Prefixes, Roots, & Suffixes Most words used in the English
language today were not originally English. These words were
borrowed (taken) from other languages. The majority of English
words have Latin or Greek origins.
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Prefixes, Roots, & Suffixes Prefix: word element that is
placed in front of a root; it changes the word's meaning or makes a
new word. Root: the part of a word that contains the basic meaning
(definition) of the word; is the base element of a word Suffix:
word element that is placed behind a root; it can add information
or change the meaning or part of speech
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Why is this important? Helps build vocabulary Enhances the
ability to comprehend course readings and learn new terminology
Improves educated guesses about unknown words while reading or test
taking
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What to do on your paper If the word is a prefix, put a dash
AFTER the word part Pre- If the word is a root, put a dash BEFORE
and AFTER the word part -Cede- If the word is a suffix, put a dash
BEFORE the word part -Ness
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Re- Again, back, backward Examples Rebound- to spring back
again, recover Rebuild- to build again Rewind- to wind something
backward
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Retro- Backward, back Examples Retroactive relating to
something in the past Retrospect the remembering of past
events
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Anti- Against, opposite of Examples Antibody- a substance that
destroys bacteria Antiseptic- a substance that prevents infection
Antislavery- against slavery
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De- Reduce down, remove Examples Debase- to reduce something in
value or quality Decelerate- to slow down; to reduce speed
Dethrone- to remove from power
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Dis- Do the opposite, exclude, absence of, not Examples
Disagree- to have a different opinion Disappear- to stop being seen
Disassemble- to undo something thats assembled
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Un- Not, opposite of, lacking Examples Unabridged- not
shortened; full length Unfair- opposite of fair, just, and
impartial Unfriendly- lacking friendliness; hostile
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Non- No, not, without Examples Nonfiction true, real, not made
up Nonsense without sense This is a non-smoking area.
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-Fug- Flee, run away, escape Example Fugitive- a person who is
running away Refuge-a sheltered place to flee to Refugee- a person
seeking protection
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-Numer- Number Examples Numerous a large number Numerology the
study of magical uses of numbers
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Numbers
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Examples Plane with one wing on each side One wheel
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Examples Two wheels
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Examples From Physics something that has two poles Two vowel
sounds joined together to make one sound. Ex: Book, Boat, Toy
Examples Century Millimeter Kilometer Megaton Gigabyte 100
years One thousandth of a meter 1000 meters One million tons One
billion bytes
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Numbers Multi Many, more than one or two Multitask Doing more
than one task at a time Poly- Many, more than one Polygon A shape
with many sides
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-Gon- Angle Octagon shape with eight angles Diagonal a slanting
line (on an angle)
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-Meter-/-Metr- Measure Diameter a measure of half a circle
Gravimeter an instrument that measures gravity Metric system a
system of measurement
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Equi- Equal, equally Equivalent equal in value, meaning,
effect, etc. Equidistant an equal distance from two points.
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Circum- Around, about Circumnavigate to sail around Circumspect
looking around, cautious
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-Ann-/-Enn- Year Anniversary a date observed once a year Annual
happening once a year Millennium 1,000 years
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-Cycl- Circle, ring Bicycle a vehicle with two wheels Cycle a
sequence that is repeated Cyclone a storm with circling winds
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Mal- & Bene- Mal- Bad, badly, or inadequate Examples:
malicious, malign, malfunction Bene- Good or well Examples:
Benefactor, beneficial, benefit.
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-Ami- and -Belli- -Ami- Love Example: amiable, amity, amorous
-Belli- War Examples: antebellum, bellicose, belligerent
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Contra-/Contro-/Counter- Against, contrary, opposite, opposing
Contradict to argue against Controversy disagreement
Counteroffensive attack against an attack
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Pan- All, of everything Cooperation or unity of all members
Pan-American belongs to all Americans Pangaea- all continents were
squashed together
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Omni- All Omnipotent with all the power/all-knowing Omnivore
one who eats all foods
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Auto - Self Autobiography written by the subject of the book
Autograph written by the person him/herself
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-ar/-ard/-arian/-ant A person who does an action Beggar,
burglar Wizard Veterinarian, librarian Servant, applicant
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-Er/-Or A person who does an action Teacher, announcer
Inventor, translator
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-Ist A person who does an action Artist Pianist
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Inter -, between, among Intra -, within Intramural sport played
within the school Interact
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Intro- Into, inward Introduce to lead into the main part of
something Introvert a shy person who keeps to himself
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-Cede-/-Ceed- To relinquish, abandon, transfer, surrender, give
up Recede, concede Exceed go beyond limits
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-Ceive-/-Cept- Take Accept - to take a thing that is offered
Perceive to take notice of something
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Sub- under, low Examples Submarine- under water Subway- a path
or way to move under ground Subliminal- below the level of
consciousness
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Super- over, above, beyond Examples Superb-splendid; excellent;
beyond the expected Superintendent-a person with the highest power
Superior- above average in quality; excellent
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Ultra- Beyond, extreme, more than Ultrahigh extremely high
Ultramodern more modern than anything else
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Extra- Outside, beyond Examples Extracurricular- outside the
school curriculum Extraordinary- beyond ordinary Extraterrestrial-
outside the Earth
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-Ful Full of Examples Cheerful- full of cheer Helpful- full of
help Thankful- full of thanks
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-Ous Full of Examples Hazardous- full of dangers Humorous- full
of humor Wondrous full of wonders
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-Act- To do Activity something that a person does Reaction
something that happens in response to something else
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-Phob- abnormal fear of Example Claustrophobic- fear of
confined spaces Acousticophobia - fear of noise
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-Mania- Madness, insanity Bibliomania a crazy love of books
Maniac an insane person
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-Phil- Having an attraction to Bibliophile someone who loves
books Thermophilia love of high temperatures Hydrophilic attraction
to water
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-Ward Shows specified direction Example Backward- in the
opposite direction Eastward- toward the east Homeward- in the
direction of home
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Pre- Earlier, before, in front of Examples Preamble- a part in
front of a formal document Prepare- to get ready in advance Prepay-
to pay ahead of time
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Ante- Before, in front Antecedent a word that comes before a
pronoun to make it clear what the pronoun is referring to Anteroom
a small room before the main room Antebellum something that existed
before a war
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Fore- In front of, previous, earlier Forebode to give an
advance warning of something bad Forearm the part of the arm before
the elbow
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Post- After, later, behind Examples Postpone- to delay
something until later Postscript- a message at the end of a letter
Posthumous- happening after someones death
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Pro- for, on the side of Examples Prolife Prochoice
Proponent
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-Ject- throw Examples Eject- to throw someone out Interject- to
throw a remark into a discussion Project- to cast or throw
something
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-Gram- Letter, written Example Grammar- rules of how to write
words in sentences Telegram- a message sent by telegraph Diagram- a
simple drawing -Gram-
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-Graph- write Examples Autograph- a persons hand written
signature Stenography- writing in short hand Telegraph-
long-distance writing by electrical codes
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-Scribe-/-Script- Write Scribe a person who writes out
documents Transcribe to write an exact copy of something Transcript
a written document showing grades
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-Dict- Speak Examples Contradict- to speak against someones
statement Diction- clarity of speaking Predict- say in advance what
is going to happen
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Ambi- Both Examples Ambiguous- having more than one meaning
Ambivalence- conflicting or opposite feelings, such as love and
hate, toward a person or thing Ambidextrous- able to use both hands
equally well
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-Claim-/-Clam- To shout or speak out Clamor to shout and make
noise Proclaim to announce something publicly Exclaim to cry out
loudly and suddenly
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Hemi-/Semi- Half, partial Examples Semicircle- a semicircular
structure Hemisphere- one half the earth Hemistich- half a line of
poetry Semiannual every half year
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Ir-/il-/in-/im- not, without Examples Illegal- not legal
Impossible- not possible Inappropriate- not appropriate Irrelevant
not relevant
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Tele- Far, distant Examples Telephone- a device to talk to a
distant person Telescope- a device to view distant objects
Television- a device to receive pictures from afar
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-Scope- See Microscope a device used to see tiny things
Telescope a device used to see distances
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-Nav- Ship Circumnavigate to sail around a place Naval relating
to navy or warships
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-Clar- Clear Clarification an explanation to make clear Declare
to state something clearly
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Trans- Across, beyond, through Examples Transcontinental-
across the continent Transfer- to move from one place to another
Transport- to carry something across a space
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-Fer- Bear, bring, carry Examples Confer- to bring an honor to
someone Ferry- a boat that carries passengers Transfer- to move to
another place
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-Luc- Light Examples Elucidate- to explain; to throw light on
Lucid- easily understood; giving off light Translucent- allowing
light through
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-Scend- Climb, go Examples Ascend- to climb upward Crescendo- a
climbing up of the volume of music Descend- to go or climb
down
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-Port- Carry Examples Export- to carry goods out of place
Portable- able to be carried Porter- a person who carries
luggage
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Ex- From, out, out of, away from Examples Excavate- to dig out
Exhale- to breathe out Extract- to draw or pull out
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Aqu-/Aqua- Water Aquarium a container with water for fish
Aqueduct a pipe for moving water
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-Aer-/-Aero- Air Examples Aerate- to let air reach something
Aerial- relating to the air Aerospace- air and space
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-Terr- Land, earth Examples Extraterrestrial- existing outside
the earth Terrain- ground or land Territory- an area of land
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Geo- Earth, soil, global Geography study of the earths surface
Geology study of the structure of the earth
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Bio- Life, living matter Biography a life story written by
another person Biology the science that deals with life
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A- On Examples Afire- on fire Ashore- on the shore Aside- on
the side
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Ab-/Abs- From away, off Examples Abduct- carry away by force
Abnormal- away from normal, not normal Absent- away, not
present
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With, together, joint Examples Coauthor- writer who writes with
another author Coeducation- the education of males and females
together Concur- t0 agree with someone
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-Sol- Alone Desolate lonely, dismal, gloomy Solitary done
alone, by yourself Solo a performance done by one person alone
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Mis- Bad, badly, wrong, wrongly Examples Misbehave- to behave
badly Misprint- an error in printing Misquote- to quote
wrongly
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Ob- In the way, against Object to be against something
Obstruction something that is in the way
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-Struct- Build Example Construct- to build Destruction- the act
of destroying something that was built Structure- something
built
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-Tact-/-Tang- Touch Examples Contact- a state in which two
things touch Tactile- relating to the sense of touch Tangible
something you can touch
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Arch- Chief, most important Examples Archbishop- the highest
ranking bishop Archduke- nobleman with high rank, like a prince
Archenemy- chief or worst enemy
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Vice- Acting in place of, next in rank Vice president the
person next in rank to the president Viceroy a governor who acts
for a king or queen
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Mother Example Matriarch- a female head of a household Father
Example Patriarch- a male head of a household
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-Cide Cut, kill Examples Homicide- murder Insecticide- a
chemical used to kill insects
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-Mort- Death Examples Immortal- living forever; unable to die
Mortal- certain to die Mortician- an undertaker
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-Corp- Body Examples Corporation- a company recognized by law
as a single body Corpse- a dead body
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-Miss-/-Mit- Send Examples Dismiss- to send someone away
Missile- a weapon sent into the air Transmission- something sent by
satellite, wire, radio waves, etc. Commit to send yourself
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-Mob-/-Mot-/-Mov-/-Migr- Move Examples Immobilize- to stop from
moving Mobile- able to move freely Motion- the act of moving
Motivate- to move someone to action Movie- rapidly projected
pictures that move Remove- to move away from a place Migrant
someone who moves from place to place
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-Temp- Time Temporal relating to time Contemporary existing at
the same time
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-Chron- Time Examples Chronic- lasting for a long time
Chronological- arrangement of events in time order Synchronize-
happen at the same time
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-Path- Feeling, emotion Examples Antipathy- a feeling of great
anger Apathy- a lack of feeling or interest Empathy- ability to
understand anothers feelings
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Primitive, ancient Examples Archaic- belonging to an earlier
period Archaeology the scientific study of ancient cultures Archive
a collection of historical materials
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Hearing, auditory, sound Examples Telephone a device used to
hear over long distances Phonograph a device used to record
sound
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-Ocu-/-Opt- Eye Binoculars 2-lens device for seeing distances
Oculist an eye doctor Optical relating to sight Optician a person
to fits eyeglasses
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-Photo- Light Photograph image made on light-sensitive film
Photon the smallest possible unit of light
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-Vid-/-Vis- See Vision the ability to see Vista a big, wide
view Evident clearly seen
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-Spec- See, look Spectacles something one wears to see better
Circumspect cautious, looking all around Retrospective a looking
back at past events
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-Voc-/-Vok- Voice Vocalize to produce with your voice Advocate
to speak in favor of Evoke to bring something to mind
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-Audi- Hear Audible loud enough to be heard Audience people who
hear and see a program Audiovisual relating to sound and
vision
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-Son- Sound Consonant a speech sound Supersonic faster than
sound
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-Ped-/-Pod- Foot Pedicure something done to the feet Tripod a
stand or frame with three legs Podiatrist a foot doctor
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-Somn- Sleep Insomnia inability to fall asleep Somnolent
feeling sleepy
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-Ambul- Walk Amble to walk in a slow, relaxed way Ambulatory
able to walk
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-Cardi- Heart Cardiologist a heart doctor Cardiac relating to
the heart
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-Dent- Tooth Dental relating to the teeth Dentist a doctor
trained to treat teeth
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-Phys- Nature, medicine, the body Physical relating to the body
Physician a doctor Physique nature, shape, and size of ones
body
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-Therm- Heat Thermostat a device that controls the heat Thermos
an insulated jar that keeps heat in or out
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-Anim- Life, spirit Animal a living organism Animate to make
alive Inanimate not alive or active
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-Psych- Mind, soul Psyche the human spirit or soul Psychology
the study of the mind
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-Gen- Birth, race Genealogy the study of the history of a
family Generation all the people born at approximately the same
time
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-Nat- Born Innate inborn, native, natural Natal relating to
birth Natural received at birth
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-Man- Hand Maneuver to move with the hand Manual done with the
hands Manuscript a book written by hand
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-San- Health Sane mentally healthy Sanitary relating to
cleanliness and health Sanitation maintenance of public health
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-Tox- Poison Toxic poisonous Detoxification the process of
removing poisons
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-Sci- Know Conscience sense of knowing right from wrong
Conscious knowing what is happening Omniscient knowing
everything
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-Soph- Wise Philosopher a wise person who explains about life
Sophisticated wise about the ways of the world
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-Astro Star, stars, outerspace Astronaut a person trained to
travel in space Astronomer someone who studies the stars
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-Stell- Star Constellation a group of stars that form a pattern
Stellar relating to stars
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-Cosm- Universe Cosmos the universe Microcosm a miniature
universe
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-Luna- Moon Lunar relating to the moon Lunatic insane (as if
driven mad by the moon)
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-Sol- Sun Solar relating to the sun Solstice when the sun
reaches its highest or lowest point
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Study of, science of Examples Anthropology- the study of human
kind Archaeology- the study of past cultures Biology- the study of
all forms of life
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Give Examples Donation- a contribution or gift Donor-someone
who gives something Pardon- to give forgiveness for an offense
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-Tract- Pull, drag Attract to pull objects nearer Tractor a
motor vehicle that pulls things
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break Example Fracture- a break in a bone Fragment broken into
pieces
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-Flect- To bend Deflect to bend or change course because of
hitting something Inflection a bending in the voices tone or
pitch
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-Rupt- Break Bankrupt unable to pay because youre broke
Interrupt to break in, to disturb Rupture a break in something
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Master Examples Dominate- to be the master of Domineering-
excessively controlling Predominate- to have more power than
others
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Know Examples Cognizant- having knowledge Incognito- disguised
so no one knows you Recognize- to know a thing, person, etc
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-Ion/-Ing/-Ization Action or process Examples Celebration- the
act of celebrating Completion- the act of completing Dancing the
act of taking part in a dance Seeing- the act of looking at
something Colonization establishing a colony Modernization making
more modern
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-Ade/-Age/-Ation Act, action, or process Blockade an action to
block people or goods Promenade leisurely strolling in public
Passage the act of going place to place Voyage a journey to a
distant place Creation the act of causing something to exist
Narration the process of telling a story
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-Er/-Ment/-Ure Action, condition, or process Ponder to think
carefully Stutter to say something haltingly Movement the act of
moving Shipment the process of shipping something Closure the
action of ending Failure the action of failing
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Place Examples Locomotion moving from place to place Locate to
find the place Dislocated moved away from its place
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-Ory A place for Armory where weapons are stored Dormitory a
college building where people sleep Laboratory a place where
scientific work is done
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Believe Examples Credence- belief that something is true or
valid Credulous- believing things too easily; gullible Incredible-
unbelievable
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Sure Examples Ascertain- to find out something with certainty
Certain- being absolutely sure Certify-to state that something is
true
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Able to be Examples Excitable- able to be easily excited
Portable- able to be carried Preventable- able to be prevented
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Sea Examples Marina- a harbor for pleasure boats Maritime-
relating to the sea Submarine- an undersea boat
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Small, less Examples Mini- something that is very small
Minuscule- extremely tiny Minutiae- very small or trivial
details
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-Max-/-Opt- Greatest, best Maximal the best or greatest
possible Maximum the greatest amount Optimal the best, most
desirable Optimize make the best of
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Magni-/Mega- Great, large, huge Magnify to make appear larger
Magnificent grand, impressive Megaphone a device that projects a
loud voice Megastructure huge building or other structure
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Micro- Very small, short, minute Microbe a very small living
thing Microscope a device to see very small things
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Mid- Middle Midway halfway between Midterm middle of a term in
school
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Hyper- Too much, over, above Hyperactive very restless
Hypertension pressure above normal www.peteralsop.com
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-Er More Braver more brave Cooler more cool -Est Most Bravest
most brave Coolest most cool
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-Less Without Fearless without fear Hopeless without hope
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New Examples Innovate- to introduce a new way Novelty-
something new Novice- a person who is new at a job
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People Examples Popular- appealing to a lot of people
Population- all of the people who live in a place Populist- a
supporter of the rights of people
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Guide, rule Examples Regent- a person who rules on behalf of a
king or queen Regime- a government that rules
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Highest Examples Sum- the combined total of everything; the
limit Summation- the total, highest amount Summit- the highest
point or top
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Truth Examples Veracious- truthful, honest Veracity- the truth
Verify- to prove that something is true
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State, condition, or quality Examples Childhood- the state of
being a child Motherhood- the state of being a mother Sainthood-
the condition of being a saint
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State or quality of, condition, action Examples Annoyance- the
state of being annoyed Brilliance- the quality of being brilliant
Defiance- the act of defying; bold resistance Absence- the state of
being away Dependence- the action of depending Negligence- the
condition of being careless
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State or quality of Examples Affectionate- the quality of
showing affection Desolate- the state of being deserted,
uninhabited Obstinate- the quality of being stubborn,
inflexible
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State, condition or quality Examples Belligerency- the state of
being at war Efficiency- quality of being efficient and capable
Privacy- condition of being private and secluded
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Condition of, quality of Examples Boredom- the state of being
bored Freedom- the state of living and acting freely Stardom- the
condition of being a star
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State, condition, or quality Examples Abnormality- the
condition of not being normal Civility- the quality of politeness
Necessity- the condition of being necessary
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Doctrine, system, manner, condition, act and characteristic
Examples Exorcism the act of driving out an evil spirit Plagiarism
the act of copying someone elses work Catholicism a religious
system of beliefs
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- State or quality (makes a noun) Examples Kindness- the state
of being kind Shyness- the condition of being shy Weakness- the
condition of being weak
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State or condition of; skill of Examples Authorship- the skill
of being an author Citizenship- the condition of being a citizen
Friendship- the state of being a friend
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State or quality Examples Attention- the state of mentally
focusing Caution- the state of taking care to avoid risk
Fascination- the state of being very interested Confusion the state
of being confused Depression- the state of hopelessness Tension-
the state of being anxious, nervous, edgy
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-Ern/-th/-uous State or quality of Eastern the state of being
east of a place Depth the quality of being deep Virtuous the
quality of having moral goodness
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-Ate/-Ed/-D/-En/-Fy All are used to make words become verbs
Activate to make something active Called did call Ensured did
ensure Strengthen to make stronger Amplify to make larger or
louder
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-Ize To cause to become Antagonize to cause a person to become
angry Authorize to give someone power or authority
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-Ative/-Etic Used to make words into adjectives Creative
inclined to create things Athletic relating to athletes -Ily/-Ly
Used to make words into adverbs Sloppily in a sloppy manner Quickly
in a speedy manner
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-Grat- Pleasing Gratify to please someone Ingrate a person who
doesnt say thank you
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-Jud- Law Judgment a decision of a court or law Judicial having
to do with judges or courts of law
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-Urb- City Urban relating to a city Suburb residential area on
the edge of a city
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-Poli- City Metropolis a large city Politics actions of a
government or political party
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-The-/-Theo- God Monotheism belief in one god Theology the
study of religion, god, etc.
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-Vac- Empty Evacuate to empty a dangerous place Vacant empty,
not occupied Vacation a time empty of work
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Biblio- Book Bibliography a list of books used as sources
Bibliomania an extreme love of books
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Hetero- Homo- Different, other Heterogeneous made up of
unrelated parts Heteronyms words with the same spelling but
different meanings Like, alike, same Homogenous of the same nature
or kind Homophones words with the same sound but different
spellings
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Hydro-/Hydr- Water, liquid, moisture Hydrate to add water to
Hydrophobia intense fear of water
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-Ant/-Ent/-Ive Inclined to, tending to Defiant tending to
disobey Competent inclined to be able to the job Attractive
inclined to attract
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-Ery/-ry/-y Trade, job, activity Archery the activity of
shooting arrows with a bow Dentistry the job of caring for peoples
teeth Robbery the act of stealing from somebody
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-Al/-an/-ian/-ar/-ary Relating to, belonging to Bacterial
relating to bacteria American belonging to America Italian
belonging to Italy Solar relating to the sun Literary relating to
literature
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-Ese Relating to a place Chinese relating to China Japanese
relating to Japan
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Of or relating to, characterized by, capable of -Ic/-ical
-Ile/-ine/-ish Analytical relating to analysis Comic relating to or
marked by comedy Docile capable of being quiet and easily taught
Canine relating to dogs Childish like a child, immature, silly
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Of or relating to, resembling, characterized by -Like/-some
-Ular/-y Childlike characteristic of a child Awesome tending to
cause awe or amazement Cellular relating to living cells Brainy
characterized by intelligence
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-Narr- Tell Narrate tell a story Narrative a story Narrator a
person who tells a story
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-Cline- Lean Incline a surface that slopes or leans Recline
lean back and relax
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-Cracy-/-Crat- Rule Aristocrat a member of the ruling class
Theocracy government ruled by a god or priests
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-Duc- Lead Conduct to lead musicians in playing music Aqueduct
a system of pipes that leads water to a specific place Educate to
lead to knowledge
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-Funct- Perform, work Defunct no longer working or alive
Malfunction to fail to work correctly
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-Junct- To join Conjunction a word that joins parts of a
sentence Junction a place where two things join
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-Lab- Work Collaborate to work with a person Laboratory
somewhere to do work
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-Liber- Free Liberate to set free Liberty - freedom
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-Merge-/-Mers- Dip, dive Immerse to put or dip something into
liquid Submerge to dip something under water
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-Mut- Change Immutable not changing Mutate to undergo a
change