Pregled [godina 52, broj 2; maj-septembar 2011.]

8/2/2019 Pregled [godina 52, broj 2; maj-septembar 2011.]

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91 \YF@EFK

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94\YF@EFK

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8< \YF@EFK

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Xmf|{dhdroc bf dx{djo x{gdhdrco* Jfxyf{jo x~dbfx{ bf dx{djo dx{djf2 xmf|{dhdr#co d{k* Eg`dmo bf xvkigjgxjg gio~frjo idjoyjdc mgkg~dco !Hgkfx$* Gjd xfvrkdźv kg gjg` o|xgev{jg` d joăfejg`* Jodcf% omg xf {g gkjgxd jo ―johdgjo#edroc–% gjko id {g ideg% Af`feg~dc bfrdmgc yfăfjg% bfkjg {fůmg |yg{d~ybfăjg{yoòjbf ro {yfĀdc |v{fc drcfğv johdgjoedrco d vjd~fyroedrco* [g bf ~geboro bfkdjx{~gc v xv|yg{jgx{dco% |gyokd jbda d vjo{gă jbdco* [g kojox rjo#cg2 x~omg giyorg~ojbf dkfj{d{f{o% mgbf xf% jo źoegx{% jdmoko jf cgźf |gvr#ko{d v g|vů{fjgx{% v gjg ů{g jf cgyo |ygĀd kyoco{vy`dbv kdboefm{dămg` vcov Af`feg~gc xcdxev% mgbf xf |gbo~ebvbf v cgkfyjd{f{v mog xocg{fyo|fv{dmo%

x~omg giyorg~ojbf dkfj{d{f{o !yoredmo ded xv|yg{jgx{d$% mgbf xf mgjx{d{vdyo xocg |gcgĀv dxmebvăfjbo% |g{dxmd~ojbo ded |yf~eoko~ojbo% v ngycd jo|yf{mo% kojoxxf ădjd gixgef{ !fjèfxmd2 gv{#gnko{f% |oxxf% gv{% kfok% gv{cgkfk% gek% oj{d#qvo{fk% ojhdfj{% xv|fyojjvo{fk% oyhaodh% kfcgkf% kdxhoykfk f{h*$* D |gbo~ebvbfxf v x~bf{xmdc yorcbfyoco mog ―|yo~d dr~gy mgegjdboejg` d |gx{mgegjdboejg` |g{ădjbo~ojbo–*;1 V {gc xcbfyv dkf Fkpoyk P* Xodk* Gk`g~oyobvĀf Xodkg~fdxmorf ăd{oc mog jox{gbojbf dj{fymve{vyoejg` cdxedgho*

Dj{fymve{vyoejo egrgbo ' dj{fymve{vyoejd cdxedghdDj{fymve{vyoejd cdxedghd% mgbd xv x~f ~důf jo xhfjd ―x~bf{xmf |g~dbfx{d–% bfxvyokdmoejd d {g gjko moko jox{gbf ko xf dx{y`jv% {omg yfĀd% xo {fgyf{xmdc mgyd# bfjgc% ko dribf`jv ~fedmgc rev2 –yoxdrcv–% –f{jghfj{ydrcv–% ―xfmxdrcv–* [obcgkfe cdůebfjbo |gx{obf |yfxvkoj* Xocg ―dkfj{d{f{ kdnfyfjhdbf–% xocg dkfj{d{f{

|vů{ojbv jg~da dkfbo ded jg~da dryoro* @obg \f{yg~dĀ bf moxjdbf |dxog g g~gc xdc|grdbv v bfkjgc ro`yfioămgc ăoxg|dxv ―\yodx– !ded ―Joůf {fcf–7% ?4>8$* D {gc bf |ydedmgc yfmogko xv xf ăveo cdůebfjbo momg bf {g ideg jobrojdcebd~dbf dreoòjbf*

;1 Vx|*2 Pgenòj` Cõeefy#Nvjm% didk*% x{y* ?<01*



89 \YF@EFK

jfdkfj{d{f{o% cjg`gx{yvmgx{d% v mgbfc |okobv gkevăjd vkoyhd% igyif% xvx{o# bojbo% yorgăoyojbo% bfx{ bfkdjo jovmo% bfkdjo |xdag{fyo|dbo d |xdagkyoco* [g bf~fedădjo mgbo bf v x{ojbv ko |ygdr~fkf gjg ů{g bo|ojxmd ded djkdbxmd egrg kojoxcdxef ko xv jbdag~f {yokdhdbf ded mve{vyf g{mydef |ydbf k~o {dxvĀebfĀo2 ko x{~gydjfo`yfxd~jv ngycv mve{vyf* [g bf jg~d rdg`jgcdbxmd xcdxog2 mebvă ro x~f ů{gjobo~ebvbf iedxmgx{ x~dbf{v% gmgejgc% iedxmgc d vkoebfjgc2 v ~yfcfjxmgc ded |ygx{gyjgc rjoăfjbv*

Cg`vĀf bf ko bf v {gcf ~fedădjo mgjhf|{o |gedngjda d adiydkjda mve{vyo%dj{fymve{vyoejf egrgbf* Gjo jo~bfůĀvbf jfăv~fjf xegigkf% mgbf xv cg`vĀfxocg mog ed{fyo{vyo ded mog vcbf{jdămo igyio* Jf mog kgxeg~jd {fmx{ x~dbf{oźd~g{o v Avxxfyeg~gc xcdxev ded x~omgkjf~ebo*

D koebf v x~gc źd~g{v gx{obfcg xo x~gbdc |oyokgmxdco v xvxyf{v xo kyv`dcov jbdag~gb kyv`g{jgx{d !oe{fyd{oxv$ ded xo joco xocdco mog x~o`ko kyv`dc* Joůo xegigko% mog d gjo v Jdf{rxhafg~g` Royo{avx{yf% joedmvbf cf{ordămgbxvkidjd ded cf{ordămgb morjd* Myd~jbo v x{oyg`yămgc xcdxev% mog ů{g bf gjo v Myoebo Fkd|o ded v Oj{d`gjd Xgngmeg~gb jdbf v{g|dbxmo*

^fgco bf yoůdyfjg cdůebfjbf ko bf |gx{cgkfyjo jfo`yfxd~jo ngyco mve{vyfd kvao% |g~ya x~omg` f{jdămg` |oy{dmveoydrco% {yokdhdgjoejg` mxdyojbo vr jo#hdgjoedroc* D {g xoc boxjg dxmord~og gk myobo ůfrkfxf{da `gkdjo% jo|gxf vXj`d Ro|oko !?409$ d v kbfev Dxmgj d xcdxog !?40?$*

ąg~bfm d xvkidjo Ro|oko !?40?$* @g{g~g xf ădjd ko bf {g dryoźfjg d |ydbf jgů{g xf v x~dbf{v |gbo~deo |gx{cgkfyjo* Dx|yo~jg bf yfĀd ko bf g~o |yf{|gx{o~mog jfv{g|dbxmgc moyom{fyv |gx{cgkfyjf gjg ů{g bf v gxjg~d jbfjf ―x{yoůjf dx#{djf–*

D|om% d |yg{d~ ~gebf% v jbgb xf |fy~fy{dyo {g= kgx|dbf~o jo xhfjv mog jg~dv{g|dbxmd |ygbfm{% mgbd jo~gkd v{g|dbv cve{dmve{vyoejda `vyo% mog cgĀ mgbo{g xo |fydnfydbf |gcbfyo v xyfkdů{f* [g id joedmg~oeg |yfgmyf{v* Xocg idxcgcgyoed |gx{cgkfyjd gmyf{ cdxed{d v Afdkf``fyg~gc o jf v Af`feg~gc xcdxev*

Gmyf{ jdbf vmdkojbf d vbfkjg găv~ojbf mog mgk Af`feo= jbf`g~o dx{djo jdbfv jbf`g~gb yfoedrohdbd% v ~důgb d bgů g{~gyfjgb ngycd% mog ů{g bf% jo |ydcbfy% vAf`feg~gb Eg`dhd2 ―Id{ dx{djo id{mo–* [g jdbf jokyox{ojbf mgbf xoidyf ded xv|#x{ojhdboedrdyo ~ydbfkjgx{d gjg` |yf{agkjg`% |yf{~oyobvĀd ò v efůdjv% v x~dbf{ ifr kvao d kvůf% v jfů{g cy{~g* Gjg bf gx~y{ojbf mgbf gźd~ebo~o% kyoco{xmd |yghfx èfkojbo mgbf iged d yor~fkyo~o* Afdkf``fy moźf2 {g bf |yf`gydbf~ojbf% |yfigedbf~ojbf ! fypdjkvj`$*

V{g|dbxmd drèfk |gx{cgkfyjf |gx{o~ebo |d{ojbf2 mg |ygx~bfĀvbf d mg bf% jo# |gxebf{mv% |ygx~dbfĀfjd* V{g|dbo cdxed2 mve{vyoedroc bfx{ x~dbf{ jokoyfjda% gjda



88\YF@EFK

ydbf{mda !Cdjkfyafd{fj$% ădbd bf [fy{dvc hgc|oyo{dgjdx {g ko bf gjo v xfid |ged#ngjo% cjg`gx{yvmo% ifxmyobjd x|ef{* Gjo bf {g|gx yoredmo% af{fyg`fjg`* Mogů{g xf g|yoů{o gk {yokdhdgjoejg` johdgjoedrco% gjo xf g|yoů{o d gk ~fĀ kfcgj#x{ydyojg` vjd~fyroedrco* G~ob bf x~o`ko |yfnfydyog o|x{yom{jg g|Āf% momg idxf dryordg Af`fe* Gj |yg|vů{o xviedcohdbv |gxfijg` d |gbfkdjoăjg`% gjg |yd# bo{febxmg ded xvxbfkxmg xvxyf{ojbf% mgbf bf joco v joůgb |g~dbfx{d ideg `g{g~gmgjx{d{vhdgjoejg* Dr x~gbf xocg{jgx{d vjd~fyroedroc xf jdmoko jdbf vx|fg vjfů{g xo ~důf koyo% koyd~ojbo d vrdcojbo* O gj id {yfiog id{d x|gxgioj ko xfvx|jf |g~ya cgkfyjg` hdjdrco rjojbo d rjojgx{d% |g~ya ―kdnvrdbf xvibfm{orjojbo–% gjg` mgbd bf djx{dm{d~jd mgjngycdx{% jomegjbfj jd~feohdgjdc {fjkfjhd# boco mgbf jord~o vjd~fyroejdc*

Vjd~fyroedroc v idgfx{f{xmgc xcdxev% ~bfyg~o{jg% joedmvbf jo Royo{avx{yv

mgbd bf |bfxjdm d mgbd xf x{dkd ů{g bf {g*–Pdf fdj Ioborrg kfx F`gdxcvx x{fd`{Royo{avx{yo ovx xfdjfy Fdjxocmfd{ ovn kdf Iõajf vjk xhafjm{ kfj Rvxhaovfyjfdjf Nyfdafd{% kdf kfy Kfjmfy xdha jvy fjgccfj% jdf fyaoe{fj ao{{f* dfeefdha{poy fx xfdjf @yþxxf% koxx fy òi% pox dac nfae{f% vjk xfdj ^fyaëj`jdx% koxxfy jdf `fxhafjm{ fyadfe{% pox fy pfd{fy`fifj* Pdkfy Pdeefj poy fy kfy ef{r{fOe{yvdx{*–;4

@g{g~g xf ădjd ko g~o v{g|dbo |yfvrdco gk vjd~fyroedrco myd{dămv o{{d#{vkf |yg{d~ johdgjoedrco* X{~oyjf kyocf xf gkd`yo~obv d x {gc jfo`yfxd~jgcngycgc mve{vyf ded dj{fymve{vyoejf mgcvjdmohdbf* Ŭ{g xf kgòğo7 Xd{vdyo xf%moźf xf% bfkoj jg~d {d| ăg~bfmo* D g {gcf `g~gyf v x~gbfc kbfev Fedxoif{aIygjnfj% Ifjbocdj Coydvx d [afyfxf X{fnnfj* –Mgjhf|{ |gedngjda d adiydkjdamve{vyo gcg`vĀvbf {g ko jokyox{ocg v{g|dbv mve{vyoejf cjg`gx{yvmgx{d% v mg# bgb bf x~omo kyvò mve{vyo x~o`ko bgů gibfm{ cg`vĀf` rjojbo d romebvăjg`yorvcdbf~ojbo*–6<

Cve{dmve{vyoedroc mog kyoco xvxyf{ojbo ' kyoco xegigkf

D xo cve{dmve{vyoedrcgc |gbo~ebvbf xf jfv|okebd~o `vyo xbfjf% mgbo x~o`ko |yd|oko {yo`dămgc d`ygmorv* \ydbf x~fò% gj jf id xcdg id{d cf{ordămd g|d# bo{% jfů{g |g|v{ aoůdůo% xmyg~d{da coxmd ro jfů{g kyv`g* Cd xcg x {gc dkfbgc

;4 \* Xeg{fykdbm% Kfy Kfjmfy ovn kfy Iõajf% ?41>% x{y* ?<;* ―\g|v{ |oboho f`gdrco Royo{#avx{yo xf dr x~gbf xocg{jgx{d vx|djbf jo |grgyjdhv d koyvbf èfkoghdco xegigkv mgbv bfcdxedeoh xocg vrfg% jdmoko jf d kgidg* Cg`vĀf bf ko bf jbf`g~o ~fedădjo ideo v {gcf ů{g

bf kog gjg ů{g cv bf jfkgx{oboeg% o jbf`g~o mgi ů{g jdmok jdbf kgidg jo koy gjg ů{g bf a{dgxeo{d koebf* \yg{d~ ~gebf gj bf idg |gxebfkjbd oe{yvdx{*–

6< V*2 Fedxoif{a Iygjnfj d kyv`d% Atiydkf Mve{vyfj% [õidj`fj% X{ovnnfjivy`% ?440*



8; \YF@EFK

roev{oed v jg~v jod~jgx{ omg xocg x jbgc mgmf{dyocg d |okocg v vgiyoźfjvkvigmgvcjgx{* Roů{g7 Cve{dmve{vyoedroc mog xdx{fc jdbf kg~geboj= gj jdbfedůfj igeo djkd~dkvohdbf% kyocf xvxyf{ojbo d {yo`dăjda mgjdmo{o% domg {fźd ko xf |gx{o~d |g~ya cd{xmf x{f`f |gefcgeg`dbf*

[g jdbf jg~o {~ykgèo~gx{2 mog omhf|{dyojbf mve{vyjf cjg`gx{yvmgx{d*[omg ăom d cfğv ~fgco gridebjdc egrgco% |gk coxmgc jg~da v`gkjgx{dd vkgijgx{d% jox{v|obvĀd mgjhf|{d cve{dmve{vyoedrco xf |gbo~ebvbv mog jg~fv{g|dbf ded mog jobifrgăjdbd g|{dcdroc% mog |yf~eoko~ojbf |gx{gbfĀf` xvibfm{orjojbo mgbd id {yfiog ko ef`d{dcdyo mydrv xv~yfcfjg` x~dbf{o* Gj jdbf v~bf{cg`vĀjgx{d |yf~eoko~ojbo yoxdrco ded johdgjoedrco ded xfmxdrco* Gj bf v ghd# bfejgc hdjdăjgc kyvů{~v ―koebf |dxojbf– ! Ngy{xhayfdivj` $ g~da mgid d x{gòů{g ―|yfkx{o~ebo dkfj{d{f{ |gxyfkx{~gc yoredmg~ojbo ded ‑kdxmydcdjdyojbo—–*6?

―F{jdămd |yfnfydyojd {d| v g~gc kdxmvyxv bf x{gò ‑atiydk— !k~gbomg` |gyd# bfmeo$% bfkjg x|obojbf edjdbf {yokdhdbf ded jdro xd`jdmojo{o*69 Ko ed xf v ydbfădadiydk x|obo gjg ů{g cf{ongydmo cd{xmda adiydko źfed ko xv`fydyo7 [g bf x~omomg |d{ojbf* Ŭ{g ko ădjdcg omg v {gcf g|d|o~ocg xocg dkdgxdjmyordbf ded gjf {fůmfgxbf{ebd~gx{d% v drigyv cf{ongydmf mgbo joc kgeord dr idgegůmg` kdxmvyxo% ded ‑drngycohdbf mgbo jdbf x|gxgijo ro yf|ygkvmhdbv—–7

CgĀ cf{ongydmf ' {fef|o{ado d {fefco{dmo

Cf{ongydmo źfed ko gk`g~oyo |gjgyjgx{d x~dbf{o źd~g{o% –|gjgyjgb |g~yůjgx{d–%v gjgc xcdxev v mgbfc bf Jdf{rxhaf `g~gydg g @yhdco2 @yhd% gjd xv |g~yůjddr kvidjf/ \oźebd~g` ăd{ogho egrgnxmda x|dxo cgyo roăvkd{d g~o ~yx{o cf{o#ngydmf v xevăobv kdbo`jgx{dmf mve{vyf d cgkfyjf vg|Āf* [g |gkyorvcdbf~o kod v |gbcv v{g|dbf v~gkdcg yoredmg~ojbo= v{g|dbo gk bvăfy jf id cgèo id{dv{g|dbo gk xv{yo= |gboc xegigkf gk bvăfy jf id cgòg id{d |gboc xegigkf roxv{yo% v jg~gb fefm{ygjxmgb hd~dedrohdbd d v yorkgiebv {fefco{dmf*

X~fbfkjg2 cd Āfcg cgĀd yorvcbf{d eg`dmv dj{fyjf{o mog ègioejg` cfkdbo

mgcvjdmohdbf% mog jg~f xedmf x~dbf{o% Oyx fefh{ygjdho*[ob cfkdb fjgycjg |g~fĀo~o mgc|efmxjgx{ mgcvjdmo{d~jg` x{~oyojbo

dkfj{d{f{o% dj{fymve{vyoejgx{d% gj gcg`vĀvbf ko ―jbdag~ dco`djoyjd% ~dy{vfejdmoyom{fy kgx|dbf kg x~dbfx{d–* Kgxebfkjg {gcf dj{fyjf{ yor~dbo v dx{g kgio jg~fcgkfef xghdboejf xocggyòjdrohdbf d ―g|agğfjbo xo ~dy{vfejdc dkfj{d{f{dco%

6? Didk*% x{y* ?<01*

69 Didk*



86\YF@EFK

gk f#code |ydbo{febx{~o |yfmg hao{ig |grjojx{~o x~f kg Htifyfyg{dmfy ***–68 [grjoăd –ro cvrdmv cvrdăoyo KB mve{vyo bf |ygco{yojbf kyv`g` |gyf{mo xocgyo#rvcebd~gx{= ro x{de x{dedrdyojbo Ad|x{fy{vcx bf |yf{|gx{o~mo cd{ kyv`g` |gyf{mo=ro mve{vyv mve{vyo |gx{mgegjdboedrco bf adiydkd{f{ źd~g{jd v~bf{*–6;

Jo jf|yfk~dğfj joădj xf |gbo~ebvbv ―|gx{cgkfyjd– edmg~d yf|yfrfj{ohd# bf jg~da nfjgcfjo* V {gc x|fm{omev jo |grgyjdhv kgeord ―idroyjo mgefm #{d~jo noj{ordbo–= jo jbgb xf cgźf èfko{d |gxyfkx{~gc mgcvjdmohdgjf d xg#hdboejf {fajgeg`dbf ―bfkjo jf{yo`dăjg#jfafygbxmo ~oydboj{o Jdf{rxhafg~g`jo{ăg~bfmo–*66

Xok xf ko |gmoro{d ko bf ―adx|gx{ordyojd xvibfm{ edbf|f jg~f mve{vyf v x~gbfccgkvxv |gx{gbojbo atiydk% mgbd x~gb dkfj{d{f{ dr~eoăd dr kdnfyfjhdbf% bfkjomeg~jg~xmo coxmo% f{jdămo d xfmxvoejo% jdbf ro źd~g{ x|gxgijg idĀf= jo|yg{d~%gj bf jokyoźobjd kfcgjx{yohdgjd xvibfm{ ro xagfpx {yojx~fx{d{o d ro fx{f{dămfd`yoydbf Oyx fefh{ygjdho% bfkjo vcbf{jdămo `vyo% mgbo bf v cfğv~yfcfjv |gjvğfjo jo |ygkobv jo {yźdů{v o~ojxdyojda {fgydbo hgc|v{fyo d mog {fhajgdk %mog ăg~bfm#coůdjo% vmebvăd~ojbf% mog Htigy` *–6>

Bfk~o ko bf |g{yfijg yfĀd ko bf ―|gboc |ydygkf– rjo{jg |ygcdbfjbfj* Bgů gkgjgò kgio v mgbfcv bf ~fedmd @fgy` Xdccfe |ydbf bfkjg` x{gebfĀo% v x~gckbfev ^gc Pfxfj kfy Mve{vy % boxjg yfmog ko bf gj ―~důfx{yvmg vmebvăfj vcdx{dăjv% cd{geg`dbxmv veg`v yojdbf` |gbco Igò–*

V joůdc gădco bf {g joxedbfğf |yfůeg v |gboc mve{vyf –d mve{vyo xf |yfk #x{o~ebo mog ăvkg{~gyjd |gkva~o{% mgbd% jogyvźoj mgc|bv{fygc d idgrjojgx#{dco% `fjfydyo jg~g yfoejg#xdcigedămg idĀf*– ―Ko xo f{jdămdc adiydkdrdyojbfccgźf reg johdgjoedrco d yoxdrco |yg`jo{d dr x~dbf{o% {g xf cgyoeg |gmoro{d mog |ged{dămd g|oxjo devrdbo*–60

Jd jobgkevăjdbd |ydx{oedho edifyoedrco ded {yokdhdgjoedrco jfĀf |gyfĀd ko ebv#kd cg`v ―xo ~důfx{yvmdc mve{vyoejdc hgkdyojbfc% dcd`yoj{dco% vădjd{d bfkoj~oźoj kg|ydjgx ro kdboeg` yoredăd{da johdgjoejda d yfed`dgrjda mve{vyo% joyo~jg%

omg xf |yf{|gx{o~d ko yox|geoźv gk`g~oyobvĀdc fmgjgcxmdc d dj{fefm{voejdcyfxvyxdco% ydbfă bf g yfoejgc ded xdcigedăjgc mo|d{oev*–

68 Didk*

6; Didk*= ―Nõy kdf Cvxdm Cvxdmfy kfy KB Mve{vy dx{ kdf Ifgioha{vj` rpfd{fy Gykjvj` Xfe# ix{~fyx{ojkedhamfd{= nõy kdf X{de X{dedxdfyvj`fj kfx Ad|x{fy{vcx dx{ kfy Ct{agx rpfd{fy Gy #kjvj` ^gyovxf{rvj`= nõy kdf Mve{vy Mve{vyfj kfx \gx{mgegjdoedxcvx dx{ Atiydkd{o{ Efifj#xifkdj`vj`*–

66 Didk*

6> Didk*% x{y* ?<04*

60 Didk*



8> \YF@EFK

G~o yoreoòjbo% mgbo xfźv kvigmg% ădjd xf% v adx{gydbxmo dxmvx{~o johdgjoe#jda d mve{vyjda xdjmyf{droco% joyo~jg% cdxed xf |yd {gcf jo f~yg|xmd mgj{fmx{Kvjo~xmf cgjoyadbf !Ovx{ygvòyxmf$% jo Ioemoj mgbd kojox dco x~gbf` ―ghd# bfejg` hdjdmo nvjmhdbf–% mgbd bf gibfm{d~jg x{yo{f` yoroyojbo% gjg` {gmo mgbf`jord~ocg xadrgdkjdc v mgbfc bf jo|ygx{g x~f cg`vĀf%61 jo Yvxmv dc|fydbv%vmorvbv jo {g ko dr jbda ~yfio jfů{g |omefjg* Dro cjg`gx{yvmgx{d dkfj{d{f{o~yfio jfvcgebd~o ăfźjbo ro bfkjgrjoăjdc* Ko xf ―gxegigkd dr bfkjg` igejg`x{ojbo jf|yd|okjgx{d–*

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Avcg Āf jo myobv g~g` {fmx{o dx{djo vx{~ykd{d ko Āf xf {ob dryord{d |gf{xmdxfjrdided{f{ d edyxmd kdxmvyx mjbdźf~jg` {fmx{o ‚dr`vid{d v |ygcbfjoco joădjoźd~g{o―% ů{g bf {fm kbfegcdăjg {oăjg bfy Āf xf gj d|om |g|v{ reo{jf jd{d |yg~eoăd{dv `vx{gb {mojdhd jg~g~bfmf igůjboămf mjbdźf~jgx{d ~orko |yf|grjo{ebd~gcůoygc d |gkeg`gc% o v |yghfxdco |egkjda xdcidgro roăf{da f~yg|fdrohdbgcd ‚dx{gydbxmd jfrogideorjdc myf{ojbfc mo cgkfyjgc x~dbf{v% cgkfyjgc v{f#cfebfjbv kvao d xfjrdided{f{o―86 bo~ebo{ Āf xf x|gj{ojg dr gjda |gjgyjda d |gkx#~bfxjda {gmg~o mve{vyjg` |ocĀfjbo% g ăfcv x~bfkgăd d xedbfkfĀd dxmor CfůfXfedcg~dĀo2

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v|deg v cfjf d x~f` cf |ygźfeg {omg ko {dc kvagc |ygx{g fcojdyo*―8>

‘ jo|dxog bf Cfůo Xfedcg~dĀ ‚kg|dxvbvĀd― gjob Mvefjg~dĀf~ g|dx igxoj#xmgcvxedcojxmf {yokdhdbf gxgifjg` xfjrdided{f{o v mgbfc ‚cdydůf nfxedkźoj bfkjf bfkjgx{o~jf o jf~bfyg~o{jg dx{ojăojf `yokxmf mve{vyf―80 v mgbfc xfgiedmg~oeo d Avcdjo% d Mvefjg~dĀf~o% d Xfedcg~dĀf~o d Xdkyojg~o |bfxjdămo xfjrdidejgx{ * \důvĀd g g~gc ox|fm{v Xfedcg~dĀf~da ygcojo Cvaoyfc \fy~dĀ bf romebvădg2

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jodcf% jf xocg |d{ojbf ~fyf% ~fĀ d |ydbf x~fò źd~g{jg dxmvx{~g bfkjf robfk#jdhf% robfkjdhf mgbo% ro yoredmv gk gjf mgbgb bf |yd|okog Monmo% jdbf vxeg~ebfjo~fygc*―81

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86 Cdkao{ If`dĀ% Droiyojo kbfeo Xon~f{o Ioůo`dĀo% g* h*% x{y* ?8;‘?86*

8> Cfůo Xfedcg~dĀ% \dxhd% cdůebfjbo d yor`g~gyd% Xegigko% Ifg`yok% ?400% x{y* ;<<*

80 Xmfjkfy Mvefjg~dĀ% g* h*% x{y* ?6>*

81 Cvaoyfc \fy~dĀ \yfk`g~gy ygcojv ‚Kfy~dů d xcy{―% XMR% Ifg`yok% ?4>4% x{y* QQQD*



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Joèoůfjo edyxmo xfjrdidejgx{ mog x{deg`fjo kgcdjoj{o d id{jo grjomo |gxfijgx{d x~fmgedmo mjbdźf~jg` dkfj{d{f{o |ydxv{jo bf v hbfedjd jg~g~bfmf igůjboămf mjbdźf~jgx{d% bfkjomg d v |bfxjdămgc d v |ygrjgc x{~oyoeoů{~v% d {fxv xf |gxfijgx{d vmord~oef momg v x{o{dăjgb% ngemegyjg#x{dedrdyojgb gyjocfj#{oejgx{d vxcfjf {yokdhdbf d |g~yůjg omhf|{dyojda dc|vexo ygcoj{drco% {omg dgjgb xjoźjgb d kdjocdăjgb |yfgiyoźobjgx{d ů{g xf jo |găf{mv 9<* ~dbfmo rid~ov mgj~verd~jdc |yghfxdco g{~oyojbo% |ygźdcojbo d mjbdźf~jda xdcidgro x gj#g~yfcfjgc xy|xmgc d ay~o{xmgc cgkfyjgcc mjbdźf~jgůĀv* Kyoco{dăjf |yghfxf {da mve{vyjda |yfgiyoźobo moyom{fydrdyo jo|gy |yf~ordeoźfjbo idjoyjdag|grdhdbo ro{~gyfjda d g{~gyfjda |gf{dămda xdx{fco2 {yokdhdgjoejf% jgyco{d~jgx{yg`f gydbfj{oejg#dxeocxmf |gf{dmf d |gedngjda% cgyngegůmd yorjg~yxjda ~dkg#~o f~yg|xmf cgkfyjf moyom{fydx{dăjda ro x~fmgedmf giedmf kyvů{~fjda |yomxd jo

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69 \YF@EFK

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68\YF@EFK

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66\YF@EFK

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60\YF@EFK

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iyog cvźo |yfco jbgb*** !Cvyokif`g~dĀ% \gcyădjo my~d2 9??$



>4\YF@EFK

\gjoůojbf Fmyfcifò v xmeokv bf xo |yf|gyvmgc dr bfkjf |gxeg~dhf ųfjd xdjo mok agĀfů% o mĀfy vkobd mok cgźfů * ųfjo bf% jodcf% dxmebvăd~g gkyfğfjovkobgc% xocg jbgc gjo kgidbo |gźfebjd dkfj{d{f{ ‘ dkfj{d{f{ jfădbf xv|yv`f8? ‘ mgbd roxd`vyjg dco |ydgyd{f{ v |o{ydboyaoejgb mve{vyd2

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RVAYO2 Gjo bf mocfj xcv{jbf v mvĀd/

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0< \YF@EFK

EFBEO2 !gk~oźjg ~yoĀobvĀd v~yfkv edhfc v edhf$ O rig` ~ox yoxveg jbf#rdjg/ !Cvyokif`g~dĀ% Jo Igźdbfc |v{v2 ?98$

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0?\YF@EFK

kfůo~o v |gygkdhd% {f ro{g gjo cgyo {yoźd{d g|ygx{% o jf gj* Cgźfcg yfĀd ko xfg~kbf xv|yg{x{o~ebobv om{d~jd d |oxd~jd |ydjhd| v źfjxmgc |gjoůojbv* Mvecd#johdbv g~gò xvmgio g{myd~ocg v xebfkfĀfc |ydcbfyv2

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09 \YF@EFK

Efidio d Aojmo kdbfef dx{v x{yox{% mgbo xf cojdnfx{dyo v |givjd% ů{g bf |gjoůojbfjf{d|dăjg ro źfjf v |o{ydboyaoejgc kyvů{~v* Kvidjv {f x{yox{d cgźfcg xa~o#{d{d {fm moko dcocg v ~dkv ko bf gjo vrygmg~ojo |g~ydbfğfjgc xvbf{gc jodr~bfxjg ~ydbfcf jo|vů{fjf źfjf* X{gò bf Cdedho dr kyocf Mog ~dagy |g{|vjgxv|yg{x{o~ebfjo g~dc k~bfco bvjomdjboco ‘ domg xv d jbfjf gmgejgx{d idef dx#{g~bf{jf% {g jdbf yfrve{dyoeg |givjgc jf`g |oxd~jdc |g~eoăfjbfc v gxocv dcged{~v* [om~g Cdedădjg |gjoůojbf |gx{obf |yfkcf{ myd{dmf jbfjf xfx{yf% o vx{#~oyd Cdedho xocg xedbfkd |o{ydboyaoejd cgkfe |yfco mgbfc xv {y|ebfjbf d x jbdc |g~frojo |oxd~jgx{ yfrfy~dyojd dxmebvăd~g ro źfjf2

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08\YF@EFK

YOIDBO2 ^gedc v `gyv% v ~gkv***

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0; \YF@EFK

bfrdămda ngycd cfğv gxgioco źfjxmgò x|geo v ro~dxjgx{d gk jbdag~f kgid ‘ ceoğf źfjf ~důf v|g{yfiebo~obv jdźf ~yfkjg~ojf ~oydbf{f{f% ů{g |g{~yğvbf djo~fkfjd |ydcbfy% mgbd vbfkjg x~bfkgăd g |g~frojgx{d bfrdămg` d kyvů{~fjg`*

8*9* ųfjo mog ğo~gexmg% adyg~d{g d gx~f{gebvid~g idĀf

[frf g źfjd mog ğo~gexmgc !ůfb{ojxmgc$ idĀv |grjo{f xv jf xocg dr |gxeg~d #ho jf`g d dr ygcojo !ăfx{ cg{d~ v kbfev D* OjkydĀo$% o jd kyocf jdxv drvrf{om v {gcf2

R^DRKDĎ2 Oco aob{f% ebvkd% mom~o hvyo xo kfxf{ d k~ojofx{ `gkdjo7 [g `gx|gkg% cgźf id{d jf`kbf v Oyoidbd*

RFH2 Oco% kdjo cd% bf ed gjg źfjxmg% ůfb{oj bf gjg ădc dx|ojf jokvjboevm * !Jocf{om% Oikveeoa#|oůo v moxoid2 ?0;$

X{gò jf ăvkd ko xf bfkjgc gk {d|dăjda źfjxmda gxgidjo xco{yo regio2

[YJMO2 Morog xoc bo% igeoj2 źfjxmd ůfyy *

MOYOKźO2 Bo ida x~gbv roko~dg ko cd bf {omo *

XFEDCIF@2 Noeo Ig`v% mok bf jfcoc *** !Jocf{om% Oikveeoa#|oůov moxoid2 ?1?$

Joyo~jg% g~kbf kgeorf kg dryoźobo vgidăobfjf joygkjf |yfkyoxvkf g źfjd !źfjxmd ůfyy$8;% o dcfjdho {vyxmg` |gydbfmeo ůfy 86 |g{hy{o~o boădjv jfò{d~jg` x{o~o*

ųfjo bf vrygăjdm x~da roeo2

\F[OY2 ! Myx{d xf$ @gx|gkf Igźf% gmefj v cfjf mgůvebo7***

@GX\OÔ2 \ydgjveo ro {f% |ydedbf|deo xf/

!***$

\F[OY2 Coğdbf/*** Kvůf cd% g~g xv źfjxmf coğdbf/*** ^bfů{dhf |ygm #ef{f/ !Gkf$ !Ďgyg~dĀ% V cyomv2 ;1$%

ăom d ro kyv`f źfjf2

MOKVJO2 !***$ \ygmef{jdhf/ ^bfů{dhf/ [d xd my~ |gxdboeo* Xbfcf {d xfro{yeg*** X{g{djf bf `gkdjo idg cdy v g~gb mvĀd d {d xd ò g{yg~oeo***

8; ųfjxmg` ůfyo `gyf xf ăv~o{ jf`— ůfb{ojxmg` / Joy* |yd|* !BoadĀ% Kź* Ŭmgexmd ybfădm igxoj# xmg` bfrdmo% Ebdeboj% ?444% x{y* ;4>$

86 Ŭfy2 ‚{vy* reg% xcv{jbo= rog% regăfx{% ğo~gebox{– !Didk*$*



06\YF@EFK

Jfco ~důf jd`kbf romegjdů{o***

EFIDIO2 !***$ F~g {v kvůo% v~ydbfğfjo% gyd mog źfyo~dho d ~ydů{d ro gx~f#{gc*** !Cvyokif`g~dĀ% \gcyădjo my~d2 996$

Omg xf |gjg~g ~yo{dcg |gxeg~dhoco% dx{yoźd~ojbfc R* X{oyăf~dĀo v{~yğfjg bf ko k~o gk vmv|jg {yd jobăfůĀo |ydkbf~o v |gxeg~dhoco g źfjoco bfxv reo degůo% |yd ăfcv xf gjd jobăfůĀf gkjgxf jo źfjv xv|yv`v8>* Jo {yo`v {da yorcd#ůebojbo bfx{f d jobăfůĀo xdj{o`co ‘ reo źfjo80*

Kvag~jo jfvyo~jg{fźfjgx{ d adyg~d{gx{ źfjo eg`dăjg xf |ydkyvźvbv ~fĀ vg# idăobfjgb |yfkx{o~d g źfjoco mog jfyohdgjoejdc idĀdco2

YDNO2 !***$ O Aojmo% mg d x~omo ceoko źfjo* Ko bf kyvò% |yg~gkoeo idxf mg mvbo* \o% cgb Xfbkg% jf id ideg jd ăvkg% jf id2 My~ bf źfjxmo mg

cox{dmo% mok bfkjgc vkoyd v èo~v% ko xf iodedůfů* O ăv~oeo xf% bfxxdjom cgb% x~f kgm bgb jf jo|vjdůf vůd xo {gc Obmvjgc*

XFBKG2 D {d% d {d g|f{ x Obmvjgc* Mg ko x{f xf rkg`g~gyded/ \o% ů{o bf omgxoc d źd~dg x jbgc* !Xocgmg~edbo% Aojmo2 44$

V xmeokv xo x~dc yfăfjdc% d gx~f{gebvid~gx{ xf xco{yo gxgidjgc {d|dăjgcdxmebvăd~g ro źfjf2

CDEVŬDĎ2 !***$ \gxef% gjo bf ideo źfjo% źfjmo= o {ob |ge jf g|yoů{o***

IDIDJ CVų2 !~fxfeg$ Jdbf |g{yfijo xfj{fjhdgrjgx{/ Rjocg dr dxmvx{#~o*

CDEVŬDĎ2 !jox{o~ebo$ ***jf g|yoů{o% joygăd{g v xevăobv mog ů{g bf cgb2 mokźfjv% yokd jfmf iefkf o|x{yomhdbf% jfcdegx{d~g g{fyocg* Xok% ~yoĀobvĀdxf% gjo ~důf jdbf kgeordeo mog źfjo mgbo ~ged% jf`g mog gx~f{jdho x~g`|geo* !Bf~{dĀ% Hoyxmf mgagy{f2 ?0<$

G|Āfjd{g% źfjxmg bf |gjoůojbf dregźfjdbf |yghbfjd bfy bf |yd{dxom kyvů{~fjdaxvkg~o g vegrd źfjf rjo{jg xjoźjdbd jf`g v xevăobv cvůmoyoho% g ăfcv joyg#

ăd{g v~bfyebd~g x~bfkgăf jo~fkfjf igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămf kyocf* Jfò{d~jo |yghbfjo źfjxmg` |gjoůojbo ăfx{g yfrve{dyo v|g{yfigc |fbgyo{d~o mgbdco xfvmorvbf jo jbf`g~v jfkg|vx{d~gx{* V|yo~g g~kbf kgeord kg dryoźobo văfx{oegx{źfjxmg` |yda~o{ojbo cvůmf {oămf èfkdů{o2

8> [omgğfy% gj vgăo~o momg ‚jfmf gk yfăd x jodrèfk oyco{d~jgc xfcoj{dmgc v |gxeg~dho#co g źfjd jf gio~ebobv% cfğv{dc% d {om~v veg`v% moko xf |gèfko jbdag~o v|g{yfio* [om~fxv% jo |ydcfy% xoăv~o{d2 Xoăv~ob {f% igźf% gk mvĀf mo|o~dhf d źfjf eobo~dhf d kgiyg2 Igebf {d bf dco{d |gxeo x ~yfĀgc ivao jf`g x yğo~gc źfjgc*– !X{oyăf~dĀ% R*% ‚Edj`~dx{dămg ~yfkjg#~ojbf źfjf d x{yvm{vyo kdxmvyxo v |gxeg~dhd d yfmeocd–% Xy|xmd bfrdm % 8'?‘9% ?441% x{y* ;?>$*

80 Didk*% x{y* ;?8% ;?6*



0> \YF@EFK

OJĜO2 ! roiydjv{g$ Ŭ{o Āfcg x jbdcf xoko7*** Momg ko ò g{cfcg gjdc~bfů{dhoco7***

X[OJO2 !myo{mg$ Cvăjg Āfů ò {d g{f{d/*** !Ďgyg~dĀ% Mog ~dagy 2 ;?$

\fbgyo{d~gc ~bfů{dho d kojox xf dcfjvbf reo d |gm~oyfjo źfjo81% o rjo#ăfjbf cv bf iedxmg dr~gyjgcf !~bfů{dhf xv v iobmoco jo{|ydygkjo idĀo%xdciged reo d |omgx{d$*

Efmxfco mvămo v joyfkjgc |ydcbfyv v|g{ydbfiebfjo bf cf{ongydăjg x hdebfců{g fmx|yfxd~jdbf v~yfkf gxgio mgbdco xf v|vĀvbf2

[O[O2 !{yro xf% cvăd***$ Gx~f{dĀv ~oc xf% mvămf bfkjf/*** Eoźebd~dhf/*** Jf igbdc xf jdmgò/*** Jf ideg cf% omg xf jf gx~f{dc/***

X[OJO2 ! |omgxjg$ O roy jbv% mĀfy% jdbfxd xeoeo v Igxjv xfx{yd% xocgjfmo bf koebf gk {fif% ko {d jf xcf{o v |gxev*** !Ďgyg~dĀ% Mog ~dagy 2 64$

D|om% {yfio dx{oĀd ko xf v|g{yfigc g~g` |fbgyo{d~o v`ygźo~o edhf xo`g~gyjd#ho d xocdc {dc joyvůo~o% v x~omgkjf~jgb mgcvjdmohdbd% roa{dbf~ojo vă{d~gx{%ů{g cgźf `g~gyd{d d g gkjgxdco cgĀd* Cfğv{dc% {g jf rjoăd ko bf gxgio mgbo |xvbf ov{gco{xmd cgĀjdbo% ăfůĀf bf {g v|yo~g xv|yg{jg ‘ dryor jfcgĀjg` idbf#xo% mog v g~gc |ydcbfyv*

Dr jo~fkfjda |ydcbfyo boxjg bf ko dj{fy|yf{ohdbo ideg ădbf` |gjoůojbo% |o{omg d |gjoůojbo źfjo% kgx{o ro~dxd gk mve{vygegůmda |yf{|gx{o~md gkyfğfjfxyfkdjf* V x~omgc xevăobv% cgźf xf romebvăd{d ko bf v |o{ydboyaoejgb mve{vyd bf#kdjo hdbfjbfjo vegò źfjf vegò cobmf d !kgiyf$ xv|yv`f* X{gò xf v joyfkjgcgkbfebmv |ygvăo~o v|yo~g {ob xf`cfj{*

8*8* ųfjo mog cobmo d xv|yvò

Gxdc mvĀjda |gxeg~o% v igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămdc kyococo x |ydmorgc {yokd#hdgjoejf xyfkdjf źfjdjo bf kvźjgx{ d gio~fro ko vòğo xv|yv`v d kg|ydjgxd

jbf`g~gb roio~d% o vg|Āf xf jf ~gkd yoăvjo g źfjdjgb x|yfcjgx{d jo {g* Gjo xfjf xco{yo idĀfc mgbf roxevźvbf drigy% bfy bf {g jbfjo jfvcd{jo xvkidjo% mgboxf jf kg~gkd v |d{ojbf* Xv|yvò xf {yf{dyo |g|v{ xevźo~mf o jf |g|v{ ~gebfjfgxgif% ů{g bf xevăob v joyfkjgc gkegcmv2

81 Ŭfag~dĀ% O* ‚Efmxdmo yor`g~gyjg` igxojxmg` bfrdmo–% @g~gy yoko Xoyobf~o d yor`g~gyjdigxojxmd bfrdm % Xeo~dx{dămd mgcd{f{% Xoyobf~g% 9<<4o% x{y* ?0>= Aoedeg~dĀ% X*= \oedĀ% D*= Ŭfag#~dĀ% O* Ybfăjdm igxojxmgò bfrdmo% Ndegrgnxmd nomve{f{% Xoyobf~g% 9<?<% x{y* ?;;8% rjoăfjbf9o*



00\YF@EFK

MOKVJO2 ! rovx{o~d ò $ Jfcgb% Fmyfcf*** Jdbf cgèo kgĀd gk kbf{f#

{o*** !***$

FMYFC2 O bo% o ů{o xoc bo7 Omg cf jdbf cdxedeo xevźd{d% jdbf xf {yfioeo

jd vko{d* Bo jbv jdxoc kg~fg jdmgcf kyv`gc jf`g xfid% rjokfů ed ‘ xfid/!Cvyokif`g~dĀ% \gcyădjo my~d2 ?44$

Cdrg`fjd x{o~g~d |yfco xv|yvrd |ygvăo~ojd xv d v |gxeg~dhoco ‘ {d|dăjgcźojyv |o{ydboyaoejf d {yokdhdgjoejf mve{vyf* Vkdg jfò{d~jda ~yfkjg~ojbo xv# |yv`f ~fgco bf ~dxgm ‘ 0<&84% ů{g `g~gyd xocg |g xfid* Xv|yvò xf |grd{d~jgghbfjbvbf xocg mok gkyźo~o mvĀv'kgc2 ôebojo źfjo jdbf jdmok ifx|gxefjo%gkjgxjg moko kg|ydjgxd aoycgjdbd |gygkdăjg` źd~ebfjbo2 Jf x{gbd mvĀo jo rfc#ebd% jf`g jo źfjd;<* Joźoegx{% {g xv v mgy|vxv |gxeg~dho rjo{jg ybfğd |ydcbfyd*

Cfğv{dc% x~omo źfjo v |o{ydboyaoejdc gm~dydco cgźf kgid{d xo{dxnomhdbvmygr cobădjx{~g% mog% j|y*% Efbeo dr Cvyokif`g~dĀf~f kyocf Jo Igźdbfc |v{v2

EFBEO2 ! x~o xf |yfgiyoźo~o v jg~g ăv~x{~g% v jg~ gxbfĀob$ Bo jdxoc~důf x~gbo% |gcdxeda {g` ăoxo v xfid% jd Ďocdeg~o ~důf jdxoc% jd {~gbocobmg% jd găf~o% bo xoc xoko jbf`g~o*** x~g` coeg` xdjo***

OYDNO2 !kvigmdc èoxgc |vjdc |efcfjd{o gkgiyo~ojbo$ [omg bf***Rig` jbfò {yfio x~f cdyjg ko |gkjfxfů% |o comoy xf kfxdeg d job`gyf***

EFBEO2 !vx{gigăfjg d jf|gcdăjg mog md|$ Comoy kgźd~bfeo d |ygmef{#x{~g găf~g/ !Cvyokif`g~dĀ% Jo Igźdbfc |v{v2 ?;9$

Xjoò cobădjx{~o d jbf`g~o ~ydbfkjgx{ v |o{ydboyaoejgb mve{vyd găd{o bf drădjbfjdhf ko xf jbdcf |yo~ko jf|gxeva găf~v ov{gyd{f{v% ů{g kg~gebjg boxjgx~bfkgăd g jbf`g~v jf|ydmgxjg~fjv |gegźobv d vegrd mgbo jok~dxvbf x~f gx{oef*\grd{d~jg ~yfkjg~ojbf cobădjx{~o |g{~yğvbf xf d jo co{fydboev |gxeg~dho ‘ bf#kdjo |g{mo{f`gydbo |gbco ‚źfjf– mgbo xf v 18& |gxeg~dho ghbfjbvbf |grd{d~jg bfx{f ‚cobmo–;?*

\oyokgmxoejg% oed ioů rig` ~fedmg` rjoăobo mgbd xf |ydkobf cobădjx{~v% cob#mo% coco d co{fy xv efmxfcf mgbf xf ~fgco ăfx{g |gbo~ebvbv mog xox{o~jd ăeoj |xg~md ‘ |xg~mo ~ydbfğo gxbfĀojbf x{dko d jo|oko cgyoejd dj{f`yd{f{ edăjgx{d% {f bf% mog xyfkx{~g cgyoejg` giyoăvjo% v~dbfm vxcbfyfjo jo ‚x~f ů{g ro |xg~ojv

84 X{oyăf~dĀ% R*% ‚Edj`~dx{dămg ~yfkjg~ojbf źfjf d x{yvm{vyo kdxmvyxo v |gxeg~dhd d yfmeocd–%Xy|xmd bfrdm % 8'?‘9% ?441% x{y* ;?8*

;< Didk*% x{y* ;?;% ;?0*

;? Didk*% x{y* ;?8*



01 \YF@EFK

bfkdjmv |yfkx{o~ebo jfmv ~yfkjgx{–;9* Rodx{o% v mgy|vxv igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămdakyoco gk ojoedrdyojda >0 |xg~md 9< x|gcdjbf cobmv% gkjgxjg cocv% cocdhv%co{fy % d dr~fkfjdhf gk g~da dcfjdho% jobăfůĀf |ydkbf~f* G~ob yfeo{d~jg ~dxgm |yghfjo{ |xg~md ădbd xv xox{o~jd ăeojg~d efmxfco cobmo;8 d jbfjf ~oydboj{f gk`g#~oyo yfrve{o{v kg mgbf` xv kgůef X* Xo~dĀ d ^* Cd{yg !?441$ jo jg~gxokxmgcmgy|vxv yor`g~gyjg` bfrdmo% o vbfkjg vmorvbf jo kgkdyjf {oămf kyocxmg` dyor`g~gyjg` bfrdmo% mgbd xf gidăjg jox{gbf |yfkx{o~d{d yoredăd{dc*

X kyv`f x{yojf% job~fĀo v~yfko mgbo xf cgźf v|v{d{d źfjd cobhd v |o{ydboya#oejgb mve{vyd bfx{ gjo mgbo kg~gkd v |d{ojbf xjo`v jbfjo cobădjx{~o d cobădjxmfebvio~d2

EFIDIO2 Kbfhd jfĀf id{d myd~g* Bo xfif ro jbda kobfc* Jbdag~o xoc% oe—jdădbo ~důf***

MOKVJO2 !mydmjf$ Cobmg% jfcobmg/ VidĀfů da% vid{d d mvĀv Āfů v|yg# |ox{d{d% o jbfò jo ygidbv |gxeo{d* !Cvyokif`g~dĀ% \gcyădjo my~d2 ?41$

V x~omgc xevăobv% źfjo cobmo bfkjo bf gk {d|dăjda vegò v mgbdco xf źfjf~yeg yokg d ~yeg ăfx{g |ydmorvbv% ů{g |g{~yğvbf d g~g dx{yoźd~ojbf% dr~yůfjg joco{fydboev kyoco* Kyv`f veg`f źfjf xco{yobv xf cojbf ~oźjdc d% |gxebfkdăjg%rojfcoyvbv xf v g|dxv% ů{g jf gk`g~oyo x{~oyjgx{d% o dx{g~yfcfjg jf v{bfăf jo |ygcbfjv |ydmoro źfjf ăom jd v xo~yfcfjdc v~bf{dco* Jo {g vmorvbf ădjbfjdhoko j|y* jdbfkjo igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămo kyoco jf |ydmorvbf źfjv gk moydbfyf%o ydbf{mf igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămf kyocf% mog jg~f {fcf% v~gkf edmg~f |ygc#dxmvd{f{jda źfjo ! Mok id g~g ideo |yfkx{o~o O* Dcůdyf~dĀo$ d |ygx{d{v{md ![ocg bf kgiyg Kź* Moyoaoxojo% V R~gyjdmv bo xoc gx{o~dg x~gbf xyhf O* Xdkyojo$*X{gò g~o gkx{v|ojbo xocg |g{~yğvbv |yo~deg g |yfkx{o~ebojbv źfjo v kyo#coco% ů{g bf xdc|{gco{dăjg d ro gkjgx xyfkdjf v mgbgb jox{obv d mgbv g|dxvbv |yfco źfjoco*

;9 Ig`kojg~dĀ% ?4412?6?= |yfco2 Xo~dĀ% X*= Cd{yg% * \xg~mf% Nv{vyo |viedmohdbf% Jg~d Xok%?441% x{y* 8<*

;8 X* Xo~dĀ d ^* Cd{yg vgăo~obv ko |gx{gbf ‚yf`dgjoejf yoredmf v dj~fj{oyv xygkjdmo mgbd xf |xvbv–% {f jo|gcdjbv ko xf v Hyjgb @gyd |xvbf g{oh% o ‚|xg~ojbf cobmf xf xco{yo ~fedmgco`yfxdbgc% joygăd{g omg bf gjo vcyeo d xo`g~gyjdm {g rjo– !Didk*% x{y* ?<$% ů{g bf |gko{om mgbd% momg xocf jo~gkf% kv`vbv C* \dźvydhd*



04\YF@EFK

;* Romebvăom

\ygvăo~ojbf ygkjf |fyx|fm{d~f roxd`vyjg bf {fco mgbo roxevźvbf dx{yoźd~oămv |oźjbv x{yvăjbomo yoredăd{da |ygeo% d {g jf xocg jo co{fydboev kyoco% mog v

g~gc yokv% jf`g bgů ~důf v cfkdbdco% |yo~jdc kgmvcfj{dco% vkźifjdhdcoro yoredăd{f jd~gf giyorg~ojbo d{k* Jodcf% g~f xv gieox{d kojox v Igxjd d Afy #hf`g~djd ~fgco ~oźjf mog |g{fjhdboejd |v{gmord ro cg`vĀv {yojxngycohdbvkyvů{~o v |yo~hv jbf`g~f kfcgmyo{drohdbf% oed {g jfĀf id{d gx{~oyfjg kgm `gk |ydx{v| d g~gb d ideg mgbgb kyv`gb |ygiefco{dhd jf ivkf kg~gebjg gx~dbfů{fj vxcdxev myd{dămgò x{o~o |yfco om{vfejdc |yomxoco x~omf ~yx{f* Domg xv ig#xojxmgafyhf`g~oămf kyocf 9<* ~dbfmo ~fgco roa~oeoj mgy|vx ro jo~fkfjvojoedrv% jokocg xf ko Āf gj v ivkvĀjgx{d id{d |ygůdyfj d jo gx{oef dr~gyf% o jfxocg jo mjbdźf~jgvcbf{jdămf*

Dr~gyd

?* Ioůg~dĀ% Oecdy2 \yd~dğfjbo dr xyfiyfjg` ~dbfmo% GMG% Xoyobf~g% 9<<;*

9* Ďgyg~dĀ% X~f{groy2 Mog ~dagy% v2 Oj{geg`dbo igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămf kyocf QQ ~dbfmo!|ydyfkded @gykojo Cvronfydbo% Noayvkdj Ydr~ojif`g~dĀ% ^gbdxeo~ ^vbojg~dĀ$% Oefn%Xoyobf~g% 9<<<% x{y* ?4‘09*

8* Ďgyg~dĀ% X~f{groy2 V cyomv% v2 Mfcoe IomoyůdĀ% Nyo`cfj{d mve{vyjf adx{gydbf Igxjf dAfyhf`g~djf% Co`dx{yo{% Xoyobf~g% kgko{om vr mjbd`v v fefm{ygjxmgc !\KN$ drkojbv%9<<6% x{y* ?8‘>9*

;* Aoedeg~dĀ% X* ‘ D* \oedĀ ‘ O* Ŭfag~dĀ2 Ybfăjdm igxojxmgò bfrdmo% Ndegrgnxmd nomve{f{%Xoyobf~g% 9<?<*

6* Dcůdyf~dĀ% Oecdy2 Mok id g~g ideo |yfkx{o~o% v2 Oj{geg`dbo igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămfkyocf QQ ~dbfmo !|ydyfkded @gykojo Cvronfydbo% Noayvkdj Ydr~ojif`g~dĀ% ^gbdxeo~^vbojg~dĀ$% Oefn% Xoyobf~g% 9<<<% x{y* 044‘199*

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19 \YF@EFK

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\yghfx x{~oyojbo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o v IdA jomgj Kyv`g`x~bf{xmg` yo{o cgźf xf |gxco{yo{d mygr k~dbf yor~gbjf norf2?* gk ?4;6* kg?46?* d 9* gk ?46?* kg ?461* `gkdjf* \y~o noro g~g` |yghfxo gk~dboeo xf v rjo#mv gijg~f d dr`yokjbf rfcebf% gkjgxjg dr~yůfjbo |y~g` |f{g`gkdůjbf` |eojo*X{o{dx{dămd èfkojg% yfrve{o{d |gx{d`jv{d v {gc ~yfcfjv kg~fed xv IdA jo |g#rdhdbf mom~f bf dcoeo ?4;<* `gkdjf* [dcf xv ided x{~gyfjd |georjd gxjg~d ko xfro|găjf xo |yghfxgc x{~oyojbo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o* Dx{g~yfcf#jg% kgòğojbo v ~frd xo yfrgevhdbgc Djngycidygo x{o~deo xv Igxjv d Afyhf`g#~djv |yfk ~fedmo dxmvůfjbo* V {om~dc gmgejgx{dco bfkdjd dreor ideg bf gmyf{ojbf~eox{d{dc xjoòco d cg`vĀjgx{dco% |o bf vxedbfkdeg g{~oyojbf Vjd~fyrd{f{o vXoyobf~v ?4;4* `gkdjf* Ydbfă bf g drvrf{jg rjoăobjgb jovăjgb% giyorg~jgb%mve{vyjgb d kyvů{~fjgb {fmg~djd v yor~gbv IdA* X{~oyojbfc ~eox{d{da ~dxgmgů#mgexmda vx{ojg~o źfebfeg xf ů{g jf|gxyfkjdbf v{dho{d jo iygb d m~oed{f{ x{yvăjbomo |g{yfijda rfcebd* G~dc xv jovmo d jovăjd yok kgided ~důf cg`vĀjgx{d d |ygx{gyoro x~gbf kbfeg~ojbf*

Moyom{fydx{dmf kyv`f yor~gbjf norf bfxv {f ko bf gx{~oyfj ~důd x{v|ojb yor~g# bo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o d jovăjg` źd~g{o% ko xv vkoyfjd {fcf#ebd job~oźjdbdc jox{o~jg#jovăjdc djx{d{vhdboco% nomve{f{dco% ~důdc d ~dxgmdcůmgeoco% djx{d{v{dco d ro~gkdco gibfkdjbfjdc v Vjd~fyrd{f{*

êox{d{d Vjd~fyrd{f{ rjoădg bf ko bf IdA gx{~oydeo bfkjv gk id{jda mgjx{d{v#oj{d x~gbf kyźo~jgx{d* Vjd~fyrd{f{ bf |gx{og xyfkdů{f giyorg~ojbo% dx{yoźd~ojbod jovăjg` x{~oyojbo* Vr giyorg~jd |yghfx gk~dbog xf d gjob jox{ojmo jovăjdakbfeo* V jovăjdc vx{ojg~oco kbfeg~og bf yfeo{d~jg ~fedmd iygb jovăjda yok#jdmo* Mog nom{gy g|ů{f` jo|yf{mo jovmo bf dcoeo rjoăobjg` vkbfeo v |yf~eo#



1> \YF@EFK

ko~ojbv rogx{oegx{d d |yfyox{ojbv IdA v xyfkjbf yor~dbfjv rfcebv* Kg ?461*`gkdjf x{~gyfjo bf d yor~dbfjo gxjg~o mgbo Āf v moxjdbfc ~yfcfjv |gxevźd{d rox{~oyojbf bomf cyfźf ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda djx{d{vhdbo*

Yfmgjx{yvmhdbgc jox{ojmo% yor~gbo d kgx{d`jvĀo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjdadjx{d{vhdbo v IdA kgůeg xf kg romebvămo ko bf |gxebfkdho djx{d{vhdgjoedrohdbfg~da vx{ojg~o ideg x{~oyojbf igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămf jovmf* G~ob bf |yghfx vIdA idg x|fhdăoj bfy kg ?4;6* `gkdjf% gxdc Rfcoebxmg` cvrfbo% g~da djx{d#{vhdbo jdbf ideg*

Jovmo xf v IdA |găfeo yor~dbo{d {fm xo kgeoxmgc ovx{ygvòyxmf v|yo~f*\yfkx{o~jdhd g~f gmv|ohdgjf ~eox{d xv mve{vyjd d jovăjd yor~d{om IdA vxcbfydedv |yo~hv mgbd bf idg v xmeokv xo dj{fyfxdco d hdebf~dco jbfjf kv`gygăjf |ged{dmfjo g~gc kdbfev Ioemojo* Gxjd~ojbfc Cvrfbxmg` kyvů{~o% Rfcoebxmg` cvrf# bo !mgbd |gx{obf xyfkdů{f jovăjgdx{yoźd~oămg` yoko$% Djx{d{v{o ro dx{yoźd~ojbfIoemojo% IdA bf vůeo v myv` f~yg|xmf jovmf* Dx{yoźfjg bf x~f ů{g bf cgèg id{dgxjg~o ro fmx|ego{ohdbv yvkjg` ieoò% ~gko% ky~f{o% `yokjbv |v{f~o d źfebfrjd#ho* Dr |ged{dămda yoregò jdbf xf kg|vů{oeg gxjd~ojbf ~dxgmda ůmgeo d vjd~fyrd{f#{o x giyoregźfjbfc ko dx{d jdbf Igxjd |g{yfioj*

Gxjg~jd |yfkvxeg~ djx{d{vhdgjoedrdyojbo |ygx~bf{f% ůmgex{~o% jovmf% mve{vyf% |dxcfjgx{d jdbf v ~yfcfjv ovx{ygvòyxmf gmv|ohdbf IdA ydbfůfj* Drcfğv k~ox~bf{xmo yo{o jdbf ideg rjoăobjdbda |ygcbfjo |g g~gc |d{ojbv* Kyźo~o bf x~gbdc

drk~obojbdco ro |ygx~bf{v kg|ydjgxdeo d gkyźo~oeo jfyo~jgcbfyjgx{d* Gxjg~o#jo bf ^dxgmo ůfydbo{xmg#xvkoămo ůmgeo !?480$ d ^dxgmo ůmgeo ro |eojdjxmg òr#kg~ojbf !|yfk Kyv`d x~bf{xmd yo{$* Igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămd x{vkfj{d xv d koebfx{vkdyoed vèo~jgc v Ifg`yokv d Ro`yfiv*

Kyv`d x~bf{xmd yo{ kgjdg bf xo xgigc vjdů{o~ojbf gxjg~jda d xyfkjbda ůmgeo*V yo{jdc gmgejgx{dco {fźdů{f yoko bf |gx{o~ebfjg jo gxjg~jf giedmf ůmgeg~o#jbo vr |gx{f|fjd |yfeor jo koebf x{v|jbf~f* Kbfeg~ojbf RO^JGIdA#o v yo{v ideg bf vxcbfyfjg mo {gcf ko IdA dr yo{o vğf v cdyjgkg|xmd źd~g{ g|{dcoe#jg |yd|yfcebfjo momg v |gèfkv gyòjdrohdbf ~eox{d% {omg d v |gèfkv jbfjg` |yom{dăjg` nvjmhdgjdyojbo jo |gebv gijg~f d dr`yokjbf* \d{ojbf jf|dxcfjgx{d dngycdyojbf ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o ideg bf gkegźfjg*

Myobfc o|ydeo ?4;6* `gkdjf IdA bf ideo gxegigğfjo% RO^JGIdA bf |yf#{~gyfj v Joygkjv xmv|ů{djv% o Xmv|ů{djo bf kgjdbfeo Romgj g Joygkjgb ~eokd JYIdA% ů{g bf ideg gk adx{gydbxmg` rjoăobo ro jbfjf joygkf* êoko bf |yfkxgigc dcoeo xebfkfĀf roko{mf2 gijg~o d dr`yokjbo rfcebf% gijg~o |yfkvrfĀo% |gmyf{ojbf |ygdr~gkjbf% gijg~o |gmdkojg` xogiyoĀobo% |gcgĀ xfev% gijg~ojoxfebo% |d{ojbf èokd% {b* dxayojf x{ojg~jdů{~o* X~f xv {g ided myv|jd d xegźfjd



10\YF@EFK

rokohd mgbd xv xf cgyoed ybfůo~o{d gkcoa% |gk ad{jg% dx{g~yfcfjg% ifr gkeo#òjbo* Vr cgidedrdyojbf hbfegmv|jg` x{ojg~jdů{~o% coxg~jd kgiyg~gebjd yok%dr~yůfjo bf gijg~o |yd~yfkf% xogiyoĀobo% |gebg|yd~yfkf* Kgjgůfjbfc Vx{o~o JYIdA dr`yokjbo igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămf kyźo~jgx{d ideo bf kg~yůfjo*

\d{ojbf x{~oyojbo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o ideg bf gk drvrf{jg`rjoăobo ro IdA* Jobrjoăobjdbf ro yok g~da vx{ojg~o ideg bf |d{ojbf mokyg~o*G~f xv xf vx{ojg~f gxjd~oef bfy bf gk iygbo mokyg~o d gk jbdag~f x{yvăjgx{d g~d#xdg vcjg`gcf {fc|g ăd{o~g` |yd~yfkjg` d kyvů{~fjg` yor~d{mo rfcebf* Xoèf#ko~obvĀd |g{yfif v mokyg~dco êoko JYIdA bf kgjgxdeo gkevmf g gxjd~ojbv |gbfkdjda jovăjda vx{ojg~o2 nomve{f{o% djx{d{v{o% ro~gko* V |găf{mv bf yor~gbg~da vx{ojg~o idg vxcbfyfj jo vjd~fyrd{f{xmd hfj{oy Xoyobf~g* Gxjd~ojbfc Jovăjg` kyvů{~o JYIdA ?46?* `gkdjf dryoźfjo bf igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămo

kyvů{~fjg#|ged{dămo djkd~dkvoejgx{ v gm~dyv NJYB* Jovăjg kyvů{~g |gx{oeg bfjob~důo mgc|efmxjo jovăjo djx{d{vhdbo* Jovăjgc yokv% mog bfkjgb gk gxjg~#jda |gevò vx|bfůjg` yor~d{mo rfcebf ko{ bf bgů ~fĀd rjoăob*

\gxebfkdhf xvmgio xo Djngycidyggc idef xv |yd~yfkjo d |ged{dămo iegmoko d~gbjd |yd{dxom* \ydeo`gğo~ojbfc |eojo jg~gjox{oedc gmgejgx{dco kgůeg bf kgyfkvhdyojbo jo bfkjgb% d |gboăojf dr`yokjbf gibfmo{o ~gbjf djkvx{ydbf jo kyv`gbx{yojd* \yfcbfů{ojbfc ~gbjf djkvx{ydbf v IdA% jbfj x{~oyjd fmgjgcxmd yor~d{om |găfg bf rogx{obo{d*

D |gyfk {gò |fydgk dr~yůfjbo |y~g` |f{g`gkdůjbf` |eojo ?4;0‘?46?* mo#yom{fydův rjoăobjd yfrve{o{d jo x~dc |gkyvăbdco kyvů{~fjg` źd~g{o* \gkd`jv#{d xv djkvx{ydbxmd gibfm{d% dr`yoğfjo xogiyoĀobjo% joygăd{g źfebfrjdămo cyfźo% |ygůdyfjd% yfmgjx{yvdyojd d dr`yoğfjd jg~d mo|ohd{f{d* Kgůeg bf kg iyrg` |gyox{oro|gůebo~ojbo mog d kg ro|oźfjg` yor~gbo kyvů{~fjda kbfeo{jgx{d*

Ybfůo~ojbf |ygiefco giyorg~ojbo d mokyg~o gk~dboeg xf vr dx{g~yfcfjdyor~gb gxjg~jg`% xyfkjbf`% ~důf` d ~dxgmg` ůmgex{~o rig` ~fedmda |g{yfio ro`g{g~g x~dc |ygedco ~dxgmggiyorg~ojda mokyg~o* Drvrf{jg rjoăobjg v {gc~yfcfjv ideg bf ngycdyojbf |y~f ~dxgmgůmgexmf vx{ojg~f v IdA důf |fko`gů#mf ůmgef v Xoyobf~v% moxjdbf v Cgx{oyv d Iojbgb Evhd* Gxjd~ojbf \yo~jg` dCfkdhdjxmg` nomve{f{o% ^dxgmf |gebg|yd~yfkjf ůmgef ro |eojdjxmg òrkg~ojbf!dr mgbf bf dryox{og \gebg|yd~yfkjg#ůvcoyxmd nomve{f{$% ^f{fydjoyxmg`% @yoğf#~djxmg`% Ndegrgnxmg` d Fmgjgcxmg` nomve{f{o rjoădeg bf dryox{ojbf d yor~gbVjd~fyrd{f{o v Xoyobf~v% o x{~oyojbf Vjd~fyrd{f{o rjoădeg bf ko bf |gx{d`jv{ ~důdx{v|ojb yor~gbo g~da djx{d{vhdbo% ko bf gcg`vĀfj yor~gb jovăjg` yoko* Djx{d{v#hdgjoedrdyojbf ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o ideg bf |d{ojbf kyźo~f% bfy jdOvx{yg#Vòyxmo% jd Bv`gxeo~dbo drcfğv k~o x~bf{xmo yo{o% g JKA ko xf d jf`g~gyd% jdxv Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd kgr~geded ko dco x~gbf djx{d{vhdbf*



11 \YF@EFK

V|gyfkg xo gijg~gc rfcebf dryoğfj bf g|ů{fkyźo~jd |f{g`gkdůjbd |eojvmv|jg`% |gxfijg |yd~yfkjg` yor~d{mo NJYB* Gxjg~jd hdeb |eojo ideg bf |yf#{~oyojbf rfcebf dr o`yoyjg rogx{oef v jo|yfkjv d yor~dbfjv djkvx{ydbxmv rfcebv%fmgjgcxmo xocgx{oejgx{% |gkdrojbf g|ů{f` ieo`gx{ojbo% o v hdebv |gkdrojbojovmf roko{om bf idg yor~d{d jovăjf vx{ojg~f* Jo iord g~g` |eojo d jo jbfcvroxjg~ojdc rokohdco Joygkjo xmv|ů{djo JYIdA bf kgjdbfeo Romgj g |f{g`g#kdůjbfc |eojv JYIdA* \georfĀd gk gibfm{d~jda gmgejgx{d% |eojgc xv |gx{o~#ebfjd rokohd mgbf IdA cgyo v {gc |fydgkv dx|vjd{d% o ydbfă bf g g|dxcfjbo~ojbv%g{~oyojbv Ndegrgnxmg` nomve{f{o% ^důda |fko`gůmda ůmgeo% yor~dbojbv djx{d{v{o%cvrfbo% jovăjgc dx|d{d~ojbv IdA% joygăd{g jbfjf |ygůegx{d* Ro |gkdrojbf mo#kyg~o v djkvx{ydbd d jovăjgdx{yoźd~oămf yokg~f dj~fx{dyoĀf xf ;<4 cdedgjo kd#joyo* Jovăjo dx{yoźd~ojbo ideo xv {dc |eojgc kfjdyojo |yfco `yojoco |yd#

~yfkf*Gk ?4;0* kg ?46?* `gkdjf |gx{d`jv{d xv rjoăobjd yfrve{o{d jo x~dc |gebdco

kyvů{~fjg` źd~g{o d gjd xv ided gxjg~o g|ů{f`% o joygăd{g |yd~yfkjg` yor~d{mo*Iyr djkvx{ydbxmd yor~gb% rjoăoboj yor~gb kyvů{~fjda kbfeo{jgx{d gcg`vĀded xvx{~oyojbf vxeg~o ro koebf% cjg`g kdjocdăjdbf myf{ojbf kyvů{~o*

Xjoźoj rocoa yor~gbo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o vxedbfkdg bf jo#mgj ^ mgj`yfxo M\B* V |yg`yocv g~g` mgj`yfxo% o v ~frd x |gkdrojbfc |yg#x~bf{f d mve{vyf% gxjg~jd hdeb idg bf |gcoòjbf x~fx{yojg` yor~d{mo jovmf* Ko id xf {g gx{~oydeg |gx{o~ebfjd xv rokohd2 |gkdrojbf vjd~fyrd{f{o d ~dxgmda ůmgeo%vjo|yfğfjbf d |ygůdyfjbf kbfeo{jgx{d jovăjda vx{ojg~o% gifribfğfjbf |g~gebjdaco{fydboejda vxeg~o ro yok jovăjda yokjdmo*

V joyfkjda jfmgedmg `gkdjo xcbfedbf xf |gůeg |v{fc yor~gbo mve{vyjg` djovăjg` źd~g{o* Vxedbfkdg bf yor~gb ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o% |g#x{d`jv{o xv rjoăobjo kgx{d`jvĀo v |gbfkdjdc `yojoco jovmf% gx{~oyfjf xvcjg`giygbjf ~frf d x|gyorvcd g jovăjgb xoyokjbd xo ~fedmdc iygbfc rfcoebo* Joygăd{g bf jo|yfkg~og jovăjd yok v gieox{d {fajdmf% cfkdhdjf% |ydygkjda jo#vmo% kgm xv kyvů{~fjf jovmf idef v rogx{o{mv* \yf{~oyojbf jovmf v yfeo{d~jg

xocgx{oeoj kyvů{~fjd |gkxdx{fc ro|găfg bf v NJYB ?4;>* gkdjf ngycdyojbfcxo~frjg`% o |g{gc yf|viedămda mgcd{f{o ro nomve{f{f d ~dxgmf ůmgef* G~d xvmgcd{f{d ybfůo~oed x~v {fmvĀv |ygiefco{dmv yor~gbo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjdavx{ojg~o*

V IdA xv xf yfeo{d~jg iyrg dr`yoğd~oef d boăoef ~dxgmgůmgexmf d jovăjf dj#x{d{vhdbf% ů{g xf ~dkd d dr |yfèfko jbdag~da hdebf~o d roko{omo* G~g bf rjoăobjgrig` {gò bfy xf yokd g ~yx{oco ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda kbfeo{jgx{d mgbf xfrig` {gò ů{g xv idef jfg|agkjf v jbfjgc yor~gbv% |g |y~d |v{ ngycdyobv ddrvăo~obv v IdA*



14\YF@EFK

\y~d |yfèfk ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o v IdA bf dr ?4;4* `gkdjf*[oko bf |gx{gboeo d jovăjdc yokgc xf io~deo 9? vx{ojg~o !v g~ob iygb jdxvv~yů{fjd djx{d{v{d d ro~gkd |yd nomve{f{dco$* IdA bf ?46<* dcoeo xfkoc jovăjdakyvů{o~o !Kyvů{~g dx{gydăoyo% Kyvů{~g fg`yono% djźdjbfyo% oyad{fmo{o d{k*$* Ayg#jgeg`dbo gxjd~ojbo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o |g `gkdjoco drèfkoeo bf g~omg2 ?4;6* gxjg~ojg bf ůfx{% ?4;>* !kf~f{$% ?4;0* !?>$% ?4;1* !?9$% ?4;4*!9$% ?46<* !1$% ?46?* !9$% ?469* !0$% ?468* !0$% ?46;* !{yd$% ?466* !<$% ?46>* !bfk#jo$% ?460* !<$% ů{g bf vmv|jg 08*

Vjd~fyrd{f{ xv kgided2 Ro`yfi ?10;% Ifg`yok ?4<6% Ebviebojo ?4?4% o Xoyo# bf~g ?4;4* `gkdjf* Kyvů{~fjd jo|yfkom d djkvx{ydboedrohdbo IdA ro~dxded xv gkyor~gbo xdx{fco giyorg~ojbo* \g ro~yůf{mv |găf{jg` |yghfxo djx{d{vhdgjoedro#hdbf gxjg~jg` d xyfkjbf` ůmgex{~o% jo yfk bf kgůeg gxjd~ojbf nomve{f{o* \gkohd

g ~yfcfjv gxjd~ojbo gkjgxjg |găf{mo yoko g~da vx{ojg~o |gmorvbv ko bf hdebx{~oyojbo ideg g{meojbojbf jfyor~dbfjgx{d% xcojbd~ojbf adx{gydbxmd joxedbfğfjffmgjgcxmf d mve{vyjf rogx{oegx{d*

X{~oyojbfc ~eox{d{da ~dxgmgůmgexmda djx{d{vhdbo źfebfeg xf x{~gyd{d ~eox{d{vdj{fed`fjhdbv% ~eox{d{d dj{fefm{voejd mo|ohd{f{* Roa~oebvbvĀd joègc yor~gbv ~d#xgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o v |y~da |f{jofx{om `gkdjo jomgj yo{o x{~g#yfjo bf |georjo gxjg~o ro jovăjgdx{yoźd~oămd yok* Djx{d{vhdbf ro dx{yoźd~ojbo v |gebg|yd~yfkd% ~gkg|yd~yfkd% ro `fgegůmo dx{yoźd~ojbo ngycdyojf xv gk ?4;0* kg?46?* `gkdjf o v ~frd xo viyrojgc dr`yokjbgc rfcebf d |g{yfigc ro x{yvăjbo#hdco v {dc `yojoco |yd~yfkf*

\yd~yfkjd% |ged{dămd d ~gbjd |yd{dxom DI#o kg~fed xv dr~yůfjbf |f{g`gkdůjbf` |eojo v |d{ojbf* X{gò xv |gkvrf{f x~f cbfyf ko xf |eoj |ydeo`gkd jg~dc vxeg#~dco* Mebvăjg bf ideg gxeojbojbf jo ~eox{d{f xjo`f* V xevăobv jo|oko jo Bv#`gxeo~dbv mgjhfj{yohdbo x~da xjoò ideo id v IdA% rig` jbfjg` `fgx{yo{fůmg` |gegźobo% roedao źfebfrjf yvkf% vèbo% ky~f{o% ~gkf* Vxedbfkdeg bf drcbfů{ojbf~gbjg#|yd~yfkjda mo|ohd{f{o dr Xyidbf d |gkdrojbf jg~da v IdA* IdA bf |gx{oeo~fedmg `yokdedů{f* Adebokf ebvkd xo xfeo ifr ůmgef d m~oedmohdbo kgeorf v `yo#

kg~f% ro|gůebo~obv xf v `yokxmgb |yd~yfkd* V gkyfğfjgc xcdxev {g bf ideo |yd#~yfkjo yfojdcohdbo IdA d {g x ox|fm{o ro|gůebo~ojbo d iyźf dr`yokjbf egmoejfdjnyox{yvm{vyf*

V hbfedjd% {g d jdbf idg ~fedmd jo|yfkom ro IdA% bfy bf ~gbjo |yd~yfko ideohfj{yoedx{dămd gyòjdrdyojo% {f xv x ox|fm{o |eojdyojbo% kdx{ydivdyojbo d mgjhfj#{ydyojbo kgag{mo x~f jg~gx{~gyfjf ~ydbfkjgx{d ro~yůo~oef v Ifg`yokv* Ro IdA bf {g rjoădeg kgeorom d kgcdjohdbv xy|xmda mokyg~o dr IdA d Xyidbf% {f |gcbfyo#jbf xy|xmf |g|veohdbf vjv{oy IdA dr |oxd~jda v djkvx{ydbxmd yor~dbfjo |gkyvăbo*\ged{dmo aeokjg` yo{o dcoeo bf rjoăobjf |gxebfkdhf jo yor~gb d x{yvm{vyv ig#



4< \YF@EFK

xojxmgafyhf`g~oămf |yd~yfkf% |gxfijg jbfjv iordăjv d ~gbjv djkvx{ydbv% |o bfgk ~yfcfjo xvmgio xo DI#gc IdA kgideo x{yo{fůmd rjoăob d v |gèfkv yor~gbo~gbjf djkvx{ydbf*

Hdeb xo~frjf d yf|viedămf ~eokf idg bf x{~gyd{d gk IdA hfj{oy {fůmf djkvx{ydbf*Rfcebf dx{găjg` iegmo |yfmdjvef xv |ged{dămf% |oy{dbxmf% kyźo~jf% |yd~yfkjf gk#jgxf xo Bv`gxeo~dbgc* Hbfegmv|jo |yd~yfkjo xoyokjbo bf |yfxbfăfjo% o yor~gb |yd~yfkf% kyvů{~fjda kbfeo{jgx{d |o d jovmf ro~dxdg bf gk myfkd{o dr djgx{yojx{~o%mgbf bf ro|găfeg {fm ?460* `gkdjf* Drcbfjf |f{g`gkdůjbf` |eojo rjo{jg xv xfgkyordef jo x{~oyjd fmgjgcxmd yor~gb IdA v |fydgkv jomgj ?4;1* `gkdjf% o |gxebfkdho bf ideg rogx{obojbf*

Momg xv |g{yfif ro ~dxgmggiyorg~ojdc mokygc idef bomg dryoźfjf% ~fĀ gk?4;6* `gkdjf% v|ymgx dr~bfxjdc xmf|{dămdc èfkdů{dco% |o d g{~gyfjdc |yg{d~#ebfjbdco% myfjveg xf v|gyfkg jo yor~gb gxjg~jg`% xyfkjbf` d ~dxgmg` ůmgex{~o* Jo Vjd~fyrd{f{v d v jovăjdc vx{ojg~oco% v ~fedmdc yokjdc gyòjdrohdboco v |yd~yfkd% gmv|ebfj bf yfeo{d~jg ~fedmd iygb jovăjda yokjdmo* Yoregrd kdx|fyrdbf%gkjgxjg gxjd~ojbo ro~gko d djx{d{v{o v Iojbgb Evhd% Cgx{oyv% [vred d Rfjdhd idedxv |yom{dăjf |ydygkf* Domg bf mgjhfj{yohdbo jovăjg` mokyo v jbdco ideo cojbo%v g~dc xv xf vx{ojg~oco gx{~oyd~oed yfrve{o{d jovăjda dx{yoźd~ojbo* Moyom{f#ydx{dmo yor~gbo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o ideg bf |gx{f|fjg gxjd~ojbfdx{da% o v gm~dyv JY IdA* G~ob |yghfx jdbf xf gk~dbog ifr {fůmgĀo*

\y~d |yg|dx v IdA g ~dxgmgc ůmgex{~v idg bf Romgj g důgb |fko`gůmgb ůmgedv Xoyobf~v myobfc ?4;6* gkdjf* G~o ůmgeo bf |găf{om ~důf` d ~dxgmg` ůmgex{~ov IdA* \y~d jox{o~jdhd yf`yv{dyojd xv dr yfkg~o jobigebda |ygx~bf{jda mokyg~o vIdA* Droiyoeg da bf Cdjdx{oyx{~g |ygx~bf{f jo gxjg~v |ydmv|ebfjda |gko{omo dxorjojbo* Jomgj {gò gxjg~ojd xv Cfkdhdjxmd% \yo~jd nomve{f{ d Xo~frjo ~dxg#mo ůmgeo ro |eojdjxmg òrkg~ojbf v Xoyobf~v* Kgjgůfjbf romgjxmda |yg|dxo gg~dc vx{ojg~oco |g{~yko bf yor~gbo g~f gieox{d* Vyfkio g |ygx~bf{jg#jovăjgbx{yvhd kgjfxfjo bf ?4;0* `gkdjf d jbgcf xv gkyfğfjo r~ojbo vjd~fyrd{f{xmdajox{o~jdmo d xoyokjdmo*

Vjd~fyrd{f{ mog job~důo jovăjo djx{d{vhdbo v IdA dcog bf roko{om ko dr`yokdmokoy x{yvăjbomo d ko |gkd`jf mokoy jovăjda yokjdmo* Jovăjd yok idg bf bfkojgk |ydcoyjda roko{omo Vjd~fyrd{f{o* Yor~gbjd |v{ igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămda no#mve{f{o dcog bf k~dbf yor~gbjf norf2 gk gxjd~ojbo kg ?46?% v mgbgb xv ydbfůfjogyòjdrohdgjo |d{ojbo d gk ?46?* kg ?461* `gkdjf% v mgbgb xv v |g{|vjgx{d cg#èd ko xf |gx~f{f jovăjgc yokv*

Co{fydboejo xyfkx{~o ro yok Vjd~fyrd{f{o d nomve{f{o ideo xv kdg ivkźf{o JY #IdA% o gxd`vyo~oeo da bf kyvů{~fjo robfkjdho* Vjd~fyrd{f{gc xv v|yo~eboed Vjd#



4?\YF@EFK

~fyrd{f{xmd xo~bf{ !v ădbgb bf jokefźjgx{d ideg kgjgůfjbf x{o{v{o% |g{~yğd~ojbfdrigyo jox{o~jdmo$% Vjd~fyrd{f{xmo v|yo~o !mgbo bf idyoeo yfm{gyo% |ygyfm{gyo%kfmojf% |yfkeoòeo x{o{v{% idyoeo jox{o~jdmf$ d yfm{gy* Ro mggykdjohdbv d gyòjd#rdyojbf jox{o~f jo nomve{f{dco |gx{gboef xv mo{fkyf* Vjd~fyrd{f{ d nomve{f{d dco#ed xv x~gbf djx{d{v{f% ro~gkf% jovăjf xfcdjoyf% mo{fkyf% medjdmf% eoigyo{gydbf%gèfkjo kgiyo% gèfkjf d fmx|fydcfj{oejf x{ojdhf% jovăjf idiedg{fmf* Yfrve{o#{d jovăjg` yoko gibo~ebd~ojd xv v x{yvăjdc ăoxg|dxdco d |gxfijdc fkdhdboco*

Moko bf gxjg~oj% Vjd~fyrd{f{ bf dcog2

?4;4* ‘ ăf{dyd nomve{f{o% ?<4 jox{o~jdmo d xoyokjdmo d ??1? x{vkfj{o%#

?46<* ‘ 9?? jox{o~jdmo%#

?46<'?46?* ‘ ůfx{ nomve{f{o d 98>9 x{vkfj{o%#

?469'?468* ‘ ?>0 jox{o~jdmo% ?81 oxdx{fjo{o% ?19 agjgyoyjo jox{o~jdmo%#

?468* ‘ xfkoc nomve{f{o% 848 |ygnfxgyo% kghfj{o d oxdx{fj{o% ?<9 nomve{f{##xmf djx{d{vhdbf#djx{d{v{o d ro~gko%

?46;* ‘ ?8< oxdx{fjo{o d ?>0 x{oejda jox{o~jdmo%#

?46>* ‘ 9<< x{oejda jox{o~jdmo% ?06 oxdx{fjo{o d 6*<<< x{vkfjo{o*#

G|ů{d romgj g vjd~fyrd{f{v v Bv`gxeo~dbd kgjfxfj ?46;* `gkdjf% rjoădg bfxyfğd~ojbf |ydedmo jo vjd~fyrd{f{v% kgid~ojbf ~důf |ygnfxgyo d oxdx{fjo{o% ~důfyokjg` |ygx{gyo d jox{o~jda xyfkx{o~o% o x~f x hdebfc vjo|yfğd~ojbo jovmf% |gcoòjbo |yd~yfkjg`% mve{vyjg` d g|ů{fkyvů{~fjg` yor~d{mo* Romgj g Vjd#~fyrd{f{v v Xoyobf~v dr ?46>* `gkdjf kfjdyog ò bf mog robfkjdhv nomve{f{omgbd xv jovăjf d job~důf jox{o~jf vx{ojg~f% ădbd roko{om bf ko x|yfcobv ~dxg#mgm~oedhdyojf x{yvăjbomf% |gcoźv |yd~yfkjd% mve{vyjd d g|ů{d yor~d{om IdA*X~gb roko{om Vjd~fyrd{f{ d nomve{f{d gx{~oyd~oed xv jox{o~gc% jovăjdc yokgc%

xoyokjbgc xo kyv`dc nomve{f{dco d vjd~fyrd{f{dco d cfğvjoygkjgc jovăjgcxoyokjbgc*

êoko JYIdA d xo~frjo ~eoko xv yor~d{mv d gyòjdrdyojbv ~dxgmgůmgexmdavx{ojg~o |gx~f{def job~fĀv |oźjbv d x{o~def dc jo yox|geoòjbf ~fedmo jg~ăojod kyvò xyfkx{~o ko id ů{g |ydbf g{|găfed x yokgc* Ydbfă bf g x{oejdc ivkźf{xmdcxyfkx{~dco d xyfkx{~dco ro dr`yokjbv d g|yfcv nomve{f{o* [dcf bf kyźo~o kdyfm #{jg jojxdyoeo d vxcbfyo~oeo g~v kbfeo{jgx{* Xoc ivkźf{ jdbf idg kg~geboj rojojxdyojbf jovăjda vx{ojg~o |o dc bf êoko JYIdA jo dcf |g~fĀojda {ygů#

mg~o kgkbfebd~oeo gkyfğfjf jg~ăojf drjgxf d gkgiyo~oeo myfkd{f*



49 \YF@EFK

G|yfco ro dr~gğfjbf jox{o~f x~f kg ?46?* `gkdjf jdbf ideo rokg~gebo~o# bvĀo% |o xv xf |ygnfxgyd xjoeorded dc|yg~drdyojbfc ded |yo~ebfjbfc g|yfcf v~eox{d{gb yfźdbd* Kdg g|yfcf kgid~fj bf gk VJDHFN#o% o |gcgĀ xv |yvźded dnomve{f{d dr Ifg`yoko d Ro`yfio* Xyfkx{~o ro kgcoĀv ed{fyo{vyv d ăoxg|dxf% {fkf~drf ro x{yojf gifribfğd~oeo bf kyźo~o* V IdA bf roa~oebvbvĀd {gcf x{droeoed{fyo{vyo d ăoxg|dxd dr ~fedmg` iygbo rfcoebo*

Kyźo~o bf gifribfğd~oeo d xyfkx{~o ro x{vkdbxmo |v{g~ojbo d x|fhdboedrohdbfv djgx{yojx{~v* Moko bf ydbfă g jojxdyojbv ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg#~o% |y~o x~fgiva~o{jo ojoedro v{ygůfjda xyfkx{o~o xoădjbfjo bf ?460* `gkdjf*Xcojbd~ojbf dj~fx{dhdbo ro ~dxgmgůmgexmf d jovăjf vx{ojg~f v ?4;4'6<* `gkdjd ideg bf v ~frd x |ydeo`gğo~ojbfc |f{g`gkdůjbf` |eojo vxeg~dco fmgjgcxmf iegmokf d xvmgio xo DI#gc% o gk ?469* kg ?461* `gkdjf ivkźf{ g~da vx{ojg~o

idg bf v x{oejgc |gyox{v* \gyfk ivkźf{xmda xyfkx{o~o% ko~ojd xv d myfkd{d rojoio~mv mjbdò% gkjgxjg yor~gb jovăjda idiedg{fmo*

\gyfk |eo{o mgbf xv idef yfkg~jf% ~eoko bf kgkbfebd~oeo jo`yokf ro kg|ydjgxyor~gbv g~da djx{d{vhdbo d ro vjo|yfğfjbf jovmf* \eo{o kgm{gyo jovmo ideo bf gk?4;4* kg ?46?* `gkdjf drcfğv 0*<<<#1*<<< kdjoyo% ?46?* drjgxdeo bf 4*8<<% o?46>* ideo bf drjok gk {g` drjgxo* Joio~mf dr djgx{yojx{~o ~yůfjf xv bfy co{f#ydboejo g|yfco vjd~fyrd{f{o jdbf ideo kg~gebjo*

êoko bf x{d|fjkdyoeo x{vkfj{f mgbd xv x{vkdyoed v Xoyobf~v% Ifg`yokv% Ro#

`yfiv% Ebviebojd d djgx{yojx{~v* \yfco Romgjv g gyòjdrohdbd jovăjg` yoko dr?460* `gkdjf |ygcdbfjbfj bf kg{okoůjbd joădj jojhdyojbo g~da vx{ojg~o% {omgů{g xf xo ivkźf{xmg` kg{dyojbo |yfůeg jo v`g~oyojbf jovăjda roko{omo |v{fcxvjojhdyojbo*

IdA bf v Kyv`gc x~bf{xmgc yo{v ideo dregźfjo ~fedmdc |vx{gůfjbdco d yo#royojbdco* Gxegigğfjbf bf kgăfmoeo xo x|oebfjdc d yorgyfjdc `yokg~dco d xf#edco% xo |g{|vjg |oyoedrdyojdc d jfv|g{yfiebd~dc xogiyoĀobjdhoco% xo vjdů{f#jgc djkvx{ydbgc d |yd~yfkgc* V {om~dc gmgejgx{dco% vr ~fedmf roko{mf mgbf bf M\B |gx{o~deo |yfk hdbfed joygk% {yfioeg bf job|ydbf ro|găf{d |yghfx giyorg#~ojbo mokyg~o x~da |ygeo*

Gijg~o d dr`yokjbo rfcebf gk~dboeo xf v vxeg~dco jfkgx{o{mo mokyo mgbd bf idg |g{yfioj ro |gkdrojbf djkvx{ydbxmda% |gebg|yd~yfkjda d kyv`da gibfmo{o%ro gx|gxgiebo~ojbf xogiyoĀobjdho d ro jbdag~v koebv dr`yokjbv% ro |gkdrojbfadkyghfj{yoeo d {fycghfj{yoeo% ro fefm{ydmohdbv rfcebf% ro dr`yokjbv x~fò ů{gĀf xevźd{d igebfc źd~g{v x{ojg~jdmo IdA* Ybfůo~ojbf |d{ojbo jox{o~jg` mokyo ideg bf |g~frojg x co{fydboejdc vxeg~dco% o `gyvĀd |ygiefc ideg bf d x{ocifjg |d{ojbf jox{o~jdmo*



48\YF@EFK

Momg mokyg~o jdbf ideg% {yfioeg bf job|ydbf ro|găf{d |yghfx jbdag~g` giyo#rg~ojbo* IdA bf jf|yfmdkjg ideo g{~gyfjo ro x{yvăjbomf |o da bf x{oejg |grd~oeod {yoźdeo* V |y~da jfmgedmg `gkdjo jomgj yo{o |gcgĀ v g~gc |gèfkv |yvźoeo bf Xo~frjo ~eoko% |o bf kg`g~gydco yf|viedămda ~eoko gifribfğd~oj jfg|agk#jd jox{o~jdămd mokoy* \g{yfif ro jox{o~jdhdco idef xv ~fedmf* Gjf xv ybfůo~ojfkg`g~gydco yf|viedămda ~eoko d {yf{dyojf xv mog |gcgĀ Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd* Jo xoyobf~xmdc nomve{f{dco |yfko~oed xv gx{vbvĀd |ygnfxgyd d oxdx{fj{d dr Ifg#`yoko d Ro`yfio* Jfkgx{o{om mokyo idg bf gxbf{oj `g{g~g jo x~dc nomve{f{dco% |o bf g~ob |ygiefc ybfůo~oj d {omg ů{g xv gkcoa idyojd v yfkg~jo r~ojbo d {omggx{oboed kvźf jo nomve{f{dco v IdA*

V |y~gb `gkdjd yoko jo {yd |y~o igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămo nomve{f{o !Cfkdhdj#xmd% \yo~jd d dxgmo |gebg|yd~yfkjo ůmgeo$ yokdeg bf 90 jox{o~jdmo* Jomgj {gò

xedbfkdg bf joèd xmgm% |yg{gm mokyo idg bf ~yeg dj{fjrd~oj* Gxd|ojbf mokyo jomyobv xfcfx{oyo ideg bf v ~frd xo |yfeoxmgc v Ifg`yok ded Ro`yfi% bfy bf Xo#yobf~g cjg`dco ideg xocg gkxmgăjo koxmo kgm xf v {dc xyfkdjoco jf vmoźvxegigkjo cbfx{o* \d{ojbf mokyo ybfůo~ojg bf jo yoredăd{f joădjf% drcfğv gx{oeg`d xmeo|ojbfc v`g~gyo xo djgx{yojdc |ygnfxgydco d xeojbfc ~eox{d{g` mokyo jox|fhdboedrohdbf v rfcebd d djgx{yojx{~v*

\fyxgjoejgc yfmgjx{yvmhdbgc x~da ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~o {f |gkohdco g iygbv gibo~ebfjda jovăjda yokg~o ko xf romebvăd{d ko bf v hbfedjdmokoy idg kgioy* Giyorg~ojbf xv x{fmed v Ifg`yokv% Ro`yfiv% djgx{yojx{~v*G~ob xf mokoy x{oejg dr`yoğd~og v x{yvhd mygr x|fhdboedrohdbf% x{vkdbxmf igyo~#mf% văfx{~g~ojbfc jo jovăjdc d x{yvăjdc xmv|g~dco*

Vmv|jd yfrve{o{d |yghfxo x{~oyojbo d yor~gbo ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda mo#kyg~o v |gxco{yojgc yorkgiebv dxmorojd xv v g~gc yokv mygr yviydmf2 x{oejdjox{o~jdhd% |gcgĀjg jox{o~jg gxgiebf% agjgyoyjd jox{o~jdhd Xoyobf~xmg` vjd#~fyrd{f{o% x{vkfj{d d jbdag~o yf|viedămo |yd|okjgx{% |yghfj{voejd |gmoro{febd%kgm{gyo{d% x{ojbf mokyo |g nomve{f{dco% djx{d{v{dco d ro~gkdco*

Vmv|jd kg|ydjgx |y~da |ygnfxgyo igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămda nomve{f{o yor~gbvrfcebf% jbfjgc |ygx~bf{jgc% mve{vyjgc d jovăjgc |yfgiyoźobv xokyźoj bf vxebfkfĀfc2

# ro jbdag~o dcfjo ~fźf xf jox{ojom d yor~gb ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjdavx{ojg~o%

# gjd xv xf x{oyoed ko jbdag~f vx{ojg~f ů{g |ydbf dryox{v v |yo~f jovăjg#jox{o~jf djx{d{vhdbf%

# gyòjdrdyoed xv mo{fkyf jo nomve{f{dco%



4; \YF@EFK

# gmv|eboed xv d |gcoòed ceoğd jovăjd mokoy%

# jbdag~d jovăjd yokg~d job~fĀdc xv kdbfegc |gx~fĀfjd {fco{dhd ~frojgbro IdA d

# vr jbdag~o dcfjo ~froj bf g|xfźoj jox{o~jd d jovăjd yok*

D v {gc ~yfcfjv roidebfźfjd xv xevăobf~d |eo`dbo{o d myůfjbo f{dămg` mgkfm #xo*

K~o job~oźjdbo roko{mo ideo xv gio~ebfjo% o {g bf gmv|ebojbf d dr`yoğd~ojbf |y~g` bfr`yo ivkvĀda igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămda jovăjdmo d |yfkojgx{ jovhd*

^dxgmgůmgexmf d jovăjf djx{d{vhdbf v IdA jomgj Kyv`g` x~bf{xmg` yo{ogxjd~oef xv xf yfeo{d~jg iyrg* Vjd~fyrd{f{ v Xoyobf~v d Jovăjg kyvů{~g JYIdA

ided xv èo~jd nom{gyd g~f norf jovăjg` źd~g{o v Xoyobf~v o {dcf d v IdA* Jo#văjd źd~g{ v IdA xf jomgj ?4;6* `gkdjf xjoźjg yor~dg* \gmoro{febd g~g` jo# |yf{mo xv rjoăobjo jovăjo gx{~oyfjbo% xo~eoko~ojbf yf|viedămda gm~dyo% ~fgco iyrg |ydeo`gğo~ojbf f~yg|xmgc joădjv jovăjg` yoko* G~ob yor~gb moyom{fydůfd |g~fĀoj |yghfj{ d vkdg Igůjbomo v jovăjdc gx{~oyfjbdco*

Xvcdyojbfc yfrve{o{o djx{d{vhdgjoedrohdbf jovmf |g vx{ojg~oco kgeord xfkg xebfkfĀda romebvăomo2

# kg ?469* `gkdjf dryoźfjo bf g|{fyfĀfjgx{ jox{o~jdmo xo dr`yokjbgc no#mve{f{o d dj{fjrd~jgc jox{o~gc% rig` ăfò bf jovăjd yok idg xeoidbd% ko id xf jomgj {gò jovăjd yok jox{o~jdmo d oxdx{fjo{o yor~dbog% g ăfcv`g~gyd d iygb kd|egcdyojda% mog d iygb gk ?> jg~g|gmyfjv{da jovăjdaăoxg|dxo%

# jovăjd yokjdhd IdA ided xv v {gmv xo x~dc rjoăobjdc rid~ojbdco jo |g#ebv jovmf v x~dbf{v roa~oebvbvĀd dj{fjrd~jdc mgj{om{dco xo djgx{yojdcdjx{d{vhdboco d mgefòco% ided xv xoyokjdhd vèfkjda jovăjda ăoxg|dxo% dvăfxjdhd jo xmv|g~dco% |grjo~oed xv jfmgedmg x{yojda bfrdmo% o jbdag~dgyd`djoejd yokg~d |yfkx{o~eboed xv kg|ydjgx yor~gbv jovmf*

Moko bf ydbfă g vmv|jgc kg|ydjgxv |ygnfxgyo Xoyobf~xmg` vjd~fyrd{f{o jo#x{ojmv d yor~gbv ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda djx{d{vhdbo v IdA {yfio dx{oĀd xebf#kfĀf2 dcfjo cjg`da gk jbda xv |g x~fvmv|jgc ojòźcojv d kg|ydjgxv |yfk#x{o~eboeo djx{d{vhdbv ro xfif* Vmv|jd jox{o~jd d jovăjd yok idg bf jfyoxmdkd~g |g~froj xo |yghfxgc djx{d{vhdgjoedrohdbf ~dxgmgůmgexmda d jovăjda vx{ojg~ov IdA jomgj ?4;6* `gkdjf* Gjd xv koed drvrf{jg rjoăoboj kg|ydjgx yor~gbvrfcebf% jbfjgc |ygx~bf{jgc% mve{vyjgc d jovăjgc |yfgiyoźobv*



46\YF@EFK

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yoko d |oyoefedrco v yokv% rig` xeoida jojxdbxmda cg`vĀjgx{d% xeoif g|yfcfded jfkgx{o{mo mokyg~o$% dr~yůfjg bf gibfkdjbo~ojbf vx{ojg~o ~oj nomve{f{o xogjdc jo nomve{f{v !ůvcoyx{~g% |gebg|yd~yfko% ~f{fydjoyx{~g% cfkdhdjo% `yoğf#~djoyx{~g$* Dr~yůjg ~dbfĀf bf |găf{mgc ?461* `gkdjf jovăjd yok gyòjdrdyoeg{omg ů{g bf kgůeg kg `yv|dyojbo d gibfkdjbo~ojbo v gieox{d2 |ydygkjda jovmo%kyvů{~fjda jovmo% djkvx{ydbf d yvkoyx{~o% |gebg|yd~yfkf% ůvcoyx{~o% `yoğf~djf%cfkdhdjf d ~f{fydjoyx{~o* Xo~bf{ ro jovăjgdx{yoźd~oămd yok bf vmdjv{% o yok jo{gc |gebv jox{o~deo bf Mgcdxdbo ro jovăjd yok |yd Xo~bf{v ro jovmv d mve{vyvêokf JYIdA*



4> \YF@EFK

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40\YF@EFK

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41 \YF@EFK

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44\YF@EFK

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roed d kyv`d nom{gyd mog ů{g xv x{yvm{vyo d fmx{fyjd vxeg~d 94%1&% djngycohdgjf{fajgeg`dbf 90%4&% cg{d~ohdbo d m~oedmohdbo gxgiebo 90%4& d |ygcghdbo mgbvgio~ebo {g| cfjokźcfj{ 9>%4&*

Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo bf xmyd~fjo xdeo mgbo giedmvbf |gjoůojbf ebvkd v gy#òjdrohdboco% jbdag~ gkjgx |yfco |gxev d mgefòco* Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo bf `yo~d{ohdbo% mgbo xf jf cgźf ~dkbf{d% oed xf cgźf gxbf{d{d momg ~văf ăeojg#~f gyòjdrohdbf v mgj{fmx{v xdx{fco ~ydbfkjgx{d mgbd gyòjdrohdbo |ygcg~dyo*X~omo gyòjdrohdbo {yfio ko dco mve{vyv mgbo giedmvbf joădj jo mgbd xf ro|g#xefjd v gyòjdrohdbd |gjoůobv% |ydx{v|obv x~gbdc |gxeg~dco d g|agkf |yfcomgefòco d medbfj{dco* Gjo bf xmyd~fjo bfy xf ăeojg~d gyòjdrohdbf jfx~bfxjg |gjoůobv xagkjg găfmd~ojbdco mgbo xco{yobv ko gyòjdrohdbo x{o~ebo |yfk jbda*Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo bf xmv| robfkjdămda ~ydbfkjgx{d% jgycd d găfmd~ojbo mgbdgiedmvbv |gjoůojbf ro|gxefjda v gyòjdrohdboco% o |ydbf x~fò joădj jo mgbdro|gxefjd x{v|obv v cfğvxgijf dj{fyomhdbf% momg xf gkjgxf |yfco medbfj{dco%momg dr~yůo~obv x~gbf roko{mf d mom~f fnfm{f |gx{dźv*4 Mgjhf|{ gyòjdrohdbxmfmve{vyf djmgy|gydyo jfmgedmg gxjg~jda fefcfjo{o% momg xedbfkd2?<

xokyźob ‘ dcobvĀd v ~dkv ko |gx{gbf yoredmf v |gbcg~dco d {fycdjdco mg#♮

bdco xf v kfjdhdboco giboůjbo~o xokyźob gy ojdrohdbxmf mve{vyf% ~fĀdjo

0 \* Kyvhmfy% V|yo~ebojbf v jg~gc kyvů{~v% Jg~d Xok% Okdźfx% 9<<9% x{y* 9?8*

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kfjdhdbo |geord v|yo~g gk dkfj{dmohdbf xokyźobo mgy|gyo{d~jf mve{vyf*[omg xf mog xokyźob gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf jo~gkf rjoăfjbo mgbo |gbo#~oco% x{~oydco d kgòğobdco kobv ăeojg~d gyòjdrohdbf= fefcfj{d mg`jd#{d~jda x{yvm{vyo ăeojg~o gyòjdrohdbf !~bfyg~ojbo% ~ydbfkjgx{d% |yf{|g#x{o~mf d{k*$= giyoroh% cgkfe |gjoůojbo ăeojg~o gyòjdrohdbf% xdciged%

xghdboejd moyom{fy ‘ gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo mog xghdboejo mo{f`gydbo |g#♮

x{gbd xocg jo jd~gv gyòjdrohdbf mog xghdboejg` xdx{fco o jf jo djkd~d#kvoejgc jd~gv%

fnfm{d ‘ vxcbfyo~obvĀd d gkyfğvbvĀd cfj{oejf xmeg|g~f% |yghfxf d |gjo#♮

ůojbf ebvkd% gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo kfjdůf xf v|yo~g |yfmg fnfmo{o mgbfdco jo gyòjdrohdbv d jbfjf ăeojg~f%

joădj jox{ojmo ‘ mog bfkjo gk moyom{fydx{dmo gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf ăf#♮x{g xf jo~gkd ko gjo jox{obf mygr |yghfx xghdboejf dj{fyomhdbf d robfkjdă#mdc dxmvx{~gc ăeojg~o gyòjdrohdbf%

x{oidejgx{ d gkyźo~ojbf2 gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo moyom{fydůf xf x{oidejg#♮

ůĀv d gkyźo~ojbfc v kvźfc ~yfcfjxmgc |fydgkv% mog d x{oejdc gijo~#ebojbfc {omg ů{g xf |yfjgxd jo jg~f ăeojg~f gyòjdrohdbf d

bfkdjx{~fjgx{% x|fhdăjgx{ ‘ x~omo gyòjdrohdbo dco x~gbv x|fhdăjv d♮

bfkdjx{~fjv gyòjdrohdbxmv mve{vyv* Yoreg` {gb moyom{fydx{dhd gyòjdro#

hdbxmf mve{vyf bfx{f ădjbfjdho ko gjo jox{obf robfkjdămg dxmvx{~g ăeojg~ogyòjdrohdbf

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mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo* Ko id xf xa~o{dg rjoăob gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyfro |gxeg~ojbf gyòjdrohdbf cgźf |gxevźd{d yorco{yojbf nvjmhdbo d |yghfxo vgyòjdrohdbd mgbd xv |gk kdyfm{jdc v{dhobfc gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf*??

Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo ~fgco bf rjoăoboj nom{gy v kgjgůfjbv x{yo{fůmda♮

gkevmo* X~f gkevmf mgbf xf kgjgxf v bfkjgb gyòjdrohdbd !g |yo~hv yo#r~gbo% x{yo{f`dbd |yfco mgjmvyfjhdbd$ yfrve{o{ xv jfmda |georjda ~bfyg~o#

?? J* BojdĀdbf~dĀ% Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo2 mgefm{d~jd vc |yfkvrfĀo% Jg~d Xok% Ifg`yok%

Vedfx% Fmgjgcxmd nomve{f{% ?441% x{y* ;9‘;>*



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jbo% ~ydbfkjgx{d d |yf{|gx{o~md moyom{fydx{dăjdc ro bfkjv gyòjdrohdbv*

Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo rjoăobjo bf ro |gxeg~ojbf |yfkvrfĀo mog kf{fy #♮

cdjoj{o jbf`g~f x|gxgijgx{d ko xf |ygcbfjoco |ydeo`gğo~o gmyvźfjbv*

Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo gk`g~gyjo bf ro iyrdjv d cg`vĀjgx{ |ydeo`gğo#~ojbo bfkjf gyòjdrohdbf xegźfjdbdc d kdjocdăjdbdc |ygcbfjoco v xo~yf#cfjgc |gxeg~jgc gmyvźfjbv*

Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo |yfkx{o~ebo cfaojdroc mggykdjohdbf v |yfkvrf#♮

Āv* Mggykdjohdbo ro|gxefjda v gyòjdrohdbd geomůojo bf d viyrojo vr |g#cgĀ xjoźjf d bfkdjx{~fjf gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf*

Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo cgźf id{d ~yeg fmoxoj cfaojdroc mgj{ygef |g#♮

joůojbo ro|gxefjda* Mgj{ygeo xf gx{~oyvbf jocf{ojbfc gkyfğfjda mve#

{vyjda ~ydbfkjgx{d% ~bfyg~ojbo d jgycd |gjoůojbo ro|gxefjdco*Gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo rjoăobjg xcojbvbf mgjdm{f v gyòjdrohdbd d♮

|yfkx{o~ebo cg{d~dyobvĀv xdev* Ro|gxefjd źfef ko v gyòjdrohdbd rokg~gebfx~gbf |g{yfif% jf xocg co{fydboejf% ~fĀ d |g{yfiv |yd|okojbo gkyfğfjgb`yv|d mgbo xf gx{~oyvbf omg xf |gbfkdjhd |gdx{g~bf{f xo x~gbgc gyòjdro#hdbgc* Ro|gxefjdhd xv cg{d~dxojd moko |gxog mgbd gio~ebobv ro jbda dcojfmg rjoăfjbf d xcdxog*

\g{yfijg bf o|gx{ygyo{d rjoăob v{dhobo gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf jo jo~fkfjf

|yghfxf% oed |gk x~bf{egc dc|efcfj{ohdbf mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo* [gxf |gxfijg gkjgxd jo veg`v gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf |ydedmgc kgjgůfjbo x{yo#{fůmda gkevmo% |yfk~dğojbo |yo~ho |ygcbfjo v xcdxev |ydeo`gğo~ojbo gyòjd#rohdbf |ygcbfjbd~gc gmyvźfjbv% veg`f mggykdjo{gyo d cg{d~o{gyo ro|gxefjda*Ro|yo~g% ko id gyòjdrohdbo cgèo ko xf |ydeo`gkd yo|dkjg |ygcbfjbd~gc% jf# |yfk~dkebd~gc d kdjocdăjgc |gxeg~jgc gmyvźfjbv x~f ~důf xf gmyfĀf rjojbvmog bfkdjgb ngycd mgbo bgb cgźf òyoj{g~o{d gx~obojbf mgjmvyfj{xmf |yfkjgx{d*Dc|efcfj{ohdbo cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo roa{bf~o d gk`g~oyobvĀv |ygcbfjv gy #òjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf% x~fgiva~o{jv d jo x~dc jd~gdco* Yorvcdbf~ojbf |yg#

cbfjo gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf v |yo~hv mgbd bf yvmg~gğfj roa{bf~dco mgjhf|{ocfjokźcfj{o rjojbo |gkyorvcdbf~o myf{ojbf gk djkvx{ydbxmg` fmgjgcxmg`cgkfeo |yfmg djngycohdgjg` fmgjgcxmg` cgkfeo kg cgkfeo fmgjgcdbf rjo#jbo d |gx{djkvx{ydbxmg` kyvů{~o* Ro|yo~g% gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo ro mgbv id#xcg cgèd ko moźfcg ko gk`g~oyo x~dc |gx{veo{dco mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{orjojbo {yfioeg id ko ~ybfkjvbf vcyfźo~ojbf d gx{~oyd~ojbf x{oejda mgj{omo{o%fmx{fyjda d dj{fyjda% |gů{g~ojbf |gbfkdjho% myfo{d~jgx{ d djg~ohdbv% |g~bfyfjbf%kdbfebfjbf dkfbo d djngycohdbo mog d mgj{djvdyojg văfjbf d yor~gb* G ~oźjgx{dgyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf mog gkevăvbvĀfc nom{gyv ro vx|bfůjgx{ mgjhf|{o cf#



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jokźcfj{o rjojbo x~bfkgăd d |gko{om ko bf |yg~fkfj ~fedmd iygb dx{yoźd~oămdax{vkdbo cfğv|g~frojgx{d cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo d gyòjdrohdbxmf mve{vyf% ădbd |yfèfk xedbfkd v {oifed ??9*

[oifeo ?* \yf|yfmf vx|bfůjgb djhdbo{d~d cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo

Ov{gy \gkohd g dx{yoźd~ojbv Yfrve{o{d dx{yoźd~ojbo

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;8? dx|d{ojdm dr XOKd F~yg|f* ||yg~fkfjg

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ebvkd !6>& dx|d{ojdmo$*

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K~o èo~jo yoregò jfvx|bfao cfjokźcfj{orjojbo2

?* Jfyorvcdbf~ojbf drcfğv mgydxjdmo rjojbovxedbfk jfrokg~gebo~obvĀf mgcvjdmohdbf !8<&dx|d{ojdmo$%9* X~omgkjf~jo v|g{yfio jdbf kg~feo kgdj{f`yohdbf cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo v jgycoeojyokjd koj !?4& dx|d{ojdmo$*

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96 omokfcdmo d |yom{dăoyo vmebvăfjdav gieox{ cfjokźcfj{o

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cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo*

Dx{yoźd~ojbf cg`vĀjgx{d |ydcbfjf cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo v gyòjdrohdbo#

co v IdA

\yfkcf{ |yg~fkfjg` dx{yoźd~ojbo bfx{f v{~yğd~ojbf v{dhobo mebvăjda nom{gyo jofmoxjgx{ cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo mog bfkjf gk om{vfejda |oyokd`cd xo~yfcfjf{fgydbf d |yomxf cfjokźcfj{o* Jo iord |yfedcdjoyjg` dx{yoźd~ojbo kgůeg xf kgădjbfjdhf ko bf v gyòjdrohdboco v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd oycohdbo d |ydcbfjocfjokźcfj{o rjojbo jo ~fgco jdxmgc jd~gv* [g bf kg~feg kg |g{yfif rodryokgc jocbfjxmg` ojmf{jg` v|d{jdmo mog djx{yvcfj{o dx{yoźd~ojbo mgbd bf

?9 K* Adxeg|% Mjgpefk`f Cojo`fcfj{ dj gyòjdro{dgjx2 O hyd{dhoe Dj{ygkvh{dgj% Gngyk

Vjd~fyxd{t \yfxx% 9<<6% x{y* ;9*



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|gxevźdg ro dx{yoźd~ojbf d v{~yğd~ojbf nom{gyo mgbd xv id{jd ro vx|bfůjv dc|ef#cfj{ohdbv cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo v kgcoĀdc gyòjdrohdboco* X~yao dx{yoźd~o#jbo bfx{f ko xf jo gxjg~v xo~yfcfjda {fgydbxmda kgx{d`jvĀo ~gkfĀda ov{gyov g~gb gieox{d xo bfkjf x{yojf% {f yfrve{o{o |ydcbfjf mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{orjojbo xo kyv`f x{yojf% x kyv`f% yorcg{yf |yfkjgx{d% oed d g`yojdăfjbo v{dhobomebvăjda nom{gyo jo fnfm{d~jgx{ jo~fkfjg` mgjhf|{o d ko xf% v xmeokv xo {dc%v{~ykf |fyx|fm{d~f cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo v |yo~hv x{~oyojbo d gkyźo~ojbo mgj#mvyfj{xmf |yfkjgx{d gyòjdrohdbf* Dx{yoźd~ojbf bf |yg~fkjfjg jo vrgymv gk 88dx|d{ojdmo% |yd|okjdmo {g| cfjokźcfj{o% xyfkjbf` cfjokźcfj{o d g|fyo{d~jg`cfjokźcfj{o v 88 mgc|ojdbf xo {fyd{gydbf Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf*

\ydedmgc drigyo mgc|ojdbo gxjg~jo gkyfkjdho bf ideo ~dxdjo x{f|fjo yor~gbod mgydů{fjbo xo~yfcfjda djngycohdgjda {fajgeg`dbo v jbdco* X{gò bf kbfeo{jgx{

job~fĀf` iygbo mgc|ojdbo mgbf xv idef {yf{dyojf g~dc dx{yoźd~ojbfc vxcbfyfjojo |yvźojbf vxevò v gieox{d {fefmgcvjdmohdbo% iojmoyx{~o% djngycohdgjda {fa#jgeg`dbo d myfdyojbo xgn{~fyo gkjgxjg% kbfeo{jgx{d v gm~dyv mgbda |gx{gbd ~dxgmdjd~g mgydů{fjbo xo~yfcfjda {fajgeg`dbo* Kdx{ydivdyojg bf 0< ojmf{jda v|d{jdmo%kgm xv ~yoĀfjo 88 vyfkjg |g|vjbfjo ojmf{jo v|d{jdmo% {omg ko bf x{g|o yfx# |gjrd~jgx{d ;0%?;&*

V jox{o~mv xf |yfrfj{dyobv yfrve{o{d dx{yoźd~ojbo roxjg~ojd jo |ydjhd|dcokfxmyd|{d~jf x{o{dx{dmf* \yfco yojdbgb eg`dhd mygr dx{yoźd~oămd |yghfx bf giv#a~oĀfjg 90 gyòjdrohdbo dr vxevźjf kbfeo{jgx{d% kgm bf dr |ygdr~gkjf kbfeo{#jgx{d kgeordeg > gyòjdrohdbo* Dx{yoźd~ojbfc bf giva~oĀfjg ;>& gyòjdrohdboxo iygbfc ro|gxefjda v yox|gjv gk ? ‘ 6<% ?6& xo yox|gjgc gk 6<#?<<% ?9&xo yox|gjgc gk ?<<#9<<% >& gyòjdrohdbo xo iygbfc ro|gxefjda v yox|gjv gk9<< ‘ 6<< d mgjoăjg 9?& xo |yfmg 6<< ro|gxefjdmo* V jox{o~mv xf |yfrfj{dyo |yfhdrjdbo ojoedro dx{yoźd~oămda yfrve{o{o v mgj{fmx{v |gbfkdjda |d{ojbo mgbo xvkdg xokyźobo mgydů{fjg` dx{yoźd~oămg` v|d{jdmo*

Yfrve{o{d dx{yoźd~ojbo ~frojd ro |d{ojbf ko ed ro|gxefjdhd kgid~obv kg~gebjgjg~da rjojbo dr ~ojbxmda dr~gyo xf cg`v ~dkbf{d jo xedhd 9*



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Xedmo 9* Ro|gxefjdhd kgid~obv kg~gebjg jg~da rjojbo dr ~ojbxmda dr~gyo

Ro|gxefjdhd kgid~obvkg~gebjg jg~da rjojbo dr

~ojbxmda dr~gyo

Iygb

Ko 9< Jf ?9 Jf rjoc ?

Vmv|jg 88

Moko bf v |d{ojbv vx~obojbo jg~da rjojbo dr ~ojbxmda dr~gyo v IdA gyòjdro#

hdboco !xfcdjoyd% mgjnfyfjhdbf% fkvmohdbo% |viedmohdbf% ăoxg|dxd% cyfźf ~ojb#xmda fmx|fyo{o d xe*$% >? & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko ro|gxefjdhd kgid~obv kg~gebjgjg~da rjojbo dr ~ojbxmda dr~gyo% 8> & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko {g jdbf xevăob% kgm x~fò 8 & jf rjo ko ed jbdag~d ro|gxefjdhd kgid~obv kg~gebjg jg~da rjojbo dr~ojbxmda dr~gyo*

Omg xf ojoedrdyo |yghfx yorcbfjf rjojbo dr mgj{om{o xo |gxeg~jdc |oy{jf#ydco 19 & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko jbdag~d ro|gxefjdhd vx~obobv jg~o rjojbo mygrmgj{om{ xo |gxeg~jdc |oy{jfydco% ?9 & xco{yo ko {g jdbf xevăob% kgm x~fò >

& jf rjo ko ed jbdag~d ro|gxefjdhd kgid~obv jg~o rjojbo* Xedbfkd yoămd |ydmorjo~fkfjda yfrve{o{o* Yfrve{o{d dx{yoźd~ojbo ~frojd ro |d{ojbf ko ed ro|gxefjdhdx{dăv jg~o rjojbo mygr mgj{om{ xo |gxeg~jdc |oy{jfydco !kgio~eboădco% x{yoj#moco$ xf cg`v ~dkbf{d jo xedhd 8*

Xedmo 8* Ro|gxefjdhd x{dăv jg~o rjojbo mygr mgj{om{ xo |gxeg~jdc |oy{jfydco

Ro|gxefjdhd x{dăv jg~orjojbo mygr mgj{om{ xo

|gxeg~jdc |oy{jfydco

Iygb

Ko 90

Jf ;

Jf rjoc 9

Vmv|jg 88



???\YF@EFK

Moko bf v |d{ojbv jd~g yorcbfjf rjojbo v gyòjdrohdboco v Igxjd d Afyhf#`g~djd% >? & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko bf kdbfebfjbf rjojbo v jbdag~gb gyòjdrohdbdjo ~dxgmgc jd~gv% 8> & xco{yo ko kdbfebfjbf rjojbo rox{v|ebfjg v coegb cbfyd%x~fò 8 & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko yorcbfjo rjojbo ro|gxefjdmo v jbdag~gb gyò#jdrohdbd jdbf rox{v|ebfjo% momg xf ~dkd jo xedhd ;*

Xedmo ;* Yorcbfjbd~ojbf d kdbfebfjbf rjojbo drcfğv ro|gxefjda v gyòjdrohdbd

Ro|gxefjdhd v joůgb gyòjd#

rohdbd cfğvxgijg yorcbf#

jbvbv d kdbfef ~eox{d{g rjojbfIygb

Jo ~dxgmgc jd~gv 9<

Rox{v|ebfjg bf v coegb cbfyd ?9 Jdbf rox{v|ebfjg ?

Vmv|jg 88

\gyfk jo~fkfjg` mygr dx{yoźd~ojbf xf kgůeg kg |gko{omo mgbd vmorvbv ko~fĀdjo dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko xf ro|gxefjdhd v gio~ebojbv x~gò |gxeo gxeojbobvmgcidjdyojg jo rjojbf% ~bfů{djf% mgc|f{fjhdbf d dxmvx{~g kgm cojbd iygb dx|d#

{ojdmo xco{yo ko xf ro|gxefjdhd dxmebvăd~g gxeojbobv jo bfkjv gk yojdbf jo~fkf#jda mo{f`gydbo* Jokoebf xf cgźf dx{omjv{d ko xf ~fĀdjo ro|gxefjdmo gxeojbo jo |dxojf dr~gyf rjojbo v ~dkv kgmvcfjo{o% |ygbfmo{o d xe*% kgm ~fgco coed iygbdx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko xf ro|gxefjdhd gxeojbobv jo |yomxv d dxmvx{~g* fĀdjo dx|d#{ojdmo xco{yo ko xf |ydbfjgx rjojbo v gyòjdrohdbd ~yůd vxcfjdc |v{fc |v{fcngycoejda |yfko~ojbo d {yfjdjò oed d jfngycoeoj joădj |v{fc jfngycoejf mg#cvjdmohdbf d mgj{omo{o* Ngycoejd d jfngycoejd joădj |ydbfjgxo rjojbo drcfğvro|gxefjdmo bf drioeojxdyoj* fĀd kdg ro|gxefjdmo xco{yo ko bf ~důd jd~g rjojbo |gbfkdjho gyòjdrohdbxmd dr~gy cgĀd% kgm cojbd iygb xco{yo ko bf rjojbf jbf#

`g~ xg|x{~fjd dr~gy cgĀd* fĀdjo dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko xf v jbdag~dc gyòjdro#hdboco rjojbf |gxco{yo mog x{yo{f`dbxmo |yfkjgx{ d ko xf mygr dc|efcfj{ohdbv |yg`yoco rjojbo v gyòjdrohdbd jo igebd joădj cg`v dxmgydx{d{d |gxeg~jf ůojxfv gmyvźfjbv*

Jo |d{ojbf mgbv ~yx{v rjojbo ro|gxefjdhd x{dăv gk fmx{fyjda mgj{omo{o% gk#jgxjg kg mgbda |gigebůojbo id {yfiog ko kg~fkf |yg`yoc cfjokźcfj{o rjojbodx|d{ojdhdco bf |gjvğfjo cg`vĀjgx{ ko xf g|yfkdbfef ro x~f gk`g~gyf mgbdxv% |g jbdag~gc cdůebfjbv% okfm~o{jd* Yfrve{o{d dx{yoźd~ojbo |gmorvbv ko ?0

& dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko bf èo~jo mgydx{ mgbv kgidbv gk fmx{fyjda mgj{omo{o



??9 \YF@EFK

|g~fĀojo |yf`g~oyoămo cgĀ% ?> & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko bf {g vjo|yfğfjbf rjo#jbo d ~bfů{djo ro|gxefjda% ?8 & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko bf {g ~fĀf rokg~gebx{~gmgydxjdmo vxevò% 88& dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko bf {g !??& |g~fĀojbf fnfm{d~jgx{dd fmoxjgx{d% ??& |ygjoeoźfjbf jg~da joădjo gio~ebojbo |gxeg~o% ??& eomůf d iyźf kgjgůfjbf gkevmo$% 4 & xco{yo ko bf {g igebf mgydů{fjbf yokjda ~bfů{djo% 6& xco{yo ko bf {g |g~fĀojbf om{d~jgx{d d djg~o{d~jgx{d% ; & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yoko bf {g igebf dxmgydů{fjbf ebvkxmda yfxvyxo% kgm 8 & |gigebůojg v|yo~ebojbfebvkxmdc yfxvyxdco* Jo |d{ojbf mgbd xv {g èo~jd nom{gyd v{dhobo jo fnfm{d~jgx{d fmoxjgx{ dc|efcfj{ohdbf |yg`yoco cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo v gyòjdrohdbd%job~fĀd |yghfj{ dx|d{ojdmo ăom |g ;< & xco{yo ko bf mebvăjd nom{gy v{dhobo jofnfm{d~jgx{ mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo v|yo~g gyòjdrohdbxmo mve{vyo d dj#ngycohdgjf {fajgeg`dbf ů{g bf bfkjo gk |georjda |yf{|gx{o~md joůf` dx{yoźd~o#

jbo* Ro cfjokźcfj{ ebvkxmda yfxvyxo gkevădeg xf ?1 & dx|d{ojdmo% ro mgj{ygev |gxeg~jda |yghfxo ?> & dx|d{ojdmo% {g| cfjokźcfj{ ?6 &% o ro edkfyx{~g ??& dx|d{ojdmo*

Jo |d{ojbf jo ů{o id xf {yfioeo giyo{d{d |gxfijg |oźjbo momg id xf vjo|ydbf#kdg |yg`yoc cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo% 8< & dx|d{ojdmo g|yfkdbfedeg xf ro {yfjdj` dgivmv ro|gxefjda v mgydů{fjbv mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo% 99 & dx|d{ojdmoxco{yo ko bf |g{yfijg djxdx{dyojbf jo |g{yfid kdbfebfjbo rjojbo cfğv ro|gxefjd#co% ?; & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko bf |gkyůmo {g| cfjokźcfj{o v {gc xcdxev job#~oźjdbo% |g ?< & dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko bf ybfůfjbf v v~gğfjbv mgjhf|{o cfjok#

źcfj{o rjojbo mog kbfeo x~omgkjf~jda om{d~jgx{d x~da ro|gxefjda% kfjdxojbf |g{yfio ro rjojbfc d |ydcbfjo omvcvedyojg` rjojbo% kgm x~fò ; & dx|d{ojdmoxco{yo ko bf ybfůfjbf v giboůjbfjbv ů{o |yg`yoc cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo cgźf kokgjfxf gyòjdrohdbd mog hbfedjd% momg xf ~dkd jo xedhd 6*



??8\YF@EFK

Xedmo 6* Vjo|yfğfjbf mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo

Ko id xf vjo|ydbfkdeg v|yo~ebojbfc rjojbfc |gxfijg bf~oźjg

Iygb

[yfjdj` d givmo ro|gxefjda v mgydů{fjbv mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{orjojbo

9?

\gkyůmo {g| cfjokźcfj{o ?<V~gğfjbf mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo mog kbfeo x~omgkjf~#jda om{d~jgx{d x~da ro|gxefjda

0

Giboůjbfjbf ů{o |yg`yoc cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo cgźf ko kgjfxfgyòjdrohdbd

8

Kfjdxojbf |g{yfio ro rjojbfc 0Djxdx{dyojbf jo |g{yfid kdbfebfjbo rjojbo cfğv ro|gxefjdco ?6\ydcbfjo omvcvedyojg` rjojbo 0Vmv|jg 0<

Ojoedro mgyfeohdgjda gkjgxo

V hdebv kgko{jf ojoedrf dx{yoźd~oămda |d{ojbo |g{yfijg bf vx|gx{o~d{d vrygăjg |gxebfkdăjv mgyfeohdgjv ~frv drcfğv |gbfkdjda om{d~jgx{d mgbf xf v gm~dyv |ydjhd|o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo |yg~gkf v gyòjdrohdboco jo joădj ko xf vrygă#jo om{d~jgx{ !~oydboieo$ vrdco mog jfro~dxjo d grjoăo~o xo Q kgm xf |gxebf#kdăjo om{d~jgx{ !~oydboieo$ vrdco mog ro~dxjo ~oydboieo d grjoăo~o xo T* Omgxf mog ~oydboieo Q vrcf {yfjdj` d givmo ro|gxefjda o mog ~oydboieo T vjo|y # bfğfjbf rjojbo d ~bfů{djo ro|gxefjda jo iord |yg~fkfjg` dx{yoźd~ojbo cgźf xfngycdyo{d xebfkfĀo {oifeo*



??; \YF@EFK

[oifeo 9* Ojoedro mgyfeohdgjg` gkjgxo drcfğv {yfjdjò d vjo|ybfğfjbo~bfů{djo ro|gxefjda*

j q t qt q¹ t¹

? 9 9 ; ; ;9 ; ; ?> ?> ?>8 > 8 ?1 8> 4; ; 1 89 ?> >;6 6 ?< 6< 96 ?<<> ?9 > 09 ?;; 8>0 ?; ?; ?4> ?4> ?4>1 ?> 1 ?91 96> >;4 ?1 ?1 89; 89; 89;?< 9< ?< 9<< ;<< ?<<

?? 99 99 ;1; ;1; ;1;?9 ?9 9; 911 ?;; 60>?8 9> 9> >0> >0> >0>?; 91 ?; 849 01; ?4>?6 ?6 ?6 996 996 996?> ?> 89 6?9 96> ?<9;?0 8; ?0 601 ??6> 914?1 8> ?1 >;1 ?94> 89;?4 81 ?4 099 ?;;; 8>?9< 9< 9< ;<< ;<< ;<<

9? 9? 9? ;;? ;;? ;;?99 ;; ;; ?48> ?48> ?48>98 ;> 98 ?<61 9??> 6949; ;1 ;1 98<; 98<; 98<;96 6< 6< 96<< 96<< 96<<9> 69 9> ?869 90<; >0>90 90 90 094 094 09491 91 91 01; 01; 01;94 94 94 1;? 1;? 1;?8< >< 8< ?1<< 8><< 4<<

8? 8? 8? 4>? 4>? 4>?89 >; >; ;<4> ;<4> ;<4>88 88 >> 9?01 ?<14 ;86>

Vmv|jg2 11? 000 9>4;6 89818 9>69?

Giyoroh ?* 08%<0009>69?"8811?89818"88

000"11?9>4;6"88993

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??6\YF@EFK

Dr jo~fkfjf ojoedrf xf cgźf ~dkbf{d ko |gx{gbd |grd{d~jo mgyfeohdbo drcfğvdc|efcfj{ohdbf ngycoejda |yg`yoco givmf d {yfjdjò d vjo|yfğfjbo ~bfů{djoro|gxefjda% {omg ko |gx{gbd g|yo~kojbf ro xdx{fco{xmg |yg~gğfjbf jo~fkfjdaom{d~jgx{d v hdebv vjo|yfğfjbo nvjmhdgjdyojbo gyòjdrohdbf mog hbfedjf* Mgf#hdbfj{ kf{fycdjohdbf v g~gc xevăobv bf kgx{o ~dxgm% {omg ko bf 68& vjo|ybf#ğfjbo rjojbo% ~bfů{djo d |fyngycojxd ro|gxefjda `fjfydyojg |v{fc okfm~o{jg`{yfjdjò d givmf ro|gxefjda v gyòjdrohdboco* Jo~fkfjd mgyfeohdgjd gkjgx xfcgźf ~dkbf{d d jo xedhd mgbo xedbfkd*

Xedmo >* Gkjgx drcfğv {yfjdjò ro|gxefjda d vjo|yfğfjbo rjojbo d ~bfů{djo ro|gxefjda

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9<

8<

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[yfjdj` d givmo

R j o j b o d ~ b f ů { d j f

Jo gxjg~v ojoedrdyojda |gko{omo xf drcfğv kfjdyojda ~oydboied cgźf vx# |gx{o~d{d nvjmhdgjoejd gkjgx vr yojdbf |yfkx{o~ebfjd dj{fjrd{f{ mgyfeohdbf% ů{gkgko{jg |gboůjbo~o |gx{gbojbf jo~fkfjg` mgyfeohdgjg` gkjgxo*

Giyoroh 9* 1>66%;>440%< -3 Q T

Ojoeg`jg jo~fkfjgb ojoedrd mgyfeohdgjd gkjgxd xf cg`v vx|gx{o~d{d d dr#cfğv kyv`da om{d~jgx{d !~oydboied$ xo hdebfc kgmord~ojbo vrygăjg |gxebfkdăjda~fro d mgyfeohdgjda gkjgxo kfjdyojda v gm~dyv dx{yoźd~oămda |d{ojbo* Mgyfeo#

hdbo drcfğv |yg~gğfjbo |yg`yoco {yfjdjò d givmf ro|gxefjdmo d drjoeoźfjbo



??> \YF@EFK

jg~da fnfm{d~jdbda d fmoxjdbda joădjo gio~ebojbo |gxeo xf cgźf vx|gx{o~d{d |yfco yojdbf v{~yğfjgb ojoeg`dbd `kbf mgfhdbfj{ mgyfeohdbf drjgxd y3<%>1* Omgxf |gxco{yo mgyfeohdgjd gkjgx drcfğv |gkyůmf {g| cfjokźcfj{o mgk |yg~g#ğfjbo |yg`yoco v|yo~ebojbo rjojbfc v gyòjdrohdbd d fnfm{d~jgx{d d fmoxjgx{dgyòjdrohdbf% mgfhdbfj{ mgyfeohdbf bf jo jd~gv y3<%>0 % kgm bf mgyfeohdbo dr#cfğv dj{fjrd{f{o mgydů{fjbo djngycohdgjda {fajgeg`dbo d jd~go djg~o{d~jgx{dd |yfkvrf{jgx{d v gyòjdrohdbd jo jd~gv y3<%>8* Jo gxjg~v |yg~fkfjg` dx{yo#źd~ojbo jocfĀf xf g|ů{o mgjx{o{ohdbo ko |yg`yoc cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo% domg bgů v jfkg~gebjgb cbfyd yor~dbfj d |ydcdbfjbfj% ivkd dj{fyfx d ro~ybfğvbf |oźjbvcfjokźfyo v mgc|ojdboco v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd* Dx{yoźd~ojbfc xf v{~ykdeg ko~fĀdjo mgc|ojdbo jfco vx~gbfj d oycdxoj |yg`yoc cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo ů{g bf |g{~ykdeg |yf{|gx{o~mv ko |yg`yocd cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo bgů jdxv v kg~geb#

jgb cbfyd oycdxojd v |gxeg~ojbv d yor~gbv gyòjdrohdbo v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd*D|om% gjg ů{g bf gayoiyvbvĀo ădjbfjdho bfx{f ko ăom 0>& dx|d{ojdmo |yf|grjobfrjojbf mog x{yo{f`dbxmv |yfkjgx{* Domg gxjg~jd giedhd kdbfebfjbo rjojbo |yfk#x{o~ebobv yorcbfjv vjv{oy gyòjdrohdbf drcfğv ro|gxefjda d x{yvăjbomo dr dx{fgieox{d% d|om |gx{gbf fefcfj{d ro gxjg~ojg găfmd~ojbf ko Āf kdbfebfjbf rjojbo vjoyfkjgc |fydgkv cgĀd ko xf vjo|yfğvbf d ko xf yor~dbobv jbf`g~d jg~d giedhd dcgkfed{f{d* Yfrve{o{d dx{yoźd~ojbo |gmorvbv ko ;4& dx|d{ojdmo xco{yo ko jbdag#~o gyòjdrohdbo |yg|vů{o |gxeg~jf |ydedmf rig` jfkg~gebjg` dxmgydů{o~ojbo ~fĀ |gx{gbfĀf` rjojbo* Cgźf xf dr~fx{d romebvăom ko cfjokźfyd v mgc|ojdboco v

Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd |yf|grjobv rjojbf mog gxjg~jv mgjmvyfj{xmv |yfkjgx{v xo~yfcfjgb fmgjgcdbd% o |yg`yoc cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo mog joădj ko xf {omgjmvyfj{xmo |yfkjgx{ d gx{~oyd*



??0\YF@EFK

Romebvăom

Yorvcdbf~ojbf gxjg~jda |ydjhd|o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo bf jfg|agkjg momg idxf yor~deo okfm~o{jo x{yo{f`dbo ro yor~gb mgjmvyfj{xmda |yfkjgx{d gyòjdrohdbfv xo~yfcfjgc {vyivefj{jgc gmyvźfjbv |gxeg~ojbo* Robfkjdămgc |ydcbfjgcdjngycohdbxmf {fajgeg`dbf d rjojbo ebvkd cg`vĀf bf yfoedrdyo{d |yghfx v|yo~#ebojbo rjojbfc mgbd v |g{|vjgx{d cdbfjbo joădj yoko ro|gxefjdmo% |yd ăfcvx~omd dr~yůdeoh xvkbfevbf v x{~oyojbv% kdbfebfjbv% |ydcbfjd d f~oevohdbd rjojbo*V|yo~ebojbf rjojbfc v gyòjdrohdboco% gxdc ů{g x{~oyo cg{d~dyojdbf ro|gxef#jdmf% kg~gkd d kg ~fĀf kgx{v|jgx{d fmx|fy{jda rjojbo {f kg iyźf` d m~oed{f{jdbf`ybfůo~ojbo roa{bf~o medbfjo{o d |oy{jfyo*

Jo gxjg~v eg`dămf ojoedrf cg`vĀf bf romebvăd{d ko cfjokźfyd v mgc|ojdbo#

co v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd% jf xocg ko |gmorvbv x|yfcjgx{ ko kfjdův rjojbfmog mebvăjg |d{ojbf xo~yfcfjg` |gxeg~ojbo% jf`g d ko |yf|grjobv gxjg~jf |ydjhd|f cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo% mog d yoredăd{f ngycf yorcbfjf d kdbfebfjbo rjo#jbo jo yoredăd{dc jd~gdco v jbdag~dc gyòjdrohdboco* [omgğfy% cfjokźfyd vIgxjd d Afyhf`g~djd |yf|grjobv |ygiefcf mgbd xf |gbo~ebvbv vxebfk jfvx|bfů#jg` d jfkg~gebjg` kdbfebfjbo rjojbo% mog d jfkg~gebjg` dxmgydů{o~ojbo ~fĀ |g#x{gbfĀf` rjojbo* Cfjokźfyd v |g{|vjgx{d yorvcdbv ko xf |ydcbfjgc |ydjhd|ocfjokźcfj{o rjojbo cg`v vjo|ydbfkd{d x~f ~oźjf gieox{d |gxeg~ojbo gyòjd#rohdbf*

Jo gxjg~v ojoedrf gk`g~gyo dx|d{ojdmo% cgźf xf kgĀd d kg gxjg~jda |yf# |gyvmo g {gcf ů{o bf |g{yfijg vyokd{d ko id xf vjo|ydbfkdeo |ydcbfjo mgjhf|{ocfjokźcfj{o rjojbo* \yf|gyvmf xf cg`v xviedcdyo{d mygr mgjx{o{ohdbv ko bf vx~dc gyòjdrohdboco jfg|agkjg |yg~gkd{d {yfjdj` d givmv ro|gxefjda v mgyd#ů{fjbv cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo% djxdx{dyo{d d yor~d{d |yghfkvyf ro kdbfebfjbf rjojbodrcfğv ro|gxefjdmo% gboăo{d |gkyůmv {g| cfjokźcfj{o v |yg~gğfjbv yoredăd#{da |yg`yoco cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo% v~fx{d |ydjhd|f cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo mog iorjd giyoroh ro |gjoůojbf d om{d~jgx{d ro|gxefjda% |ydcdbfjd{d omvcvedyojgrjojbf d gxd`vyo{d xa~o{ojbf x~da ro|gxefjdmo g mgydx{dco mgbf |yg`yoc cfjok#źcfj{o rjojbo cgźf kgjdbf{d% momg ro x~omg` |gbfkdjoăjg` ro|gxefjdmo% {omgd ro gyòjdrohdbv mog hbfedjv* \ydkyźo~obvĀd xf jo~fkfjda |yo~oho kbfeg~ojbo%cg`vĀf bf vjo|ydbfkd{d |ydcbfjv mgjhf|{o cfjokźcfj{o rjojbo v mgc|ojdbo#co v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd d vădjd{d ò fmoxjdbdc d mgydxjdbdc% {f xocf mgc|o#jdbf vx|bfůjdbdc d mgjmvyfj{jdbdc ro jf|yfk~dkebd~v {yźdůjv v{omcdhv v x~dbf{vxo~yfcfjg` {vyivefj{jg` |gxeg~jg` gmyvźfjbo d |gx{djkvx{ydbxmg` kyvů{~o*

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kbfedcdăjg |gxebfkdho yojdbf` ègydhdyojbo cfkdbxmf veg`f v kfcgmyo{dbd= èg#ydhdyojbo mgbf jdbf ideg xocg {fgydbxmf% ~fĀ d myobjbf |yom{dăjf joyo~d* [oăjdbf%kgm xcg |gmvůo~oed g|dxo{d cfkdbf mog ‚`yokd{febf― ded ‚x{vig~f― kfcgmyo{dbf% |ygcomeo joc bf jbdag~o {yojxngycohdbo v jfů{g |gx~f kyv`g* G{ybfźjbfjbf mgbfjoc bf kgjdbfeg 9?* x{gebfĀf drdxmvbf d |ygcbfjv kdxmvyxo2 vcbfx{g ko cfkdbf |gxco{yocg mog gjf mgbd yokf kfcgmyo{dbv% {yfiocg g jbdco |găf{d yorcdůebo{dmog g xyfkx{~dco ro djngycdyojbf% fkvhdyojbf d myfdyojbf bo~jg` cjdbfjbo* [oxyfkx{~o% joyo~jg% jdxv ifr`ybfůjo% jd{d |fy xf cg`v id{d jgxd{febd kfcgmyo{dbf%oed {yfiobv gifribfğd~o{d djngycohdbf d id{d ‚|xd ăv~oyd― kfcgmyo{dbf !o jf jvźjg

jbfj èo~jd mgjx{d{v{d~jd fefcfj{$*



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\ygcbfjo kdxmvyxo v dj{fy|yf{ohdbd cfkdbo2 o`fjko xf{{dj` % jfpxpgy{at dx|fm{ome v cfkdbdco d djngjov{dho mog joădj roů{d{f bo~jgx{d

Kgxokoůjbo dx{yoźd~ojbo coxg~jg` mgcvjdhdyojbo ngmvxdyoeo xv xf% vèo~jgc%

jo coxcfkdbxmf |gyvmf d jbdag~ v{bfhob jo yfhd|dbfj{f* Coeg |oźjbf |gx~fĀfjg bf mgcvjdmo{gydco% ivkvĀd ko xf |yf{|gx{o~eboeg ko xv myfo{gyd coxcfkdbxmda |gyvmo fmxmevrd~jg jg~djoyd% gkjgxjg vyfkjdhd v cfkdbdco* Cfğv{dc% yfhfj#{jo dx{yoźd~ojbo |gmoroeo xv ko xf cgĀ kdm{dyojbo cfkdbxmf o`fjkf x vyfkjdmo!jg~djoyo$ x~f ăfůĀf |gcbfyo jo yoredăd{f gyòjdrohdbf mgbf |ygjoeorf x~f xv|#{dejdbf joădjf vmebvăd~ojbo v coxcfkdbxmf mojoef* Mgcvjdmohdbxmd gm~dy mgbd |yd {gcf mgydx{f bfx{ o`fjko xf{{dj` nvjmhdbo coxg~jda cfkdbo*6 [g joc kobfro |yo~g ko vx{~ykdcg momg bf xo~yfcfjg cfkdboedrg~ojg kyvů{~g roxjg~ojgjo {r~* idg{g| cgkfev% v mgbfc ‚coxo ebvkd mgjrvcdyo coxv |ygdr~gko= coxo

mo|d{oeo v yvmoco bf coeg` iygbo ebvkd mgbd v|yo~ebobv hbfegmv|jdc cocv{#xmdc xdx{fcgc― !Djèdx% |yfco Jvaojg~dĀ% 9<<62 ?8>$* [g ro|yo~g rjoăd ko bf |ge jo mgbfc bf bo~jgx{ ro|yo~g |oxd~jd |ge mgjrvcfjo{o% kgm bf |ge jo mgbfc bf mo|d{oe om{d~jd |ge coegiygbjda* Dx{g~yfcfjg% cfkdbxmo o`fjko ~důf jdbf dx#mebvăd~g cfkdbxmo= gjo bf vxcbfyfjo !d vxcbfyo~obvĀo$ jo bo~jgx{% oed jf v xcd#xev cfkdbxmf djngycohdbf% jf`g v xcdxev cfkdbxmf cojd|veohdbf* Roko{om cf#kdbo jdbf ~důf !dxmebvăd~g$ djngycdyo{d% jf`g d vxcbfyo~o{d !d x{o~g~f% d fcghdbfd |gjoůojbf mgjrvcfjo{o djngycohdbo$* Iygbjd kgmord dr xo~yfcfjf cfkdbxmfx{~oyjgx{d v|vĀvbv jo ădjbfjdhv ko bo~jgx{ ăfx{g gx{obf drk~gbfjo dr |yghfxo

kfjdyojbo id{jda |d{ojbo g mgbdco xf kdxmv{vbf jo bo~jgb xhfjd% gkjgxjg ko‚gjo `yv|o v kyvů{~v mgbo rovrdco |gegźobf job~fĀf cgĀd d |yd~def`dbo {omgğfy dco d job~důf v{dhobo jo {r~* xyfkx{~o coxg~jf mgcvjdmohdbf% {omg ko |yfmgjbda gx{oegc kdbfev kyvů{~o jocfĀf x~gbf kfjdhdbf d giboůjbfjbo kyvů{~fjg# |ged{dămda |ygiefco*― !ŬvůjbdĀ% |yfco Jvaojg~dĀ 9<<62 ?84$* Jfmd {fgyf{dăoyd!Coymx% Oe{avxxfy$ g cox#cfkdbdco `g~gyf v mgj{fmx{v dkfgeg`dbf% gkjgxjgxco{yobv da dkfgegůmdc o|oyo{gc* Omg xf xegźdcg xo {om~dc x{o~gc% {f |yd#a~o{dcg ed {oăjgc ădjbfjdhv ko bf dkfgeg`dbo xo~yfcfjg` kgio roxjg~ojo jomo|d{oev% romebvăvbfcg momg xf o`fjko cox#cfkdbo myfdyo |g o`fjkd mo|d{oeo d

jbf`g~da ~eoxjdmo* ^dbfx{d d djngycohdbf |yfrfj{dyojf v {om~gc mgj{fmx{v ~důfxv gk |vmg` |yfjgůfjbo kgòğobo ro |g{yfif bo~jgx{d= gjf xv ‚|gyvmf% |fyxv#ord~jg gigòĀfjf% d xedmf mgbf giedmvbv joůf gxbfĀobf d giboůjbo~obv joc da―!Jvaojg~dĀ% 9<<62 ?;?$* [f ‚jg~f― ~dbfx{d kojox xf myfdyobv |yfco xox~dc jg#~dc myd{fydbdco% mgbd |yf~ordeorf x{ojkoykf jg~djoyxmf kfgj{geg`dbf d x~f ~důf

6 Kf{oebjv ojoedrv o`fjko xf{{dj` nvjmhdbf cox#cfkdbo jo|yo~deo bf% v bgů jfgibo~ebfjgbkgm{gyxmgb kdxfy{ohdbd% ky* fkoko Ioyomg~dĀ= kdxfy{ohdbo |gk joxeg~gc X{yvm{vydyojbf cf#kdbxmda xokyźobo |gk v{bfhobfc gkjgxo x bo~jgx{dco% gkiyojbfjo bf jo Nomve{f{v |ged{dămda

jovmo v Xoyobf~v v bvev 9<<1* `gkdjf*



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roeorf v xnfyv roio~f* Ko id vg|Āf idef ăd{ojf'xevůojf'èfkojf {f ~dbfx{d |ydbfx~fò cgyobv id{d rojdcebd~f% o ko id xf {g |gx{dèg gjf xf gigòĀvbv xfjrohd#gjoedrcgc d |ydăoco g rojdcebd~dc om{fydco* X|fm{ome% gkjgxjg xfjrohdbo dom{fyd èo~jo xv k~o myd{fydbo mgbdco xf cbfyd ~ydbfkjgx{ kgòğobo% gkjgxjg jogxjg~v mgbda xf !|y$ghbfjbvbf ko ed bf kgòğob ~ydbfkoj dr~bfů{o~ojbo* Jodcf% bfkoj gk |y~da xegòjo ocfydămg` Jfp Tgym [dcfxo idg bf2 Oee {af Jfpx [ao{ Nd{ {g \ydj{ > % ů{g bf dc|edhdyoeg ko g~ob edx{ gibo~ebvbf x~f ~dbfx{d mgbf cg`v x{o{dv jg~djv% gkjgxjg ko bf xfefm{d~jgx{ jo gxjg~v mgbf xf kfjdyo xokyźob cfkdboroxjg~ojo jo dj{fyfxv ăd{o{febo* X~gbv jfg~dxjgx{ gk ideg mgbf ~yx{f v{bfhobojo xokyźob jg~djf% JT [dcfx bf `gkdjoco òyoj{dyog joxeg~jdhgc ifr dbfkjg`mgcfyhdboejg` gèoxo* [dcf xf joèoůo~oeo gk~gbfjgx{ djngyco{d~jg` d gèoůd#~oămg` kdbfeo cfkdbxmg` |gxeg~ojbo* \gxedbf 6* bojvoyo 9<<1* `gkdjf% moko bf%

|y~d |v{ v adx{gydbd% Jfp Tgym [dcfx gibo~dg mgcfyhdboejd gèox jo joxeg~jgbx{yojdhd0% jdů{o ~důf jdbf dx{g v ègioejdc cfkdbdco* Jomgj ů{g bf 9<<0* `gkdjf[af Poee X{yff{ Bgvyjoe |gx{og kdbfegc dc|fydbf ~gkfĀf` cfkdbxmg` cg`veokojoůjbdhf Yv|fy{o Cvykghao% d Jfp Tgym [dcfx |yfx{obf gkgedbf~o{d joef{d#co ègioejf jojxdbxmf mydrf d gmyfĀf xf xo~yfcfjgc joădjv |gxeg~ojbo2 jojoxeg~jdhv dkf oee {ao{ {x {g |ydj{ 1 % ~dbfx{d ded gèoxd% x~fbfkjg* [g% joyo~jg%jf rjoăd ko ~důf jf |gx{gbf |yo~deo mgbdco xf kfjdyo xfefm{d~jgx{ xo~yfcfjdacfkdbo= gjo xf jo|ygx{g cdbfjbobv v xmeokv xo mgcfyhdboejdc dj{fyfxdco*

[g jfxvcjbd~g dco v{bfhobo d jo |ged{dămv x{~oyjgx{% ăom d jo egioejgb yord#

jd* Jodcf% omg xcg romebvăded ko xf cdbfjbo vegò cfkdbo% mog yojdbf` ăf{~y{g`x{oefźo ded xfkcf xdef% cdbfjbobv xf d myd{fydbd jo mgbdco gjd `yokf !d |ged{dămv$xedmv x~dbf{o* Xo~yfcfjo |ged{dămo rid~ojbo ~důf xf jf |yfjgxf jo yojdbf kgcd#joj{oj joădj oee {af jfpx {ao{ { {g |ydj{% ~fĀ xf yor~dbo xox~dc jg~d mgjhf|{ vcfkdbxmgb dj{fy|yf{ohdbd |ged{dmf% g|dxoj {fycdjgc jfpxpgy{at4 % mgbd dc|edhdyoko xf ~důf v cfkdbdco jf joeord xocg d dxmebvăd~g gjg ů{g xf rodx{o kfxdeg% ~fĀgjg ů{g bf ‚~ydbfkjg dr~bfů{o~ojbo―* V|yo~g bf jfpxpgy{at xo~yfcfjf |ged{dmfkg|ydjdg {omg joègc gxjoźd~ojbv o`fjko xf{{dj` nvjmhdbf xo~yfcfjda cfkd# bo* Jodcf% d yojdbf bf bfkoj gk èo~jda myd{fydbo ro |yghfxvdyojbf djngycohdbo

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> \yf~fkfj xo fjèfxmg` bfrdmo% v ůdyfc rjoăfjbv% g~ob xegòj èoxdg id2 X~f ~dbfx{d mgbfcg`v x{o{d jo x{yojdhv*

0 Dygjdăjg% yfmeocdyo xf kyv`d mgy|gyo{d~jd cfkdb2 [^ x{ojdho HIX*

1 X~f ů{g cgźf x{o{d jo x{yojdhv*

4 Jfpxpgy{at !fjè*$ ‘ ~ydbfkjg dr~bfů{o~ojbo*



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kgjgxdeo gkevmo ko ed bf jfmo ~dbfx{ yfef~oj{jo ro gibo~ebd~ojbf v cfkdbdco%yorco{yog xf jbfj rjoăob ro |viedmv% o jf |yfkgcdjoj{jg v{bfhob'dj{fyfx mg#cvjdmo{gyo mgbd dro jbf x{gbd?<* Jfpxpgy{at mgjhf|{ |yo~d yokdmoeoj rogmyf{ vg~gc |gebv% x{o~ebobvĀd jo |y~g cbfx{g v eojhv kfjdyojbo ~oźjgx{d djngycohd# bf% gkjgxjg xfefm{d~jgx{d cfkdbo% xocf om{fyf ~dbfx{d ded dr~gyf djngycohdbo% vr bgů bfkoj ~oźoj myd{fydb2 ko id ~dbfx{ vg|Āf ideo yfef~oj{jo cgyo id{d x|fm{omv#eoyjo??* V|yo~g dr {g` yoregò xf yfkfjdyo d xoc kgòğob% mog èo~jd |yfkcf{cfkdbxmg` dr~bfů{o~ojbo% |o cfkdbxmdc kgòğobfc |gx{obv ‚ăfx{g x|fm{omv#eoyjf hfyfcgjdbf vxcbfyfjf jo {g ko drorg~v |oźjbv bo~jgx{d― !^gĀmdĀ#O~#ko`dĀ% 9<<92 >0$* V djkvx{ydbd roio~f gkv~dbfm cjg`g ~fĀf ůojxf ko kgx|dbfjo joxeg~jv x{yojdhv ded vkoyjf afokedjfx#f [^#o dco ~dbfx{ g dyfef~oj{jgcx|fm{omev v mgbfc xvkbfevbf jfmo hfefiyd{t dmgjo% gk ~dbfx{d g {fcd mgbo bf gk

dj{fyfxo ro |viedmv% oed mgbo jfco fefcfj{f x|fm{omeo xo văfůĀfc bo~jda gxg# io?9* V |ged{dhd% |om% g~o bf ~yx{o xfefmhdbf jg~dbf` ko{vco* [g bf bfkjo gk job#f~dkfj{jdbda |gxebfkdho dj{f`yohdbf djkvx{ydbf ~dbfx{d d djkvx{ydbf roio~f% mgbo xfcojdnfx{dyo d v |ged{dămgb xnfyd?8% v mgbgb bf ~yavjoh x|fm{omeo ro|yo~g xvmgi%gkjgxjg bgů fmx{yfcjdbf2 yo{ d {g yo{ vmeg|ebfj v kgcdjoj{jf dkfgegůmf gm~dyfmgbf xedbfkf d cfkdbd* Momg |ydcbfĀvbf ų* \odĀ2 ‚@egioejo djkvx{ydbo ~dbfx{d xoHJJ#gc d HIX#gc mog |oyokd`co{xmdc mgy|gyo{d~jdc xfy~dxdco ocfydămfjfgmgjrfy~o{d~jf dkfgeg`dbf jo ~eox{d gk \vx{djbxmf gevbf% yo{o v IdA% jo|okojo [pdjxf% |o kg rovrdcojbo Io`koko kbfeg~oeo bf dkfgegůmd ifx|ydbfmgyjg*

X{~gydeo bf cfkdbxmf bvjomf !\f{fy Oyjf{{ d Haydx{dojf Ocoj|gvy$ v mydrjdc |gkyvăbdco x~dbf{o* Cgkfexmd bf xo~yůfjg rocoèbd~oeo mebvăjf vrygmf yo{g~ovjo{gă kdboegůmdc ngycoco xvăfebo~ojbo cdůebfjbo* Kgòğob bf |gxyfkg~oeoded `yvigc iyv{oejgůĀv ad|fyyfoejgx{d !|gmgeb jo Coymoeoco% |ydcbfydhf$ !***$ded bf% |om% |yg|oòjkjg x{dedrdyoeo coxg~jg |g|ydů{f regădjo !mog v xevăobv@ygvjk Rfyg$*

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?? Dn d{ ieffkx% d{ efokx !fjè* Omg dco my~d% {g bf jo joxeg~jdhd$ ‘ bgů bfkoj gk xegòjo ocf#ydămg` jg~djoyx{~o*

?9 Jobigebd |ydcbfy ro {g xv jgcdjohdbf ro jo`yokv Gxhoy % mgbf xf gio~frjg joğv v {fycdjv~făfyjbda ~dbfx{d ăom d egmoejda [^#x{ojdho% o v mgbdco x{dedx{d mgcfj{dyobv gkbfĀv xeo~jdaèvcoho% mgbd gkjgxf jo`yokf ro ecg~f mgbf ~fĀdjo |viedmf jdmoko jfĀf jd |gèfko{d*

?8 Djov`vyohdbo ocfydămg` |yfkxbfkjdmo Ioyohmo Giocf 9<* bojvoyo 9<<4* `gkdjf |gmo#roeo bf v|yo~g g~v jg~ ~yx{v jfpxpgy{at dr~bfů{o~ojbo d v |ged{dămgb xnfyd2 myfdyojo mogcfkdbxmd x|fm{ome xo văfůĀfc hfefiyd{t cvrdăoyo% |g|v{ Igjg ^go d Bgaj Igj Bg~dbo%v |y~d bf |eoj x{o~deo x{tedj` |y~f kocf Cdhafeef Gioco% |d{ojbf cg`vĀjgx{d mgydů{fjboieohmfifyytbo gk jg~g` ocfydămg` |yfkxbfkjdmo% kgm xv v kyv`gc |eojv gx{oef |ged{dămf

dc|edmohdbf {f djov`vyohdbf*



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V x~dc bf xevăobf~dco kgòğob ~dğfj !x~gbdc gădco$ ded |yg{vcoăfj !cgbdcydbfădco$ mog jfů{g ~fĀ |yf{agkjg kg`gğfjg*―?; [g% |gxebfkdăjg% rjoăd ko bf vxo~yfcfjdc fmgjgcxmdc d |ged{dămdc gm~dydco% jfg~dxjgx{ cfkdbo% mog myfo#{gyo djngycohdbo d {vcoăo x{~oyjgx{d x{o~ebfjo |gk ~fedmd rjom |d{ojbo* ‚\ydăog |g{|vjgb jfg~dxjgx{d cfkdbo% mog |gxebfkjbo coeo v{g|dbo mve{o afygbxmg` |gbfkdjho vjv{oy edifyoejg#kfcgmyo{xmf cyfźf ev|fůmda g~dxjgx{d gko~jg bf ův|ebo* Oed% ifr jbfrdjf xeo{mf {eo|jbf jf |yfgx{obf ~důf jdmom~g v{gădů{f jokf*[g jd|gů{g jf |g{dyf x{oboedů{f ko xv jg~djoyd kojox bfkdjf ridebxmf r~dbfrkf d bvjohd x|fm{omveoyjg` kgòğobo x~dbf{o mog xedmf'ydbfăd* Gjd jdxv ojgjdcjfźy{~f* Ifr jbdag~o |gxyfkg~ojbo kgòğob bf ădx{g jdů{o~deg*― ?6

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?09 \YF@EFK

\oyeocfj{ mog ~oźjo ngyco kfcgmyo{xmda gkjgxo

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~eokf mog dryoro kfcgmyo{xmg` bfkdjx{~o ~eox{d* Vx{~oyd bf vegò |oyeocfj{o v{dc rfceboco ideo ifrjoăobjo% bfy bf jfmgj{ygedyojo d jfg`yojdăfjo ~eox{ ideomgjhfj{ydyojo v ~yag~jdc gyòjdco mgcvjdx{dămda |oy{dbo* \gmvůobd |ydcbfjf{r~* kyvů{~fjg#fmgjgcxmg` |yfkx{o~jdů{~o% mog dryoro xv~fyfjgx{d yokjdămfmeoxf !yokjda ebvkd% yokjg` joygko% d xe*$% kg~fed xv v Bv`gxeo~dbd kg x|fhdăjdax{yvm{vyo xmv|ů{djf mom~f jf |grjobf jdbfkjo xv~yfcfjo kyźo~o*



?06\YF@EFK

Vx|ymgx ngycoejgc joèoůo~ojbv xmv|ů{djo mog jgxd{febo job~důf ~eox{d% gjfjdmoko jdxv vx|bfef gx{~oyd{d jdmomo~ rjoăobjdbd v{bfhob jo |ged{dămg gkevăd~o#jbf* êox{ bf v id~ůgb XNYB ideo |gkdbfebfjo drcfğv \yfkxbfkjdů{~o d dr~yůjg`~dbfĀo% vr |yf~o`v jo x{yojd kyźo~jg` |gèo~oyo* důfx{yojoămd g|Ād d xegigkjddrigyd v Ay~o{xmgb d Xeg~fjdbd ?44<* `gkdjf g{~gyded xv cg`vĀjgx{ yor~d{mo |oyeocfj{o% oed d jocf{jved |d{ojbo |ydmeokjg` cgkfeo gyòjdrohdbf ~eox{d% jomgbf {yfiobv gk`g~gyd{d jg~d vx{o~d*

Gxjg~jo nvjmhdbo x~omg` |oyeocfjo{o gxedmojo bf mygr2 gkgiyo~ojbf kyźo~#jg` ivkźf{o d jokrgy jok jbdc% kgjgůfjbf romgjo d mgj{ygeo jbdag~g` dr~yůo#~ojbo% {f g|Ād jokrgy d gx{~oyd~ojbf gk`g~gyjgx{d jgxd{febo dr~yůjf ~eox{d*

Mebvăjo nvjmhdbo |oyeocfj{o bf mgj{ygejo= jbfrdjg joèoůo~ojbf moyom{fydrd#yo vx|bfůoj |oyeocfj{8* V romgjgko~x{~v ridebxmo vegò |oyeocfj{o jf kgeordkg dryoźobo gjomg momg {g |yg|dxvbv vx{o~d= romgjf |yd|yfcobv dr~yůjd gyòjdd xocg da |yg~gkf mygr |oyeocfj{;*

[ocg `kbf xf% mog v jox% djxdx{dyo jo vyfğd~ojbv x~da gkjgxo romgjdco%gjd xf ăfx{g drèoxo~obv% o ko xf rox{v|jdhd vg|Āf jdxv v|grjoed x jbdag~dcxokyźobfc*

Vegò |oyeocfj{o d kyv`da kyźo~jda djx{d{vhdbo v gx{~oyd~ojbv jokrgyo

jok xevźioco xd`vyjgx{dDomg |oyeocfj{ d ~eoko dcobv yoredăd{f veg`f v xfm{gyv xd`vyjgx{d% gjd dcobvrobfkjdămv jokefźjgx{ ro gkyźo~ojbf m~oed{f{jg` nvjmhdgjdyojbo xfm{gyo xd`vy #jgx{d* G~o dkfbo robfkjdămf jokefźjgx{d {omgğfy xf gkjgxd d jo gkjgx drcfğv |ged{dămda d edkfyo xevźid xd`vyjgx{d* Jo g~f k~dbf x{yojf xf jf id xcbfeg èfko{dmog jo xv|yg{x{o~ebfjf x{yojf xo xv|yg{jdc hdebf~dco* Gjf {yfiobv bfkjo kyv`vmomg id |gx{dèf kbfeg{~gyjv% x~fgiva~o{jv xd`vyjgxjv |ged{dmv mgbo Āf id{dvxcbfyfjo jo `yoğojf* Kfcgmyo{xmd jokrgy x{gò {yfio giva~o{d{d d kdboeg`drcfğv |ged{dămda ~gğo d ~dxgmda xevźifjdmo xd`vyjgx{d% mgbd Āf xf {fcfebd{d

jo |g~bfyfjbv% g{~gyfjgb mgcvjdmohdbd d cfğvxgijgc vmebvăd~ojbv* Yfkg~jdmgj{om{d cfğv jbdco dcobv bgů bfkjv ~oźjv |yfkjgx{2 |ged{dăoyd d edkfyd xd`vy #jgxjda xevźid xf jf xcdbv g{vğd{d bfkjd gk kyv`da% ădcf Āf xf |gcgĀd vă~yůĀd#~ojbv x{oidejgx{d*

8 Dr~gy |gko{omo2 ppp*|oyeocfj{*io*

; G~d rokohd xv v{~yğfjd \gxeg~jdmgc g yokv \oyeocfj{oyjf xmv|ů{djf IdA% ppp*|oyef#

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?0> \YF@EFK

[yd èo~jf ~eox{d jo kyźo~jgc jd~gv% dr~yůjo% romgjgko~jo d xvkxmo% dx|v#jbo~obv gxjg~jf veg`f v kyźo~jgb xd`vyjgxjgb |ged{dhd*

Gxdc |oyeocfj{o% xvkxmo d dr~yůjo ~eox{ d `yoğojxmg kyvů{~g kobv id{oj

jfngycoejd gkjgx ngycvedyojbv yfoedrdyojbo xd`vyjgxjf |ged{dmf% kgm cfkdbdkg|ydjgxf mygr gio~bfů{o~ojbf bo~jgx{d g jocbfyoco d cbfyoco x~da kyźo~#jda om{fyo* K~o djx{d{vhdgjoejo om{fyo d`yobv gxjg~jv veg`v v jokrgyv jokyfoedrohdbgc kyźo~jf xd`vyjgxjf |ged{dmf d gk`g~oyobvĀdc ivkźf{gc* [g xvgcivkxcfjd d èo~jd yf~drgy*

Gxjg~jd v~bf{d ro kbfeg{~gyoj |oyeocfj{oyjd jokrgy jok xevźiocoxd`vyjgx{d

Fmoxoj |oyeocfj{oyjd jokrgy xd`vyjgxjg` xfm{gyo roa{dbf~o x{yvăjgx{ d #jojxdbxmf dr~gyf vjv{oy |oyeocfj{o* X~omomg% x{yvăjgx{ vjv{oy |oyeocfj{oxf jf |gmeo|o xo x{yvăjgůĀv ~eokf d xd`vyjgxjda xjoò* V ~fĀdjd xevăobf~o% |oyeocfj{oyhd dcobv ~fgco coeg mokyo ro dx{yoźd~ojbf% omg ò vg|ů{f dcobv%kgm xf ~eoko cgźf gxegjd{d jo gxgiebf cdjdx{oyx{o~o mgbo yokf xo xd`vyjgxjdcxfm{gygc* \oyeocfj{oyhd xv droiyojd xocg jo g`yojdăfj |fydgk ko ivkv v |oy #eocfj{v% kgm hd~dejd kvźjgxjdhd d gxgiebf xevźid xd`vyjgx{d v ~fĀdjd xevăobf~o |yg~fkv hdbfev moydbfyv v jfmgb gk xd`vyjgxjda xevźid* Xvů{djxmd |ygiefc bf%komomg% ko xf |oyeocfj{oyhd v èo~jgc gxeojbobv jo djngycohdbf mgbf |g{dăvgk ~eokf d xd`vyjgxjda xevźid% o {g xv djx{d{vhdbf mgbf {yfiobv jokrdyo{d* G~gx{~oyo oxdcf{ydăjv ro~dxjgx{ drcfğv |oyeocfj{o% ~eokf d xevźid xd`vyjgx{d* Xd#{vohdbo bf g{fźojo ro{~gyfjgc |ydygkgc xd`vyjgxjg` xfm{gyo% rig` jbf`g~g`moyom{fyo d rjoăobo% mve{vyf% fkvmohdbf d {objgx{d*

\oyeocfj{oyjd jokrgy jok xfm{gygc xd`vyjgx{d g~dxd g g~eox{dco |oyeocfj{ov ~frd xo ~eokgc d xd`vyjgxjdc xevźioco* V {gc mgj{fmx{v% g~eox{d rjoăf mo# |ohd{f{ ~yůfjbo v{bfhobo jo ~eokdjf g|hdbf d |gjoůojbf |yfco mgefm{d~jgb ~gebdebvkd mgbo bf dryoźfjo jo |oyeocfj{v* [omgğfy xf gkjgxd d jo mo|ohd{f{ jokrgyo

jok yfoedrdyojbfc x{yo{f`dbo% romgjo% gkevmo d dr~yůfjbfc ivkźf{o% gjomg momg bf {g gkgiydg |oyeocfj{* G~f g~eox{d |g{bfăv jf xocg dr vx{o~o d romgjo% jf`gd dr |yo~deo |oyeocfj{oyjf |yghfkvyf d vgidăobfjda |yomxd*

Ko romebvădcg2 v~bf{d kbfeg{~gyjg` jokrgyo |oyeocfj{o jok xfm{gygc xd#`vyjgx{d xv2

boxjg kfjdyojf vx{o~jf d romgjxmf g~eox{d%•

|ydkyźo~ojbf vgidăobfjf |yomxf v g~gb gieox{d%•

yor~dbojbf yfxvyxf d x{yvăjgx{d d•

|ged{dămo ~gebo*•



?00\YF@EFK

Vx{o~ !ded jbf`g~ fm~d~oefj{$ |yvźo job~oźjdbv romgjxmv gxjg~v ro |oyeo#cfj{oyjd jokrgy jok xfm{gygc xd`vyjgx{d* Domg xf vx{o~d yoredmvbv gk rfcebfkg rfcebf% v xmeokv xo |ged{dămdc% mve{vygegůmdc% fmgjgcxmdc d xghdboejdcv~bf{dco% ~fĀdjo vx{o~o |yg|dxvbf ko bf dr~yůjo ~eox{ !jo|ydcbfy% |yfcdbfy dedcdjdx{oy xd`vyjgx{d$ jokefźjo ro xd`vyjgxjf xevźif% {f ko bf dr~yůjo ~eox{ gk#`g~gyjo |oyeocfj{v*

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cfjgc xv v{~yğfjf kyvů{~fjf jgycf d |yomxf ro gk`g~gyjgx{ d |oyeocfj{oyjdjokrgy*

Djx{yvcfj{d |oyeocfj{o ro |yg~gğfjbf jokrgyo jok xfm{gygc xd`vyjgx{d

Dr kgxokoůjbda yorco{yojbo |oyeocfj{oyjg` jokrgyo jok xevźioco xd`vyjgx{dgxbf{deo xf |g{yfio ro |yfhdrjdc vx{ojg~ebo~ojbfc d meoxdmohdbgc djx{yvcfjo#{o ro |yg~gğfjbf {om~g` jokrgyo jok xevźioco xd`vyjgx{d% gkjgxjg xfm{gygcxd`vyjgx{d v hbfedjd* Drvăo~obvĀd {fgydbv d |yomxv |yg~gğfjbo |oyeocfj{oyjg`jokrgyo jok xevźioco xd`vyjgx{d% vx{ojg~ded xcg ko xf xocg bfkoj kdg g~dadjx{yvcfjo{o ojoedrdyo v {fgydbd% kgm |yomxo |yvźo jfmf kgko{jf dxmvx{~fjffefcfj{f ro {fcfebd{dbf |yg~gğfjbf {g` jokrgyo* Kf{oebjg |yg~fkfjgc ojoed#rgc vx{ojg~ded xcg xebfkfĀf g|Āf djx{yvcfj{f ro |yg~gğfjbf |oyeocfj{oyjg`jokrgyo jok xfm{gygc xd`vyjgx{d2

'O' v gm~dyv g|Āda g~eox{d ‘

djdhdyojbf kgjgůfjbo romgjo%•

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cfj{o%

|grd~ojbf gxgiebo xevźid xd`vyjgx{d d kyźo~jda xevźifjdmo ko x~bfkgăf jo•

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|ydio~ebojbf kgmvcfjo{o gk dr~yůjf ~eox{d%•



?01 \YF@EFK

|yg~gğfjbf |oyeocfj{oyjda dx{yoò d•

gkyźo~ojbf xoxevůojbo=•

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v{~yğd~ojbf |ydgyd{f{o joio~md |gbfkdjda xyfkx{o~o=#



?04\YF@EFK

'F' v gieox{d xd`vyjgxjf |ged{dmf ‘

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?1< \YF@EFK

ko xf xvrkyźo~obv gk bo~jf myd{dmf dr~yůjda ~eox{d* Dj{fyfxdyojbf idyoămg` {dbfeo'jfkgx{o{om dj{fyfxdyojbo2 v cjg`dc rfceboco bo~jgx{ bf `fjfyoejg jfrodj{f#yfxdyojo ro |d{ojbo xd`vyjgx{d* X{gò cjg`d |oyeocfj{oyhd xco{yobv ko xf jfdx|eo{d% v xcdxev yfdrigyo% |yg~gkd{d cjg`g ~yfcfjo jo |d{ojbdco xd`vyjgx{d*Roiydjv{gx{ ro xd`vyjgx{ mgbo {bfyo |oyeocfj{oyhf% mgbd xv% jo |ydcbfy ăeojg~dgio~bfů{objf mgcdxdbf% ko jf g{myd~obv |gko{mf

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?1?\YF@EFK

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?19 \YF@EFK

Romebvăom

Mog ů{g bf jo~fkfjg% v x~dc rfceboco jdxv dx{f veg`f {yd `yojf ~eox{d jo ky#źo~jgc jd~gv*

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?18\YF@EFK

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Ed{fyo{vyo

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?1; \YF@EFK

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?16\YF@EFK

Jfycdj [vyxdĀ

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?1> \YF@EFK

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V~gk

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?11 \YF@EFK

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?14\YF@EFK

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oed vr ădjbfjdhv ko kyźo~jd xv~fyfjd{f{ d koebf gx{obffmxmevrd~jg |yo~g kyźo~o ăeojdho* G{~oyojbfc |d{ojbo gx{~oyfjbo xv~fyfjd{f{okyźo~o vjv{oy F~yg|xmf vjdbf% jfg|agkjg bf joèoxd{d d {g% ko xf gjo {fcfebd joxoyokjbd xv~fyfjda kyźo~o* X~f xv gjf ăeojdhf Vbfkdjbfjda joygko* [omgğfy% bf#kdjg kyźo~f ăeojdhf |gxbfkvbv x|gxgijgx{ ko giedmvbv v`g~gyf jo mgbdco xf {f#cfebd F~yg|xmo vjdbo !kyźo~f ăeojdhf xf jord~obv x{yojf v`g~gyjdhf% `gx|gkoydv`g~gyo ded |om dryoźfjg jbfcoămgc {fycdjgeg`dbgc ‚Afyfj kf ^fy{yë`f―$*Xocdc {dc% d |yfjgx gkyfğfjda kyźo~jda g~eox{d jo f~yg|xmd jd~g jf rjoăd gkv#x{obojbf gk roa{bf~o |gbfkdjda kyźo~o ăeojdho ro ~eox{d{dc xv~fyfjd{f{gc% ~fĀ

jo|yg{d~% {g |yfkx{o~ebo gkyfğfjv x|yfcjgx{ jo gx{~oyd~ojbf xv~fyfjda |yo~ov xdx{fcv vkyvźfjda oxghdbohdbo* [dcf kyźo~f ăeojdhf gx{obv hfj{yoejf bfkdjdhfxdx{fco jo mgbd xf |yf|dxvbf ―kyźo~jd xv~fyfjd{f{–* Yorco{yobvĀd d ojoedrdyobvĀd

89 Ro ~důf djngycohdbo |gèfko{d2 Xobcgj Admx% \ged{dămd xdx{fc F~yg|xmf vjdbf% Ifg`yok%Xevźifjd èoxjdm% 9<<0*

88 Xa~o{ojbf F~yg|xmg` xvko |yo~kf |d{ojbf |yo~jg` xv~fyfjd{f{o FV v x{~oyojbv F~yg|xmg`fmgjgcxmg` |ygx{gyo% drjfxfj bf mygr Xevăob ?'4?% FFO D !?44?$% FHY ?#><04 d ?'49% FfoDD !?449$% FHY ?#919?% !…$ drboxjdg xf ‚ko |yfkegźfjd x|gyorvc g FFO v`ygrdg jfro~d#

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?40\YF@EFK

yorjf x{o~g~f v mgc|oyohdbd xo |gx{gbfĀdc kgcdjoj{jdc {fgydboco f~yg|#xmg` vkyvźd~ojbo% romebvăvbfcg% ko xoco !yojdbf x|gcfjv{o$ dr`yokjbo ‚xv# |yojohdgjoejda― djx{d{vhdbo jf |yfkx{o~ebo yor`yoğd~ojbf |gx{gbfĀda kyźo~jdax{yvm{vyo mog |yghfxo kfxv~fyfjdrohdbf* Jo|yg{d~% johdgjoejo ngycohdbo bf {omgbo bf {fcfebjo ro ef`d{dcd{f{ f~yg|xmda dj{f`yohdbo% o johdgjoejo kyźo~o bfgxjg~o ro {g* Coko% jf dxmebvăvbvĀd kgxokoůjbo dxmvx{~o mgbo xv vmoroeo jo |g{yfiv ro gkyfğfjgc oko|{ohdbgc johdgjoejf xv~fyfjgx{d v |yghfxv f~yg|#xmg` vkyvźd~ojbo* [om~v |yghfxvoejgx{% Coyòyf{ [ao{hafy bf ?406* `gkdjf%v ~ydbfcf fjèfxmg` yfnfyfjkvco g F~yg|d% g|dxoeo ydbfădco2 ―@g{g~g x~omd~fedmd joygk bf idg |ydxdebfj gk x{yojf |yd{dxomo |gxedbfyo{jg` x~dbf{o jo ‑io#rfj— rjoăobjda |gkyvăbo xv~fyfjd{f{o momg id xf x{~gyded vădjmg~d{dbf |ged{dămf bfkdjdhf*–8;

Mog |gxfioj omhfj{ g~om~dc xa~o{ojbdco F~yg|xmf vjdbf% jfrogideoroj bf |yfkcf{ Iyvjjfy !Kox Coox{yda{ Vy{fde$ Vx{o~jg` xvko Jbfcoămf% mgbd bfv jox{gbojbv ko gkyfkd |yo~jd moyom{fy F~yg|xmf vjdbf% kgjdg gkvmv v mgbgb boxjg x{gbd ko2 ―F~yg|xmo vjdbo bgů jf |yfkx{o~ebo xo~frjv kyźo~v*–86

V koebjbfc kdbfev xvkxmf gkevmf Vx{o~jd xvk bf |yfhdrdyog gid{fy kdh{vc gkyfkd~ůd F~yg|xmv vjdbv xo~frgc xv~fyfjda kyźo~o !X{oo{fj~fyivyj$%8> d {gydbfădco2

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Ko id bgů boxjdbf ideg gkyfğfjbf F~yg|xmf vjdbf% Vx{o~jd xvk bf v koebjbfc{fmx{v gkevmf |gboxjdg% ko2– V`g~gy g Vjdbd !…$ vx|gx{o~ebo xo~fr kyźo~o!X{oo{fj~fyivyj$ yokd gx{~oyd~ojbo x~f {bfůjbf vjdbf fvyg|xmda joygko !gyò#jdrg~ojda v kyźo~f$% o jf kyźo~v mgbo xf {fcfebd jo joygkv bfkjf fvyg|xmfkyźo~f*–81

8; B* A* A* Pfdefy% Aoy~oyk% Bfoj Cgjjf{ Pgymdj` \o|fy% CO <9?81 VXO% x{y* 0‘186 Agif% X{f|aoj% {af @fycoj x{o{f {af Coox{ydha{ Kfhdxdgj% 80 @fycoj T*I*Dj{ɻ e E*

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?41 \YF@EFK

[omgğfy% vx{~ykdg bf% ko jo gxjg~v x~g` g~eoů{fjbo ko iyojd gxjg~jo |yo~od |ydjhd|f kfcgmyo{dbf kfjdxojf ―Gxjg~jdc romgjgc–% dco jokefźjgx{% kocgźf |ygèoůo~o{d romgjf F~yg|xmf vjdbf ve{yo ~dyfx vmgedmg xv v xv|yg{jgx{dxo Gxjg~jdc romgjgc !v xoyokjbd xo F~yg|xmdc xvkgc |yo~kf$* Jo myobv%d jo|gcfjo% ―ko jfcoămd |oyeocfj{ rokyźo~o |yo~g |yfjgxo !|g~eoăfjbo$jokefźjgx{d êokf Jfcoămf jo gyòjf F~yg|xmf vjdbf*–84

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;? \gèfko{d2 Nyojh Jgbcoj% êoko~djo |yo~o% Ifg`yok% Nded| ^důjbdĀ% 9<<9*



?44\YF@EFK

bf F~yg|xmo vjdbo% id~obv |ydjvğfjf ko |gxyfkvbf drcfğv ‚xdef d yorvco% |gx#{gbojbo d jgycf*―

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9<< \YF@EFK

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bfkjo gk jobdx{omjv{dbda edăjgx{d cfğv igxojxmdc Xfnoykdco% o d`yog bf ~oźjv veg`v d v igxojxmgb mve{vyd g|Āfjd{g vrf~*Cgůf !Yonofeo$ O{dbox% |g{gjbd Rfmd#fnfjkdbo ygkdg xf vXoyobf~v `gkdjf ?1;6* v bfkjgb gk jobx{oydbda d job|grjo{dbda xfnoykxmda gid{febd x~gò ygk#jg` `yoko* V Xoyobf~v bf ro~yůdg yvźkdbv% bfkjv gk gjda xyfkjbda ůmgeo mgbf xv {vyxmf ~eox{dmgjhfc x~gbf ~eoko~djf g{~oyoef v rjoăobjdbdc `yokg~dco v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd mog d vHoyx{~v vg|Āf* G~f ůmgef xv idef g{~gyfjf ro x~f `yoğojf [vyxmf% ifr girdyo jo ~bfyxmv

|yd|okjgx{% oed xv da v|ymgx {gcf coeg |gaoğoed jfcvxedcojd* \gxedbf ro~yůfjf yvźkdbfceokd Cgůf O{dbox jox{o~ebo x~gbf ůmgeg~ojbf v Hoyd`yokv% `kbf văd yorjf bfrdmf* \g |g#

~yo{mv xo ůmgeg~ojbo dr Dx{ojiveo |yfvrdco kvźjgx{ jojhdbxmg` xo~bf{jdmo v {okoůjbgb^deobf{xmgb v|yo~d* \gxedbf Ifyedjxmg` mgj`yfxo% ?101* gkdjf% {g bfx{ jomgj vx|gx{o~ebojbojg~f ovx{ygvòyxmf okcdjdx{yohdbf% gj gx{obf jo dx{gb kvźjgx{d mgbv bf gio~ebog d yojdbf*[dbfmgc hdbfeg` x~g` źd~g{o% x~f x~gbf xegigkjg ~ydbfcf |yg~gkdg bf jo xomv|ebojbv d |yf#

|dxd~ojbv xfnoykxmda ygcojhd d |gxeg~dho* Vr {g bf Rfmd#fnfjkdbo idg d |bfxjdm mgbd bf x~gbf |bfxcf |dxog jo x~gc co{fyjbfc bfrdmv% {g bfx{ jo bf~yfbxmg#ů|ojbgexmgc* Jfmf gk jbda xvxf xoăv~oef d kg kojox*\gyfk {gò ů{g bf jo|dxog Adx{gydbv Bf~yfbo Igxjf% idg bf jfxfidăoj

|yfjgxdeoh adx{gydbf jo ceokf* Rfmd#fnfjkdbo bf vcyg v Xoyobf~v 9* xy|jbo ?4?>* `gkdjf*X~d edx{g~d mgbd xv dreorded v {g kgio v Xoyobf~v roidebfźded xv jbf`g~v xcy{% |g|yo{d~ůd bfx~gbdc |ydmordco*Jo x|gcfjdmv% bfkdjx{~fjgc jo x~dbf{v% xo jfmygeg`gc jo igxojxmgc%

afiyfbxmgc d {vyxmgc bfrdmv% x{gbd% xmygcjg% ko bf idg |yfkxbfkjdm Af~yo mokdůo*



9<1 \YF@EFK

yorjda yokg~o dr djgrfcx{~o% cgedcg x~v gx|gkv yoidjf% v|yo~d{febf xdjo`g#ò% |yfkxbfkjdmf g|Ādjo d v|yo~d{febf bf~yfbxmda ůmgeo v igxojxmdc `yokg~dcoko dr~gef |g{yoźd{d |djmoxf d kgmvcfj{f mgbd Āf xf cgĀd joĀd v ideg mom~gcx{ojbv% ko |ydmv|f |gko{mf d dx{djxmf kgmvcfj{f ko da v|v{f `gx|gkdjv CgůfvYonofev O{dboxv% momg id gj cgòg ro~yůd{d |gxog mgbd bf g{|găfg*

@gx|gkdj O{dbox% mgbd ~fĀ |gxbfkvbf bfkoj iygb kgmvcfjo{o d |grjobvĀd kg# iyg bfkoj kdg |g~dbfx{d% źfedg joc bf |gmoro{d gjg ů{g xox{o~ebo% o ů{g xcg cdv{~ykded ko bf gk ~fedmf ~oźjgx{d% |o xcg {omg gifĀoed ko Āfcg vxmgyg gk~gbd{d bfkjg cbfx{g v mgevcjoco Eo Oeigyokf ro ―Adx{gydbv igxojxmda Bf~yfbo–* Oed%ko idxcg rokg~gebded joůf ăd{o{febf o ko jf |yfmdkocg {g gibo~ebd~ojbf% kgiyg id ideg ko x~d gjd mgbd cg`v |gcgĀd |yd~gğfjbv myobv g~g` kbfeo% ko xf |gźv#yf ko joc kgx{o~f |djmoxf d kgmvcfj{f mgbf |gxbfkvbv ded ko jo|dův gjg ů{g

rjobv o ů{g xf {dăf g~g` |yfkcf{o* Momg xcg gio~dbfů{fjd% cjgò joůo iyoĀov vjv{yoůjbgx{d |gxbfkvbv rjoăobjf kgmvcfj{f% {omg ko xf jokocg ko ĀfcgcgĀd gibo~d{d bfkjg mgc|ef{jg kbfeg% d {g gk ~fedmf ~oźjgx{d* V ―Adx{gydbd– Āf id{d x|gcfjv{d x~d gjd mgbd ivkv |gxeoed kgmvcfj{f ded mgbd ivkv |dxoed g gjgců{g xf gkjgxd jo dr~bfxjf kdbfeg~f*―

G~ob yok bf% ifr dmom~f xvcjbf% {yoźdg cjg`g {yvko d jo|gyo% mog d cjg`gx{y|ebfjbo* Dr {g` yoregò Rfmmt fnfjkdbo bf moxjdg v |yfvrf{gb gio~frd% oed bfd|om vx|dg ko gibo~d |f{ jox{o~omo x~gbf ‚Adx{gydbf igxojxmda Bf~yfbo―* Ifrdmom~da giboůjbfjbo gibo~ebd~ojbf bf |yfmdjv{g d ăfmoeg xf joyfkjda kfxf{ `gkd#jo ko xf |gbo~d jg~d joxeg~ g adx{gydbd Bf~yfbo Igxjf* Roxevò ro {g |yd|oko ky*Cgydhv Ef~dbv8!8$ mgbd bf jo Ndegrgnxmgc nomve{f{v v Ifăv kgm{gydyog ?4<>*`gkdjf g {fcd ‚Xfnoykd v Igxjd―% o ?4??* `gkdjf d gibo~dg mog mjbd`v jo jbf#coămgc bfrdmv ―Xf|aoykdc dj Igxjdfj―* Jokyoidj Ef~d mgydx{dg xf v mjbdrd

8 Ky* Cgydh Ef~d !?101‘?4;9$ ygğfj bf v Xoyobf~v* V kbf{djbx{~v |gaoğog cfekoy !bf~yfb#xmv gxjg~jv ůmgev$% jox{o~dg ůmgeg~ojbf v ~důgb ůmged mgbo xf r~oeo ‚Eo oeoao―* \gyfk{gò ro~yůdg bf d `dcjordbv* [fgegůmd nomve{f{ ro~yůdg bf v Ifăv% o dx{g~yfcfjg bf x{vkdyogjo Ndegrgnxmgc nomve{f{v v Ifăv% jo mgbfc bf kgm{gydyog ?4<>* `gkdjf g {fcd ‚Xfnoykd v

Igxjd―* \gxedbf ro~yůfjg` x{vkdyojbo ~yoĀo xf v Xoyobf~g jo cbfx{g yoidjo* Ky* Cgydh Ef~d idg bf |y~d omokfcxmd kd|egcdyojd d gx|gxgiebfjd yoidj v Xoyobf~v* fĀ ?4?>* `gkdjf Xf#noykxmo g|ů{djo ò droiyoeo ro jokyoidjo*\gyfk kvźjgx{d yoidjo d jokyoidjo% ky* Cgydh Ef~d

bf idg d x{oejd |ygnfxgy ~bfygjovmf v xoyobf~xmdc `dcjordboco d kyv`dc xyfkjbdc ůmgeoco*Ŭmgexmf ?491'?494* `gkdjf g{~gyfj bf Xyfkjbd {fgegůmd xfcdjoy v Xoyobf~v* Ro yfm{gyoxfcdjoyo dcfjg~oj bf ky* Cgydh Ef~d% xoyobf~xmd jokyoidj* Jbf`g~ jovăjd yok bf idg gyd#`djoeoj* Gibo~dg bf jfmgedmg x{vkdbo2 ―Ko~dk \oykg―= ―Nyo`cfj{d dr źd~g{o Xfnoyoko―2 Yo~Kojgj d Yvźkd#|oůo―% job~yfkjdbf cv bf kbfeg mjbdò ‚Xf|aoykdc dj Igxjdfj―* Jfmgedmgkojo |gxedbf veoxmo Jdbfcoho d vx{oůo v Xoyobf~g ?4;?* `gkdjf ky* Cgydh Ef~d bf va~oĀfjd gk~fkfj v @yoh !Ovx{ydbo$* \grjo{g bf ko bf |gxedbf {gò idg v mgjhfj{yohdgjgc eg`gyv

Boxfjg~oh% `kbf d ro~yůdg x~gb źd~g{*



9<4\YF@EFK

~fĀ dx{yoźfjgc `yoğgc mgbv bf xomv|dg d giyokdg Rfmmt fnfjkdbo% oed bgb bf kogxfnoykxmd xcdxog d rogmyvźdg bf jo gxcojxmd |fydgk* Rig` |yfèfkjgx{d yoko djbf`g~g` rjoăobo ro koebf dx{yoźd~ojbf adx{gydbf Bf~yfbo Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf%xco{yoc ko bf jfg|agkjg% jo g~gc cbfx{v% gibo~d{d d idiedg`yobv joxeg~o drx|gcfjv{f mjbd`f2

Xfnoykd v Igxjd=

Kgxfebo~ojbf Ŭ|ojbgeo v Igxjv% Xdbo~vů |oůo X{oydbd% xoyobf~xmd bf~yfbxmd`f{g=

X{oydbd afiyfbxmd dr~gyd g ųdkg~dco v Xoyobf~v= Xocvfe Ioyva d ky*=

Jfacdbo Adbo Aobgj d aoaoc Hf~d Oůfmfjord=

X|dxom x{oydbda źdkg~xmda |gygkdho v Xoyobf~v% g|Ādjxmd x{o{v{d dr ?08?* `g#kdjf=

X{oyg ůmgex{~g% bfůd~o% yoidjd Ko~dk \oykg d ky*=

G jgůjbd Ŭ|ojbgeo v Igxjd=

Kyvò |gyfxmo ko~ojbo mgbo xv dcoeo jord~ mgcgyo% dr~gkd dr yoăvjo dr\djmoxo ro ?181* `gkdjv=

G |gxfijdc romgjdco% roiyojo jgůfjbo gkyfğfjf gkbfĀf% boaojbo% |gxbf{fmv|o{dedco d ky*=

Yvźkd d fkźad |oůo=

@yoğojxmg#|yo~jd |gegźob ųdkg~o= bf~yfbxmg xvkx{~g= hoyxmd kfmyf{ !ifyo{$g dcfjg~ojbv Cgůf \fyfyf ro aoaoc#ioův Igxjf=

G dr~grv% v~grv d cbfx{dco {y`g~ojbo xoyobf~xmda ųdkg~o% g edbfmg~dco%x|dxom jord~o kygò bfkjf igxojxmf o|g{fmf= |gxebfkjbf kfhfjdbf gmv|ohdbf%Dxom fnfjkd Xoegc% Aokźd Egbg= ųdkg~xmo ăf{~y{ = v`g~gyd d |yghfxd v `f{v% |y~dhoyxmd nfycoj g |d{ojbv jobocjdjf% |gyo~jojbf xo rox{v|jdmgc ~omvno Xvefb#

coj#o`gc xdjgc Oikveoao= kyv`d hoyxmd nfycoj g f{v= G yokjbd ayoco% |y~dhoyxmd nfycoj g |gkdrojbv bfkjg` ayoco v Xoyobf~v% mgcdxdbf d joeord ůfydbo{#xmg` xvko v {gb x{~oyd= hoyxmd nfycoj dr ?49?*`gkdjf*

G~o ed{fyo{vyo bf% cfğv{dc% ideo kgx{v|jo cojbfc iygbv dj{fefm{voeoho% oed bf moxjdbf |yf~fkfjo d gibo~ebd~ojo v jox{o~hdco jo x{yojdhoco ‚ųdkg~xmf x~d# bfx{d― |gk joxeg~gc ―Xfnoykd v Igxjd―% |důf ky* Cgydh Ef~d 0* cobo ?49<% iy*09% x{y* 9 d 8*;

; ųdkg~xmo x~dbfx{ !?4?4‘?49;$* \g x~gbgb xocgb gydbfj{ohdbd ųdkg~xmo x~dbfx{ {yfioeo bf ko

ivkf v nvjmhdbd hdgjdx{dămg` |gmyf{o v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd gkjgxjg ―ųdkg~xmg` johdgjoe#



9?< \YF@EFK

V X|gcfjdhd g |ygxeo~d {ydkfxf{g`gkdůjbdhf bf~yfbxmg` mve{vyjg#|ygx~bf{#jg` kyvů{~o ‚Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbf― dr ?49;* `gkdjf |ygjoeordcg jg~f {fmx{g~fmgbd |ygůdyvbv xorjojbo g kgeoxmv Bf~yfbo v Igxjv d jbdag~gc x{o{vxv ![da* Y*Ĝgyğf~dĀ% êokdxeo~ XmoydĀ% O~yoc Oeo{oyoh% ky* Dxom Dryofe% ky* O{dbox% Bomg~Cofx{yg$*6

V dx{g ~ydbfcf v Ro`yfiv v gm~dyv idiedg{fmf ―Fx|fyojro― |gbo~ebvbv xf {fm #x{g~d X* Mocadbo Xfnoykd d xfnoykxmd |gmyf{ d B* O* Mobgjo Xfnoykd kg kojox*

V ^yůhv bf |găfg ?496* `gkdjf ko dreord Bf~yfbxmd oecojoa mgbd bf jo x~g# bdc x{yojdhoco kgjgxdg d ~fgco rojdcebd~f |ydeg`f mgbd xv ided ~frojd ro adx{g#ydbv Bf~yfbo Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf>* Rojdcebd~g bf ro adx{gydăoyf d x{o{dx{dăoyf d |ydeg` X{o{dx{dmo Bf~yfbx{~o v Myoebf~djd XAX*

Eo~gxeo~ Ŭdm ?496* g~gydg bf g ―|g{yfid |g~bfxjdhf Bf~yfbo v Bv`gxeo~dbd–0

%oed bf% joźoegx{% x~f gx{oeg xocg v nord jovăjg` yorco{yojbo g |g{yfioco |d#xojbo adx{gydbf Bf~yfbo jo Ioemojv* Eo~gxeo~ @efxdj`fy bf {fm xmygcjg roźfedg―ko xf bfkjgc |găjv xdx{fco{xmd dx{yoźd~o{d oyad~d joůda x{oyda yokg~o d id~ůdaźv|ojdbo x girdygc jo |g~dbfx{ Bf~yfbo v joůdc myobf~dco–*

jg` kyvů{~o―* X~gbdc |dxojbfc v|yo~o edx{o jox{gboeo bf ko gx{ojf x{ydm{jg jo g~gc |yo~hv%dr~bfů{o~obvĀd g x~fcv ů{g xf kfůo~o v bf~yfbxmgc x~dbf{v d \oefx{djd% o ů{g bf vxmg ideg

|g~frojg xo hdgjdx{dămdc |gmyf{gc* Ifr girdyo jo x~gbv vxmv hdgjdx{dămv gydbfj{ohdbv ųd#kg~xmo x~dbfx{ bf jox{gboeo momg ko ivkf om{vfejo% {omg d ko xoăv~o kbfedĀf adx{gydbf Bf~yfboIgxjf* ^dkd2 Fed [ovify% Bf~yfbxmo ů{oc|o v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd*

6 [da* Y* Ĝgyğf~dĀ% Bf~yfbd Ioemojxmg` |gevgx{y~o= ky* C* Ef~d% Nyo`cfj{d dr źd~g{o Xfnoyo#ko= êokdxeo~ XmoydĀ% Dr |ygůegx{d xoyobf~xmda Bf~yfbo= O~yoc Oeo{oyoh% ųfjdkifjd gidăobdigxojxmda Xfnoyoko= ky* Dxom Dryofe% Jfů{g dr joygkjf cfkdhdjf Bf~yfbo v Igxjd= ky* O{dbox%Ŭ{dcvjrd dr igxojxmda xdjo`gò= ky* Moecjd Ioyva% Bfrdm xfnoykxmda Bf~yfbo= Bomg~ Cof#x{yg% Joů x{oyd ‚cfekoy―

> Bf~yfbxmd oecojoa ro gkdjv 6>1> !?496‘?49>$% drkojbf Xo~fro yoidjo Myoebf~djf XAX* G |g{yfid |g~bfxjdhf Bf~yfbo v Bv`gxeo~dbd jo|dxog ky* Eo~gxeo~ Ŭdm= Ko~dk \oykg% xoyobf~xmd

aoaoc% jo|dxog ky* C* Ef~t*0 Ky* Eo~gxeo~ Ŭdm% gk~bf{jdm% |viedhdx{% hdgjdx{dămd om{d~dx{% mgefmhdgjoy d ~eoxjdm bfkdjx{~f#

jf idiedg{fmf ‚Bvkodhf d afiyodhf―% vidbfj ?4;9* `gkdjf v Boxfjg~hv* V x~gc ăeojmv v bf~yfbxmgc oecojoav G |g{yfid |g~bfxjdhf Bf~yfbo v Bv`gxeo~dbd dx{dăf2 ―\g~dbfx{ ųdkg~ov Bv`gxeo~dbd jdbf jd|gů{g cojbf rjocfjd{o gk gjf v Ifăv d Fjèfxmgb% v Aocivy`v d vOcx{fykocv* Jv kgm g gjdco rjokf d văv x~omg bf~yfbxmg kdbf{f v ům|ged o ~gkd d {f momgf~dkfjhdbv jovăjd x~dbf{% g joůgb |g~dbfx{d% jf rjo jdmg jdů{o !…$% ro{g bf joůo kvźjgx{ko dr`yoğvbfcg d |g~dbfx{ Bv`gxeo~dbf d {g cd% ioů |g~dbfx{ Bf~yfbo v Bv`gxeo~dbd% mog jbfj~fedmd d ~oźjd kdg* [mg cgźf |fygc o x~omd x~gbdc kg|ydjgxgc% ko kocgceokfźd ‘ d {g jfxocg bf~yfbxmgb ‘ |ydedmf% ko xf io~d x{vkdbgc dx{găjda jovmo d dr~gyo joůf adx{gydbf% bfk#

jgc ydbfăbv% ko gxjvbfcg vx{ojg~v ro |g~dbfx{ Bf~yfbo v Bv`gxeo~dbd/―



9??\YF@EFK

Rjoăoboj kg|ydjgx adx{gydbd Bf~yfbo Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf kog bf Bgybg [o#kdĀ1 v x~gbgb mjbdrd― Bf~yfbd v Kviyg~jdmv kg |geg~djf Q^DD x{gebfĀo― mgbv bfv Xoyobf~v ?480* `gkdjf drkoeg bf~yfbxmg mve{vyjg#|ygx~bf{jg d avcojd{oyjgkyvů{~g ‚Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbo―4*

@gkdůjbom ‚\ygx~f{f― d ‚Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbf― dr ?488* `gkdjf gidebfźdg bf bfkoj |fydgk igò{f kyvů{~fjf om{d~jgx{d d yor~gbo bf~yfbxmg` mve{vyjg`% |yg#x~bf{jg` d avcojd{oyjg` kbfeg~ojbo v Ifg`yokv% Xoyobf~v d Igxjd d Afyhf`g#~djd% oed d ůdyf* \g xokyźobv ~fgco gidcoj d yorjg~yx{oj |yvźo bfkjv ůdyv xedmvg Bf~yfbdco Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf*?<

1 Bgybg [okdĀ !?144‘?4>4$* [okdĀ bf x{vkdyog jo x~fvădedů{dco v Ro`yfiv% Ifg`yokv% \yo`v%Efd|rd`v d Ifyedjv* ?48>* |gx{og bf kghfj{ jo X~fvădedů{v v Ro`yfiv% o ?4;<* djx{yvm{gy vGkxbfmv ro egrgbv jo X~fvădedů{v v Ifg`yokv* ?4>1* d ?4>4* idg bf ůfn |g~dbfx{d gkbfeoegrgbf d ~gkd{feb gkbfeo ro g|Āf cgkfyjf |g~dbfx{d jo X~fvădedů{v v Ifg`yokv d kdyfm{gy \g~dbfxjg` djx{d{v{o v {gc yokv* [okdĀf~d eo~jd xv yokg~d g |g~dbfx{d Cfkd{fyojo v gk ?6*kg ?0* x{gebfĀo* Idg bf x{oejd ăeoj Xy|xmf omokfcdbf rjojgx{d d vcbf{jgx{d !?464= kg|dxjdăeoj% ?4;<$* Jbf`g~o kbfeo g Bf~yfbdco% omg xf v|gyfkf xo gx{oedco% |gmorvbv ko bf [okdĀx~gbf adx{gydg`yonxmg xorjojbf źfedg ko |g{~ykd dx{yoźd~ojbfc bgů bfkjf moydmf mgbo bf xedă#jo kviyg~oămgb% bfkdjg v x~gc myobjbfc kgcf{v2 v x~gc xdx{fcv ~fro mgbf xv x|oboef cf#kd{fyojxmd x~dbf{* X~gbdc kbfegc Bf~yfbd v Kviyg~jdmv kg |geg~djf Q^DD x{gebfĀo d x~gbdc

x{vkdboco% gxgid{g Dr adx{gydbf Bf~yfbo v bv`gdx{găjgb F~yg|d d Kg|ydjgx Bf~yfbo {y`g~djd x koeco{djxmdc |ydcgybfc v Q^D d Q^DD x{gebfĀv% [okdĀ bf giva~o{dg jfmgedmg rjoăobjdagieox{d dr adx{gydbf Bf~yfbo2 jbdag~v {y`g~oămv kbfeo{jgx{% |gxyfkjdămv veg`v v {y`g~djd joCfkd{fyojv% jbdag~ kyvů{~fjd |gegźob d xox{o~ d% jobrok% jbdag~ rjoăob ro Kviyg~jdm% Koe #cohdbv d ůdyf ioemojxmg roefğf*

4 Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbo% bf~yfbxmo avcojd{oyjo d kgiyg{~gyjo gyòjdrohdbo% gxjg~ojo bf v Xo#yobf~v ?149* `gkdjf% mog kyvů{~g xoyobf~xmda Bf~yfbo xo ădx{g avcojd{oyjg#moyd{o{d~jdchdebfc* fĀ ?141* `gkdjf Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbo jo|vů{o x~gb egmoejd kbfegmyv` d |ygůdyvbf ò jox~f xfnoykxmf Bf~yfbf jfmokoůjbf Igxjf% |yfvrdcobvĀd gio~frv ko% gxdc cdegx{djbf% |g{|g#coźf ğomf d ůf`y{f* Gk {g` ~yfcfjo Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbo dr`yoğvbf x~gb kyvů{~fjd yok xocg v

gm~dyv g~g` jg~g` roko{mo% ădbd bf yfrve{o{ idg bfkjo jg~o `fjfyohdbo dj{fefm{voeoho* Jg~fůmgeg~ojf fjfyohdbf xv% vr |gcgĀ Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbf% moxjdbf rjoădef cjg`g ro johdgjoejdd kyvů{~fjd jo|yfkom bf~yfbxmf robfkjdhf v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd* X~fx{yojgx{ g~om~g` kbf#eg~ojbo |ygdreordeo bf dr ădjbfjdhf ko xv xf gmg Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbf gmv|eboed bo~jd d mve{vyjdyokjdhd* ^dkd2 Fed [ovify% Devx{yg~ojd efmxdmgj bvkodrco*

?< @gkdůjbom Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbf !Xoyobf~g% ?488$ kgjgxd jdr ~ydbfkjda jo|dxo ro adx{gydbv igxojxmda Bf~yfbo2 Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbo !^* Mobgj$= \yorjg~bfybf mgk xfnoykxmda Bf~yfbo !B*Cofx{yg$= Vkdg bv`gxeg~fjxmda bf~yfbo v dr`yokjbd kvag~jf mve{vyf !\* Efie Oeioeo$= G

Bf~yfbdco v igxojxmgb |yg~djhdbd !I *\dj{g$= @o~ydbfe @ogj !D* Xocgmg~edbo$= Bf~yfbd v bv`gxeg~fjxmgb ed{fyo{vyd !F* Ef~d$= Ŭ|ojxmf ygcojxf igxojxmda Xfnoyoko !M* Ioyva$= [yd

xfnoykxmf ygcojxf !I* Bvj`dĀ$*



9?9 \YF@EFK

Bf~yfbxmo ů{oc|o

Gjg ů{g jdbf ro|dxojg v bfkjgb adx{gydbxmgb mjbdrd% mgbo id x~fgiva~o{jg |ydmoro#eo adx{gydbv Bf~yfbo v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd% cg`vĀf bf g{myd{d v bf~yfbxmgb ů{oc|d

mgbo bf dreordeo v Xoyobf~v v |fydgkv drcfğv k~o x~bf{xmo yo{o* ųdkg~xmo x~dbfx{% Joygkjo źdkg~xmo x~dbfx{% Bf~yfbxmd źd~g{ d Bf~yfbxmd èox g{~gyded xv x~gbf x{yo#jdhf |dxhdco d jovăjdhdco% oed d x~dco mgbd xv ro {g dcoed x|gxgijgx{d ko gibo~fx~gbf yokg~f d {omg ro ivkvĀf dx{yoźd~oăf xoăv~obv ~ydbfkjf |gko{mf% ifr mgbdakojox jf id ideg cg`vĀf jo|dxo{d adx{gydbv Bf~yfbo Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf*??

\gxedbfyo{jg yorkgiebf x{~oyo xox~dc jg~v xd{vohdbv* V xoyobf~xmgb Bf~yfbxmgbg|ů{djd v~dğobv mgedmg bf ~oźjg ko xf mgjoăjg dx{yoźd d jo|důf adx{gydbo Bf~yf# bo Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf* Jo ăfev g~f djdhdbo{d~f x{obog bf ky* Xocvfe \dj{g?9%mgbd xf gkcoa jomgj Kyv`g` x~bf{xmg` yo{o |găfg kg|dxd~o{d xo bf~yfbxmdcdj{fefm{voehdco ůdygc Bv`gxeo~dbf ‚g |g{yfid |dxojbo adx{gydbf Bf~yfbo Igxjf dAfyhf`g~djf―?8* V hdebv gridebjg` dx{yoźd~ojbo d |ydmv|ebojbo `yoğf% |yf~gğfjbokgmvcfjo{o xo x{oyg{vyxmg` ngycdyojo bf |yd Bf~yfbxmgb g|ů{djd v Xoyobf~v ăom d yokjo `yv|o v mgbgb xv ided ~yavjxmd dj{fefm{voehd d adx{gydăoyd% j|y* AockdboMyfůf~ebomg~dĀ*

?? ųdkg~xmo x~dbfx{% Joygkjo źdkg~xmo x~dbfx{% Bf~yfbxmd źd~g{ d Bf~yfbxmd èox jvkf |ydmorfmgbd bfkjdc x~gbdc kdbfegc rodx{o |yfkx{o~ebobv adx{gydg`yonxmv `yoğv ro |dxojbf adx{gydbfBf~yfbo Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf* F~g jfmgedmg |ydcbfyo2 ųdkg~xmo x~dbfx{ ‘ ųdkg~xmd |ygef{o#

ydbo{ d hdbgjdroc= ųdkg~xmo joygkjo |ged{dmo d Bv`gxeo~dbo= Giyorg~ojbf xoyobf~xmg` yok# xmg` rox{v|x{~o d ųdkg~d= QDDD @eo~jo xmv|ů{djo% ―Eo Ifjf~gefjhdo= ųdkg~xmo joygkjo |ged{dmo d johdgjoejg gy ojdrg~ojbf ųdkg~o v myoebf~x{~v XAX = Xfnoykd v Igxjd= \ygcbfjo r~ojbo ųdkg~o v Bv`gxeo~dbd% Joygkjo źdkg~xmo x~dbfx{% |ygxeo~o {ydkfxf{f `gkdůjbdhf %*EoIfjf~gefjhdbf–= Bf~yfbxmo ů{oc|o= X{o{dx{dmo Bf~yfbo v Xoyobf~v= Bf~yfbd jo xeo~fjxmgc

bv`v= ąf{~y{ x{gebfĀo ‚Edyf— = DDD Mgj`yfx Bf~yfbxmda ~fygdx|g~fkjda g|Ādjo Myoebf~djf XA% Bf~yfbxmd źd~g{% ‚Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbo― d bf~yfbxmg yokjdů{~g= X|gcfjdho ‚Eo Ifjf~gefjhdbf=Gceokdjxmg vkyvźfjbf ‚Kf`fe Bfavko– v [yo~jdmv= Jfmgedmg |gbo~o ef|f mjbdźf~jgx{d mgk Xfnoyko= Yok afiyfbxmf ůmgef ‚Xono Ifyvyo–= Bf~yfbd v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd= Mevi xoyo#

bf~xmda Bf~yfbo ‚Vjdgj–% Bf~yfbxmd èox% |ygx~bf{jg#mve{vyjd yok %%Eo @egydbf–= Xoyobf~xmd

Bf~yfbd v `gkdjd ?1;;*= G|Ād |gèfk jo mve{vyjf |ydedmf joůf xfnoykxmf robfkjdhf= G vx{o#jg~oco cfğv Bf~yfbdco v Xoyobf~v d jbdag~gc yokv= Igxojxmd Xfnoykd= Igxojxmd Xfnoykd vxy|xmgb ed{fyo{vyd% Bfrdm d vcg{~gydjf xfnoykxmda Bf~yfbo* dkd2 Fed [ovify2 Bf~yfbxmo ů{oc|ov Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd*

?9 Ky* Xocvfe \dj{g bf kg Kyv`g` x~bf{xmg` yo{o idg |yfkxbfkjdm Xfnoykxmf ig`gů{g~jf g| #ů{djf% o |gxedbf yo{o bfkdjd gk dx{yoźd~oăo agegmovx{o v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd mgbd bf giyokdg`yoğv dr ro|dxjdmo rfcoebxmf mgcdxdbf ro Igxjv d Afyhf`g~djv% o mgbo xf gkjgxdeo jox{yokojbf Bf~yfbo*

?8 V Bf~yfbxmgc adx{gydbxmgc cvrfbv v Ifg`yokv |gx{gbd |yf|dxmo ky* Xocvfeo \dj{f xo~yavjxmdc bf~yfbxmdc dj{fefm{voehdco xo |ygx{gyo XNYB g |g{yfid |dxojbo adx{gydbf Bf~yfbo

Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf*



9?8\YF@EFK

V dx{g ~ydbfcf v Ifg`yokv bf gxjg~oj Bf~yfbxmd adx{gydbxmd cvrfb xo jocbf#ygc ko gibfkdjd d xoăv~o adx{gydbxmv `yoğv dr bf~yfbxmf |g~dbfx{d d f`rdx{fjhdbfjo |gkyvăbv id~ůf Bv`gxeo~dbf* Gmg Cvrfbo xf gmv|dg |ydedăoj iygb dx{yoźd~oăo%{f bf |gmyfjv{o rjoăobjo dx{yoźd~oămo kbfeo{jgx{% oed jdmoko xf jdxv |gbo~dedx{yvăjbohd ădbd id bfkdjd dDd ioyfc èo~jd dj{fyfx ideo adx{gydbo Bf~yfbo*

Xocg xv jfmd adx{gydăoyd% mog @yò Jg~om% Bgybg [okdĀ% XDo~mg @o~ydeg~dĀ%Kvůmg Mfămfcf{% Cdygxeo~o Kfx|g{#Iedx% Ifyjoyk X{veed% dxmoroed ~fĀd dj{fyfxro bf~yfbxmf {fcf*?; ^yeg bf moyom{fydx{dăjg ko bf jobrjoăobjdbd kg|ydjgx |g~d# bfx{d agegmovx{o v xghdboedx{dămgb Bv`gxeo~dbd jo|dxog ky* Boůo Ygcojg% ăg~bfm mgbd jdbf idg |ygnfxdgjoejd adx{gydăoy* ^fĀdjo dx{yoźd~oăo v x~gbdc dx{yoźd~o#jbdco |yf{fźjg xf io~deo Bf~yfbdco Xyidbf d ^gb~gkdjf d jfů{g ~důf Igxjgc*Yoreg` {gcf bf idg d ů{g bf ~fĀd kdg dx{yoźd~oăo źd~dg d yokdg v Ifg`yokv*

Xojvfe \dj{g% Regădjd gmv|o{gyo d jbdag~da |gcoòăo dr~yůfjd jok Bf~yf# bdco v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd% Xoyobf~g% ?469 !jfgibo~ebfj yvmg|dx$* G~ob co#{fydboe |yd|yfcebfj bf ro Rfcoebxmv mgcdxdbv ro dx{yoźd~ojbf regădjo v Igxjd dAfyhf`g~djd g mgydů{fj bf v job~fĀfc kdbfev* Ky* Xocvfe \dj{g vădjdg bf drvrf#{oj jo|gy ko |yg~bfyd x~f ro|dxjdmf Rfcoebxmf mgcdxdbf ro Igxjv d Afyhf`g#~djv d ko dr jbda drk~gbd x~f ů{g xf gkjgxdeg jo Bf~yfbf IdA* \gyfk {gò% gj bfyf~dkdyog ~fĀ |gx{gbfĀf x|dxmg~f x{yokoeda% grjoăd~ůd `kbf xv x{yokoed ded ko xv |yfźd~bfed% |o da bf iydxog xo gyd`djoejg` x|dxmo*

Dx{f gkdjf !?469$ Xo~fr bf~yfbxmda g|ů{djo Bv`gxeo~dbf drkobf mjbd`v Regăd#jd gmv|o{gyo d jbdag~da |gcoòăo |yg{d~ Bf~yfbo v Bv`gxeo~dbd mog vx|gcfjvjo ><*<<< x{yokoeda Bf~yfbo mgbd xv x{yokoed mog źy{~f noůdrco ded mog igyhd |yg{d~ noůdrco v Bv`gxeo~dbd v Kyv`gc x~bf{xmgc yo{v* Mjbdò bf |gkdbfebfjojo ůfx{ kdbfeg~o !yf|viedmo$% o kyv`d kdg v mjbdrd |gx~fĀfj bf Jfro~dxjgb kyźo~dAy~o{xmgb% gkjgxjg d x{yokojbv Bf~yfbo Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf*

Bf~yfbxmd |yfèfk * Gk ?469* `gkdjf v Ifg`yokv |găfg bf ko dreord Bf~yfbxmd |yfèfk% o drko~oă bf idg Xo~fr bf~yfbxmda g|ů{djo Bv`gxeo~dbf* G~ob k~gcbf#xfăjd ăoxg|dx dreordg bf x~f kg ?449* `gkdjf moko xf r~ojdăjg yox|oko XNYB%o {dcf XBGB* X{yojdhf Bf~yfbxmg` |yfèfko ~y~f gk cfcgoyxmda% oed d {fmx{g~o% |ydăo d yf|gy{oźo mgbf xf cg`v xco{yo{d adx{gydbxmdc% o mgbf |yfkx{o~ebobv jf# |yfxvůjd dr~gy `yoğf g Bf~yfbdco Bv`gxeo~dbf d Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf*

Ide{fj ABGB ‘ ide{fj Ad{oakv{ gefb Bv`gxeo~dbo ‘ dreordg bf v Dryofev d |yfk#x{o~ebog bf jf xocg x|gjv drcfğv Bf~yfbo Bv`gxeo~dbf% ~fĀ dx{g {omg d cbfx{gv mgbfc xv x~gbo xbfĀojbo jo Bf~yfbf Bv`gxeo~dbf% jbdag~v adx{gydbv d rjoăob

?; G {gcf bf ~důf |dxog d feoigydyog ky* D~g @gekx{fdj*^dkd2 Yokg~d% Ro~gk ro ay~o{xmv |g~d#

bfx{% ~ge* 8;‘8>% 9<<;* D~g @gekx{fdj2 Adx{gydg`yobo g ųdkg~dco v Ay~o{xmgb*



9?; \YF@EFK

gibo~ebd~oed Bf~yfbd mgbd xv xf dxfeded jfmok v \oefx{djv% o moxjdbf gk ?4;1‘?46?*`gkdjf v Dryofe*

X|gcfjdho g ;<< `gkdjo kgeoxmo Bf~yfbo v Igxjv d Afyhf`g~djv jobrjo#

ăobjdbo bf adx{gydbxmo mjbdò g Bf~yfbdco Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf% |gxedbf mjbd`fky* Cgydho Ef~dbo* Dx{djo% gjo |g xokyźdjd jdbf |g{|vjg jovăjo% jd v x~fcv drv#rf{jg |yfhdrjo d x~fgiva~o{jo% oed g~o x|gcfjdho roa~o{o bfkoj |fydgk mgbd vxfid jo rjoăoboj joădj vmebvăvbf d x{yokojbf Bf~yfbo Igxjf d Afyhf`g~djf*?6

\g~gkgc gidebfźo~ojbo |fkfxf{ `gkdjo Xo~fro bf~yfbxmda g|ů{djo Bv`gxeo#~dbf ů{oc|ojo bf X|gcfjdho ?4?4‘?4>4*?>

Bf~yfbxmd oecojoa bf gk ?46;* `gkdjf drko~og Xo~fr bf~yfbxmda g|ů{djo Bv#`gxeo~dbf* Oecojoa bf ideo |y~o fkdhdbo Bf~yfbo Bv`gxeo~dbf mgbo bf kgjgxdeo

jo x~gbdc x{yojdhoco jovăjf yokg~f% cfcgoyxmv `yoğv dr bvkodmf% oed d dradx{gydbf Bf~yfbo XNYB* [g bf idg vx|bfůjd |gmvůob ko xf |gmyfjf bf~yfbxmd dj{f#efm{voejd x~dbf{ Bv`gxeo~dbf !gjg ů{g bf gk jbfò |yfgx{oeg jomgj agegmovx{o$%ko |găjv ko xf io~f ~důf xocd xgigc% ko dx{yoźvbv% ko xf |ydxbf{f* Yfkg~jg bf Oecojoa dreordg gk ?46;* kg ?40<* `gkdjf* Moxjdbf bf droůog Oecojoa ?44>*`gkdjf !domg xf XNYB ~fĀ ko~jg yox|oeo$% mgbd bf giva~o{dg gibo~ebfjf yokg~fgk ?40?*`gkdjf* \gxebfkjbd Bf~yfbxmd oecojoa rjoăoboj bf bfy v xfid xokyźdx~v idiedg`yobv joxeg~o mgbd xv gibo~ebd~ojd gk |găf{mo dreoxmo g~f rjoăobjffkdhdbf ‘ Bf~yfbxmd oecojoa xokyźd d Aygjgeg`dbv ~oźjdbda kgòğobo dr źd~g{o

bf~yfbxmf robfkjdhf Bv`gxeo~dbf ?4;6‘?44<* \gyfk {gò% gj xokyźd d idiedg`yo#bv x~da jo`yoğfjda d g{mv|ebfjda yokg~o v |fydgkv ?466‘?446* `gkdjf*?0

?6 \g~gkgc gidebfźo~ojbo ;<< `gkdjo gk kgeoxmo Bf~yfbo v Igxjv d Afyhf`g~djv |viedmg~o#jo bf X|gcfjdho mgbo bf |y~d |v{ xoiyoeo cjg`f adx{gydbxmf d jovăjf ăeojmf dr adx{gydbf Bf#~yfbo IdA% mog d dj{fyfxoj{jv d rjoăobjv cfcgoyxmv `yoğv ro |ygvăo~ojbf adx{gydbf Bf~yfboIgxjf d Afyhf`g~djf* Gk jovăjda yokg~o |gxfijv |oźjbv rovrdcobv yokg~d ‘ Oedbo Ifb{dĀ2

Bf~yfbxmf jox{ocif v Xoyobf~v= Bgybg [okdĀ= Kg|ydjgx Bf~yfbo {y`g~djd x koeco{djxmdc |yd#cgybfc v Q^D d Q^DMD ~fmv= O* XvĀfxmo2 \gegźob Bf~yfbo v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd ro ~ydbfcf[vyomo= [gkgy Myvůf~oh2 Kyvů{~fjf |ygcbfjf mgk igxojxmda Bf~yfbo ro ovx{ydbxmg` ~yf#

cfjo= Xocvfe Mocad2 Bfrdm% |bfxcf d |gxeg~dhf igxojxmg#afyhf`g~oămda Xfnoyko= BvedbfAoaocg~dĀ2 Oůmfjord v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd=

?> X|gcfjdho ?4?4‘?4>4% Ifg`yok% ?4>4* Dr om{d~jgx{d Xo~fro bf~yfbxmda g|ů{djo Bv`gxeo#~dbf rjoăoboj kdg xf gkjgxd jo Bf~yfbxmv robfkjdhv v Igxjd d Afyhf`g~djd d Xoyobf~v xo

|gxfijdc gx~y{gc jo gxjd~ojbf Xyfkjbf` {fgegůmg` ro~gko v Xoyobf~v d jo kgòğojbo v |fydgkv Kyv`g` x~bf{xmg` yo{o*

?0 Xo~fr bf~yfbxmda g|ů{djo Bv`gxeo~dbf% gkjgxjg yfkomhdbo Bf~yfbxmg` oeocojoao bf v |fydg#kv gk ?466* kg ?40<* gkdjf |ydcdeo vmv|jg 6?1 yokg~o% gk mgbda xv 09 ideo jovăjo yoko% o;8; yokg~o ideg bf dr mjbdźf~jgx{d dr gieox{d edmg~jda vcbf{jgx{d ; yoko% o dr gieox{d cvrdmf1 yokg~o* V |fydgkv gk ?40?* kg ?446* `gkdjf |ydcebfjg bf 806 yokg~o gk mgbda xv ??4

jovăjd yokg~d% 9<9 dr mjbdźf~jd |ydegrd d 6; dr cfcgoyxmf `yoğf* Jo|gcfjo2 ?449* d ?44;*



9?6\YF@EFK

Rjoăobjd |gkx{dhob ro dx{yoźd~ojbf adx{gydbf Bf~yfbo Bv`gxeo~dbf !Igxjf dAfyhf`g~djf$ d |ydmv|ebojbf cfcgoyxmf yoğf% dcog bf Mgjmvyx XBGB !Xo~fro bf~yfbxmda g|ů{djo Bv`gxeo~dbf !XBGB*$?1

^fgco ~oźjf |gko{mf g Agegmovx{v jok Bf~yfbdco Xoyobf~o xokyźf {gcg~dXoyobf~g v yf~gevhdbd D#D^ % Xoyobf~g% ?40>*#?41?*?4

Gk ?40?* `gkdjf Bf~yfbxmd adx{gydbxmd cvrfb gibo~ebvbf |fydgkdăjv x{yvăjv djovăjv |viedmohdbv ‚Rigyjdm Bf~yfbxmg` adx{gydbxmg` cvrfbo–*9<

Oyad~o Bf~yfbxmf g|ů{djf v Xoyobf~v% domg ~fgco gxmvkjo% xokyźd kgmv#cfj{f mgbd xv ~fgco dj{fyfxoj{jd d |yf|gyvăebd~d ro |ygvăo~ojbf agegmovx{o vIgxjd d Afyhf`g~djd% Kgmvcfj{d g x{yokojbv Bf~yfbo v eg`gydco JKA % O~yoc\dj{g d Ko~dk \dj{g |yfkx{o~ebobv kyo`ghbfjv `yoğv mgbo% joźoegx{% kojox% ~fĀ

jdbf xoăv~ojo*9?

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90 Jovăjd xmv| |g~gkgc gidebfźo~ojbo 6<< `gkdjo gk dr`gjo Bf~yfbo dr Ŭ|ojdbf |viedmg~oj

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Cjg`g bf mjbdò jo|dxojg g yo{g~dco mgbd xv |yo{ded yox|ok XNYB% cdyg~#jdc cdxdboco cfğvjoygkjf robfkjdhf d x{~oyojbv jg~da kyźo~o% gk cfcgoyokgcoĀda d x{yojda văfxjdmo% kg gridebjda x{yvăjda ojoedro* IdA bf v {gc |g#èfkv ideo |gxfijg dj{fyfxoj{jo rig` gmyv{jgx{d xvmgio d x{yoůjda regădjo jokhd~dejdc x{ojg~jdů{~gc% x|fhdăjgx{d cdyg~jg` ybfůfjbo d veg`f cfğvjoygkjfrobfkjdhf v jbf`g~gb dc|efcfj{ohdbd% mog d bgů v~dbfm jfdr~bfxjf xvkidjf ig#xojxmg` cdyg~jg` |yghfxo*8

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`yoko*



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\y~d v{dxom mgbd xf bo~ebo jomgj ăd{ojbo mjbd`f Co{{afpo \oydxao> ‚ONyff Hd{t dj {af Ioemojx2 Yfhgjx{yvh{dj` kd~dkfk xghdf{t dj Igxjdo―0% mgbo |yfkx{o~ebo x{vkdb xevăobo !Iyămg Kdx{ydm{ IdA$ cdyg~jg` |yghfxo v IdA% bfyfef~oj{jgx{ Pfifyg~g` cf{gkgegůmg` x{o~o ko bf x~omo x|grjobo mve{vyjfx{~oyjgx{d ‚~orko x|grjobo xo |gxfijg` x{oboedů{o½1* \oydxaf~g x{oboedů{f g{~oyojg~v |fyx|fm{d~v ăd{o{febv mgbd bf |yom{dăjg dj~ge~dyoj v {v x{~oyjgx{* ąd{ojbf\oydxaf~f mjbd`f kg~gkd kg romebvămo ko x{~oyd mgbf x|grjobfcg jdxv o|ydgyd{om~f mom~f xf joco ădjf% jd{d mgyfx|gjkdyobv xo jfmdc gibfm{d~jdc romgjd#co*4 Moko xv |yfkcf{ dx{yoźd~ojbo gibfm{d~jd vxeg~d xg|x{~fjf f`rdx{fjhdbf%gjko bf {om~g dx{yoźd~ojbf v~dbfm kvigmg |g~frojg x ‚|g{yfioco xg|x{~fjg` |yfźd~ebo~ojbo―*?<

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\oydxaf~o yokdmoejg {yovco{drdyobvĀo kdbo`jgro IdA bfx{f kdbo`jgro g‚dj~oedkjgx{d―?8 IdA* Omg id xf {o kdbo`jgro dryordeo v {fycdjdco {fgydbo cg#kfyjda kyvů{~fjda xdx{fco gjko id xf cgèg yfĀd ko igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămg‚kyvů{~g―?; jdbf ‚xocg|gf{dăjg―?6% gkjgxjg ko jfco x|gxgijgx{d ko xf ov{g#jgcjg xocgyf|ygkvhdyo% jf`g cv bf% yokd xg|x{~fjg` g|x{ojmo% |g{yfijo |g#cgĀ Kyv`gò* \oydxa x{ojbf {g` dj~oedkd{f{o IdA kfjdyo mog kyvů{~fjg x{ojbf«`yoğojxmg` yo{o½?> d ‚|gkojdămf mve{vyf―?0* [fyo|dbo |yg|dxojo dj~oedkjgc |ohdbfj{v gk x{yojf Kyv`gò !cfğvjoygkjf robfkjdhf$ bf cdyg~jd x|gyorvcmgbd xf jord~o ‚x{o{f#ivdekdj`― !dr`yokjbo kyźo~f$?1*

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989 \YF@EFK

Mjbdò Co{{afpo \oydxao ‚Nyff Hd{t dj {af Ioemojx2 Yfhgjx{yvh{dgj kd~dkfkxghdf{t dj Igxjdo―% xox{gbd xf gk kf~f{ |gèo~ebo% f|degò d k~o kgko{mo !v|v{x{~o romgj{ygev cgĀd cfğvjoygkjda xevźifjdmo ojòźg~ojda v cdyg~jdc cdxdboco$* Gjo |yfkx{o~ebo |gmvůob ko xf ‚x{vkdbgc xevăobo― !cdyg~jo cdxdbo v Iyămgc$ xo efkobv%jo jgyco{d~jgc d |yom{dăjg#|ged{dămgc |eojv% vădjhd dc|efcfj{ohdbf jg~f cdyg~#jf o`fjkf !‚x{o{f#ivdekdj`―$ v IdA% jomgj yo{o ?449‘?446* `gkdjf*

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981 \YF@EFK

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9;; \YF@EFK

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9;6\YF@EFK

X{yvbo xf gmyfĀf |yg{d~ Kdx{ydm{o

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9;> \YF@EFK

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96< \YF@EFK

bfkjg` x|fhdboedrg~ojg` cgkfeo ojoed{dămg` yoko ădbd xv |yfkcf{ ‘ cfkdbd* G~omjbdò% mog ~ydbfkjg d% v joůdc gm~dydco% |dgjdyxmg#rjojx{~fjg ů{d~g% |yf|gyvăfjo bf jf xocg gjdco mgbd xv kdyfm{jg vmebvăfjd v cfkdbxmg kbfeg~ojbf ded cgjd{gydj`cfkdbo% jf`g d gjdco mgbd xv vmebvăfjd v ůdyf |ged{dămg#kyvů{~fjf |yghfxf% mog domokfcxmgb bo~jgx{d% x girdygc jo rjoăob d veg`v cfkdbo v x~omgc o |g`g{g~gjoůfc% {yojrdhdbxmgc kyvů{~v*

V v~gkjgb jo|gcfjd ov{gyd% vmorvbvĀd jo mgc|efmxjgx{ xocg` |yfkcf{o dx{yo#źd~ojbo d jfmf gk id{jda% x{yvm{vyjda ădjdeoho cfkdbo% dx{dăv ko Āf xf% v x~gbdc yor#co{yojbdco% io~d{d xocg gjdc kdbfegc cfkdbo mgbd bf |ydcoyjg gmyfjv{ mo coxg~#jgb |viedhd% komef% cox#cfkdbdco* X{~oyjd |yfkcf{ drvăo~ojbo v g~gb cf{gkgegůmgbx{vkdbd bf momg kgĀd kg dx{djxmg` xorjojbo g gkjgxv cox#cfkdbo d jbdag~f |viedmf*

\y~g |gèo~ebf ‑—Ojoed{dmf cfkdbo——% joxeg~ebfjg mog ‑—\gboc d myd{fydbvc meo# xdmohdbf cfkdbo—— % |yfkx{o~ebo |yg|fkfv{dămg |gèo~ebf v |ygiefco{dmv mgbgc xfmjbdò io~d% girdygc ko xf v jbfcv jox{gbf ko{d cf{gkgegůmo yox{vcoăfjbo gxjg~#jda |gbcg~o% mebvăjda ro g~v {fco{dmv ‘ cox#cfkdb% mgcvjdmohdbo% djngycohdbo% |viedmo* Ov{gyd joc g~kbf jvkf jovăjg {fgydbxmv kfjdhdbv cfkdbo mgbo Āf xfv|g{yfiebo~o{d v koebjbfc |ygvăo~ojbv cfkdbo% o |g{gc jox v~gkf v meoxdmohdbvcfkdbo !|ydcbfjgc jovăjg#{fgydbxmda myd{fydbo$ mgbo |yfkx{o~ebo% jomgj dkfj{dmo#hdbf d kfjdyojbo% xebfkfĀd |gx{v|om v ojoed{dămgc xorjojbv* \yd {gc xf jo~gkf dgiboůjbo~obv myd{fydbd ro meoxdmohdbv cfkdbo mog ů{g xv2 x~gbx{~g {fajdămda xyfk#x{o~o mgbo xf mgydx{f v cfkdbxmgc kbfeg~ojbv !kdag{gcdbo jo fefm{ygjxmf d |dxojfcfkdbf$% cg`vĀd joădj g|Āfjbo !~drvfejd% ovkd{d~jd d ovkdg#~drvfejd cfkdbd$% joădjgyòjdrg~ojbo dxmord~ojbo djngycohdbo d |gyvmo !|ygx{gyjg ded ~yfcfjxmd$% ~eoxjdů#{~g jok cfkdbdco*

V jox{o~mv xf drjgxd yoredmo drcfğv ădx{g jovăjf kfjdhdbf cfkdbo !mgbo jockobf xocg xvů{djxmd id{jf gkyfkif$ d jgyco{d~jf kfjdhdbf mgbv kobv romgjxmd |yg# |dxd d |gkromgjxmd om{d jfmf ~eox{d% o |g{gc xf |gboůjbo~o d jgyco{d~jo meoxdmo#hdbo cfkdbo*

\grdhdgjdyojbfc cfkdbo% mog djx{d{vhdgjoedrg~ojda% gkjgxjg gyòjdrg~ojdamgefm{d~o% v kyvů{~fjgb ridebd% o jo gxjg~v jbdag~g` yox|geoòjbo co{fydboejdc%dj{fefm{voejdc d kyvů{~fjdc mgc|gjfj{oco% io~d xf kyv`g |gèo~ebf ‘ ‑—Kyvů{~f#jd |gegźob% vegò d nvjmhdbo cfkdbo——* V gkjgxv jo co{fydboejv !|ydagkd% {fajdămod mokyg~xmo g|yfcebfjgx{$ d dj{fefm{voejv !rjojbf d vcdbfĀf |fyxgjoejg` xox{o~ogkyfğfjg` cfkdbo$% kyvů{~fjo mgc|gjfj{o% ro v{~yğd~ojbf kyvů{~fjg` d |ged{dă#mg#|yo~jg` |gegźobo cfkdbo% dryord{g bf ~oźjo* Yfeo{d~jo !jf$ro~dxjgx{ cfkdbo gkkyvů{~o d kyźo~f% gkjgx ~eox{d |yfco cfkdbdco% jbdag~o kgx{v|jgx{% mgjmvyfjhdbod vx|bfůjgx{ v gx{~oyd~ojbv x~gbf veg`f ‘ x~f xv {g id{jd ădjdghd kyvů{~fjf mgc|g#jfj{f mygr mgbv xf g{myd~o kyvů{~fjd |gegźob cfkdbo*



96?\YF@EFK

V g~gc |gèo~ebv ov{gyd roxfijg {yf{dyobv kyvů{~fjd d |ged{dămg#|yo~jd |g#egźob |dxojda !ů{oc|ojda'|ydj{ojda$% fefm{ygjxmda !yokdg d [^$% mog d kyv`dacfkdbo*

V kdbfev mgbd `g~gyd g ů{oc|ojdc cfkdbdco |gxfijg bf dx{omjv{g cbfx{g bfrdmo'|dxco v cfkdbxmgb mgcvjdmohdbd% gkjgxv bfrdm ‘ johdgjoejd dkfj{d{f{'d% |gx{gbojbv x|fhdăjg` bfrdmo cfkdbo% v{bfhobv ~eox{d jo bfrdm cfkdbo mygr ro#mgjxmv yf`veo{d~v !j|y* ‚`g~gy cyźjbf―$% |yo~dedco mgydů{fjbo bfrdmo v cox#cfkdbdco d{k*

Kdg mgbd xf io~d |gegźobfc fefm{ygjxmda cfkdbo vmorvbf% |ydbf x~fò% jo{fcfebjf yoredmf drcfğv ů{oc|ojda d fefm{ygjxmda cfkdbo% oed d jo yoredmf% x|f#hdăjgx{d% cg`vĀjgx{d mgbf gkyfğvbv kyvů{~fjd |gegźob d veg`f vjv{oy xocdafefm{ygjxmda cfkdbo ‘ yokdbo d [ #o*

V jox{o~mv dreoòjbo ov{gyd xf gx~yĀv jo dj{fyjf{% yoăvjoyf% {fefngjf d yokd#goco{fyf% {f x|fhdăjo x~gbx{~o x~omg` gk jbda% jbdag~f {fajdămg#{fajgegůmfcg`vĀjgx{d% |yo~jg#|ged{dămv !jf$ro~dxjgx{% |gegźob v gkjgxv jo ‚{yokdhdgjoe#jf― cox#cfkdbf d{k*

Omg kyvů{~fjo gydbfj{ohdbo% g|Āfjd{g% |yfkx{o~ebo |grd{d~jv% jfò{d~jv dedjfv{yoejv g|yfkdbfebfjgx{ |yfco gkyfğfjdc kyvů{~fjdc robfkjdhoco% roxjg#~ojv jo |gèfkdco d ~ydbfkjgx{dco gjf kgcdjoj{jf x{yvm{vyf mgbo d v|yo~#ebo cfkdbdco% gjko xf dr {f gydbfj{dyojgx{d dr~gkd d |yg`yocxmo gydbfj{dyojgx{cfkdbo* Gkjgx |yg`yocxmf |ged{dmf cfkdbo roxjg~ojf jo jbdag~gb kyvů{~fjgbgydbfj{dyojgx{d mgbo xf% g|f{% {fcfebd jo kyvů{~fjgb gydbfj{ohdbd xocg` kyvů{~o%{fco bf {yfĀf` |gèo~ebo ‑—Ojoed{dmf cfkdbo——* G~kbf xf ojoedrdyobv ăf{dyd gied#mo cfkdbxmf gydbfj{ohdbf2 gxjg~jo ~ydbfkjgxjo gydbfj{ohdbo% gydbfj{ohdbo |yfcohdebjdc `yv|oco% |yfco kyźo~d d |ged{dămdc |oy{dboco d |yfco djgrfcjdc xv# ibfm{dco% gkjgxjg cfğvjoygkjgb robfkjdhd*

G|Āo ~ydbfkjgxjo gydbfj{ohdbo cfkdbo cojdnfx{dyo xf mygr ăf{dyd% gkjgxjg |f{ id{jda cgcfjo{o2 mygr ~eoxjdů{~g jok gkyfğfjdc cfkdbfc !kyźo~jg% |yd~o{jg%

|oy{dbxmg% ~bfyxmg d{k*$% |v{fc kfmeoyohdbf g moyom{fydx{dmoco jfmg` cfkdbo!jfro~dxoj% x{yvăjd% x|gy{xmd% d xe*$% |v{fc kfmeoyohdbf g gxjg~jdc gkyfkiococfkdbxmf |ged{dmf mgbo Āf xf oycdyo{d% ro{dc |ydcdbfjbfjgc cfkdbxmgc |ged{d#mgc v ~dkv fcd{dyojda cfkdbxmda xokyźobo% {f ov{gyx{~g cfkdbxmf {~gyf~djf*

V |gèo~ebv ‑—Rox{v|ebfjgx{ gkyfğfjda dr~gyo xorjojbo v cfkdbdco—— drjf#xfjf xv ojoedrf g gjdc dr~gydco xorjojbo mgbd ro cfkdbf dcobv |y~gyoryfkjv~oźjgx{% jbdag~dc moyom{fydx{dmoco% giedhdco% mgc|gjfj{oco% mog d |ygief#cdco d |g{fůmgĀoco mgbf xf ~fźv vr jbda*



969 \YF@EFK

Jf|gxyfkjd dr~gy cfkdbxmg` xorjojbo |yfkx{o~ebo jf|gxyfkoj kgkdy drcfğvcfkdbo d kgòğob mgbf` cfkdb f~dkfj{dyo* Jf|gxyfkjgx{ g~om~da dr~gyo cgźfxf gèfko{d v xevăobjgx{d !jf|eojdyojgb |ydxv{jgx{d xoyokjdmo cfkdbo jo cbfx{vgkyfğfjg` rid~ojbo$% |eojxmgb |yd|yfcd !|yfjgxd xbfkjdho% {omcdăfjbo% d xe*$ dedoyojźdyojgb jf|gxyfkjgx{d !mog ů{g bf kg`g~gyfjd dj{fy~bv$ ded xf% |om% {o jf# |gxyfkjgx{ gèfko v jf|gxyfkjgc v~dkv v jfmf kgmvcfj{f jo gxjg~v mgbdaxf dryoğvbv cfkdbxmd |ydegrd* \g{gc xf ojoedrdyobv jf|gxyfkjd dkfj{dmohdgjdom{fyd% gkjgxjg vjv{yoůjbd dkfj{dmohdgjd nom{gyd jfmg` cfkdbo !xvibfm{d mgbdxf io~f dkfj{dmohdbgc jfmf |gbo~f% giyokgc d fcd{dyojbfc$ d ~ojbxmd dkfj#{dmohdgjd nom{gyd !|gxco{yoăd% ojoed{dăoyd% ghbfjbd~oăd$% {f jbdag~dc yoredăd{dcmyd{fydbdco ~yfkjg~ojbo fcd{dyojg` cfkdbxmg` xokyźobo* V jox{o~mv xf `g~gydg xevźifjdc d ghdbfejdc dr~gydco% jbdag~gb |gvrkojgx{d% gkjgxv kyźo~f d cox#

cfkdbo% yoredhd xevźifjf d ghdbfejf dx{djf d{k* V g~gc |gèo~ebv xf yorco{yobv bgů d2 kdxmyf{jd dr~gyd% x{oejd d |g~yfcfjd dr~gyd% xevăobjd d gx{oed dr~gyd cfkdb#xmg` xorjojbo*

\f{g |gèo~ebf ‘ ‑—\yg`yocxmo x{yvm{vyo |g xokyźdjxmdc% ~yfkjgxjdc d ngy#coejdc gidebfźbdco—— ‘ yorco{yo {yd èo~jo x{yvm{vyjo gidebfźbo cfkdbxmg` |yg#`yoco% gk mgbda bf xokyźdjxmg gjg {fcfebjg gidebfźbf% jgxfĀf ro kyvò k~o% {f{dcf d job~oźjdbf gidebfźbf*

@fjfyoejg% |yg`yoc cfkdbo xf dxmorvbf kfmeoyohdbgc g moyom{fyv d x~gb#x{~dco cfkdbo% mog d x{ojkoykdrg~ojdc yviydmoco% gkjgxjg mojoedco !g~dxjgg mgbgb ~yx{d cfkdbo bf ydbfă$ d fcdxdboco mygr mgbf xf dxmorvbf xokyźdjxmg |yg`yocxmg g|yfkbfebfjbf jfmg` cfkdbo* X~f id{jf kyvů{~fjf xokyźdjf% g mgbd#co Āf cfkdbd |yo~d{d |ydeg`f% dxmorvbv xf mog2 {fco{d% {fcf% id{jd |yfkcf{d {f#co{xmf giyokf% `yv|jd d'ded djkd~dkvoejd ~oźjdbd d {yobjdbd |ygiefcd% {f rjoăobjox|fhdăjo kgòğojbo*

V kdbfev |gèo~ebo mgbd xf io~d ~ydbfkjgxjdc gidebfźbdco |yg`yocxmf x{yvm #{vyf% ydbfă bf g ojoed{dămgc yoxmyd~ojbv dkfgegůmda co{ydho% gkjgxjg dkfgegů#mda ~ydbfkjgx{d mgbf d momg cg`v rox{v|o{d d |ygcg~dyo{d yorjd cfkdbd* Ov{gyd

jo~gkf d yorco{yobv jfmf gk {om~da ~ydbfkjgxjda gydbfj{ohdbo v |yg`yocdcocfkdbo% mog ů{g xv ègioedx{dămo% |ygf~yg|xmo ded f~yghfj{ydămo gydbfj{ohdbo%johdgjoedx{dămo gydbfj{ohdbo d{k*

Job~fĀd kdg g~g` |gèo~ebo |gx~fĀfj bf |yg`yocxmgb x{yvm{vyd cfkdbo |yf#co ngycoco yfoedrohdbf d ov{gyd ‑—Ojoed{dmf cfkdbo—— {g x{yvm{vyjg gidebfźbfcfkdbo g~kbf ~fgco kf{oebjg giyoreoźv* Dregźfjf xv id{jf gkyfkif ojoed{dămg` |yfkcf{o ‘ źojyo% ~dbfx{d d ojoed{dămd djkdmo{gyd kg mgbda xf kgeord |ydcbfjgc!cf{gko d {fajdmo$ !?$ ojoedrf xokyźobo kgmvcfjo{o d !9$ |gxco{yojbfc% mogd gkyfğfjf yoredmf v |ydcbfjd {da cf{gko d {fajdmo v g~dxjgx{d ko ed xf yokd g



968\YF@EFK

ů{oc|ojgc ded fefm{ygjxmgc cfkdbv* Ov{gyd kf{oebjg dreoźv yoredăd{f !|g{|vjggngycebfjf ded |gcgĀjf$ źojyg~f% gkjgxjg giedmf cfkdbxmf yfoedrohdbf d jbdag#~f moyom{fydx{dmf% mog ů{g xv2 dr~bfů{ob% cfkdbxmd dj{fy~bv% yf|gy{oźo% mgcfj{oy% |g~yfcfjd mgcfj{oy% |yfèfk% idebfůmf% ‑—hy{dhf——% gx~y{% |yfjgx% xfydbf d xfydboed%x{yd|% ec% yokdgkyocf% yfmeocf% gèoxd d{k*% {f gxjg~jo |d{ojbo mgbo xf% v ~frd xjbdco% |gx{o~ebobv |yfk ojoed{dămd yok* Gxdc dreoòjbo g~da gxjg~jda źojyg~o%v jox{o~mv xf |ygvăo~obv d jfmf x{ojkoykjf hbfedjf% gkjgxjg xegźfjf fcdxdbffefm{ygjxmda cfkdbo mog ů{g bf kjf~jdm !yf|yfrfj{oj{ djngyco{d~jg#|ged{dămdafcdxdbo$% yoredăd{o m~dr {omcdăfjbo% fcdxdbf avcgydx{dăjg#yf~dboejg` moyom{fyo%d xe*% mog d |ydxv{jgx{ d cbfx{g kfcoj{dbo d |dxco ăd{oeoho% gkjgxjg yfo`g~ojboxevůoeoho d èfkoeoho% v cfkdbxmgc |ygx{gyv*

Ŭfx{g |gèo~ebf ‘ ‑—Gxjg~jf |gźfebjf gkedmf |ydegò mgbd xf fcd{vbv v cf#

kdbdco—— ‘ yorco{yo gjf găfmd~ojf d kyvů{~fjg |yda~o{ebd~f jgycf d x{ojkoykf%gkjgxjg m~oed{o{d~jf d m~ojd{o{d~jf gkyfkif mgbf id {yfioeg ko rokg~gebd d dx# |vjd x~omo cfkdbxmo {~gyf~djo ded |ydeg`% ideg g mgbgb ~yx{d cfkdbo ko bf ydbfă*[omg xf g~kbf jo~gkd d giyoreoźf kfxf{ job~oźjdbda gkyfkid2 ~ydbfcf d |ygx{gy%xokyźobjgx{% |g{|vjgx{ dxmoro% dx{djd{gx{% |yo~g~yfcfjgx{% |yda~o{ebd~gx{% oy`v#cfj{g~ojgx{% boxjgx{ d yorvcebd~gx{*

Yor~gbfc cfkdbo% gkjgxjg |ygůdyd~ojbfc cfkdbxmda {fajdămg#{fajgegůmdacg`vĀjgx{d% bo~ebo xf d roa{bf~ ro ů{g xokyźobjdbdc d xoźf{dbdc dreoòjbfc% mogd ů{g v~bfyebd~dbdc |gmord~ojbfc kgòğobo% x hdebfc gx{~oyd~ojbo ů{g ~fĀf` cf#kdbxmg` v{bfhobo* [o |g{yfio ro eo|dkoyjdc% bfr`yg~d{dc dxmorgc ăfx{g Āf id{d{yoźfjo xocg v jord~dco d joxeg~dco cfkdbxmda {~gyf~djo% o mgk ů{oc|ojdacfkdbo |gxfijg* [g Āf kg~fx{d kg roievkf ko xf |ygvăo~ojbf yoko cfkdbo cgźfrokg~gebd{d xocg ‑—ojoedrgc—— joxeg~o% |gkjoxeg~o% jokjoxeg~o d cfğvjoxeg#~o* G~dc |d{ojbdco xf io~d |gxebfkjbf% xfkcg |gèo~ebf ‘ ‑—Jfmd |ygiefcdmgc|gjg~ojbo d xdx{fco{drohdbf cfkdbxmda |ydegò——*

V|yo~g x hdebfc ko xf vmoźf jo gridebjg |ygvăo~ojbf yoko cfkdbo% v jox{o~#mv bf ko{ gm~dyjd |yfèfk mebvăjda |d{ojbo moyom{fydx{dăjda ro ojoed{dămg#cf#

kdbxmg |ygvăo~ojbf% o mgbo xf gkjgxf% |ydbf x~fò% jo djngyco{d~jf ů{oc|ojfcfkdbf g|Āfkyvů{~fjg` {d|o* \d{ojbo xv |gkdbfebfjo jo dkfj{dmohdbxmo |d{ojbo!|d{ojbo g dkfj{d{f{v cfkdbo$ d |d{ojbo mgbo xf gkjgxf jo mgjmyf{jf cojdnfx{o#hdbf cfkdbxmf kbfeo{jgx{d*

V ro~yůjgc kdbfev bf dx{omjv{g momg xv gxjg~jo |d{ojbo ojoed{dmf |yfkx{o~#ebfjo v gm~dyv |d{ojbo g ů{oc|ojdc cfkdbdco% oed ko xf gjo% |yf~fkfjo% bfkjo#mg gkjgxf d jo fefm{ygjxmf cfkdbf*



96; \YF@EFK

V \g`g~gyv ov{gyd dx{dăv momg dc bf roko{d gidc mjbd`f g`yojdădg |ygx{gy d {omg gjfcg`vĀdg veorom v jfmf jfxf myfdyojbo d fcd{dyojbo cfkdbxmg` |yg#`yoco% jo~gğfjbf cjgů{~o |ydcbfyo d{k*% oed ko xf g|yo~kojg jokobv momg g~gdreoòjbf gxjg~o ojoed{dmf jobyoůdyfjdbda d {yokdhdgjoejda cfkdbo rfcoebo Ioe#mojo% F~yg|f% o d ~fĀdjf rfcoebo x~dbf{o% dx|vjbo~o x~gbv dx{yoźd~oămg#djx{yvm #{d~jv veg`v*



966\YF@EFK

Ŭfcxg [vhomg~dĀ

VKM ??? !<;4*8$

DX[YOųD OJBF XVŬ[DJF ID[MO?

FQ\EGYDJ@ [AF HGYF GN FXXFJHF9

Xoźf{om

[fmx{ bf |ydmor mjbd`f |ygn* ky* Cvxedbf Cvag~dĀo% Gj{geg`dbo % Nomve{f{ ro myd#

cdjoedx{dmv% mydcdjgeg`dbv d xd`vyjgxjf x{vkdbf% 9<?<*

Xvccoyt

[adx pgym dx o yf~dfp gn {af iggm Gj{geg`t % it \ygn* Ky Cvxedbo Cvag~dĀ% Nohve{t gn Hydcdjoedx{dhx% Hydcdjgeg`t ojk Xfhvyd{t X{vkdfx% 9<?<*

Jomgj xmgyg ăf{dyd kfhfjdbf |gjdyojbo v ifxmyobjf kvidjf ‚myoebdhf rjojg#

x{d―% momg iygbjd cdxedghd jord~obv egrgbv% |ygn* ky* Cvxedbo Cvag~dĀ% bfkojgk job|grjo{dbda ia* egrgno% |yfkx{o~dg bf igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămgb jovăjgb bo~jgx{d x~gbv ůfxjofx{v mjbd`v* Ydbfă bf g yokv mgbfc bf ov{gy kog joxeg~‚Gj{geg`dbo―% vr myo{mg |gboůjbfjbf v |gkjoxeg~v ko bf ydbfă ro|yo~g g Af`f#eg~gc% Afdkf``fyg~gc% Aoy{cojjg~gc d Xhafefyg~gc văfjbv g id{mv* [yfioyfĀd ko xf yokd g |y~gc egrgnxmgc gx{~oyfjbv g~f ~yx{f jo |gkyvăbv Igxjf dAfyhf`g~djf% x{gò Cvag~dĀf~o ‚Gj{geg`dbo― dco vdx{djv gidebfźbf |dgjdyxmg` |gkva~o{o jo |gkyvăbv egrgnxmf rjojgx{d% v ădbdc gm~dydco jo 8?> x{yojdhoojoedrdyobv xf ~bfăjo egrgnxmo |d{ojbo% |d{ojbo id{mo% id{dxojbo !idĀo$ d |gx{gbo#

jbo x~dbf{o* [dc xvů{djxmdc kdefcoco io~d xf ~fĀ k~o d |g cdefjdbo% gj{geg`dbo%{fcfebjo egrgnxmo kdxhd|edjo* \y~o mjbdò% dr |fyo x|gcfjv{g` ov{gyo% mgbo xf io~d gj{gegůmdc |ygiefcdco |gbo~deo xf gjgcok v IdA v drkojbv xoyobf~xmg`Nomve{f{o ro mydcdjoedx{dmv% mydcdjgeg`dbv d xd`vyjgxjf x{vkdbf* [yoòjbfc roxcdxegc id{mo% jbf`g~dc |gx{gbojbfc d gkyfğfjbfc io~ded xv xf iygbjdc vcg#

? \ydmor mjbd`f ov{gyo Cvxedbf Cvag~dĀo Gj{geg`dbo% Nomve{f{ ro mydcdjoedx{dmv% mydcdjgeg#`dbv d xd`vyjgxjf x{vkdbf% 9<?<*

9 O yf~dfp gn {af iggm Gj{geg`t% it \ygn* Ky Cvxedbo Cvag~dĀ% Nohve{t gn Hydcdjoedx{dhx%

Hydcdjgeg`t ojk Xfhvyd{t X{vkdfx% 9<?<*



96> \YF@EFK

~d v |ygůedc x{gebfĀdco* Io~f xf d v xo~yfcfjgc kgiv* Ro Oydx{g{feo bf id{om x~f ů{g bfx{f% ů{g |gx{gbd* \oycfjdk bf kgkog ko id{om bfx{f% o jfid{om jdbf* RoAf`feo id~ojbf xf gkyfğvbf mog bfkdjx{~g Id{mo d Jdů{o mgbd xf cojdnfx{vbv mogjox{obojbf d jfx{obojbf* Afdkf``fy djxdx{dyo jo yoredmg~ojbv id{mo d idĀo* Id{om bf jfg`yojdăfj% jfgkyfğfj% ifr xokyźobo* Id{ Āf bf% |om% gkyfğfjg% |gxyfkg~o#jg% g`yojdăfjg*

X~gbf văfjbf g id{mv% mog joèoůo~o Cvag~dĀ% Af`fe |yg|d{vbf d |yfkx{o~ebovjv{oy gibfm{d~jg#dkfoedx{dămf egrgbf v gm~dyv mgbf yox|yo~ebo g id{mv mogf`rdx{fjhdbd d ridebd% mog kg~yůfjbv id{mo* Ro yoredmv gk Af`feo% mgbd yox|yo~#ebo g gkjgxv id{mo d jfid{mo% Afdkf``fyo dj{fyfxvbf |y~fjx{~fjg xcdxog id{mo*Xcdxog% gkjgx id{mo d jfid{mo |yd~eoăd |oźjbv egrgno% gk xocg` |găf{mo kv#ag~jgx{d% gk jox{ojmo cdxefĀf` ăg~bfmo vg|Āf* [o |d{ojbo rogmv|ebobv |oźjbv

d kyvò k~o egrgno% ădbo cdxog bf |yfkcf{ dx{yoźd~ojbo |ygnfxgyo Cvag~dĀo vgm~dyv jbf`g~g` jobjg~dbf` kbfeo ‚Gj{geg`dbo―* Aoy{coj% bfkoj gk jbda% x~g# bgc myd{dămgc d yfoedx{dămgc gj{geg`dbgc yox|yo~ebo g joădjv |gx{gbojbo id{mo%o Xhafefy x~gbgc ‚fxfjhdboedx{dămgc gj{geg`dbgc― |gmvůo~o yox~dbf{ed{d xvů{d#jv id{mo* Kgm Aoy{cojj |geord gk x{o~o ko bf gj{geg`dbo vjd~fyroejo rjojgx{g |ydjhd|dco% ădcf {fcfebjv egrgnxmv rjojgx{ x~gkd jo jgxfgeg`dbv% Xhafefy joeord ko id{om jdbf cg`vĀ ifr gk`g~oyobvĀf` xvibfm{o !x{~gyd{febo$ mgbf` gjjoeord v Igźdbgb ~gebd% igźojxmgc {fcfebv* Domg bf văfjbdco g id{mv ăf{~g#ydhf ~fedmda egrgno !Af`feo% Afdkf``fyo% Aoy{cojjo d Xhafefyo$ |gx~fĀfjo

xvů{djo Cvag~dĀf~g` jobjg~dbf` kbfeo% jbf`g~g dx{yoźd~ojbf ioho |gèfk d jovăfjbo kyv`da cdxedeoho% mgbd xv |ygcdůeboed d |dxoed |gk v{dxmgc x|gcfjv{făf{~gydhf vcg~o* V {gc xcdxev ov{gy |y~f ia* ‚Gj{geg`dbf― x|gcdjbf Okgyjo%Agymafdcfyo% Avxxfyeo d Mdfymfòyko* X~gbdc kdefcoco d |d{ojbdco {d egrgxv ~bfăjo ~o{yo mgbo |gkx{dăf jo {yoòjbo d |ygcdůebojbo% kobvĀd jg~f gk`g~gyfd |gkx{dăvĀd jg~f kdefcf g xvů{djd id{mo% idĀo% |gx{gbojbo d jfx{obojbo* Bfkojgk {om~da egrgno bf jfxvcjbd~g d |ygn* ky* Cvxedbo Cvag~dĀ% mgbd bf x~gbgcmjbd`gc ‚Gj{geg`dbo― kog rjoăoboj kg|ydjgx |ygůdyd~ojbv xorjojbo g g~gb {f#cfebjgb egrgnxmgb kdxhd|edjd* Jdbf xf% x {dc d ~frd% {fůmg xegźd{d x ghbfjgc |ygn*

ky* ŬoĀdyo Ndeojkyf% mgbd bf yfhfjrfj{ Cvag~dĀf~g` gx{~oyfjbo% ko bf Cvag~dĀx~gbgc mjbd`gc ‚Gj{geg`dbo― kog ‚igxojxmgafyhf`g~oămgb egrgbd d ůdygbmve{vyjgb bo~jgx{d xmgyg fjhdmeg|fkdbxmd v~dk v jobrjoăobjdbo |d{ojbo xo~yfcf#jg` egrgnxmg` cdůebfjbo―* [gc ro~yůjgc v~dkv% jodcf% |yf{agkdeo xv iygb#jo kbfeo mgbo bf ~fĀ gibo~dg |ygn* ky* Cvxedbo Cvag~dĀ% o mgbo xf {dăv kyv`daegrgnxmda `yojo !f{dmf% omxdgeg`dbf% oj{ygd|geg`dbf% egrgbf |yo~o d eg`dmf*Myvjo {g` ~důfkfhfjdbxmg` jo|gyo bf x{vkdbo gio~ebfjo |gk joxeg~gc ‚Gj{g#eg`dbo―% xo omhfj{gc jo Af`feg~g% Afdkf``fyg~g% Aoy{cojjg~g d Xhafefyg~g văfjbf g id{mv*



960\YF@EFK

V\V[F RO OV[GYF

MGBD KGX[OÊBOBV X^GBF YOKG^F RO \YF@EFK

\grd~ocg ov{gyf ko kgx{o~ebobv x~gbf yokg~f d |ydeg`f mgbd xokyźobfc gk`g#~oyobv gxjg~jdc {fco{xmdc g|yfkbfebfjbdco \yfèfko* V ăoxg|dxv gibo~ebv# bfcg yokg~f mgbd |gkedbfźv yfhfjrdbd% oed d gjf mgbd jf |gkedbfźv {gc |gx{v|#

mv* Yokg~d xf mo{f`gydrdyobv v xebfkfĀf gxjg~jf mo{f`gydbf2

dr~gyjd jovăjd ăeojhd=#

dreoòjbo xo jovăjda d x{yvăjda xmv|g~o=#

x{yvăjd ăeojhd=#

gx~y{d=#

|ydmord=#

|ydegrd=#

|ydbf~gkd*#

Gibo~ebvbfcg2

dr~gyjf jovăjf ăeojmf mgbd xokyźf kg xoko jfgibo~ebfjf yfrve{o{fo$

dx{yoźd~ojbo mgbo mgyfx|gjkdyobv xo gxjg~jgc cdxdbgc ăoxg|dxo=dreoòjbf xo jovăjg` d x{yvăjg` xmv|o% vr v~bf{ ko |yf{agkjg jdbf gibo~# i$ebfjg v rigyjdmv yokg~o xmv|o=

x{yvăjf ăeojmf mgbd jvkf mgydxjf |ydbfkeg`f ro gkyfğfjf x{yvmf d |yd {gcfh$jf cgyobv gio~frjg xokyźo~o{d dr~gyjo dx{yoźd~ojbo ov{gyo=

gx~y{f jo rojdcebd~f d mgydxjf |viedmohdbf mgbf xv v xmeokv xo gxjg~jgck$cdxdbgc ăoxg|dxo=

|ydmorf rojdcebd~da d ro x{yvmv mgydxjda x{vkdbo% rigyjdmo d kyv`da x{yvăjdaf$ |viedmohdbo=

mgydxjf |ydeg`f dr x{yvmf d ro x{yvmv% o jf cgyobv |yfkx{o~ebo{d dr~gyjon$dx{yoźd~ojbo=

|ydbf~gkf kgxok jfgibo~ebfjda ăeojomo mgbd gk`g~oyobv gxjg~jgb cdxdbd`$ăoxg|dxo*



961 \YF@EFK

Ko id ided gibo~ebfjd v ăoxg|dxv% yokg~d {yfiobv dx|vjd{d xebfkfĀf v~bf{f2

yokg~d {yfiobv id{d v |dxojgb ngycd ![dcfx Jfp Ygcoj% ngj{ ?9% |ygyfk?*xdjèf$% |gxeojd fefm{ygjxmdc |v{fc ded jo HK#v !mgbd xf ůoebf |gů{gc$=

joxeg~d {yfiobv id{d boxjd d djngyco{d~jd=9*

{fmx{g~d x{yvăjda yokg~o {yfiobv% v xevăobf~dco moko feoigydyobv |gbfkdjf8*xf`cfj{f bfkjg` |ygiefco% xokyźo~o{d mgjhdrjf |gkjoxeg~f=

v edbf~gc `gyjbfc vèv joxeg~jf x{yojdhf yvmg|dxo {yfiobv x{obo{d dcf d;* |yfrdcf ov{gyo% r~ojbf d jord~ vx{ojg~f v mgbgb yokd=

v xevăobf~dco moko xf mgydx{f myo{dhf d xdciged% vr yok cgyobv gio~frjg6* id{d |ydegźfjo giboůjbfjbo=

x~omd yok {yfio id{d efm{gydxoj% v |yg{d~jgc jfĀf id{d gibo~ebfj=>*

x~omd yok {yfio xokyźo~o{d joxeg~ |oyoefejg jo i'a'x d jo fjèfxmgc0* bfrdmv% dx|yfk {fmx{o xoźf{ |ydmor ov{gyxmf feoigyohdbf {fcf% v {yfĀfcedhv% jf ~důf gk 96< ydbfăd jo i'a'x d jo fjèfxmgc bfrdmv !d{oedh'mvy#

rd~$% mebvăjf ydbfăd jo i'a'x d jo fjèfxmgc bfrdmv !d{oedh'mvyrd~$% {fjo myobv yoko x|dxom mgydů{fjf ed{fyo{vyf* Ifr jo~fkfjda fefcfjo{ojdbfkoj yok jfĀf id{d gibo~ebfj=

gidc yvmg|dxo bf g`yojdăfj% v |yo~dev% kg bfkjg` !?$ ov{gyxmg` {oiomo'1*oymo% gkjgxjg ůfxjofx{ !?>$ moy{dho {fmx{o=

v yokg~dco Āf xf |gů{g~o{d bfrdm ov{gyo !igxojxmd% ay~o{xmd ded xy|xmd$% mog4*d |dxcg {fmx{o !eo{djdho ded Ādydedho$*

Yokg~f xeo{d jo2

Yfkomhdbo \yfèfko% Vjd~fyrd{f{ v Xoyobf~v% Gioeo Mvedjo iojo 0'DD% 0?<<<Xoyobf~g

j'y `ğo Nvoko CvxedĀ% xfmyf{oy yfkomhdbf

{fe2 !<88$ 99?#4;>% f#code2 drko~ohmo*kbfeo{jgx{Lvjxo*io





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Pregled [godina 52, broj 2; maj-septembar 2011.]