Preliminary Checklist of Marine Gastropods and ... - ASBP

ARTICLE | Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology, 2016

Vol. 10 | x © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines

Preliminary Checklist of Marine Gastropods and Bivalves in

the Kalayaan Island Group Palawan, Western Philippines*

ABSTRACT

The Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) in the West Philippine Sea is a threatened rich fishing

ground endowed with diverse flora and fauna. However, studies about gastropods and

bivalves in KIG are lacking. This preliminary listing of shelled gastropods and bivalves of

KIG is based on collections in 2014 and 2016. Seventy eight species of shelled

gastropod and bivalves belonging to 28 families were documented. The list includes

some threatened species of giant clams and large reef gastropods. Extensive sampling

especially in deep areas is expected to enrich the current list. Species inventory of other

taxa is also suggested to understand the extent of biological diversity in this wide

eco-region.

Shemarie E. Hombre1, Jeric B. Gonzalez2, Darna M. Baguinbin1, Rodulf Anthony T. Balisco2 and Roger G. Dolorosa1,2,3

KEY WORDS :

Bivalves

Gastropods

Kalayaan Island Group

Palawan

West Philippine Sea

1 WPU Museum, and

2 College of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences, Western Philippines

University– Puerto Princesa Campus, Puerto Princesa City,

Santa Monica, Palawan, Philippines 3 Correspondence: [email protected]. * Article Details Submitted : 17 July 2016 Accepted : 02 December 2016

INTRODUCTION The Kalayaan Island Group (KIG) is a 5th class municipality in

the Province of Palawan, Philippines. Located in the West

Philippine Sea, KIG is composed of seven islands and one

reef with an aggregate land area of approximately 79 ha, and

covers an approximate area of 168,287.07 km2. Among the

seven islands, Pag-asa is the largest and the only civilian-

inhabited island. The KIG as part of the contested Spratly

Islands in the South China Sea with various claimant

countries is thought to have rich oil deposits aside from being

a rich fishing ground (McManus 1992, 1994, in press,

Christensen et al. 2003, Palatino 2008, Gomez 2011, Owen

and Schofield 2012).

Shelled gastropods and bivalves are of economic importance

(Carpenter and Niem 1998, Floren 2003). They are heavily

harvested as food, and the shells are utilized in a wide array

of handicrafts. Rare and beautiful species of cowries (e.g.

Lyncina aurantium) and cone snails (e.g. Conus gloriamaris)

are highly prized collector’s items (Floren 2003). The vast

seas and extensive reefs in South China Sea is home to a

great diversity of species and is an important fishing ground

(McManus 1994, in press, Christensen et al. 2003, Mora et

al. 2016) yet studies about the terrestrial and marine

biological diversity in KIG is limited. Only Gonzales (2008)

has reported the status of corals and reef associated fauna

of Pag-asa Island and adjacent areas. This paper aims to

provide a preliminary checklist of marine shelled

gastropods and bivalves as part of a bigger effort to assess

the marine resources in KIG.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

The study was conducted in KIG which lies about 480 km

(300 mi) west of Palawan (Figure 1). Sampling was

conducted on April 28 – May 5, 2014 and May 1 – 8, 2016.

In 2014, the specimens were obtained by reef walking or

gleaning at intertidal areas for about one hour during day

low tide in the following islands: Pag-asa Island (Thitu Is),

Likas Island (West York Island), Parola Island (northeast

cay), Kota Island (Loita Is), Panata Island, (Lankiam)

Lawak Island (Nanshan Is), Patag Island (Flat Is). In 2016,

sampling was only conducted at the intertidal area of Pag-

asa Island. Some empty shells found on the beach were

also collected. The samples are deposited at Western Phil-

ippines University (WPU) Museum. Species were photo

documented and identified based on shell morphology

using the works of Springsteen and Leobrera (1986), Abott

and Dance (2000), and Laureta (2008). The species

taxonomy is verified from World Register of Marine Species

(WoRMS 2016).

25

Vol. 10 Special Issue | 2 © Association of Systematic Biologists of the Philippines

Philippine Journal of Systematic Biology | Hombre et al.: Marine Gastropods and Bivalves in the Kalayaan Island Group

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

Species checklist. A total of 69 shelled gastropods belonging

to 26 families (Table 1, Figures 2-4) and nine bivalves

belonging to five families (Table 2, Figure 5) were recorded.

The numbers of species of gastropods and bivalves in this

study are comparable to other localities (Table 3). There

could be variations on the similarities of species especially

across wide regions but the numbers of reported species

provide information on how much species a locality can

support. An archipelagic country like the Philippines is known

for more than 1,600 species of gastropods and bivalves

(Springsteen and Leobrera 1986) and given the vast area of

KIG (see McManus 1992, 1994, in press) and its proximity to

the Coral Triangle – the global center of marine biodiversity

(Asian Development Bank 2014), the current list possibly only

comprise a small fraction of the total species richness of

shelled gastropods and bivalves in the area. In this study,

only five species belong to family Cardiidae were recorded in

contrast to 54 species obtained in deep sea expedition from

Panglao, Bohol (Ter Poorten 2009). Continued species

inventory to include small and deep water inhabiting species

is expected to add to the current list.

The list include three Philippine endangered species of

bivalves (Hippopus hippopus, Tridacna derasa and Tridacna

squamosa) all under subfamily Tridacninae (giant clams)

and one threatened gastropod Tectus niloticus (DA 2001).

All giant clam species found in the Philippines are also

listed in CITES Appendix II (CITES 2016). Species listed in

CITES Appendix II are not necessarily threatened with

extinction, but may be endangered in the future unless the

shell/meat trade is closely controlled. Overharvesting had

already resulted to local extinctions of giant clams in

Singapore (Neo and Todd 2013) and Fiji (Adams 1988).

The updated list of the Palawan Council for Sustainable

Development (PCSD) categorized Tectus niloticus, and

Charonia tritonis as Endangered species (PCSD 2010).

However, with unregulated harvesting in KIG, not only gas-

tropods and bivalves are on the brink of extinction (Palatino

2008, Gomez 2011, Owen and Schofield 2012, Zambrano

2014, Wingfield-Hayes 2015), but also many other

economically important and threatened fish species such

as Bumphead Parrot Bolbometopon muricatum, sawfishes

belonging to the general Pristis and Anoxypristis (Mora et

al. 2016), marine turtles and many other large reef fishes

(McManus in press). Aside from continued species

inventory, habitat and population assessment of commonly

harvested species is needed to find out the true status of

these marine resources in KIG.

Figure 1. The map of the Philippines indicating the location of Kalayaan Island Group (left) and the location of seven sampling

sites within KIG (right).

26



Ta

ble

1.

Pre

limin

ary

lis

t of

shelle

d g

astr

op

ods c

olle

cte

d fro

m K

ala

ya

an Isla

nd

Gro

up (

KIG

), P

ala

wan,

Ph

ilipp

ines.

Fa

mily

S

cie

ntific n

am

es

1. B

uccin

idae

1. C

anth

aru

s w

ag

neri (

Anto

n, 18

39)

2. P

olli

a u

ndosa

(L

innae

us, 175

8)

2. B

urc

ida

e

3. B

urs

a g

ran

ula

ris (

Röd

ing

, 179

8)

3. C

eri

thiid

ae

4. C

eri

thiu

m n

od

ulo

sum

(B

rugu

iere

, 179

2)

5. R

hin

ocla

vis

art

icula

ta (

Adam

s a

nd R

eeve,

185

0)

6. R

hin

ocla

vis

sin

ensis

(G

melin

, 17

91)

7. R

hin

ocla

vis

vert

agus (

Lin

nae

us, 17

67)

4. C

onid

ae

8. C

onus d

ista

ns (

Hw

ass,

in B

ruguiè

re,

179

2)

9. C

onus e

bra

eus (

Lin

naeu

s, 1758)

10. C

onus e

burn

eus (

Hw

ass, in

Bru

gu

ière

, 17

92

)

11. C

onus leo

pard

us (R

öd

ing, 1

798)

12.C

onus s

pectr

um

(Lin

na

eus, 17

58)

13. C

onus s

terc

usm

uscaru

m (

Lin

na

eus, 1

758)

14. C

onus t

hala

ssia

rchus (

G. B

Sow

erb

y,

183

4))

15. C

onus m

orp

hospecie

s

1

16. C

onus m

orp

hospecie

s

2

5. C

oste

llari

ida

e

17. Z

ierl

ian

a a

nth

racin

a (

Reeve, 1

844)

6. C

ypra

eid

ae

18. C

ypra

ea t

igris (

Lin

nae

us, 1758

19.

Ero

saria b

oiv

inii

(Kie

ner,

184

3)

20.

Ero

saria e

rosa

(L

inn

ae

us, 175

8)

21.

Ero

saria h

elv

ola

(Lin

na

eus, 17

58)

22. L

epori

cypra

ea m

ap

pa (

Lin

nae

us, 17

58)

23. Lyncin

a c

arn

eo

la (

Lin

naeus, 1

758)

24. M

auri

tia a

rab

ica

(L

inn

aeus, 17

58)

25. M

one

tari

a a

nnu

lus (

Lin

naeus,

175

8)

26. M

one

tari

a c

apu

tserp

en

tis (

Lin

nae

us, 17

58)

27. M

one

tari

a m

oneta

(L

inn

aeus, 1

758)

28. C

ypre

a s

p. 1

Fa

mily

S

cie

ntific n

am

es

7. F

ascio

lari

ida

e

29.

Periste

rnia

nassatu

la (

Lam

arc

k, 18

22)

30.

Periste

rnia

ustu

lata

(R

eeve, 18

47)

31.

Ple

uro

plo

ca

tra

peziu

m (

Lin

nae

us, 17

58)

8. H

arp

idae

32. H

arp

a a

rtic

ula

ris (

La

ma

rck, 1822)

9. H

alio

tidae

33. H

alio

tis a

sin

ina

(Lin

na

eus, 175

8)

34. H

alio

tis p

lanata

(G

.B S

ow

erb

y II, 1

82

2)

10. L

ott

iidae

35.

Pate

lloid

a s

tria

ta (

Qo

uy a

nd G

aim

ard

, 183

4)

36.

Pate

lloid

a s

acchari

no

ides (

Habe a

nd

Kosu

ge,

1966)

11. M

itri

dae

37. M

itra

pap

alis

(Lin

na

eus, 175

8)

12. M

uricid

ae

38 C

hic

ore

us b

anksii

(G.

B.

Sow

erb

y II, 1

84

1)

39. C

hic

ore

us s

trig

atu

s (

Re

eve, 18

49)

40. D

rupa r

icin

us (

Lin

naeus, 175

8)

41. D

rupa r

ubusid

ae

us (

Ro

din

g, 1

798)

42. L

atiaxis

morp

hosp

ecie

s1

43. M

oru

la u

va (

Rod

ing,

17

98)

13. N

assariid

ae

44. N

assarius d

isto

rtus

( A

dam

s, 1

852)

14. N

aticid

ae

45. M

am

mill

a m

ela

nosto

ma

(G

melin

, 179

1)

46.

Polin

ices m

orp

hosp

ecie

s1

15. N

eritida

e

47. N

erita

alb

icill

a (

Lin

naeu

s, 1758)

48. N

erita

costa

ta (

Gm

elin

, 1791

)

49. N

erita

plic

ata

(Lin

na

eus, 175

8)

50. N

erita

po

lita (

Lin

naeus,

1758)

16. O

livid

ae

51. O

liva

annu

lata

(G

me

lin,

179

1)

17.

Pers

on

ida

e

52. D

isto

rsio

anus (

Lin

nae

us, 1758)

18. R

ane

llida

e

53. C

haro

nia

trito

nis

(L

inn

aeus, 17

58)

54. M

ono

ple

x a

quatilis

(R

eeve, 18

44)

27

http://marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=23038





Cont’d.

Tab

le 1

.

Fa

mily

S

cie

ntific n

am

es

19.

Str

om

bid

ae

55.

Eupro

tom

us a

urisd

iana

e (

Lin

na

eus, 1

758)

56. H

arp

ag

o c

hira

gra

(L

inn

aeus, 1

758)

57. L

am

bis

lam

bis

(Lin

na

eu

s, 1758)

58. L

entigo

lentigin

osus (

Lin

nae

us, 17

58)

20. T

egulid

ae

59. T

ectu

s n

iloticus (

Lin

na

eus, 176

7)

60. T

rochus s

tella

tus (

Gm

elin

, 179

1)

21. T

ere

brid

ae

61. O

xym

eris a

reola

ta (

Lin

k, 180

7)

22. T

roch

ida

e

62. M

ono

do

nta

ca

nalif

era

(Lam

arc

k, 1

816)

23. T

onnid

ae

63. M

ale

a p

om

um

(L

innae

us, 1758)

64. T

onna p

erd

ix (

Lin

na

eus, 175

8)

24. T

urb

inid

ae

65. L

une

lla c

inere

a (

Born

, 1778)

66. T

urb

o c

hry

sosto

mus (

Lin

nae

us, 17

58)

67. T

urb

o p

eth

ola

tus (

Lin

na

eus, 17

58)

25. T

urr

idae

68. T

urr

is b

abylo

nia

(L

inn

aeus, 17

58)

26.

Volu

tida

e

69. C

ym

bio

la v

espert

ilio (

Lin

nae

us, 17

58)

Fa

mily

S

cie

ntific n

am

es

1. A

rcid

ae

1. A

nad

ara

antiquata

(L

inn

aeus, 1

758)

2. C

ard

iidae

2. C

orc

ulu

m im

pre

ssum

(L

ightfo

ot, 1

78

6)

3. F

ragu

m u

ned

o (

Lin

naeu

s, 1758)

4. H

ippo

pus h

ipp

op

us (

Lin

naeus, 1

758)

5. T

rid

acna

maxim

a (

Rö

din

g, 17

98)

6. T

rid

acna

squ

am

osa

(L

am

arc

k, 181

9)

3. C

ard

itid

ae

7. C

ard

ita v

ari

eg

ata

(B

rug

uie

re, 17

92)

4. Lucin

idae

8. C

odakia

tig

eri

na (

Lin

nae

us, 175

8)

5. V

eneri

da

e

9. C

irce s

cripta

(L

inn

aeus,

1758)

Ta

ble

2.

Pre

limin

ary

lis

t of

biv

alv

es c

olle

cte

d fro

m K

ala

yaan Isla

nd G

roup

(KIG

), P

ala

wan,

Ph

ilip

pin

es.

Ta

ble

3.

Specie

s r

ichness o

f gastr

opods a

nd b

iva

lves in s

om

e a

reas in

Phili

pp

ines a

nd A

sia

.

Are

a

No.

of

Ga

str

op

od

sp

ecie

s

No

. o

f

Biv

alv

e

sp

ecie

s

To

tal

nu

mb

er

of

sp

ecie

s

Au

tho

r

Tu

bb

ata

ha R

ee

fs

Natu

ral M

arin

e P

ark

,

Pa

law

an

79

17

96

Do

loro

sa

et

al. (

20

15

)

Bin

duya

n M

arin

e

Rese

arc

h S

tation

(BM

RS

), P

PC

,

Pa

law

an

64

8

72

Ho

mb

re

(20

15

)

Bin

unsa

lian

an

d

Tu

rtle

bays,

Pa

law

an

89

19

10

8

Pic

ard

al an

d

Do

loro

sa

(20

14

)

Iwa

hig

Riv

er,

PP

C,

Pa

law

an

5

0

15

75

Do

loro

sa

an

d

Da

ng

an

-

Ga

lon

,

(20

14

)

Ma

lun

ao

an

d

So

bre

ro,

Ab

orla

n,

Pa

law

an

46

27

73

Do

loro

sa

an

d M

olle

no

(20

16

)

Gra

nd

e Isla

nd

,

Su

bic

Ba

y,

Ph

ilip

pin

es

86

14

10

0

Ba

tom

ala

qu

e e

t al.

(20

10

)

Had

ji P

an

glim

a

Ta

hil,

Pro

vin

ce

of

Su

lu,

Ph

ilip

pin

es

15

3

18

Ta

bu

go

et

al. (

20

13

)

An

am

ba

s a

nd

Natu

na

Isla

nd

,

So

uth

Chin

a S

ea

91

43

13

4

Ta

n a

nd

Ka

sto

ro

(20

04

)

Ka

laya

an

Isla

nd

Gro

up

6

9

9

78

Th

is s

tud

y

28




Figure 2. The gastropods of Kalayaan Island Group: a) Cantharus wagneri, 31.2 mm; b) Pollia undosa, 31.1 mm; c) Bursa granularis, 36.6 mm; d) Cerithium nodulosum, 55 mm; e) Rhinoclavis articulata, 19 mm; f) Rhinoclavis sinensis, 19 mm;

g) Rhinoclavis vertagus, 46.4 mm; h) Conus distans, 54.2 mm; i) Conus ebraeus, 20.1 mm; j) Conus eburneus, 35 mm;

k) Conus leopardus, 89.4 mm; l) Conus spectrum, 46.9 mm; m) Conus stercusmuscarum, 40.3 mm; n) Conus thalassiarchus, 44.2 mm; o) Conus sp. 1, 22 mm; p) Conus sp. 2, 20 mm; q) Zierliana anthracina, 26.3 mm; r) Cypraea tigris, 68.3 mm;

s) Erosaria boivinii, 42.4 mm; and t) Erosaria erosa, 26.6 mm.

29



Figure 3. The gastropods of Kalayaan Island Group: a) Erosaria helvola, 17.1 mm; b) Leporicypraea mappa, 43 mm; c) Lyncina carneola (faded), 43.3 mm; d) Mauritia arabica, 46.1 mm; e) Monetaria annulus, 31.1 mm; f) Monetaria caputserpentis, 31.2 mm; g) Monetaria moneta, 31.2 mm; h) Cypreae sp. 1, 30 mm; i) Peristernia nassatula, 35 mm;

j) Peristernia ustulata, 35 mm; k) Pleuroploca trapezium, 131.4 mm; l) Harpa articularis, 61.1 mm; m) Haliotis asinina, 81.2 mm; n) Haliotis planata, 79 mm; o) Patelloida striata, 25.5 mm; p) Patelloida saccharinoides, 24.8 mm; q) Mitra papalis, 104. 4 mm; r) Chicoreus banksii, 50 mm; s) Chicoreus strigatus, 50.7 mm; t) Drupa ricinus, 21.1 mm; and u) Drupa rubusidaeus, 37.2 mm.

30



Figure 4. The gastropods of Kalayaan Island Group: a) Latiaxis sp., 41. 5 mm; b) Morula uva, 35.3 mm; c) Nassarius distortus, 51.8 mm; d) Mammilla melanostoma, 18.2 mm; e) Polinices sp.1, 18 mm; f) Nerita albicilla, 12.3 mm; g) Nerita costata,12 mm; h) Nerita plicata, 12.1 mm; i) Nerita polita, 11 mm; j) Oliva annulata, 36.1 mm; k) Distorsio anus, 25.4 mm;

l) Charonia tritonis, 174.2 mm; m) Monoplex aquatilis, 62.4 mm; n) Euprotomus aurisdianae, 49.6 mm; o) Harpago chiragra, 111.2 mm; p) Lambis lambis, 119.2 mm; q) Lentigo lentiginosus, 66.4 mm; r) Tectus niloticus, 46.6 mm; s) Trochus stellatus, 27.1 mm; t) Oxymeris areolata, 70.3 mm; u) Monodonta canalifera, 18.3 mm; v) Malea pomum, 56 mm; w) Tonna perdix, 56.1 mm; x) Lunella cinerea, 25.5 mm; y)Turbo chrysostomus, 50.3 mm; z) Turbo petholatus, 36.1 mm; aa1) Turris babylonia, 49.2 mm; aa2) Turris babylonia (juvenile), 15 mm; and bb) Cymbiola vespertilio, 72.5 mm.

31



Figure 5. The bivalves of Kalayaan Island Group: a) Anadara antiquata, 51.3 mm; b) Corculum impressum, 63.4 mm;

c) Fragum unedo, 30.9 mm, d) Hippopus hippopus, 61.4 mm; e)Tridacna maxima, 25.5 mm; f) Tridacna squamosa, 26 mm;

g) Cardita variegata, 38.2 mm; h) Codakia tigerina 38.1 mm; and i) Circe scripta, 46.1mm.

CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS

The present study listed 78 species of shelled gastropods and

bivalves in KIG and this may increase with continued survey

especially in the deeper waters. The meat of most of these

species is valued as food and most if not all of the shells are

used in handicraft/shell craft industry. Five endangered

species (three bivalves and two gastropods) were recorded in

the area. Further study is recommended to enrich this list.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

We are grateful to the officials of the local government of

Kalayaan for their support during the data collection. Thanks

to Engr. Wilson R. Pambid for providing the maps. Much

appreciated were the comments and suggestions of the two

anonymous reviewers.

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