; gh fuf”pr fd;ktkuk pkfg;sA fo”ofo|ky; ckSf)d fodkl dk dsUnz gksrs gSaA

buds lTtk vkSj budh lkSUn;Z vo”; gh fuf”pr dh tkuk pkfg;sA blfLFkfr dh ldkjrk fo”ofo|ky; leqnk; gh dj ldrk gSA ljdkjsa vkSj loZFkkle`) futh {ks= ds laxBu vo”; gh fo”ofo|ky;ksa ds lalk/kuksa dks le`) djldrs gSaA cnys esa fo”ofo|ky; dk vkpk;Z vkSj dehZ&e.My vius dks;Fkkis{kk le`) mRiknd l{ke ekuo fuekZ.kdrkZ vkSj Js’B ekuo ewY;ksa dsfuekZ.k dk izpkjd cuk ldrk gSA ;gh loZFkk fopk;Z vkSj fo/ks; gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk lwph

1- izks0 ,l0ih0 xqIrk& Hkkjrh; f”k{kk dk bfrgkl % fodkl ,oa leL;k;sa]mRrj izns”k jktf’kZ VaMu eqDr fo”ofo|ky; ] MkW0 vydk xqIrk]bykgkckn fo”ofo|ky;A

2- MkW0 vkj0,0 “kekZ& f”k{kk ds nk”kZfud ,oa lkekftd ewy vk/kkj] izks0f”k{kk foHkkx] mPp f”k{kk v/;;u laLFkku esjB] fo”ofo|ky; esjB]m0iz0A

3- P. Satyanarayana and L. Mantha : University News, 47 (48) page.4- Rasmi Soni and M.S. Sodha : Flexible pereption of quality Higher Education

and quality in the light of available inputs and priorities, University News,Vol. 47 No. 50 December 14-20, D 2009.

5- izks0,l0ih0 xqqIrk % mPprj f”k{kk euksfoKku] vkpk;Z f”k{kk”kkL= foHkkx]m0iz0 jktf’kZ V.Mu eqDr fo”ofo|ky; bykgkckn] MkW0 vydk xqIrkbykgkckn fo”ofo|ky;A


iwl dh jkr dgkuh dk vuq’khyujktsUnz izlkn1

Hkkjr xk¡oksa dk ns’k gS] Hkkjr xk¡oksa esa clrk gS rFkk Hkkjr d`f”k iz/kku ns’k gSA xk¡o dsLrj ij fo’ks”kr;k fdlku dh ‘kfDr dk egRo gksrk gSA ysfdu tc fdlku dh ‘kfDr fujUrj{kh.k gksrh gS] d`”kdksa dk ‘kks”k.k c<+rk gS tc d`f”k ewyd laLdkjksa ds xzkeh.k thou esa njkjvkus yxrh gSA ifj.kker% [ksrhckjh ;k d`f”k ij fuHkZj Hkkjrh; ikfjokfjd O;oLFkk dks cM+k/kDdk yxrk gSA ikfjokfjd lEcU/kksa vkSj thou esa Hkkjh cnyko gksus yxrs gS vkSj ekuoh;ewY;ksa ds izfr vkLFkk lekIr gksus yxrh gSA

bu leLr ifjfLFkfRk;ksa dk lw{e fp=.k lkfgR;dkj viuh jpukvksa esa djus dk iz;kldjrk gSA lkfgR; lezkV ea’kh izsepUnz us viuh jpukvksa iwl dh jkr] xksnku] loklsj xsag¡wvkfn esa d`”kd thou lEkL;kvksa ij fy[kk gSA ea’kh izsePkUnz dh dgkuh îwl dh jkr* d`”kdthou ls tqM+h gqbZ leL;kvksa dk fp=.k fd;k tkrk gSA gYdw ,d NksVk fdlku gSaA mldhlkekftd vkSj vkfFkZd fLFkfr fo”kkn~xzLr gS] _.k] fu/kZurk ,oa ‘kks”k.k ds vfHk’kki ls xzLr gSAdgkuh ds izkjEHk esa gh izsepUnz us _.k xzLrrk dk fp=.k fd;k gSA gYdw us tks /ku dEcy[kjhnus ds fy, cpk;k Fkk] lguk :i;s ysus ds fy, vk tkrk gSA gYdw us lguk dks :i;snsus fy, dksbZ nwljk mik; lkspawxkA1 gYdw dh iRuh eqUUh dgrh gS ^^dj pwds nwljk mik;Atjk lqu¡w dkSu mik; djksaxs? dksbZ [kSjkr ns nsxk dExy! eSa dgrh gw¡] rwe D;ksa ugh [ksrhNksM+ nsrs? ej&ej dj dke djks] mit gks rks] ckdh ns nks] pyks NqV~Vh gqbZA ckdh pqdkus dsfy, gh rks gekjk tUe gqvk gS? isV ds fy, etwjh djksA ,slk [ksrh ls ckt vk;sA eSa un¡wxh& u nw¡xhA**

1- ‘kks/kNk=] fgUnh foHkkx] ts-vkj- fodykax fo’ofo|ky;] fp=dwV] m0iz0


^îwl dh va/ksjh jkrA vkdk’k ij rkjs Hkh fBBqjrs gq, ejywe gksrs FksA gYdw vius [ksr dsfdukjs Å[k ds iRRkksa dh Nrjh ds uhps ckal ds [kVksys ij viuh iwjkuh xk<+s dh pknj vks<+siM+s dk¡i jgk FkkA [kkV ds uhps mldk laxh dqqRRkk tcjk isV esa ew¡g Mkys dw¡&dw¡ dk jgk FkkAnks esa ls ,d dks Hkh uhan u vkrh FkhA gYdw us ?kqVfu;ksa dks xnZu esa fpidkrs gq, dgk&D;ksatcjk tkM+k yxrk gS? dgrk rks Fkk] ?kj esa iqvky ij ysV jgs] rks ;gk¡ D;k ysus vk;sFksA………. ;g jkSnz iNqvk u tkus dgk¡ ls cQZ fy;s vk jgh gSA mBw¡ fpye dk etk gSA**3

^^lq[k&lqfo/kk esa gqyl& gqyldjlq[k&nqfo/kk esa gqyl& gqyldjlc tSls vius thou dk fcrk jgs gS]oSls eSa Hkh vius thou dks fcrk jgk gw¡A**

fpye ihdj gYdw fQj ysVk vkSj fu’p; djds ysVk fd pkgs dqN Hkh gks vc dh lkstk:¡xk ij gh {k.k esa mlds g`n; esa dEiu gksus yxkA dHkh bl djoV ysVrk dHkh mldjoV tkM+k fdlh fi’kkp dh Hkk¡fRk mldh Nkrh dks nck;s gq, FkkA

izsepUnz th us viuh vf/kdka’k jpukvksa esa _.k vkSj fu/kZurk ds vfHk’kki ls xzLrfdlkuksa dh mluh; fLFkft dk fp=.k fd;k gSA mUgksaus mudh vkfFkZd fo”kerk vkSj fHkUUkrkdks ns[kdj mldh vkokt dks Å¡pk fd;k gSA gYdw _.k xzLrrk ds dkj.k îwl dh jkr* dhfBBwju ls cpus ds fy, dEcy rd ugh [kjhn ikrk gSA Qyr% mls ,d le>kSrk djukiM+rk gSA og vius thou dh /kkjk gh cny nsrk gS D;ksafd blesa ‘khr ls fBBwjuk rks ughaiMsxkA lg ladsr gS ifjorZu dk ?kqVu ls ckgj fudyus dk [kqyh gok esa lkal ysus dk ;ghjpuk dk Hkwy mnns’; gS ftlesa jpukdkj iw.kZ lQy gSAlUnHkZ xzUFk&lwPkh

1. MkW0 ljksfuuh ik.Ms; i`0la0 34 dgkuh ladyu (ch0,0 izFke) xzUFke izdk’ku] esLVujksM] dkuiqj] laLdj.k 2006

2. ogh i`”V la0 343. ogh i`”V la0 354. laEiknd&la;kstd& ukxktZqu jpukoyh&1 i`”V la0 78 jktdey izdk’ku izk0fy0

usrkth lqHkk”k ekxZ] ubZ fnYyh laLdj.k&igyh vko`fRRk&2001


iqjk.kksa esa foosP; d`f”ky{e.k flag1

ikSjkf.kd m)j.kksa ,oa mnkgj.kksa esa vUu dk ifjfpUru euq”; ek= ds vifjR;kT;vko’;drk ,oa ‘kjhj&fuokZg ds vuU; lk/ku ds #i esa fd;k x;k gSA ftu fofHkUu ikSjkf.kdLFkyksa esa vUu dh ;g c)ewy egRrk lfUufgr gS rFkk ftuds }kjk ekuo&thou ,oa vUudk fuokZg rFkk fuokZgd lEcU/k lqfu.khZr gks tkrk gS] mldk lkaxksikax fu:i.k izLrkfodiafDr;ksa esa foosP; gSA ok;qiqjk.k esa izk.k vkSj viku] nksuksa dk rknkRE; vkRek ls LFkkfir fd;kx;k gSA ,d esa vUrjkRek rFkk nwljs esa cfgZjkRek dk lfUu/kku mn~?kksf”kr gSA ,slk foosfpr gSfd izk.k vkSj viku nksuksa dh izfr”Bk vUu ds dkj.k gSA vUukHkko e`R;q dk dkj.k gSA vUuczg~e gS] tks iztkl`f”V dk ewy gS1A fo”.kq iqjk.k esa vUu dks cy dk dkj.kHkwr of.kZr fd;kx;k gS] tks ‘kjhj esa fLFkr i`Foh] ty] vfXu vkSj ok;q pkjksa rRoksa esa o`f) ykrk gSA ;g izk.k]viku] leku] mnku vkSj O;ku dh iqf”V dj vO;kgr lq[k iznku djrk gSA vUu dklehdj.k fo”.kq ls fd;k x;k gS2A ,r~)ks/kd ijEijk dk izfr”Bkiu oSfnd dky esa gks pqdkFkkA mnkg.kkFkZ] ‘kriFk czkg~e.k esa vUu dks vkRek dgk x;k gS3A1- ‘kks/k Nk=] bfrgkl foHkkx] ts-vkj- fodykax fo’ofo|ky;] fp=dwV


vUu&fo”k;d mi;qZDr egRrk dks izfrikfnr djrs gq, ikSjkf.kd LFky fofo/k vuktksa dkfooj.k Hkh nsrs gSaA buesa fuEufyf[kr fo’ks”kr;k mYys[kuh; gS& czhfg( ¼/kku½] ;o( ¼to½]xks/kwe( ¼xsgw¡½] v.kq( ¼NksVk /kku½] fry] fiz;axq( ¼dkaxuh½] mnkj( ¼Tokj½] dksjnw”k( ¼dksnks½] ohud(¼eVj½] ek”k( ¼mM+n½] eqæ( ¼e¡wx½] elwj] fu”iko( ¼cM+h elwj½] dqyRFk( ¼dqyFkh½] vk<+D;( ¼vjgj½]p.kd( ¼puk½ vkSj ‘k.k( ¼lu½A bu vuktksa dk fooj.k nsrs gq, fo”.kqiqjk.k esa fu:fir gS fdbudh mRifRr xzke esa gksrh gSA xzkE; vkSj oU; nksukas izdkj ds vuktksa dh la[;k pkSng gSAbudk mi;ksx dsoy ;Kksa esa gksrk gSA buds fuEufyf[kr izdkj crk, x, gSa& czhfg( ¼/kku½];o( ¼to½] ek”k( ¼mM+n½] xks/kwe( ¼xsg¡w½] v.kq( ¼NksVk /kku½] fry] fiz;axq( ¼dkaxuh½] dqyRFk¼dqyFkh½] ‘;ked ¼lkok¡ ½] uhokj] tfrZy( ¼oufry½] xos/kq] os.kq;o rFkk edZVd( ¼eDdk½4Aok;qiqjk.k vkSj czg~ek.Miqjk.k esa of.kZr gS fd oSU; ds }kjk i`Fohry ds lery cuk, tkus ijxzkE; rFkk oU; nks izdkj ds vuktksa dh mRifRr gqbZA xzkeh.k vuktksa ds o{;ek.k Hksn crk;sx;s gSa& czhfg] ;o] xks/kwe] v.kq] fry] fiz;axq] mnkj] dk#”k] ohud] ek”k] eqæ] elwj] fu”iko]dqyRFk] vk<+D;] ( ¼czg~ek.Miqjk.k esa gfjd½] p.kd rFkk lk.kA ;Kksi;ksxh xzkE; vkSj oU;vuktksa ds fuEufyf[kr Hksn miyC/k gaS& czhfg] ;o] ek”k] xks/kwe] v.kq] fry] fiz;axq] dqyfRFkd]‘;ked] uhokj] tfrZy] xos/kq] dq#foUn] os.kq;o rFkk edZVd( ¼czg~ek.Miqjk.k esa ekrhdkZVd½5AeRL;iqjk.k esa dsoy xks/kwe] p.kd] vkSj fu”iko dk mYys[k feyrk gS6A

mi;qZDr ikSjkf.kd LFkyksa ls vuktksa ds oSfo/; ij izdk’k iM+rk gSA fo”.kqiqjk.k] ok;qiqjk.kvkSj czg~ek.Miqjk.k esa vuktksa dh tks rkfydk izkIr gS] muesa i;kZIr lerk Hkh fn[kkbZ nsrh gSAeRL;iqjk.k esa vuktksa dh lwph ugha feyrhA xks/kwe] p.kd vkSj fu”iko ds mYys[k izlaaxr% ghizkIr gksrs gSaA bu vuktksa esa ;o ‘kCn vf/kd izkphu gSA blds mYys[k _Xosn ls gh feyusyxrs gSaA mnkg.kkFkZ] ,d NUn esa iw”kk ls lkse ds ckj&ckj izkfIr dh miek cSyksa }kjk [ksr esa;o cks, tkus dh fØ;k ls nh xbZ gS7A vFkoZosn esa ;o dk mYys[k czhfg] ek”k vkSj fry dslkFk gqvk gS8A ‘kriFk czkg~e.k esa ;o dh ppkZ czhfg vkSj ‘;ked ds lkFk gqbZ gS9A oktlus;lafgrk esa ;o dk o.kZu czhfg] ek”k] fry] eqæ] fiz;axq] v.kq] ‘;ked] uhokj vkSj xks/kwe ds lkFkfeyrk gS10A Hkkstu lEcU/kh fu;e& fo”.kqiqjk.k esa HkkstukFkZ ik¡p y{;ksa dk izfriknu fd;kx;k gS& ¼1½ iki viuksnu] ¼2½ vkjksX;o)Zu] ¼3½ cy vkSj cqf) dk fodkl] ¼4½ vfj”V dh‘kkfUr] ¼5½ ‘k=q dk {k;A bl mn~ns’; dh iwfrZ ds fy, o{;ek.k fu;eksa dk izfriknu fd;kx;k gSA ,slk vknsf’kr gS fd LukuksijkUr _f”k vkSj firjksa dks riZ.k dj rFkk gkFk esa mRrejRu /kkj.k dj Hkkstu djuk pkfg,A bl volj ij dsoy ,d oL= /kkj.k djus dk vkns’kfofgr gSA oL= ‘kq) jguk vko’;d FkkA jRu vkSj oL= ds vfrfjDr iq”iekY; dk /kkj.kdjuk Hkh visf{kr ekuk tkrk FkkA czkg~e.k] xq:tu rFkk vkfJrksa ds HkkstuksijkUr x`gLFk dkLo;a dk Hkkstu fd;k tkuk mfpr ekuk tkrk FkkA ‘kq)rk dh n`f”V ls Hkkstu ds iwoZ gkFk vkSjiSj /kksuk iM+rk FkkA Hkkstu ds le; izlUu jguk okUNuh; FkkA bl volj ij fn’kk dk Hkh


/;ku j[kuk vfuok;Z FkkA bl izlax esa ,slk funsZ’k gS fd iwokZfHkeq[k vFkok mRrjkfHkeq[k gksdjHkkstu djuk pkfg,A HkksT; inkFkksZa ij eU= ls ifo= fd;k gqvk ty&lspu Hkh visf{kr ekuktkrk FkkA dqfRlr O;fDr dk yk;k gqvk vFkok vlaLd`r&Hkkstu xgZ.kk dk fo”k; FkkA Hkkstudk ik= iz’kLr vkSj ‘kq) jgrk FkkA vklukFkZ midj.k ij fo’ks”k /;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA Hkkstu[kqys gq, LFkku esa djrs FksA cklh Hkkstu dk xzg.k fd;k tkuk oftZr FkkA fdUrq Qy] ewy]‘kq”d ‘kk[kk rFkk gjh pVuh bl lkekU; fu;e ds viokn FksA Hkkstu dk vxzHkkx vfXu esavkgwr fd;k tkrk FkkA ftl oLrq dk lkj Hkkx fudkyk jgrk Fkk] mls ugha [kkrs FksA e/kq]ty] ngh] ?kh vkSj lRrq ds vfrfjDr vU; inkFkksZa dks iwjk ugha [kk;k tkrk Fkk11A fo”.kq Le`fresa Hkh of.kZr gS fd ngh] lRrw] ?kh] Qy] nw/k vkSj e/kq ds vfrfjDr ijksls gq, lEiw.kZ Hkkstu dksugha [kkuk pkfg,12A e/kqj] yo.k] vkEy] dVq] frRr rFkk d”kk; jlksa ls ;qDr “kM~jl HkkstuJs”B ekuk tkrk Fkk13A bl izlax esa eRL;iqjk.k us yo.k dks jljkt dh laKk iznku fd;kgS14A fo”.kqiqjk.k ls ;g Hkh Kkr gksrk gS fd izR;sd jl dks xzg.k djus ds iwoZ mlds Øe ij/;ku fn;k tkrk FkkA ,slk vknsf’kr gS fd igys e/kwj jl dks [kkuk pkfg,] rnqijkUr Øe’k%yo.k] vkEy] dVq] frRr rFkk d”kk; jl dksA igys æo inkFkZ dks [kkrs Fks] chp esa dM+s dksvkSj rnqijkUr æo dk gh Hkkstu fd;k tkrk FkkA Hkkstu ds le; vUu dh fuUnk djukvisf{kr ugha FkkA Hkkstu ds mijkUr iwoZ vkSj mRrj dh vksj eq¡g djds Hkyh izdkj vkpeudjuk visf{kr ekuk tkrk Fkk15A bu LFkyksa ls Li”V gksrk gS fd HkkstukFkZ fofHkUu fu;eksa dkikyu fd;k tkrk FkkA bu fu;eksa dk ewy] vkgkj dh ‘kq)rk FkhA ftlls Lej.k ‘kfDr dkfodkl gksrk gS16A fo”.kq Le`fr ds vuqlkj Hkkstu dh iwtk djus ds mijkUr mls xzg.k djukpkfg,17A vkgkj dh ‘kq)rk dk mYys[k euq Le`fr esa Hkh fd;k x;k gSA vkgkj dk nks”k e`R;qdk dkj.k ekuk x;k gS18A bl izdkj iqjk.kksa esa foosP; d`f”k ds cks/kd mDr ikSjkf.kd m)j.kksadk leh{kkRed v/;;u djus ls izrhr gksrk gS fd d`f”k dk ifjfpUru euq”; dsvifjR;kT; vko’;drk ,oa ‘kjhj fuokZg ds vuU; lk/ku ds #i esa vUu dh c)ewy egRrklfUufgr gSA vUu ls gh vUrjkRek rFkk cfgZjkRek dk lfUu/kku mn~?kksf”kr gSA vUu ls gh izk.krFkk viku nksuksa dh izfr”Bk dk dkj.k gS] rFkk vUukHkko e`R;q dk dkj.k gS] vUu }kjk gh‘kjhj esa fLFkr i`Foh] ty] vfXu vkSj ok;q pkjksa rRoksa esa o`f) ykrk gS] vUu ls gh izk.k] viku]leku] mnku vkSj O;ku dh iqf”V dk vO;kgr lq[k iznku djrk gSA mi;ZDr ikSjkf.kd LFkykssals vuktksa ds oSfo/; ij izdk’k iM+rk gS ftlls Kkr gksrk gS fd ikSjkf.kd dky esa d`f”k viusfodflr :i esa gh ugha cfYd vius lEiw.kZ iztk ikyu gsrq vUu dk mRiknu djus esa leFkZFkkAlUnHkZ1& ok;qiqjk.k] 15@11&13 A2& fo”.kqiqjk.k] 3@11@91&92&95 A


3& ’kriFk czkg~e.k] 12@4@1@2 A4& fo”.kqiqjk.k] 1@6@21&26A5& ok;qiqjk.k] 8@143&149( czg~ek.Miqjk.k] 2@7@142&146A6& eRL;iqjk.k] 74@6&60@27 A7& _Xosn] 1@23@15 A8& vFkoZosn] 6@140@2 A9& ’kriFk czkg~e.k] 10@4@6@2 A10& oktlus; lafgrk] 18@12 A11& fo”.kqqiqjk.k] 3@11@75&91 A12& fo”.kq Le`fr] 68@44&45 A13& fo”.kqiqjk.k] 2@4@92 A14& eRL;iqjk.k] 60@28 A15& fo”.kqiqjk.k] 3@11@85 ( 3@11@83 ( 3@11@87&88 A16& NkUnksX; mifu”kn~] 7@26@2 A17& fo”.kq Le`fr] 68@42 A18& euqLe`fr] 5@4 A

Documents

PREEMINENCE - usri.in