Preface

An intensive survey of retail outlets for floral crops was underta­ken in Columbus, Ohio during the Fall of 1977. This survey cov­ered 15 representative retail outlets that had display areas for ornamental plants ranging in size from 25 to 300 square feet.

The major containers used for marketing were 2-inch to 6-inch pots and hanging baskets. Overall plant quality ranged from poor to excellent although most outlets offered plants of fair to good qual­ity. Light measurements indicated that light intensity for the plants ranged from Oto 300 foot-candles and typically averaged between 40 to BO foot-candles.

Most of the stores had artifical lighting for the plants during store hours or, in some cases, continuous lighting. However, most stores provided only 12 hours of lighting each day. In-store humidity in the vicinity of the plants ranged from a low of 30% to a high of 75%. Typically, relative humidity was maintained between 50 and 55%. Temperatures in the display areas ranged from 58° to 78° F, al­though 65° to 75° were most common.

Several store managers indicated that plants were watered when needed, but most scheduled watering for two to three times each week. Only one-third of the store managers were able to provide an estimated turn-over time for their plants. These ranged from one week to three months. In virtually every case, there was inadequate storage space for any plants that could not be displayed im­mediately.

From an analysis of this information, it was obvious that the quality and pricing of plant offerings, display attractiveness, plant environment, cultural care and ultimately customer satisfaction were all directly dependent on the degree of committment of the store management and the training of its employ es and buyers. It is hoped that this publication will highlight many of management's concerns and anticipate the need to re-shape this information into a store's regular employee training programs. Good lines of com­munication between grower, buyer, shipper, store manager, de­partment manager, employee and consumer are needed at all times to promote the retail outlet as well as high quality flowering and foliage plants to the public.

Acknowledgment The authors wish to acknowledge the cooperation and assis­

tance of the following in making this publication a reality:

The Kroger Company, Columbus, Ohio, for partial funding of this study through the Ohio Agricultural Research and Develop­ment Center and the Ohio Cooperative Extension Service.

Charles M. Akin, producer merchandiser, Kroger Company, Co­lumbus, Ohio for his active involvement and encouragement.

Thomas J. McNutt, chairman, Franklin County Cooperative Ex­tension Service, Columbus, Ohio, for his suggestions and guidance during the course of this study.

CONTENTS Management Concerns ................... 1

Effective Buying ....................... 1 Regulating Turnover ................... 2 Handling and Shipping ................. 2

Factors Affecting Care of Plants ........... 5 Watering .............................. 5 Lighting ............................... 7 Temperature ........................... 7 Relative Humidity ...................... 8 Displays ............................... 8

Foliage Plant Care ....................... 9 General Considerations ................. 9 Care of Small-sized Plants ............. 10 Care of Medium-sized Plants ........... 10 Care of Large-sized Plants ............. 10 Care of Hanging Basket Plants ......... 11

Flowering Plant Care ................... 11 General Considerations ................ 11 African Violet ........................ 12 Azalea ............................... 12 Calceolaria ........................... 12 Christmas and Easter Cacti ............. 12 Chrysanthemum ...................... 12 Cineraria ............................. 12 Cyclamen ............................ 12 Easter Lily ............................ 12 Fuchsia .............................. 12 Gloxinia .............................. 12 Hyacinth ............................. 13 Hydrangea ............................ 13 Jerusalem Cherry ...................... 13 Kalanchoe ............................ 13 Ornamental Pepper .................... 13 Poinsettia ............................ 13 Rieger Begonia ........................ 13 Tulip ................................ 13

Bedding Plant Care ..................... 14 Responsibilities During

the Marketing Chain .................. 14 Grower/Producer ....................... 14 Retailer .............................. 14 Consumer ............................ 15

Identifying Plant Problems .............. 15

Care and Handling Guide for Retail Outlets ..................... 16

Index for Converting Common Plant Names to Scientific Names ................... 20

0

By Hugh A. Poole, Extension Horticulturist, OSU and Dennis R. Pittenger, Assistant Cuyahoga County Exten­sion Agent, OSU.

Sales of foliage and flowering plants in retail outlets (mass markets, garden centers, plant shops and florist shops) have increased dramatically in recent years. With this increase have come problems in maintenance, shrinkage (losses), product quality and consumer satis­faction.

Although improper product handling by other mem­bers of the floricultural industry are to blame for many of

ants

these problems, some occur at the retail level. Therefore, Fig. this bulletin, which summarizes information from many sources, is written to serve as a guide for retailers of floricultural plant materials.

This information should increase knowledge about floral and foliage plant care and minimize many of the problems incurred by the stores' employees, plant buyers and managers. Once retailers understand prob­lem sources, they can work more effectively with grow­ers to achieve greater control over product handling, quality and shrinkage, and as a result increase their profits and consumer satisfaction.

MANAGEMENT CONCERNS

Effective Buying In contrast to a few years ago, today's retail plant

market is more a buyer's than a seller's market. Consum­ers are increasingly more aware of what constitutes high quality plant materials, and they are less willing to purchase the low quality plants often associated with mass markets in the past.

Consequently, a primary concern for management should be the purchase of high quality plant materials selected from popular species which store and endure well. These plants retain greater sales appeal which results in less shrinkage, reduced maintenance costs, quicker turnover, greater consumer satisfaction and re­peat sales.

To insure that wholesale buyers select high quality plant materials, the retailer and grower should adopt a set of grades and standards (Fig. 1). Although the details will differ in each situation, consideration should be given to the following:

1. Shape, balance and size of plant in relation to its container (Figs. 2 and 3).

2. Type coloration and healthy appearance. 1

L--- ____ J w

Fig. 2. Scale of size and symmetry are important quality attributes.

w Fig. 3. Plant quality (health and appearance) rather than

plant size and price, should be the major criteria for purchasing.

3. Acclimation of soluble salts levels , light intensities and watering.

4. Freedom from insects and diseases. 5. Development of plants: number of stems, number

and state of development of flowers, and good root development (Fig. 4).

6. Physical characteristics of the potting medium: in­corporation of soil amendments , (use of spaghnum peat), water holding capacity.

7. Descriptive care/ID tags provided (Figs. 5 and 6).

Another management consideration is planning in advance to coordinate promotions and sales with the quantity bought and shipped to a retail outlet at one time (Fig. 7). Individual stores and upper management must communicate to prevent delivery of large quantities of plants that cannot be sold within their shelf-life period. Without such coordination, promotional activities may not be adequate and turnover periods and shrinkage may increase. The result is a loss In plant quality and profit margins. Aside from pre-planned promotional specials, ideally the individual store management should control its immediate needs for plants.

Regulating Turnover Although a retail outlet may have direct control of the

number of incoming plants, it must follow a two-or three-week selling schedule so that plants are sold be­fore they lose quality . Reducing turnover time also minimizes the costs involved in maintaining plants.

A simple and effective means of monitoring the length of time plants have been on display is to use pot labels bearing both the price and the date (perhaps coded) the plants were placed on sale (Fig. 8) . This procedure aids in deciding when prices should be reduced for quick sale before quality is lost (Figs. 9 and 10). However, someone must be responsible for that decision. If plants remain past their optimum shelf-life, that person must order them discarded, so that unwary consumers do not purchase inferior products.

Handling and Shipping Proper procedures for handling and shipping must

begin with the grower . Improper care of plant material by the grower can seriously affect the quality of the plants entering the retail outlet and ultimately the con­sumer's home.

The retailer should use direct delivery from the grower to minimize shipping time and handling, whenever possible. This system eliminates many hazards, plant material may be exposed to such as pro­longed exposure to extreme temperatures, rapid fluctua­tions in temperature or prolonged storage in closed con­tainers. It is even more desirable to have local suppliers or growers provide this service because delivery can more easily be obtained during favorable weather. Also, with local direct-store delivery the retailer can develop better communications with the grower.

2

I I I I '--- __ J

Fig. 4. Poorly developed roots on a healthy-appearing plant will result in problems for the retailer and the consumer.

Fig. 5. Label plants by name with conspicuous care instruc­tions.

PEPEROMIA 'EMERALD RIPPLE'

P CAPtRAlll HvH '\Al D klPP •

i'if "< H 1

M·r h

or t' t '' l'\!11'1.'<

'Jf'fWf't',· ">i lit.

Oilo!t· t

Fig. 6. Care tags include the common and scientific names, proper detailed care instructions and, often, a pic­ture of the plant.

Fig. 7. Proper planning often begins a year ahead of time and involves both the retailer and the grower.

DEC. TODAYS DATE

Fig. 8. To encourage turnover, sales deadlines should be devised. Holiday plants have their own deadlines, but foliage plants often remain in the store too long.

3

Fig. 9. Good communications are needed between & 10. the plant buyer and store personnel to encourage

sales and to prevent excessive and demoralizing backlogs of perishable plants.

Shipping containers must be protective and dearly labeled with the following information to alert ware­housing and trucking personnel:

-live plants -arrows indicating "up" -maintain temperature between 55° and 75°F -perishable -fragile

Shipping containers must always be maintained up­right and handled with care as indicated on the label (Fig. 11). This helps assure there will be no damage to plants or loss of soil from the pots.

Most foliage and many flowering plants are tropical and cannot withstand cold temperatures. The genera Aglaeonema (Chinese Evergreen), Dieffenbachia (Dumb Cane) and Saintpaulia (African Violet) are especially susceptible to chilling injury at temperatures of 50°F or lower (Fig. 12). A temperature greater than 80°F will also damage many plants. Therefore, it is recommended that plants be maintained in a range between 55° and 75°F. Also, use protective sleeves around plants during cold weather (Fig. 13).

The rapidity of fluctuations in temperature is also very important. Quick increases or decreases, though they may remain in the range of 55° to 75°F, can dramati­cally change the relative humidity within enclosed shipping containers. Condensation of water vapor onto plants or high humidity in general increase the likeli­hood of disease development.

Once the plants arrive at the retail outlet, the same attention to temperature and careful handling must be continued. Every effort must be taken to get containers of plants inside immediately. A responsible employee should inspect the plants for damage, pests and quality prior to accepting the shipment. Plant materials should be placed in the display area of the store as soon as possible and protective sleeves removed. Generally, plants can remain stored in closed containers (no light) for no more than two to four days without serious dam­age. 1f plants must be stored in closed containers for short periods, they should be located so that continual moving is not needed, and there is no danger of their being exposed to extreme temperatures (Fig. 14).

Fig. 11. Plants being shipped should be properly packed, upright. Temperatures should be maintained be­tween 55° and 75°F to prevent damage.

4

Fig. 12. Cartons of plants must be handled quickly and properly once they arrive at the retail store.

Fig. 13. Protective sleeves protect the plants from physical damage due to handling, and offer some protection from cold weather.

~£7ocK C,t;ECK /N I PUN~, 4 boxe1J1 ... 5/Z. /; ~~-~ APPLE':> 12~,; ?/o l1'7' /IV 1<3: II l{///1\\/1 I

1\11<;1//l\l/.: ~ " flil<!/1/\111• i 'I'

I WRONG\

SJ..N'fld

• PLANTS

Fig. 14. Plants should he displayed immediately. If they must he stored, then handle them properly, date them for easy reference and place them out of the way and away from heat or cold.

FACTORS AFFECTING CARE OF PLANTS

Environment of retail mass markets is generally unfa­vorable for extended occupancy by plants. Therefore, retailers must think of simply maintaining plants and minimizing turnover intervals (See Table 2). Optimum turnover is directly related to plant quality and the envi­ronment provided (Fig. 15). A short turnover period, two or three weeks or less, requires a less elaborate maintenance system; reduces the amount of labor re­quired for watering, deaning and other work; and main­tains plant quality. A retailer should try to regulate turn­over so that a proper maintenance system can be de­veloped (Fig. 16).

Inspect plants for insects and diseases before placing them on display and periodically while on display (Fig. 17). Examine both upper and lower leaf surfaces care­fully for signs or symptoms of pest infestation (Fig. 18). These procedures will greatly limit the chances of a severe pest outbreak and assure clean plants for con­sumers. Periodic inspections for pests should also in­clude the removal of all yellowing or dying leaves and flowers. This will help maintain the plant's fresh ap­pearance.

Watering One of the greatest problems associated with retailing

plant materials originated from failing to establish priorities and responsibilites (Fig. 19). One or two em­ployees should be responsible for watering and caring for plants, and this should be their first priority. This system assures plants will receive consistent, regular attention. Over time, the employees who have this regu­lar assignment will become more and more adept in determining watering needs. This will lead to further reductions in shrinkage and better quality plants.

Two important rules about proper watering tech­niques are never to permit the soil medium to dry out completely, and never to allow plants to stand in water. Root death may occur in either situation. Dry soil can cause drying out and death of roots. Soils that are too wet too long exclude air which is essential to keep roots alive. As a general rule, a plant needs water when the top one inch of soil medium is dry (Fig. 20). To help prevent overwatering, be certain that all plant containers pro­vide good drainage. Never market plants in undrained containers without holes. If a more decorative container is desired, place the plant with its original pot inside a larger ceramic or otherwise decorative undrained con­tainer.

Of several methods for watering plants, one of the simplest.and most common is placing water in a large bucket or similar container from which the water is dipped out and poured on the plants. Similarly, water­ing cans with spouts are effective, especially for small or hanging plants. A method which generally requires less labor and provides a more uniform moisture supply to plants is the use of a capillary mat. Pots are placed on top of a saturated fiber mat which is kept moist. Water moves up into the soil media by capillary movement.

5

ENVIRONMENT

QUALITY TURNOVER

Fig. 15. Plant environment, plant quality and turnover rate are all interrelated. Ideally, a store desires a high quality plant, a rapid turnover and a minimum of plant care and maintenance (environment). Changes in any of these variables will affect the others as well as the profitability of the plant sales.

Fig. 16. To encourage rapid turnover, emphasis should be placed on maintaining plants rather than growing them. Maintenance requirements are generally less demanding and sophisticated in comparison to growing requirements.

Fig. 17. Inspect plants as soon as they arrive and frequently after they are displayed. Responsibility to obtain pest-free plants rests on the grower and plant buyer. Do not attempt to control pests in the store. Infested plants should not be displayed.

Fig. 18. Learn to identify the major insect pests that attack houseplants.

Fig. 19. To properly care for plants in the store, dear lines of responsibilities and scheduling for plant care are needed.

MEALYBUG

3/16" BROWN SOFT

SCALE

MITE 1/50" WHITEFLY

1/25"

1/8"·1/2"

6

Fig. 20. Learn to recognize when to water. As a rule of thumb, a plant needs water when the top one-inch of soil is dry to the touch.

This system is more desirable than other capillary sys­tems which require the containers to sit in a shallow reservoir of water.

The incorporation of Viterra® hydrogel into the grow­ing media can also increase the intervals between water­ings. Viterra@ is a soil amendment which can hold a large volume of water in relation to its size and weight, thus increasing the moisture-holding capacity of the soil media. Retailers can encourage growers to use this amendment but should be aware that its use can add a few cents to the wholesale cost of each plant. This added cost may be recovered, however, in reduced shrinkage and prolonged shelf-life. Providing optimum amounts and frequency of water is the most difficult and impor­tant job to learn or teach regarding plant care. Water requirements vary because of difference in container, medium, size, cultivar and environment.

Lighting

Today's modern retail mass market stores normally provide adequate lighting for plants, if the products are turned over quickly (within three weeks). Optimum light intensities for maintaining plants are 150-400 ft.-c (bright and indirect); however, few sales areas provide even the minimum 150 ft.-c level. When extended turn­over is expected, supplemental lighting will prevent rapid deterioration of plant quality (Fig. 21). A 25% reduction in the optimum light intensity is acceptable if the lighted period is beyond 10 to 12 hours. If certain sections of the display area are darker than others, rotate the plants frequently between the higher light and low light areas. An inexpensive but reliable foot-candle meter for measuring light intensity would be helpful.

Lighting must be used primarily to display plant ma­terials effectively (Fig. 22). Spot-lighting can attract at­tention and be used to establish display focal points.

The quality or color of light can greatly affect a par­ticular display scheme. Foliage plants look best under fluorescent lighting, while flowering plants look best when some red or incandescent light is added.

All foliage plants should have been acclimatized by the supplier prior to shipment to any retail outlet. This technique consists of conditioning plants to reduced light intensities, fertilizer levels and soil moisture level. Failure to acclimate can result in drastic reduction in plant quality in the retail sales area. The plant buyer should have a good understanding of the grower's or supplier's program for his production schedule for sen­sitive crops. In general, plants should be provided with lower light intensities, reduced fertilizer levels and re­duced watering for 2 to 6 weeks prior to shipment to the retail outlet.

Temperature Temperatures in retail markets are generally main­

tained well within the preferred range (55° to 75°F) for plants (Fig. 23). This range is also most comfortable to people. A major concern, however, is how temperature may influence relative humidity within the sales area environment.

7

Fig. 21. Special lighting on displays can be dramatic. Light­ing also improves light intensity and keeping qual­ity of plants.

Fig. 22. Displays serve many purposes. They must entice customers, facilitate maintenance operations and efficiently utilize available lighting and space.

TEMPERATURE

55°-75°

Fig. 23. Plants are generally maintained best in a tempera­ture range comfortable for people (55° to 75°F).

Avoid displaying plants close to windows, door open­ings or heat and air conditioning duct, or frozen foods section of grocery stores (Fig. 24). Plants in these places lose quality quickly, develop foliage disorders and overnight flowering plants can suffer damaged blos­soms.

Relative Humidity Relative humidity, temperature and watering are

closely related (Fig. 25). Generally, reducing air temper­ature increases relative humidity (provided no air con­ditioning has been used), which acts as a dehumidifyer as well, and reduces the need for frequent water because a higher relative humidity reduces water evaporation from soil surfaces and reduces plant transpirational water loss. Cooler temperatures will reduce plant growth and cold temperatures (below 55°F) may damage plants.

Warm or cool air drafts from heating and cooling systems can affect the relative humidity surrounding plants. Dry air drafts mix the high humidity air sur­rounding plants with the low humidity air from the store. As relative humidity near the plant is reduced, plant water consumption through transpiration in­creases, and the drying of the soil medium is also in­creased.

Aside from reducing drafts, very little can realistically be done in a retail store to maintain or increase the relative humidity. Marginal success is possible by grouping plants on display or by setting plants on water-covered gravel in a tray. Misting plants is really not effective unless done many times a day.

Displays Plants are often purchased by impulse or as a gift, so

appropriate displays to increase appeal are important. Displays should be constructed so that plants can be easily maintained and handled. Plant quality is main­tained by optimizing available light and avoiding un­desirable environmental conditions such as drafts, temperature fluctuations and direct sunlight. Proximity to air vent outlets, doorways and windows must be avoided.

Display plants at high traffic areas in the store so that their individual attributes are clearly visible. Pot plants should be displayed from cocktail table height to chest level. Hanging basket plants should be displayed at eye level or slightly higher. Do not place plants under row shelving (Fig. 26) or jam them together so closely that their stems become entangled, and consumer handling causes damage. These practices, as well as crowding and dense clustering of hanging baskets directly above the other plants also prevents the best use of light.

Avoid displaying the plants directly on the floor ex­cept for large specimen plants. Floor displays of smaller plants often suffer reduced light intensities and are ex­posed to damage from store traffic.

Lighting should be used to enhance the attractiveness of the display as well as assure the maintenance of plant

8

/

Fig. 24. Avoid placing plants in locations near warm or cool air drafts. They may dry out or cause injury to the plants.

Fig. 25. Adequate relative humidity (50 to 801/z) is not easily maintained. Prevent rapid temperature changes and drafts. Group plants together whenever possi­ble.

iuality (Table 1). Use lighting to separate visually the lisplay area from the other sections of the store. Con­:ider highlighting large and more costly or promotional Jlants with spotlights.

~OLIAGE PLANT CARE

}eneral Considerations Many foliage plants can live indefinitely if provided

Nith certain essential environmental conditions. Be­~ause of this, many retailers keep plants in the display :or manv weeks or months before they sell or throw them 1way (F-ig. 27). Be aware that during this time while the value of these plants has not increased, the cost to main­~ain them has. In addition, the quality and associated ~onsumer satisfaction and the turnover and sales poten­tail for that area will have been reduced considerably.

The turnover interval will certainly determine the degree of sophistication necessary for the maintenance systems (lighting and watering systems especially) for foliage plants. The sophistication and expense of the system increase as the turnover interval increases. At the same time, plants will deteriorate, since most retail sales environments are not ideal for plants. A retailer must have an accurate idea of the turnover time for the plants he markets, so he can develop a proper maintenance system. It should be evident that turnover must be short (three weeks or less for foliage plants) to realize the highest gross sales, the least maintenance overhead and the greatest customer satisfaction. Fertilizing foliage

Fig. 26. Display counters should avoid closely spaced shelves. This practice reduces lighting and is not effective in displaying plants to the consumers. It does not facilitate easy maintenance (watering and inspection).

TABLE 1. Common light Sources and Foot-Candle Readings

----- Distance from i~ght sou~-~~et~. ______________

Watt 2 3 4 6 9 12 15 ----------------

Incandescent Lamps 10 5 (without reflectors) 15 10

40 30 10 6 60 40 i6 8 75 60 18 10 8

100 100 30 18 150 150 45 25

lncadescent Lamps 10 8 (with reflectors) 15 18

40 80 25 15 60 120 45 20 75 150 60 25 14

reflector flood 75 400 100 40 22 12 6 3 2 100 250 80 40 6 3 2 1

150 350 125 60 10 5 3 2 reflector flood 150 90 30 15 a 5

300 900 300 180 100 50 52

Fluorescent tubes single 40W 120 75 (in white reflector) two 40W 240 120

four 4<JJV 550 320

plants should not be necessary in the retail market. Pro­per watering is a must; plants must never become wilted, and the soil medium must never become com­pletely dry, or quality and shelf life will be reduced.

Care of Small-Sized Plants (21/4"-3" pots) Small-sized foliage plants generate a small dollar

value and they must, therefore, be sold with similar mark-ups but in higher volume. Short turnover is also essential for maximum profits and the maintenance of quality.

Small plants are useful for various specials and prom­otions, and they are necessary items for a good product mix. They are often used as accent plants, replacement plants, gifts for children and for small planters and ter­rariums.

Marketing problems which most frequently occur are rough handling and the unappealing display of plants. Many mass markets crowd small plants into trays and place the trays on or under shelves or some other out-of­sight place. Therefore, the plants are turned over slowly and are poorly lighted. In addition, small pots have a tendency to dry out quickly, and since the plants are not visible, watering is often neglected. The end result of such a display is poor sales and rapid plant deteriora­tion.

Grouping small plants in trays makes frequent water­ing easier, but trays of plants should be displayed so they receive bright, indirect light. Using trays to group these plants makes 21/2" pots the most convenient size for supplemental fluorescent lighting.

To insure that plant materials arriving from the grower are of high quality, be certain that small plants have a well-established root system and are not recently stuck cuttings.

Care of Medium-Sized Plants (4"-8" pots) Plants of this size are best for mass markets from both

maintenance and sales aspects. These foliage plants usually represent the greatest

percent of plant sales because they are the proper size and price for gifts. The large number of species available affords a wide variation in foliage colors and textures. Consequently, consumers can find many uses for these plants including use as a small specimen plant or placement in small groupings.

Medium-sized plants usually do not require as fre­quent watering as small-sized plants. They should be displayed individually so they are clearly visible. Avoid crowding them and placing them where light intensities are extremely low. They can provide an excellent method of demonstrating the uses of accessory items for sale in the store. Plants can be placed in decorative containers, but drainage must be accomodated.

Care of Large-Sized Plants (8" pot or larger) The key sales points for large plants are (1) do not

over-buy and (2) provide promotion. To provide a good product mix, large plants should be marketed, but the number on hand should be minimal. They are higher priced and usually have a longer turnover period.

10

Fig. 27. Many foliage plants appear to survive indefinitely in an unsatisfactory environment. As a result, re­tailers often keep plants for extended periods before selling or disposing of them. This practice results in reduced sales for the retailers and reduced quality of product for the consumer.

Fig. 28. Larger plants present special problems in watering and displaying them.

Large plants can present special problems in watering and displaying (Fig. 28). Proper watering of a large soil mass requires some experience, and controlling drain­age from the containers can be a difficult problem.

As a result, these plants often are not watered at all in the retail market, and their quality declines quickly and severely. It is especially important not to display large plants near air vents or in traffic aisles. Placing contain­ers directly on the floor is the most practical method of display. Directing a spotlight on a large specimen plant can make an attractive focal point for the entire plant display area while accenting and promoting the large plant as well.

Care of Hanging Basket Plants Hanging basket plants are popular but can be difficult

to display effectively. Baskets must be displayed low enough that they can be easily seen and handled by customers. They must also be situated so that store em­ployees can water and care for them (Fig. 29). A display height near eye level is usually best.

Establish a spacing pattern of hanging baskets which allows adequate light to reach the plants displayed un­derneath them. Such patterns also assure that hanging baskets are not so crowded that they shade each other or lose their individuality.

FLOWERING PLANT CARE

General Considerations For maximum profits from flowering plants, they

should be turned over quickly, and proper care in the retail sales area is most important. Plants must be prop­erly staged and displayed to intensify their appeal and to add promotional value and color to the product mix (Fig. 30). Plants will have a fresh appearance longer if kept in good condition by adequate water and if yellow leaves and dying flowers are removed. Flower color can be enhanced by providing some red light through the use of incandescent bulbs or fluorescent plant lights. Initially where flowering plants are offered for sale, they should be in the early or just fully opened stage of development to insure that they are a high quality prod­uct with maximum shelf-life. Flowering plants should never be permitted to dry so much that they wilt, nor exposed to conditions of extremely low humidity (be­low 50%) and/or low light intensities (less than 100 ft.-c). Flowers will frequently drop and unopened flower buds may abort if plants are exposed to these conditions. Due to their high perishability, flowering plants should not remain in the retail store for more than a week.

The following specific plant care information has been summarized from the 1977 publication Proceed­ings of National Floricultura1 Conference on Commod­ity Handling.

African Violet (Saintpaulia ionantha) This plant is adaptable to conditions present in most

sales areas and homes. It will flower well at relatively low light (400 ft.-c for 18 hrs. of fluorescent light), levels

11

Fig. 29. Hanging baskets of plants must be displayed low enough that they can be easily seen and handled by customers and properly maintained by the store employees.

Fig. 30. Proper staging and lighting are important in dis­playing flowering pot plants.

but does not store well. The flowers will drop if plants are kept in complete darkness and/or low humidity con­ditions.

Always apply room temperature water. Cold water on the leaves will cause white and yellowish blotches to develop usually, within 72 hours.

Thrips, mealy bugs and cyclamen mites are the major insect pests. Overwatering or water standing in the crown for several hours at a time can cause a crown rot.

Temperatures below 55°F will cause new leaves to curl downward and check new growth.

Azalea (Rhododendron species) Azalea flowers will last up to six weeks in the home if

properly cared for. Plants must not be permitted to dry out completely, and they must be provided bright, indi­rect light to maintain quality and longest life.

Azaleas will drop leaves readily if kept in darkness or low light. They are also subject to foliage drop when placed in close proximity to fruits, particularly apples, due to the production of ethylene by the fruits.

Calceolaria o:r Pocketbook Plant [Calceolaria x hybrida)

Unless a cool sales area is available (below 60°F), this is an unsatisfactory flowering plant to market. A tem­perature near 55°F provides the best conditions for maintaining keeping quality of these plants. Cal­ceolarieas will require frequent waterings under warm conditions.

Christmas and Easter Cacti (Schlumbergera Bridgesi and Schlumbergera gaertneri)

As flowers of these two plants are borne at the end of flattened stems and hang downward, display them high enough so that the flowers can be seen near eye level. Low humidity or drafts may result in flower buds drop­ping. Turnover should occur very rapidly and plants should be sleeved.

Chrysanthemum (Chrysanthemum morifolium)

when unsleeved than others, and care must be taken to display properly and prevent breakage.

Plants should be displayed low so they can be viewed easily from above. Once portions of the flowers become darkened, the plants have begun to lose quality and should be discarded.

Cineraria (Senecio cruentus)

This colorful flowering plant usually has poor lasting quality under normal indoor environments because it must be kept cool-55°F or below.

Watering may be a problem because the large leaves lose a great deal of water and readily wilt in dry, warm air. Incorporation ofViterra@ in the growing medium by the grower will aid in reducing this wilting problem by increasing available soil moisture.

Cyclamen (Cyclamen persicum giganteum)

Flowers on this plant are very attractive, but unfortu­nately, the plant does not tolerate warm temperatures. Unless cool room temperatures of 55° to 60°F are main­tained, it will degenerate from excessive wilting and failure of flower buds to develop properly. Relatively high light requirements and cooler temperatures will increase its longevity.

Easter Lily (Lilium longiflorum)

Because there is no demand for these plants after Easter, they must be displayed well and promoted so that few or none remain after the holiday.

A good quality lily has dark green leaves down to about the top of the pot and is generally not over 22 inches high, including the pot.

When flower buds are in the white puffy stage, plants can be stored in the dark at 35° F. Open flowers will look satisfactory during cool storage, but quickly degenerate when they are brought into room temperatures. Plants should not be kept more than four days in the dark, or buds may deteriorate.

Flowers can be expected to last from seven to 10 days depending on the particular cultivar and the environ­mental conditions provided.

Potted chrysanthemums are one of the most satisfac- Fuchsia (Fuchsia x hybrida) tory flowering plants available for retail sales. They have a wide range of flower color and excellent keeping qual­ity under even unfavorable conditions.

Flowers will last well in warm temperatures. If kept at 55° to 60°F each night, they will last even longer. If plants are good quality, they will last from two to four weeks, depending on the care received.

Bright indirect light and thorough watering with re­duced salts levels in the soil will increase the lasting

Flowers of this plant are a pendant type, so plants should be displayed near eye level for the best view. Hanging baskets are a striking way to use fuchsias.

However, indoor environments are generally not suit­able for this plant, and flower drop can be excessive. Therefore, it is not recommended for mass market sales without strong promotional efforts and quick turnover.

q~~~%~ing plants should have flowers which are about Gloxinia (Sinningia speciosa) one-half open. This insures that flowers will become Gloxinias do best in bright indirect light. Full sunlight fully opened even under adverse conditions and that will burn the foliage, but gloxinias will do well under they will have long lasting quality. When plants require fluorescent lights at twice the intensity recommended staking and tying, it indicates poor culture by the pro- for African Violets, The cause of failure of the small buds ducer. Some varieties are more susceptible to damage to continue to develop is usually insufficient light.

12

Watering problems are the same as those described for African Violets. Always use room temperature water because cold water will cause yellowish blotches on the leaves within 72 hours. Over-watering or water left standing in the crown for several hours can cause a crown rot.

Hyacinth (Hyacinthus orientalis) Incoming plants should be just showing color because

they will grow very rapidly in the warm sales condi­tions. Otherwise, the flowers will quickly deteriorate. For longest life, hyacinths should be kept cool at night (50° to 55°F).

Very tall, stretch plants, which require staking and tying, lack sales appeal and reveal they were kept at too warm a temperature.

Hydrangea (Hydrangea macrophylla) The greatest problem with hydrangeas is that their

large leaf and bract (flower) area loses large quantities of water, and the plants wilt rapidly in the warm dry condi­tions of most sales areas. Watering must be thorough and frequent to prevent wilting. The addition by the grower of Viterra@ in the growing medium will greatly increase the water-holding capacity of the medium and reduce the watering needs of hydrangeas.

Bright, indirect light is best. Direct sunlight may burn the leaves and flowers. Decay of the flower heads is common if the producer did not space the plants adequately or if the plants were stored in a box too long. Under optimum conditions the flowers can last for up to 6 weeks in the home. To market hydrangeas success­fully, the buyer must be aware of these special require­ments and require the grower to follow the cultural practices needed to insure high quality plants.

Jerusalem Cherry (Solan um pseudocapsicum) No severe problems or limitations are associated with

Jerusalem cherry. Leaf and fruit drop may occur under extremely low lighting and/or if the soil medium be­comes completely dry. With proper attention to lighting and watering, these plants are long lasting. Fruit of this plant is not poisonous as is widely believed. It has, however, a bland, unappetizing taste which causes the mouth to pucker.

Kalanchoe [Kalanchoe x blossfeldiana)

Kalanchoes, like potted chrysanthemums, are often available every day of the year. The flowers have excel­lent keeping quality, and plants should last four to six weeks in the home, if proper conditions are provided.

Full light or bright indirect light is needed, so plants should not be placed in boxes or other areas of low-light intensities for any extended period of time.

13

Ornamental Pepper (Capsicum annum) The decorative red, elongated fruits of this plant are

u~ually ver'? "hot" if eaten, but they are not poisonous as widely believed. Leaf and fruit drop may occur under extremely low-light or dry-soil conditions. Plants are short-lived in the home because they have a low taler~ ance for warm temperatures and low-light intensities.

Poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima)

Poinsettias can withstand handling and rigorous en­vironments, so many are sold in the mass market. They should be protected from cold temperatures by a plastic or paper sleeve when sold.

New long-lasting cultivars retain their leaves and bracts (flowers) for many weeks and some for months in the home, if given a favorable environment. Poinsettias do not tolerate dark conditions, so plants must be re­moved from shipping containers as soon as possible. Bracts will drop, curl, or twist, and lower leaves will turn yellow and drop, if plants are kept sleeved or in darkness too long. Temperatures below 55°F may in­duce excessive leaf drop when plants are moved to warmer locations.

It is imperative that all plants be sold before Christ­mas, for poinsettias are not in demand after Christmas. Quantities purchased from growers for retail sales must be coordinated with the volume the outlets can turn­over. Buyers must be certain that plants purchased for sales just before Christmas have not been in flower since early December. The red bracts become "dusty" looking with age.

Contrary to myth, the leaves and bracts of this plant pose little or no danger of poisoning or illness to anyone who ingests them.

Rieger Begonia (Begonia x elatior) Very bright, indirect light or full sun for at least 12

hours is recommended for this plant when it is kept inside. Watering should be thorough, and the medium must not be allowed to become completely dry. Low humidity and low-light intensity may induce flower to drop off.

It is advisable to stake and tie plants because the Rieger Begonia is rather "loose" in habit, and leaves, stems and flowers are easily broken. Powdery mildew may also be common. Application of plant shine materi­als are often helpful in controlling this disease.

Tulip (Tulipa gesnariana) Plants should arrive at the retail outlet when the colm

at the tip of the closed flower petals is just sufficient tc determine what color the flowers will be. Flowers de­velop rapidly in the warm store and home environ· ments, so if plants are fully opened when purchased they will last only a few days.

BEDDING PLANT CARE

A turnover of two weeks is the maximum time plants should remain in most retail sales areas, since few stores are well enough equipped or staffed to handle bedding plants indoors, properly. Quality deteriorates rapidly with low light intensities or infrequent watering. Under such coHditions, plants will quickly stretch and become leggy and overhardened, so further growth after trans­planting is inhibited or prevented. Bedding plants re­quire high amounts of light, and they need to be kept moist. Full sun and watering two or three times per day are essential. Maintaining plants outdoors, possibly under a canopy, is desirable. Watering must be com­pleted well before dark, so plants will dry off quickly and foliar diseases are prevented. Some type of breaker or nozzle on the watering hose will prevent damaging plants with too forceful a water stream.

High quality, properly matured bedding plants are stocky and compact with a good green color and root development. Flowering plants are in the bud stage or just beginning to open, and vegetable plants should not have any fruit set on them, as this stunts further growth after plants are transplanted.

RESPONSIBILITIES DURING THE MARKETING CHAIN

Each link in the marketing chain of live plants is vital. This includes the production of high quality plants, the marketing and handling at reasonable prices and the proper selection and care of these plants. These respon­sibilities are summarized below for the grower, the re­tailer and the consumer.

Grower/Producer (Fig. 31)

1. Produces disease and insect-free plants. 2. Provides plants in the proper stage of

development-well rooted, good green color, flower or bud maturity, number of flowers or stems, good balance between plants and pots.

3. Acclimates plants with regard to light intensity, watering, soluble salts level.

4. Provides descriptive care/I.D. tags. 5. Uses soil medium whi.ch best meets the needs of

different plants species, especially moisture­holding capacity.

6. Places plants in protective, well-labeled packaging including sleeves for some species.

14

PEST FREE

PROPER DEVELOPMENT @· CARE TAGS

Grower

• ACCLIMATIZE PROTECTIVE PACKAGING

Fig. 31. ResponsibHites of the grower.

Retailer (Fig. 32) 1. Provides responsible care, knowledgeable person­

nel, periodic inspections of plants, proper handl­ing and storage.

2. Establishes effective displays which are attractive, appealing, and which optimize available en­vironmental conditions.

3. Establishes a turnover schedule which moves plant materials through the outlet before quality declines and discards materials which have lost quality.

4. Maintains a satisfactory environment for plants for the established turnover period.

5. Develops proper promotional efforts to insure rapid turnover.

RESPONSIBLE CARE

TURNOVER. ENVIRONMENT

EFFECTIVE DISPLAYS

Fig. 32. Responsibilities of the retailer.

Retailer

Consumer (Fig. 33)

1. Has some basic knowledge of the specific needs and problems of particular plant species.

2. Provides responsible care for the needs of plants. 3. Selects quality plant materials, which are free of

insects and diseases, from retail outlets.

IDENTIFYING PLANT PROBLEMS

Environmental conditions in mass market retail out­lets are generally inadequate for extended occupancy by foliage and flowering plants. Major problems are insuf­ficient light and improper watering. Other problems can result from improper humidity or temperature.

Following is a table of some of the common problems which occur with plants in mass market operations and their probable causes (Fig. 34). For further details, con­sult other sections in this bulletin or your local county Extension agent.

PROBLEM

Brown leaf Tips or Margins

Yellowing Leaves

Dropping leaves

Small, Weak New Growth

Plant Wiits or leaves Curl

Darkened, Sunken Blotches on Foliage and Pungent Odor

Flower Petals Discoloring

Plant Stems Rot Near Soll line

PROBABLE CAUSE

Soil was allowed to dry excessively and/or too-low light intensity.

Too-low light intensities; plants were chilled; over-watering; plant has been in store too long.

Over-watering; chilling injury; too-low light intensity; plant has been in store too long.

Too-low light intensity; improper watering; plant has been in store too long.

Lack of water; over-watering; insufficient humidity; chilling; poor root system.

Plant has been exposed to chilling injury.

Flower is aging and the whole plant should be discarded as it has remained in the store too long.

Too much water or poor drainage.

15

Consumer

SELECT QUALITY

KNOW PLANT TYPES

INSPECT FOR PESTS

Fig. 33. Responsibilities of the consumeI".

Why did it die?

Fig. 34. Plants are living things and will eventually die. However, it is important that the grower, retailer and consumer work together to provide high quality crops, proper care and handling and plant care in­formation to the satisfaction of all.

TABLE Care and Handling Guide for Retail Outlets

This table should be used only as a guideline. Infor­mation provided is for minimal maintenance in the retail display. Light levels provided will not permit satisfactory growth. Light requirements are for 8 to 12 hours each day: low (25-50 foot-candles); medium (50-iOO foot-candles); high (100-200 foot-candles); and very high (200-400 foot-candles).

Water requirements: DRY-plants need watering in­frequently (7 to 14 days); MOIST-plants need water­ing every 3 to 7 days and wili die if they dry out com­pletely; WET-plants need watering every 1 to 3 days

and even a slight drying usually means permanent damage to the leaves.

Plant size - SMALL-plants commonly sold in 2"-4" containers; MEDIUM-plants commonly sold in 4"-8" containers; LARGE-plants commonly sold in containers 8" or larger; HANGING BASKETS-plants are commonly sold in hanging baskets.

Appeal - plants are commonly displayed and sold due to the appeal of the foliage, flowers or ornamental fruit

Refer to Table 3 for index to common names.

TABLE 2. Care and Handling Guide for Retail Outlets

Logh! Requmrements Waler Plan! Size

Botanocal Common very ReqU1rements small med large hang Appeal

Name Name low me<I hogh high dry moist wel 2·4" 4·8" 8·12" bask. fol flwr fruit

-· 1 Abut1/on species Flowering Maple x x x x 2 Acalypha h1sp1da Chenille Plant x x x x 3 Ach1menes species Magic Flower x x x x x 4 Ad1antum cuneatum Ma1denharr Fern x x x x

5 Aechmea fasc1ata Bromellad x x x x x

6 Aesc!1ynanthus pulcher L1pst1ck Plant x x x x x x x 7 Agave amencana Century Plant x x x x x

8 Aglaonema cammutatum Chinese Evergreen x x x x 9 Aglaonema x pseudo- Golden Aglaonema x x x x

bracteatum 70 Agtaonema roebelmn Pewter Plant x x x x

11 Aloe vanegata Aloe

I x x x x

12 Afternanthera x x x x x x

bettztckrana 13 Ananas comosus Pineapple x x x x x x

14 Anthurtum andreanum Anthunum x x x x x

15 Aphelandra squarrosa Zebra Plant x x x x x

16 Araucana excelsa Norfolk Island Pine x x x x x x 17 Ard1s1a cnspa Coral Ard1s1a x x x x x 18 Asparagus plumosus Bnde s Bouquet Fern x x x x x x 19 Asparagus sprengefl Asparagus Fern x x x x x x 20 Asp1rJ1stra elat1or Cast Iron Plant x x x x

21 Asplenium nidus Bird s Nest Fern x x x x x 22 Aucuba 1apomca Goldd ust Plant x x x x x 23 Beaucarnea recurvata Pony Tail Palm x x x x x x 24 Begonia rex Rex Begonia x x x x 25 Begonia Rieger Rieger Begonia x x x x x

26 Begonia semperflorens Wax Begonia x x x x x x 27 Beloperone gutta ta Shrimp Plant x x x x 28 B11/berg1a :zebrma B1llberg1a x x x x x x 29 Bougamv1/lea glabra Bougainvillea x x x x 30 Brassa1a actmophylla Schettlera x x x x x x

31 Browa//1a spec1osa Browall1a x x x x x x 32 Caladwm species Fancy-leaved Calad1um x x x x 33 Calathea makoyana Peacock Plant x x x x 34 Calceolaria herbeahybnda Pocketbook Plant x x x x 35 Campanu/a 1sophylla Star-of-Bethlehem x x x x x

36 Capsicum annuum Christmas Pepper x x x x x 37 Canssa grand11Jora Natal Plum x x x x x x x 38 Catt/eya hybrids Cattleya Orchid x x x x x 39 Chamaedorea e/egans Neanthe bella or x x x x x

Parlo1 Palm 40 Chamaedorea erumpens Bamboo Palm x x x x x

41 Chamaerops hum1/1s European Fan Palm x x x x x 42 Chlorophytum comosum Spider Plant x x x x x x x x 43 Chrysafidocarpus Areca Palm x x x x x x

Jutescens 44 Chrysanthemum Chrysanthemum x x x x x

monfolwm 45 C1ssus antarct1ca Kangaroo Vine x x x x x

16

I

I

TABLE 2. Care and Handling Guide

Botanical Name

46 C1ssus discolor 47 C1ssus rhomblfol1a 48 C1ssus rotundlfofia 49 Citrus mttls 50 Clerodendrum thomsonae

51 Cf1v1a m1n1ata 52 Clusra rosea 53 Cod1aeum vanegatum 54 Collea arab1ca 55 Coleus blume1

56 Columnea species 57 Convaflana ma1al1s 58 Cordyhne termma/1s 59 Crassula species 60 Crassu/a argentea

61 Crocus species 62 Crossandra

1nfund1buldorm1s 63 Cryptanthus species 64 Cyanotls kewens1s 65 Cycas revoluta

66 Cyclamen species 67 Cymb1d1um hybrids 68 Cyperus a/temdo/1us 69 Cyrtomwm ta/catum 70 Dah/Ja pmnata

71 Dava//us te1eens1s 72 D1chor1sandra regmae 73 D1effenbach1a amoena 74 D1effenbach1a Exotica 75 D1onaea musc1pu1a

76 D1zygotheca elegant1ss1ma

77 Dracaena deremens1s 78 Dracaena deremens1s

Warnecke1' 79 Dracaena fragrans

massangeana 80 Dracaena godseffrana

81 Dracaena margmata 82 Dracaena sandenana 83 Echevena species 84 Ep1phyllum hybrids 85 Eptpremnum aureum

86 Ep1sc1a species 87 Eranthemum nervosum 88 Enca grac1!1s 89 Eflobotrya 1apon1ca 90 Euphorb1a lactea

91 Euphorb1a m1//11 92 Euphorb1a pulchemma 93 Exacum atlm1s 94 Fatsedera /1Ze1 95 Fals1a 1apomca

96 Ficus ben1amma exotrca

97 Ficus elastica 'Decora 98 Ficus lyrata 99 Ficus repens var pumlfa

100 Ficus retusa mt1da

101 Ficus tr1angu/ar/s 102 F1ttoma verschaffe/t/I 103 Fuchsia species 104 Gardenia 1asmmo1des 105 Guzmania lmgulata

Common Name

Rex Begonia Vine Grape Ivy Arabian Wax C1ssus Calemond1n Orange Bleeding-Heart Vine

Kafftr Lily Autograph Tree Croton Coffee Tree Coleus

Co!umnea Lily-of the Valley Hawa11an T1 Plant Succulents Jade Plant

Crocus Crossandra

Dwarf Bromel1ad Teddy Bear Vine King Sago Palm

Cyclamen Cymb1d1um Orchid Umbrella Plant Japanese Holly Fern Dahlia

F191 Rabbits Foot Fern Queen s Spiderwort Dumb Cane Dumb Cane Venus Fly Trap

False Aralia

Green Dracaena Wh1te-Stnped Dracaena Corn Plant

Gold-dust Dracaena

Dragon Tree Ribbon Plant Hen-and-Chicken Orchid Cactus Pathos

Flame Violet Blue Sage Heather Japanese Loquat Candelabra Cactus

Crown-of-Thorns Poinsettia

Exacum Botantl Wander Japanese Aral1a

Weeping Java Fig

Rubber Plant Fiddle Leaf Fig Creeping Fig India Laurel

Triangleleaf Fig S11vernerve Plant Fuchsia Gardenia Scarlet Star

low

x

x

x

x

x

Light Requlrnments

med high

x x x

x x x

x x

x x

x x

x

x

' x x x x

x x x x

x

x x x x

x

x x

x

x x x

x

x x

x x

x

x

x x x

x x x x x

x x

x

very high

x

x

x

x

x x

17

I

Retail OuUets-(cont)

Water Requirements

dry m<JIS! we!

x x x x x x x

x

x x x x

x x

x x x

X.

x

small 2-4'

r--I x

I x

I x

I x x x

x x

x x

-1 x x

x x x x x

x I x x

x x

x x x x x

x x x

x x x x

x x x

x x

x x x x x x

x x

x x x

x x x x

x x x x x

x x x x x x

x

x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x

Plan! Size med large hang 4-8' S-12" bask.

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x '< x x x x

x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x

x x x x

x x

x

x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

A.ppeai lol llwr fruit

I I x I

I x

I x x x x x x

x x

I x

I x i x

I x

I K x I

I

x I x I

"

~ x i I x I ! I I x x I

I x I.

I

I x

I x

I x l x

I x x

x

x

I x

I x x x

x

x x

x

x

x x x x x x

x x x x x x x

x x

x x x

x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

TABLE 2. Care and Handling Guide for Retail Outlets-(cont.)

Botanical Name

106 Gynura aurant1aca 107 Haemanthus coGcmeus 108 Haworth1a species

109 Hedera helix 110 Helxine soleiro/u

111 Hem1graph1s exotica 112 Hibiscus rosa~smens1s 113 H1ppeastrum vittatum 114 Howe1a forsteriana 115 Hoya carnosa

116 Hyacmthus orienta//s 117 Hydrangea macrophyl/a 118 Hypocyrta glabra 119 Hypoestes sangwnolenta 120 Impatiens sultam

121 Kalanchoe species 122 Kalanchoe olossfeld1ana 123 Lantana camara 124 Lantana montev1Clens1s 125 Leea coccinea

126 L1gusrrum luc1dum 127 L1Jwm longillorum 128 Maranta leuconeura 129 M1kama ternata 130 Mimosa pud1ca

131 Monstera del1c1osa 132 Muscari species 133 Narcissus

pseudonarc1ssus 134 Naut1localyx fynch11 135 Neorege/1a caro/mae

tricolor

136 Nearegel1a spectat:ul1s 137 Nephroleps1s exaltata

boston 1ens1s 138 Nerium oleander 139 Nlcotiana atf1n1s 140 Oxal1s species

141 Paohystachys coccmea 142 Pandanus ve1toh11 143 Paph1oped1Jum hybrids 144 Pass1flora species 145 Pelargonium species

146 Pelflonia daveauana

147 Pel/1oma pulchra 148 Peperom1a caperata 149 Peperom1a glabella

vartegata 150 Peperom1a meta//1ca

151 Peperom1a obtuslfo/1a 152 Peperom1a scene/ens 153 Petunia hybnda 154 Phalaenops1s hybrids 155 Philodendron hastatum

156 Ph1lodenelron m1cans 157 Philodendron oxycard1um 158 Ph1lodenelror1

panduraetorme 159 Philodendron se/loum 160 Phoenix roebeten11

Common Name

Velvet Plant Bloody Lily Haworth1a English Ivy Baby s Tears

Waffle Plant H1b1scus Amaryllis Kent1a Palm Wax Plant

Hyacinth Hydrangea Gold Fish Plant Polka Dot Plant Impatiens

Kalanchoe Kalanchoe Lantana Trailing Lantana Lee a

Wax Leaf Privet Easter Lily Prayer Plant Plush Vine Sens1t1ve Plant

Mexican Breadfruit Grape Hyacinth Daffodil

Coral Plant Tricolor Bromellad

Fingernail Plant Boston Fern

Oleander Flowering Tobacco Oxal1s

Lollipop Plant Screw Pine Lady Slopper Orchid Passion Flower Geranium

Trailing Watermelon Begonia Satin Pell1on1a Emerald Ripple Variegated Wax Privet Metallic Peperom1a

Oval Leaf Peperom1a Philodendron Peperom1a Cascade Petunia Phalaenops1s Orchid Elephantear Philodendron

Velvetleaf Philodendron Common Philodendron F1ddleleaf Philodendron

Salloum Philodendron Dwarf Data Palm

low

x

x

x

x

x

Light Requirements

med high

x

x x x

x

x x x

x x

x x

x

x x x

x x

x

x x

x x

x

x x

x

x x

x x

x x x

x x x

x

x

x

x

x x

x x

x

x

x x

very high

x

x

x

x x

x

18

Water Requirements

dry moist wet

x x

x x x

x x x x

x x

x x x x x

x x x x x x x x

x

x x x x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x

x x

x

x x

x

x

x x x x x

x x

x

x x

small 2·4'

x

x x x

x

x

x x x

x x

x

x x x

x x

x

x

x x

x

x

x x x

x

x x x x

x x

x

Plant Size med large hang 4-8' 8-12' bask

x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x

x x x x x

x x x x

x x

x x x x

x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x

x x x x

x

x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x

x x x x

Appeal fol llwr fruit

x x

x x x

x x x

x x x x

x x

x x x

x

x x x x

x

x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

x x

x x x

x

x x

x x

x

x x x

x x

TABLE Care and ·-----------------------

Bolanlcal Common Name Name low

161 P1/ea cad1ere1 Aluminum Plant T 162 Pi/ea m1crophy/la Art1l lery Plant 163 Pt/ea nummulanfol1a Creeping Charley 164 P1soma grand1s Bird Catcher Tree

Tncolor 165 P1ttosporum tob1ra Mock Orange

166 Platyceflum species Staghorn Fern 167 Plectranthus australis Swedish Ivy 168 Pleomefe reffexa Green Pleomele 169 Pleomele tha/101des Lance Dracaena 170 Podocarpus macrophylla Pod a carpus

171 Polysc1as gu1/foy/e1 Parsley Aral1a

172 Primula ma/aco1des Fairy Primrose 173 Primuta obcon1ca German Primrose 174 Ptens ens!form;s Silver Table Fern 175 Rhap1s excelsa Lady Palm

176 Rh1psa/1s species Mistletoe Cactus 177 Rhodedendron species Azalea 178 Rhoeo discolor Moses-in-the Cradle 179 Rosa chinens1s Miniature Rose

v m1m1a 180 Rosmarmus oft1cma/1s Rosemary

181 Rue/Ila makoyana Ruell1a 182 Sa1ntpau/Ja species African Violet 183 Salvia splendens Scarlet Sage 184 Sansev1erta tnfasc1ata Snake Plant x 185 Saxtfraga sarmentosa Strawberry Geranium

186 Sedum margamanum Burros Tatl 187 Selagine/la Resurrection Plant x

/ep1dophyl/a 188 Senec10 cruentus C1nerana 189 Senec10 macroglossus Variegated Wax Ivy

Vanegatus 190 Senecto m1kanro1des German Ivy

191 Senec10 rowleyanus String-of Pearls 192 Setcreasea purpurea Purple Heart 193 Smn1ng1a species Gloxm1a 194 Solanum pseudo-capsicum Jerusalem Cherry 195 Spath1phyllum White Flag

Mauna Loa

196 Strel1tz1a reginae Bird of Paradise 197 Streptocarpus species Cape Primrose 198 Strobtlanthes dyertanus Bluebell Creeper 199 Syngonwm podophyllum Nephthyt1s x 200 Tagetes species Mangold

201 Thunberg1a alata Black Eye Susan 202 Thymus vu/gans Thyme 203 Tolm1ea menz1es11 Piggy-back Plant 204 Tradescantia species Wandering Jew 205 Tul1pa species Tulip

206 Verbena hortens1s Verbena 207 Vmca ma1or Periwinkle x

vanegata 208 Viola tricolor Pansy 209 Vnes1a spiendens Flaming Sword 210 Yucca species Yucca x

211 Zantedesch1a species Calla Lily 212 Zebnna species Wandering Jew 213 Zinnia elegans Zinnia 214 Zygocactus truncatus Christmas Cactus

Light Requ~rements

med high

x x

x x

x x

x

x

x x

x x

x x

x

x x

x x

x x x

x

x x x

x x

x

x x

x x

x x

very high

x

x x

x

x

x

19

Water Requirements

dry moist wet small 2-4

Plan! Size med large hang 4-8 S-12 bask

Appeal foi l!wr lrull

l ---------, ------------, ---------

1 : \:: ,l: I x I x x I x

I I . I

I x x x , x

I x x I x

I x x x I x x x I x x I x

I I

I I I x x x x ) ' x

x x x x , x x x x

I x I

I I x x x x

x x x x

x x x x I

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x -

x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x ..

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x x , x x x x

x x x x x x x x x

x x x x

x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x

I

I i I I

I '

I I

I

TABLE 3. Index for Converting Common Plant Names to Scientific Names --------------

African Violet 182"' Daffodil 133 Kalanchoe 122 Rieger Begonia 25 Aloe 11 Dahlia 70 Kangaroo V1 ne 45 Rosemary 180 Alternanthera 12 Dragon Tree 81 Kent1a Palm 114 Rubber Plant 97 Aluminum Plant 161 Dumb Cane 73 King Sago Palm 65 Ruellia 181 Amaryllis 113 Dumb Cane 74 Anthurium 14 Dwarf Bromeliad 63 Lady Palm 175 Satin Pellionia 147 Arabian Wax Cissus 48 Dwarf Date Palm 160 Lady Slipper Orchid 143 Scarlet Sage 183 Areca Palm 43 Lance Dracaena 169 Scarlet Star i05 Artillery Plant 162 Easter Lily 127 Lantana 123 Schefflera 30 Asparagus Fern 19 Elephantear Philodendron 155 Lee a 125 Screw Pine 142 AtJtog raph Tree 52 Emerald Ripple 148 Lily-of-the-Valley 57 Selloum Philodendron 159 Azalea 177 English Ivy 109 Lipstick Plant 6 Sensitive Plant 130

European Fan Palm 41 Lollipop Plant 141 Shrimp Plant 27 Baby's Tears 110 Exacum 93 Silver Nerve Plant 102 Bamboo Palm 40 Magic Flower 3 Silver Table Fern 174 Billbergia 28 Fairy Primrose 172 Maidenhair Fern 4 Snake Plant 184 Bird Catcher Tree 164 False Aralia 76 Marigold 200 Spider Plant 42 Bird of Paradise 196 Fancy-leaved Caladium 32 Metallic Peperomia 150 Staghorn Fern 166 Bird's Nest Fem 21 Fiddle Leaf Fig 98 Mexican Breadfruit 131 Star-of-Bethlehem 35 Black Eye Susan 201 Fiddleleaf Philodendron 158 Miniature Rose 179 Strawberry Geranium 185 Bleeding-Heart Vine 50 Figi Rabbit's Foot Fern 71 Mistletoe Cactus 176 String-of-Pearls 191 Blood Lily 107 Fingernail Plant 136 Mock Orange 165 Succulents 59 Blue Sage 87 Flame Violet 86 Moses-in-the-Cradle 178 Swedish Ivy 167 Bluebell Creeper 198 Flaming Sword 209 Boston Fern 137 Flowering Maple 1 Natal Plum 37 Teddy Bear Vine 64 Botanical Wonder 94 Flowering Tobacco 139 Nephthytis 199 Thyme 202 Bougainvillea 29 Fuchsia 103 Norfolk Island Pine 16 Trailing Lantana 124 Bride's Bouquet Fern 18 Trailing Bromeliad 5 Gardenia 104 Oleander 138 Watermelon Begonia 146 Browallia 31 Geranium 145 Orchid Cactus 84 Burro's Tail 186 German Ivy 190 Oval Leaf Peperomia 151 Triangleleaf Fig 101

German Primrose 173 Ox al is 140 Tricolor Bromeliad 135 Calemondin Orange 49 Gloxinia 193 Tulip 205 Calla Lily 211 Gold Fish Plant 118 Pansy 208 Candelabra Cactus 90 Gold-dust Dracaena 80 Parlor Palm 39 Umbrella Plant 68 Cape Primrose 197 Golddust Plant 22 Parsley Aralia 171 Cascade Petunia 153 Golden Aglaonema 9 Passion Flower 144 Variegated Wax Ivy 189 Cast Iron Plant 20 Grape Hyacinth 132 Peacock Plant 33 Variegated Wax Privet 149 Cattleya Orchid 38 Grape Ivy 47 Periwinkle 207 Velvet Plant 106 Century Plant 7 Green Dracaena 77 Pewter Plant 10 Velvetleaf Philodendron 156 Chenille Plant 2 Green Pleomele 168 Phalaenopsis Orchid 154 Venus Fly Trap 75 Chinese Evergreen 8 Philodendron Peperomia 152 Verbena 206 Christmas Cactu3 214 Hawaiian Ti Plant 58 Piggy-back Plant 203 Christmas Pepper 36 Haworthia 108 Pineapple 13 Waffle Plant 111 Chrysanthemum 44 Heather 88 Plush Vine 129 Wandering Jew 204 Cineraria 188 Hen-and-Chicken 83 Pocketbook Plant 34 Wandering Jew 212 Coffee Tree 54 Hibiscus 112 Podocarpus 170 Wax Begonia 26 Coleus 55 Hyacinth 116 Poinsettia 92 Wax Leaf Privet 126 Column ea 56 Hydrangea 117 Polka Dot Plant 119 Wax Plant 115 Common Philodendron 157 Pony Tail Plam 23 Weeping Java Fig 96 Coral Ardisia 17 Impatiens 120 Pot hos 85 White Flag 195 Coral Plant 134 India Laurel 100 Prayer Plant 128 White-Striped Dracaena 78 Corn Plant 79 Purple Heart 192 Creeping Charley 163 Jade Plant 60 Yucca 210 Creeping Fig 99 Japanese Aralia 95 Queen's Spiderwort 72 Crocus 61 Japanese Holly Fern 69 Zebra Plant 15 Crossandra 62 Japanese Loquat 89 Resurrection Plant 187 Zinnia 213 Croton 53 Jerusalem Cherry 194 Re Begonia 24

--------·----~--

Crown-of-Thorns 91 Reg Begonia Vine 46 • Refers to number in Table 2 Cyclamen 66 Kaffir Lily 51 Ribbon Plant 82 Cymbidium Orchid 67 Kalanchoe 121

20

To simplify information, trade names of products have been used. No endorsement is intended, nor is criticism implied of similar products not named.

All educational programs and activities conducted by the Ohio Coopera­tive Extension Service are available to all potential clientele on a nondis­criminatory basis without regard to race, color, national origin, sex, or religious affiliation.

1/80-7.5M Issued in furtherance of Cooperative Extension work, acts of May 8 and June 30, 1914, in cooperation with the U.S. Department of Agriculture. Roy M. Kottman, Director of the Cooperative Extension Service, The Ohio State University.