Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for

Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industry ___________________________________________________

Report for the European Commission 07.0201/2016/739730/SFRA/ENV.C.4

ED 62670 | Issue Number 3 | Date 04/07/2018

Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industry | i

Ref: Ricardo/ED62670/SA/Issue Number 3

Ricardo Energy & Environment

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European Commission DG Environment Tim Scarbrough Ricardo Energy & Environment 30 Eastbourne Terrace, London, W2 6LA United Kingdom

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This report is the Copyright of the European Commission. It has been prepared by Ricardo Energy & Environment, a trading name of Ricardo-AEA Ltd, under contract to the European Commission dated 19/10/2016. The contents of this report may not be reproduced in whole or in part, nor passed to any organisation or person without the specific prior written permission of the European Commission. Ricardo Energy & Environment accepts no liability whatsoever to any third party for any loss or damage arising from any interpretation or use of the information contained in this report, or reliance on any views expressed therein.

Author:

An Derden (VITO), Hannes Waxwender (UBA), Tim Scarbrough (Ricardo)

Approved By:

Ben Grebot

Date:

04 July 2018

Ricardo Energy & Environment reference:

Ref: ED62670/SA- Issue Number 3

Previous versions of this document:

16 April 2018 – Issue Number 1 17 May 2018 – EC comments on Issue No. 1 05 June 2018 – Issue Number 2

Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industry | ii



Executive Summary

Introduction

This document is a preliminary determination of key environmental issues (KEI) for the Slaughterhouses and Animal by-products (SA) industry. It is an initial evidence-based proposal for the selection of KEIs to be used for the SA BREF review. This document does not constitute a final decision for selecting the KEIs for the SA BREF, but rather as background. The document is an output of a project to develop and implement (test) a transparent, feasible, systematic and effective approach to identify KEIs in advance of the information exchange under Article 13 of the IED.

The existing SA Best Available Technique (BAT) Reference Document (BREF) was adopted under the IPPC Directive in 2005. The re-activation of the SA Technical Working Group (TWG) for the revision of the SA BREF has not taken place yet at the time of writing this document.

Scope

The scope of this document matches the existing SA BREF, updated to refer to IED Annex I activities. Its scope is:

• 6.4.(a) Slaughterhouses with a carcass production capacity greater than 50 tonnes per day;

• 6.5 Disposal or recycling of animal carcases or animal waste with a treatment capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day.

Methodology applied to determine which parameters are KEIs

The methodology that has been used to identify KEIs was first circulated to the IED Forum members for comment in May 2017, and updated based on the comments received. The methodology was applied to the preliminary determination of KEIs for the Textiles industry in the second half of 2017 and circulated to the Textiles TWG for comment in January 2018. The methodology applied in the present document is the updated approach after taking into account stakeholder comments on the preliminary determination of KEIs for the Textiles industry.

The approach evaluates off-the-shelf data sources and background information to assess against four criteria. No formal data collection activity has been carried out to underpin this document. Four criteria were used to help determine suggested KEI (criteria 1 and 2 differ subtly from those originally proposed by the European Commission), and sub-criteria for each criterion were formulated to facilitate the criteria assessment. The four criteria are:

• Criterion 1: Are the environmental issues and associated parameters relevant for the activity or process concerned?

• Criterion 2: Is the industrial process and its pollution and consumption a significant part of industrial pollution and consumption in the EU, currently or trending?

• Criterion 3: The potential for identifying new or additional techniques that would further significantly reduce pollution.

• Criterion 4: The potential for defining BAT-AELs and BAT-AEPLs that would significantly improve the level of protection for the environment.

The criteria assessment is split into two. First is the application of criterion 1, i.e. identifying relevant environmental issues. Second is the application of criteria 2, 3 and 4. To identify a parameter as KEI, the methodology needs criterion 1 to be satisfied and two out of criteria 2, 3 or 4 to be satisfied. Each parameter is classed as one of: KEI, possible KEI (to be determined for example through further data collection with the TWG), not KEI, or not relevant.

Information sources used

More than 50 information sources have been identified, the majority of these published since the current SA BREF. Sixteen of these sources were the ones most frequently used in this assessment. The information sources include European and national regulations, European and national guidance documents, national inventories, articles in scientific publications, grey literature and statistical databases such as E-PRTR and Eurostat. Statistical data, for example on energy consumption or gross value added, was rarely available specifically for the slaughterhouses and animal by-products

Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industry | iii



industries. In such cases, data applicable to the broader economic sector of, for example, Eurostat data for food drink and tobacco production, had to be used instead.

The current SA BREF is an important information source, particularly for assessing criterion 1. This is because it comprehensively describes SA processes, generated emissions and applicable abatement techniques, underpinned with performance data from the industry, all together in one document. The current BREF is also useful for assessing criteria 3 and 4 because it defines what was the status quo when it was written.

The literature search conducted concluded that relatively few documents were available off-the-shelf which were deemed suitable to support the evaluation of the criteria in this document.

Preliminary determination of KEIs for Slaughterhouses and Animal by-products (SA) industries

The preliminary determination of KEIs for the SA industries was carried out:

• In general for the SA industry (section 3 of the document)

• For slaughterhouses, considering poultry and large animals (section 4)

• For animal by-products installations, split into 9 processes (section 5)

For releases to air, key environmental issues are odour in general and dust from incineration processes, which are also possible KEI for specific processes. Parameters suggested as possible KEIs in general, and for some specific processes, are ammonia, carbon monoxide, dust, noise/vibration, nitrogen compounds and volatile organic compounds. Additional parameters identified as possible KEI for specific processes only are chlorine compounds, dioxins and furans, and sulphur compounds (from incineration), and GHG (from slaughterhouses).

Emissions to water of volatile lipophilic substances, materials in suspension, salts, substances contributing to eutrophication and TOC/BOD/COD are suggested as key environmental issues in general, and which are KEI or possible KEI for specific processes. Parameters suggested as possible KEIs in general, and for some specific processes, are organohalogen compounds and substances harmful or toxic to aquatic life. No additional parameters are identified as possible KEI for specific processes only.

Generation of both hazardous and non-hazardous wastes are suggested to be KEI for slaughterhouses and possible KEI in general for the industry. Water and energy consumption are suggested to be KEI in general: KEI for slaughterhouses and possible KEI for most animal by-product installation processes.

Table E1 summarises the KEI suggestions for the SA industries.

Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industry | iv



Table E1: Summary of suggested KEI classification of each parameter

Note: only those issues and parameters are shown if they were identified as relevant. See full list in section 2.

Colour coding:

Issue

Para

me

ter

SA

in

gen

era

l

Sla

ughte

rhouses

Animal by-products installations processes

Fa

t m

eltin

g

Renderin

g

Fis

h-m

eal and fis

h-

oil

pro

ductio

n

Blo

od p

rocessin

g

Bone p

rocessin

g

Gela

tin

e

ma

nufa

ctu

rin

g

Incin

era

tio

n

Bio

gas p

roductio

n

Com

postin

g

Em

issio

ns t

o a

ir

Ammonia KEI? KEI? NR NR NR NR NR NR KEI? NR NR

Carbon monoxide KEI? NR KEI? KEI? NR NR NR NR KEI? KEI? KEI?

Chlorine Not NR Not NR NR NR NR NR KEI? NR NR

Dust KEI? NR KEI? NR NR KEI? KEI? NR KEI KEI? KEI?

Fluorine Not NR NR NR NR NR NR NR Not NR NR

Greenhouse gases Not KEI? Not NR NR NR NR NR NR Not Not

Metals/metalloids Not Not Not NR NR NR NR NR KEI? NR NR

Noise and vibration KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI?

Odour KEI KEI KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI?

Nitrogen compounds KEI? KEI? KEI? NR KEI? NR NR NR KEI? NR NR

Dioxins and furans Not NR NR NR Not NR NR NR KEI? NR NR

Sulphur compounds Not NR Not NR NR NR NR NR KEI? NR NR

Volatile organic compounds

KEI? NR KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? NR NR KEI? NR NR

Em

issio

ns t

o w

ate

r

Volatile lipophilic substances

KEI KEI? KEI NR NR NR NR KEI KEI NR NR

Materials in suspension including settleable substances

KEI KEI NR NR KEI KEI KEI KEI NR KEI? NR

Metals/metalloids Not Not NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

Organohalogen compounds.

KEI? KEI? NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

Organophosphorus compounds

Not NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

Persistent hydrocarbons and persistent and bioaccumulable organic toxic substances

Not NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

Salts KEI KEI? KEI NR NR KEI KEI KEI KEI KEI? KEI?

Substances harmful or toxic to aquatic life

KEI? KEI? NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

Substances contributing to eutrophication

KEI KEI KEI NR NR KEI KEI KEI NR NR NR

TOC, BOD, COD KEI KEI KEI NR NR KEI KEI KEI NR KEI? NR

Waste

Genera

tio

n

Hazardous waste generation

KEI? KEI NR NR KEI? NR NR NR KEI? NR NR

Non-hazardous waste KEI? KEI NR NR NR Not NR NR KEI? KEI? NR

Resourc

e

Consum

ptio

n Specific freshwater

consumption KEI KEI KEI? NR KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI?

Specific energy consumption

KEI KEI KEI? NR KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI? KEI?

Materials consumed Not Not NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

Selection of raw materials Not NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR NR

KEI KEI? Not NR

Key environmental issue Possible KEI Environmental issue, not KEI Not relevant

Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industry | v



Table of contents

1 Introduction ................................................................................................................ 1 1.1 This document ................................................................................................................... 1 1.2 Aims and objectives .......................................................................................................... 1 1.3 Specific features and nomenclature of the SA industry .................................................... 2 1.4 Methodology for identification of KEIs ............................................................................... 3 1.5 Scope selection ................................................................................................................. 6 1.6 Main sources of evidence used ......................................................................................... 9

2 Which environmental issues are relevant for the SA industry? ........................... 13

3 Key environmental issues in general for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-product industries ............................................................................................................ 20

3.1 Common assessment ...................................................................................................... 21 3.2 Emissions to Air ............................................................................................................... 25 3.3 Emissions to Water ......................................................................................................... 27 3.4 Waste Generation ........................................................................................................... 29 3.5 Consumption of water, energy and materials .................................................................. 30

4 Key environmental issues for slaughterhouses .................................................... 31 4.1 Emissions to air ............................................................................................................... 32 4.2 Emissions to water .......................................................................................................... 34 4.3 Waste Generation ........................................................................................................... 37 4.4 Consumption of water, energy and materials .................................................................. 38

5 Key environmental issues for animal by-products installations .......................... 40 5.1 Fat melting ....................................................................................................................... 41 5.2 Rendering ........................................................................................................................ 43 5.3 Fish-meal and fish-oil production .................................................................................... 45 5.4 Blood processing ............................................................................................................. 47 5.5 Bone processing .............................................................................................................. 49 5.6 Gelatine manufacturing ................................................................................................... 51 5.7 Incineration ...................................................................................................................... 53 5.8 Biogas production ............................................................................................................ 55 5.9 Composting ..................................................................................................................... 57

6 References ............................................................................................................... 58

Appendices

Appendix 1: Evaluation by sub-criteria Appendix 2: Monitoring standards

Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industry | 1



1 Introduction

1.1 This document

This document is a preliminary determination of key environmental issues (KEI) for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA). It has been produced as a deliverable of the project “Preliminary determination of key environmental issues for industrial sectors in BREF reviews under the Industrial Emissions Directive”, specific contract number 07.0201/2016/739730/SFRA/ENV.C.4, which is Service Request 2 under framework contract ENV.C.4/FRA/2015/0042.

The existing SA BREF was adopted under the IPPC Directive in 2005. The re-activation of the SA Technical Working Group (TWG) for the revision of the Reference Document on Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-Products Industries (SA BREF) will probably take place at the end of 2018.

1.2 Aims and objectives

1.2.1 Aims and objectives of the project

The identification of KEIs is already part of the existing BREF process but this process could potentially be improved through frontloading of efforts and taking a more focussed approach to try and help streamline the process. This streamlining should subsequently help to enhance the effectiveness and efficiency of the process and so reduce the workload of the Technical Working Groups (TWGs) including of the European Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control Bureau (EIPPCB).

Therefore, the overall objective of this study is to develop and implement a transparent, feasible, systematic and effective approach to identify KEIs in advance of the information exchange under Article 13 of the IED for the drawing up or review of a BREF and associated BAT conclusions. The approach to be developed should:

• determine a selected number of KEIs. The aim is not to produce a long list of potential KEIs, but to select those that are relevant for the sector and which can be influenced by the BREF review.

• base the selection on facts. This means there must be a clear link between the selected KEIs and the sector concerned based on evidence.

A draft methodology was developed and circulated to stakeholders in May 2017 for comment. The comments received from this consultation were taken into account for the first application of this methodology, which was the Preliminary Determination of KEI for the Textiles (TXT) Industry. The TXT KEI document was circulated to the TXT TWG in January 2018 and comments were invited on the applied methodology. The comments received on this iteration of the methodology have been again taken into account for this document. The core of this methodology are four criteria which are listed in section 1.4.

This study will also ensure that the methodology developed can be easily applied to a range of varied sectors by testing real examples, and for the outputs to subsequently feed into the BREF process. As well as the present document, which is for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries (SA) BREF, further lessons will be learnt from testing the methodology for the Smitheries & Foundries (SF) and Ceramic manufacturing (CER) BREFs.

1.2.2 Aims and objectives of this document

The aim of this document is to present an initial evidence-based proposal for the selection of KEIs to be used for the SA BREF review. This document does not constitute a final decision for selecting the KEIs for the SA BREF, but rather as background.

This document is not a tool to select the scope of the new SA BREF review. Some of the arguments and evidence used in this document may be similar to those used in a scope selection exercise but this is not the intention of this document.




The suggested KEIs presented in this document result from applying the approach developed, which is based on four criteria and is tested for this SA case. Further information on the approach is summarised in section 1.4. In summary, off-the-shelf data sources and background information have been reviewed to extract relevant information to enable application of each of the criteria for each SA process/activity. No formal data collection activity has been carried out to underpin this document.

The structure of this document has been set up to facilitate the use of its contents either within the Call for Initial Positions (CIP) or within the Background Paper (BP) for the SA TWG KoM. The structure is:

• Section 2 determines which parameters are relevant for the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries;

• Section 3 suggests KEIs in general for all slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries, split by environmental issue medium; and

• Sections 4 and 5 suggest process-specific KEIs for slaughterhouses and animal by-product industries respectively.

1.3 Specific features and nomenclature of the SA industry

There are many common features in most of the industrial sectors covered by horizontal BREFs. Most of these industrial sectors can be clustered in subsectors which can be subdivided further into different plant types or process routes. Each plant design may have its own specific emission sources.

The following specific features differentiate the SA sector from other industrial activities:

• Slaughter activities have a strong link with upstream and downstream activities

Upstream, during the rearing of animals, there is a strong influence of feed that animals receive prior to transport to the slaughterhouse on the amount of manure produced during transport and in slaughterhouses. This activity is covered by the BREF for the Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs (BREF IRPP, 2017).

After slaughtering, the meat is often further processed in other installations in the food processing industry such as meat processing as covered by the BREF for Food, Drink and Milk Industries (BREF FDM, in review) or the production of prepared meals1. The cutting of meat can also be an integrated activity in the slaughterhouses.

Animal by-products not intended for human consumption are processed in animal by-products industries (activity also covered by the SA BREF). Integration of both activities is possible, although these often take place in separate installations.

• Slaughter processes are not complex

The applied technology and machines in slaughterhouses are determined by the type of animals. For example, stunning / killing of animals differs for the slaughter of small animals (e.g. chickens) and large animals (e.g. pigs, cows). However, in general the applied processes and their environmental impact are quite similar for all animals. Therefore, no distinction is made in this case based on the type of animals.

A list has been generated with a total of 18 different activities or devices clustered in 3 categories (Table 3 in this document). Table 3 may also be useful to facilitate a clear KEI selection process and other BREF review exercises.

• Valorisation of animal by-product is done in a targeted manner

Depending on the type of animal by-products and the valorisation purpose, different processes can be applied, such as fat melting, rendering, blood processing, bone processing, gelatine manufacturing, incineration, biogas production or compositing. The ban on the use of processed animal proteins in feed for animals farmed for food has led to this diversification of the animal by-products industry.

• SA activities are subject to specific regulations regarding animal welfare and food safety

1 Production of prepared meal is not excluded from the current (2006) FDM BREF as long as animal or vegetable raw materials are part of it. This may change in the revised FDM BREF.




The use and disposal routes for animal by-products permitted are governed by the Regulation (EC) No 1069/2009 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 21 October 2009 laying down health rules as regards animal by-products and derived products not intended for human consumption and repealing Regulation (EC) No 1774/2002 (Animal by-products Regulation).

The occurrences of microbiological contaminants (e.g. Salmonella) in meat products and crises in the sector (e.g. Bovine spongiform encephalopathy, BSE) have created a strong focus on food safety. This implies increased hygiene requirements at slaughterhouses and as a consequence a higher intensity of cleaning and sterilisation operations.

1.4 Methodology for identification of KEIs

The methodology that has been used in identification of KEIs was first circulated for comment in May 2017, and updated based on the comments received. The methodology was applied to the preliminary determination of KEIs for the Textiles industry in the second half of 2017 and circulated for comment in January 2018. The methodology applied in this document is the updated approach after taking into account stakeholder comments on the preliminary determination of KEIs for the Textiles industry. The approach comprises the following five steps:

1. Initial scope selection before applying criteria: The scope selection will normally take place during the KoM of the SA TWG. This means that the preliminary KEI identification in this document has had to be carried out with an assumption about scope which is described in section 1.5. This step also yielded a list of SA activities, which is in line with the list of processes in the adopted SA BREF (2005).

2. Data and information gathering: In this step, off-the-shelf data sources and SA specific literature sources have been reviewed. This has mostly focussed on data or information sources published since the existing SA BREF (2005) was published. No TWG-wide additional data collection has been carried out as part of this process. Stakeholder comments on the data sources suitable for evaluating the criteria, which were listed in the methodology document from May 2017, have been taken into account.

3. Data and information evaluation: An evidence register was generated when systematically reviewing the information sources. This database registers the source of each evidence (with a document code such as R100) as well as the sub-criteria that the evidence is underpinning. An initial list of possible environmental issues and parameters was used to record the identified evidences. Specific process issues were then isolated from others that apply generally to the whole sector. Gaps relating to which sub-criteria were not assessed because of no evidence identified to assess them were not reported on. Given the way the sub-criteria were applied (see step 4) these gaps did not affect the outcome / selection process.

4. Criteria assessment. This step is split into two: first is the application of criterion 1 and second is the application of criteria 2, 3 and 4 (Figure 1). The criteria applied were:

• Criterion 1: are the environmental issues and associated parameters relevant for the activity or process concerned? Criterion 1 establishes which are environmental issues for a sector and its activities, but not which of the environmental issues are key environmental issues. This criterion has a slightly different definition than the original criterion 1 suggested by the European Commission2, and is separate from the quantification of significance that is covered by criterion 2. Criterion 1 is further specified using 6 sub-criteria (shown in Table 1). The outcome of applying criterion 1 is, for each parameter against each process in the sector, one of three answers: (1) yes, this parameter is relevant, (2) no, this parameter is not relevant, or (3) this parameter is possibly relevant.

• Criteria 2, 3 and 4 have been assessed separately for general KEIs that apply typically across the sector in section 3, and additional KEIs specific to certain processes in sections 4 and 5. Table 1 lists the sub-criteria that make up these criteria.

2 The original text of criterion 1 suggested by DG ENV in October 2015 is “the environmental relevance of the pollution (air, water, soil) or generation of waste or consumption (e.g. of water, energy, materials) caused by the activity or process concerned, i.e. whether it may cause an environmental problem”.




o Criterion 2: Is the industrial process and its pollution and consumption a significant part of industrial pollution and consumption in the EU, currently or trending? This is the criterion that allows for a quantitative assessment of the significance of the sector or activity and of the parameters relevant for that sector and activity. The definition of the criterion differs in two ways from the original criterion 2 suggested by the Commission3: (i) its scope is broadened to include not just emissions but other parameters such as energy consumption or waste generation; and (ii) its scope is broadened to try to capture those sectors, sub-sectors or activities that are increasing in importance due to a new process route or technology. The criterion has been specified using 10 sub-criteria.

o Criterion 3: the potential for identifying new or additional techniques that would further significantly reduce pollution. Criterion 3 is concerned with the technological progress, whether triggered by new technology or by better design/operation of existing technologies. Criterion 3 has the same wording from the original suggestion from the Commission. The aspects of identifying new or additional techniques are specified using 7 sub-criteria.

o Criterion 4: the potential for defining BAT-AELs and BAT-AEPLs that would significantly improve the level of protection for the environment. Criterion 4 is concerned with whether the existing BREF may not adequately describe the current state-of-the-art either because BAT-AELs were set too high or were not set at all. Criterion 4 has the same wording from the original suggestion from the Commission. The aspects of identifying the potential for defining BAT-AELs or BAT-AEPLs are specified using 7 sub-criteria.

To be suggested as KEI, the methodology as implemented needs criterion 1 to be satisfied and two out of criteria 2/3/4 to be satisfied.

5. Reporting: the outcome of the assessment has been summarised in this document. Criterion 1 is assessed in section 2 of this document. The results from evaluating against criteria 2, 3 and 4 are summarised in section 3 for the SA sector in general and in section 4 of this document for specific SA processes.

Table 1: The four criteria and split into sub-criteria

Criterion 1: are the environmental issues and associated parameters relevant for the activity or process concerned?

1a) Is the parameter described in the existing BREF for the activity?

1b) Is the parameter regulated and/or monitored in (most) Member States for this sector or process (either in IED implementation or other policies)? [NB this subcriterion is sufficient to allow inclusion of a parameter, but not for exclusion] Is the parameter regulated in other States internationally (e.g. USA) for this sector or process?

1c) Is the parameter reported for this process or sector in statistical publications or inventories?

1d) Is the parameter reported for this process or sector in grey literature, academic literature or models?

1e) Do international regulations, protocols or guidance indicate that the parameter is relevant for the sector?

1f) Has evidence been provided by a TWG member that the parameter is relevant for the sector?

3 The original text of criterion 2 suggested by DG ENV in October 2015 is “the significance of the activity in terms of number of installations, their geographical spread and their contribution to the total emissions in the EU”.




Criterion 2: Is the industrial process and its pollution and consumption a significant part of industrial pollution and consumption in the EU, currently or trending?

2a) How many installations are in this sector or subsector in EU? Currently and trending. [Plus built capacity information if available]

2b) How many installations in this sector/subsector report the parameter? Currently and trending.

2c) In how many Member States does this sector/subsector occur? Currently and trending. [Note that this will not be used for excluding a parameter]

2d) How many Member States report the parameter? Currently and trending.

2e) What proportion do the air/water emissions of the installations make up of total EU industrial emissions and total EU emissions? Currently and trending (note that for hazardous substances, even a very small quantity could be significant for human health and the environment)

2f) What proportion does the water/energy/material consumption of the installations make up of total EU industrial consumption? Currently and trending.

2g) What proportion does the waste generation of the installations make up of total EU industrial waste generation? Currently and trending.

2h) What proportion of environment permits for installations of the sector or subsector, per Member State, include the parameter?

2i) What is the relative importance in monetary value of reductions of the parameter compared to other parameters?

2j) What evidence has been provided by TWG members that the parameter is significant for the sector, subsector or process? Currently or trending.

Criterion 3: the potential for identifying new or additional techniques that would further significantly reduce pollution

3a) Have any new/alternative primary processes been identified that have the potential for significant emission/ materials consumption prevention or reductions?

3b) Are there relevant secondary techniques in other subsectors of the sector with the potential to be applied to this subsector?

3c) Are there relevant secondary techniques in other sectors with the potential to be applied to this sector?

3d) How comprehensive is the list of techniques in the previous BREF? How complete is their description?

3e) Have known techniques improved, either BAT or those that did not qualify as BAT in the existing BREF?

3f) Have any of the emerging production techniques listed in the previous BREF since been commercially demonstrated?

3g) Have any of the emerging secondary (end of pipe) techniques listed in the previous BREF since been commercially demonstrated?

Criterion 4: the potential for defining BAT-AELs and BAT-AEPLs that would significantly improve the level of protection for the environment

4a) What percentage of installations currently in the sector use BAT as described in the existing BREF?

4b) To what extent have the BAT-AELs and BAT-AEPLs of the previous BREF been taken up in permits? However, it is important to note that there is no legal requirement for IPPCD BAT-AELs to have been incorporated in permits.

4c) How wide is the range between existing lower and upper BAT-AELs? E.g. expressed as a ratio of upper/lower BAT-AEL. What are the reasons for this (including corresponding techniques)? Are most installation permit ELVs set close to the upper BAT-AEL?

4d) What is the proportion of new units / plants in the sector?

4e) What are the investments made in existing units / plants in the sector?

4f) What is the range of permitted emission limit values across different countries?

4g) What is the range of actual pollutant concentrations across different countries?




Figure 1: The criteria are applied in two steps, leading to an outcome for each parameter and process combination of: KEI / possible KEI / environmental issue, not KEI / not relevant.

1.5 Scope selection

Although the scope of the SA BREF is not the focus of this document, it is necessary to have a working assumption on scope for KEI identification. By default, the simplest approach has been to assume the same scope as the existing SA BREF, given that, at the time of writing, the TWG had not been reactivated and no feedback on scope from TWG members has yet been sought or received.

Additionally, to refine the scope and avoid overlaps, the following aspects have also been considered for the working assumption of scope:

1. Concluding remarks of the existing SA BREF and suggested topics for future R&D projects

The existing SA BREF suggests in the ‘concluding remarks’ section that the next BREF review should:

• combine the sections on waste water treatment because most of the techniques described were applicable at both slaughterhouses and animal by-products installations.

• collect information on substances that should be used for cleaning slaughterhouses and animal by-products installations, taking into account other issues such as water consumption, water temperature and use of physical work to remove dirt.

The existing SA BREF suggests among others the following ‘topics for further R&D’:

• Energy consumption associated with chilling and refrigerated storage and drying of animal by-products;

• Use of non-potable water at slaughterhouses;

• Optimisation of the use of animal by-products.

2. Comparison / alignment with IED Annex I activities.

Scope of the existing SA BREF (2005) (under IPPC):

6.4.(a) Slaughterhouses with a carcass production capacity greater than 50 tonnes per day;




6.5. Installations for the disposal or recycling of animal carcases and animal waste with a treatment capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day.

IED Annex I activities:

6.4.(a) Operating slaughterhouses with a carcass production capacity greater than 50 tonnes per day;

6.5. Disposal or recycling of animal carcases or animal waste with a treatment capacity exceeding 10 tonnes per day.

In general, there are no indications so far that the scope of the new SA BREF will be different from the existing SA BREF (2005) given the similarities between the relevant IPPC Annex I and IED Annex I activities.

The total number of reported permitted SA installations within the scope of the IED annex I activity 6.4 (a) and 6.5 (2015) is 1,385 (source: R084). More details per activity and per country can be found in the following table. Note this data source has no data reported for Lithuania (LT), Luxembourg (LU) and Malta (MT). This table also gives the amount of E-PRTR reported facilities in 2015 for industrial activity 8 – animal and vegetable products from the food and beverages sector – 8 (a) slaughterhouses, which is shown to report a smaller number of facilities than the number of reported IED permitted installations.

Table 2: Reported permitted SA installations within the scope of the IED Annex I activities 6.4 (a) and 6.5 (2015), and facilities reported under E-PRTR activity 8 (a) (slaughterhouses)

Country IED Annex I activity E-PRTR activity

8 (a) (Slaughterhouses) 6.4 (a) 6.5

Austria 19 4 7

Belgium 46 8 42

Bulgaria 2 3 0

Croatia 2 1 1

Cyprus 2 3 1

Czech Republic 24 17 8

Denmark 26 11 10

Estonia 1 1 2

Finland 9 15 7

France 146 39 49

Germany 132 39 64

Greece 8 10 0

Hungary 18 38 6

Ireland 36 5 27

Italy 72 54 25

Lithuania - 1 0

Latvia - 1 0

Netherlands 30 14 21

Poland 90 47 40

Portugal 23 7 12

Romania 16 9 9

Spain 120 68 56

Sweden 14 10 8

Slovenia 9 11 3

Slovakia 4 1 4

United Kingdom 90 29 70

TOTAL 939 446 472

Source: (R084) Ricardo (2018); (R024) E-PRTR database, last consulted in February 2018




The E-PRTR database, which for Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products industries adopts the same definition as Annex I of the IED, namely ‘carcass production capacity of 50 tonnes per day’, contains 46 facilities in ‘EU28’, ‘all regions’ for the industrial activity “8 Animal and vegetable products from the food and beverage sector – 8.(a) slaughterhouses for the year 2015”.

Of the 472 registered facilities listed in E-PRTR, only a minority (~10%) report emissions beyond the E-PRTR thresholds. The number of IED SA installations according to permit data, shown in the above table split by Member State, suggests the number of SA sites is larger than indicated in the E-PRTR database, at 1,259 installations in 2015 (source: (R084) Ricardo (2018)). This contributes to criterion #2 assessment of the methodology.

3. Scope coverage of BREFs

Scope coverage of recently published BREFs and those in development can affect the scope of the SA BREF. The FDM BREF (BAT Reference Document for the Food, Drink and Milk Industries) may have some impact in the SA BREF as well as the Waste Treatment (WT) BREF (Final Draft, 2017) and the Waste Incineration (WI) BREF (D1, 2017). Horizontal BREFs can also affect the scope of the SA BREF, such as the Common Waste Water and Waste Gas Treatment / Management Systems in the Chemical Sector (CWW) BREF and the Industrial Cooling Systems (ICS) BREF. Some of the techniques used in a waste water treatment unit or air abatement unit for SA installation are already described in the horizontal CWW BREF. Cross references could be made to avoid repeating the descriptions of techniques, i.e. the new SA BREF could refer to the contents of the CWW BREF. The capabilities and performance (baseline emission levels or BAT-AELs) of techniques such as filtration, could however differ because of different effluent profiles.

4. Structure of the BREF

In chapter 5 of the current SA BREF, techniques are selected as BAT at different levels:

• Slaughterhouses and animal by-products installations

o General processes and operations

▪ Environmental management

o Integration of same site activities

o Collaboration with upstream and downstream activities

o Installation and equipment cleaning

o Treatment of waste water

• Additional BAT for slaughterhouses

o Large Animals

o Poultry

• Additional BAT for animal by-products installations

o Fat melting

o Rendering

o Fish-meal and fish-oil production

o Blood processing

o Bone processing

o Gelatine manufacture

o Incineration of animal by-products

o Biogas production

o Composting

This document has grouped the SA activities in the same way as the BAT chapter structure used in the BAT conclusion section of the adopted BREF, with the exception that within the combined group of ‘Slaughterhouses and animal by-products installations’ all the processes are considered within ‘general processes and operations’.




A complete list of process steps has been generated to comprehensively consider KEIs for the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries. The list includes all the processes mentioned in the existing BREF for which BAT are selected and is shown in Table 3. This document has proposed KEIs for each category of the processes shown as ‘level 2’ in Table 3. When unit operation (‘level 3’ in Table 3) had a distinct issue, a specific judgement has been made on whether parameters could be KEI for the unit operation.

Table 3: A complete list of processes steps for the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries (Source: current SA BREF (R001) and various sources)

Process (Level 1)

Phase (Level 2)

Sub phase (Level 3)

Slaughterhouses and animal by-product industries

General processes and operations

Environmental management

Integration of same site activities

Collaboration with upstream and downstream activities

Installation and equipment cleaning

Treatment of waste water

Slaughterhouses Large Animals (no further detail)

Poultry (no further detail)

Animal by-products installations

Fat melting (no further detail)

Rendering (no further detail)

Fish-meal and fish-oil production (no further detail)

Blood processing (no further detail)

Bone processing (no further detail)

Gelatine manufacture (no further detail)

Incineration of animal by-products (no further detail)

Biogas production (no further detail)

Composting (no further detail)

1.6 Main sources of evidence used

A list of all the documents that have been considered in the framework of this document is in section 6. For the identification of KEIs, more than 50 information sources have been used, focussing primarily on documents published after the existing SA BREF (i.e. after 2005). An overview of the most frequently used sources of evidence is given in Table 4. The sources listed in this table have been cited at least five times in evaluating the criteria in this study.




Table 4: Most frequently used sources in the preliminary identification of KEI for SA

ID Author Year Title

R001 DG JRC 2005 BREF Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries

R100 Flemish Environmental Agency

2017 Flemish Environmental Legislation (VLAREM): VLAREM II, bijlage 5 (°37 slachthuizen en 49° vilbeluiken)

R022 WB/IFC 2007 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Meat Processing

R002 Flemish Government - VITO/1 Beco; Derden A. Schrijvers J. 1, Suijkerbuijk M. 1, Van de Meulebroecke A. 1, Vercaemst P. en Dijkmans R.

2003 Flemish BAT study slaughterhouses (+ VLAREM II, annex 5.3.2.37)

R003 Waxwender H., Svehla-Stix J., Zeilinger M.

2016 State of the Art in the Slaughterhouse and Animal By-products Industries, Description of Austrian plants, Umweltbundesamt, Wien

R004 Flemish Government - VITO; Derden A. and Huybrechts D.

2015 (update in progress, 2018?)

Ex ante assessment of the Flemish environment permit conditions in the light of the review of the BREF Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries.

R024 Various 2015 (2014, 2013)

E-PRTR data sector 8 Animal and vegetable products from the food and beverage industry - activity 8 (a) Slaughterhouses

R006 Flemish Government - VITO; Derden A., Vanassche S. and Huybrechts D.

2012 Best Available Techniques (BAT) for (manure) co-digestion. Artoos, ISBN: 9789081953405, 274p.

R009 DG JRC 2006 (review in progress, D1 2015)

BREF Waste Incineration

R014 EPA USA (United States Environmental Protection Agency)

2016 Meat and Poultry Products Effluent Guidelines; Subpart A—Simple Slaughterhouses; Subpart B—Complex Slaughterhouses; Subpart J—Renderers


2004 Technical Development Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Point Source Category (40 CFR 432)


2016 Stationary sources air pollution guideline - chapter 9.5.3 Meat Rendering Plants

R035 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

2014 Sub-sectoral Environmental and Social Guideline: Slaughterhouses

R106 Danish Meat Research Institute - DMRI

2015 Note - Update of information concerning environmental issues of slaughterhouses

R107 UK Government 2009 How to comply with your environmental permit Additional guidance for: The Red Meat Processing (Cattle, Sheep and Pigs) Sector (EPR 6.12)

R008 Van den Abeele L., Smets T., Dils E., Vercalsteren A., Vanassche S., Dierckx K., Nevens F., Schrooten L., Bilsen V., Dessers R., Mertens K., Blondiau T., Vlaeminck P., Mathijs E., and Vranken L. - VITO

2013 Een CO2-, water- en afvalneutrale Vlaamse voedingsnijverheid tegen 2030: onderzoek naar haalbaarheid en uitwerking mogelijke aanpak (Feasibility study for a CO2, water and waste neutral Flemish food processing industry). VITO report, 428p.




The additional sources listed in Table 5 were identified and inspected, but were found not to be useful in the framework of evaluating the criteria for KEI and so are not cited in the remainder of this document. These sources were identified through literature search, with the following search terms:

Slaughterhouse* + techn*

Slaughterhouse* + energy

Overall, it is concluded that relatively few documents were available off-the-shelf which were deemed suitable to support the evaluation of the criteria in this document.

Table 5: Additional identified documents on slaughterhouses and/or animal by-products industries, but not further used in this preliminary KEI determination


R010 Various 2015 E-PRTR data NACE 10 manufacture of food products - 10.4 vegetable and animal oil and fats - 10.41 manufacture of oils and fats

R016 Government of India No date Comprehensive Industry Document Series (COINDS) (BAT reports) - Central Pollution Control Board - Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (Govt of India) - Comprehensive Industry Document on Slaughter House, Meat and Sea Food Processing

R021 GOV.UK 2015 Red and white meat slaughterhouses: standard operating procedures

R023 WB/IFC 2007 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Poultry Processing

R026 EPA UK - WS/Atkins No date (before 2005)

BAT Guidance for Specific Sub-sectors within the Food and Drink Industry - Poultry Processors - Final Report

R032 Imprint: Academic Press; Hardcover ISBN: 9780123847317; eBook ISBN: 9780123847348

2014 Encyclopaedia of Meat Sciences - waste management

R104 German Government - Bundesministerium der Justiz und für Verbraucherschutz

2002 TA Luft - 5.4.7.2 Installations under 7.2: Installations for Slaughtering Animals

R105 Dutch Government - Overheid.nl

2018 Activiteitenregeling milieubeheer - § 3.6.2. Slachten van dieren, uitsnijden van vlees of vis of bewerken van dierlijke bijproducten

R200 EEA 2014 Environmental Indicator Report 2017 Environmental Impacts of production-consumption systems in Europe

R201 EEA 2014 LTRAP inventory submissions

R202 Bertoldi P., Diluiso F., Castellazzi L., Labanca N., Serrenho T.

2018 Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency Trends in the EU-28, 2000-2015

R301 Food Standards Agency 2018 UK list of slaughterhouses

R302 European Commission 2018 Approved EU food establishments

R303 ADHEB - Pork 1990-2016

England Abattoir Numbers/

R304 Bugallo et al 2014 Analysis of the slaughterhouses in Galicia (NW Spain)

R306 Farr - One Green Planet 2017 Beyond the Factory Farm: How Slaughterhouses Are Polluting the Planet

R401 Davarnejad and Nasiri 2017 Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment using an advanced oxidation process: Optimization study

Environmental Pollution, Volume 223, April 2017, Pages 1-10





R402 Bustillo-Lecompte and Mehrvar

2017 Treatment of actual slaughterhouse wastewater by combined anaerobic–aerobic processes for biogas generation and removal of organics and nutrients: An optimization study towards a cleaner production in the meat processing industry

Journal of Cleaner Production, Volume 141, 10 January 2017, Pages 278-289


2015 Slaughterhouse wastewater characteristics, treatment, and management in the meat processing industry: A review on trends and advances

Journal Environmental Management, Volume 161, 15 September 2015, Pages 287-302

R404 Ware and Power 2016 Biogas from cattle slaughterhouse waste: Energy recovery towards an energy self-sufficient industry in Ireland

Renewable Energy, Volume 97, November 2016, Pages 541-54

R405 Ashrafi et al 2015 Heat recovery and heat pumping opportunities in a slaughterhouse

Energy 89 (2015), p. 1-13




2 Which environmental issues are relevant for the SA industry?

This section identifies which parameters for each environmental issue are ‘relevant’ for each activity and process in slaughterhouses and animal by-product industries, based on the evidence identified. ‘Relevance’ is the concept considered as criterion 1 in this methodology. The tables included in this section provide the outcome of applying criterion 1.

This criterion is related to whether the parameters in question are relevant for the sector or activity or process in question. Criterion 1 is not concerned with the quantification of significance of the environmental issue or parameter – that is covered by criterion 2. Therefore to make criterion 1 distinct from criterion 2, we have simplified criterion 1 to “are the environmental issues and associated parameters relevant for the activity or process concerned”.4 I.e. after applying criterion 1, it is established which are the environmental issues for a sector and its activities, but not which of the environmental issues are key environmental issues. Table 1 includes the sub-criteria considered within the criterion of relevance.

As mentioned before, this document has grouped the SA activities in the same way as the BAT chapter structure used of the adopted BREF. There are 3 levels of SA processes taken into account as proposed in Table 3.

• Table 6 identifies relevance in general for all slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries, including general processes and operations such as environmental management as well as integration of same site activities, collaboration with upstream and downstream activities, installation and equipment cleaning, and treatment of waste water.

• Table 7 identifies relevance specific for slaughterhouses for large animals and poultry.

• Table 8 identifies relevance specific for animal by-products industries, including fat melting, rendering, fish-meal and fish-oil production, blood processing, bone processing, gelatine manufacture, incineration of animal by-products, biogas production, and composting.

Applying criterion 1 in practice means identifying evidence to understand if, for the process in question, particular pollutants are emitted, or e.g. energy is consumed. The cells of the tables are therefore coloured to indicate if a parameter is relevant for a process as follows:

Yes, parameter is relevant for a process

No, parameter is not relevant for a process

Parameter is possibly relevant for a process

Evidence identified No evidence identified Expert judgement

The table contents are codes referring to the source of information used to assess the relevance. Section 6 provides a complete list of the sources used in this KEI selection exercise. The sources most frequently used in this step of the analysis are listed in Table 4.

Applying criterion 1 reduces the scope of the following sections, as only those parameters deemed relevant or possibly relevant are considered further in sections 3, 4 and 5. Specifically, no evidence identifies that emissions to soil/groundwater and the use of hazardous substances are relevant for the SA sector, and so these are not included in sections 3, 4 or 5. Interrelations between parameters were assessed as follows:

• No interrelations between dust and metals/metalloids emitted to air were identified in the SA sector.

• No interrelations between materials in suspension/settleable substances/total suspended solids and metals/metalloids and their compounds were identified in the SA sector.

Monitoring standards for measuring the air and water pollutants are listed in Appendix 2.

4 The original text of criterion 1 suggested by DG ENV to the IED Forum in October 2015 is “the environmental relevance of the pollution (air, water, soil) or generation of waste or consumption (e.g. of water, energy, materials) caused by the activity or process concerned, i.e. whether it may cause an environmental problem”.




Table 6: Parameters relevant in general for slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries (criterion 1 assessment)

Environmental issue

Parameter General processes

and operations

Emissions to Air

Amines

Ammonia R004; R035

Asbestos

Biologically active substances

Carbon monoxide R004

Chlorine and its compounds R004

Cyanides

Dust R004; R022; R035

Fluorine and its compounds R004

Formaldehyde

Greenhouse gases (other than when covered by EU ETS) R035; R036; R308

Hexachlorobenzene

Metals/metalloids and their compounds R004

Noise and vibration R022

Odour R001; R022

Oil mist

Nitrogen compounds R004; R308

Ozone depleting substances

Pentachlorobenzene

Phenols

Dioxins and furans R004

Polychlorinated biphenyls

Polychlorinated naphthalenes

Substances and mixtures which have been proven or are suspected to possess carcinogenic or mutagenic properties or

properties which may affect reproduction via the air

Aromatics

Sulphur compounds R004; R308

Volatile organic compounds R004; R018; R308

Emissions to Water

Biocides

Cyanides

Volatile lipophilic substances R001, R003; R022

Materials in suspension including settleable substances (Note 1)

R001; R002; R003; R022; R034; R103


Organohalogen compounds. R003; R111

Organophosphorus compounds R308

Organotin compounds


R003; R027

Salts R003

Substances and mixtures which have been proven to possess carcinogenic or mutagenic properties or properties which may

affect reproduction in or via the aquatic environment

Substances which are harmful or toxic to aquatic life R002; R100

Substances which contribute to eutrophication R001; R002; R003; R019; R022; R029; R030; R034;

R103; R106; R308




Environmental issue

Parameter General processes

and operations

TOC, BOD, COD R001; R002; R003; R022; R029; R030; R034; R100;

R103; R106; R308

Emissions to Soil and Groundwater

Liquid hydrocarbons

Other hazardous substances

Waste Generation

Hazardous waste generation R080

Non-hazardous waste R001; R005; R022; R031;

R032; R081; R082

Substances subject to waste management provisions of POPs Regulations

Consumption of water

Specific freshwater consumption R001; R029; R030; R035

Consumption of energy

Specific energy consumption R001; R022; R029; R030

Consumption of materials

Materials consumed R001

Selection of raw materials R001

Use of hazardous

substances

Carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (CMR) substances

Other substances of very high concern (SVHC)

Priority hazardous substances

POPs – List of substances subject to prohibitions

Note 1: settleable substances and total suspended solids are used in some countries (e.g. Austria, Belgium) as parameters to monitor materials in suspension in the wastewater. Settleable substances are measured in ml/l.

In addition to Table 6 above, the identified literature indicates that additional parameters / aspects are relevant in general for slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries. These are included below for the purpose of completeness, but were not considered to be environmental issues that could be considered in the context of KEIs:

• visual impairment (R004)

• heat, cold and radiation (R022)

• pathogenic and non-pathogenic viruses and bacteria, and parasite eggs (R022; R035)

• active ingredients/antibiotics (R022)




Table 7: Parameters relevant specifically for slaughterhouses (criterion 1 assessment)

Environmental issue

Parameter Large animals Poultry

Emissions to Air

Amines

Ammonia R001; R024 R024

Asbestos


Carbon monoxide

Chlorine and its compounds

Cyanides

Dust

Fluorine and its compounds

Formaldehyde

Greenhouse gases (other than when covered by EU ETS)

R024; R307 R024; R307

Hexachlorobenzene


Noise and vibration R001 R001

Odour R001; R107 R001; R001

Oil mist

Nitrogen compounds R001; R024 R024

Ozone depleting substances

Pentachlorobenzene

Phenols

Dioxins and furans



Substances and mixtures which have been proven or are suspected to possess carcinogenic or mutagenic properties or properties which may affect reproduction via the air

Aromatics

Sulphur compounds


Emissions to Water

Biocides

Cyanides

Volatile lipophilic substances R002; R014; R015; R017;

R100

R002; R014; R015; R017;

R100

Materials in suspension including settleable substances (Note 1)

R001; R002; R008; R014; R015; R017;

R100; R101

R002; R008; R014; R015; R017; R100;

R101


Organohalogen compounds R003 R003


Organotin compounds


Salts R001; R003; R024; R100; R106; R107

R003; R024; R100; R106;

R107




Environmental issue

Parameter Large animals Poultry

Substances and mixtures which have been proven to possess carcinogenic or mutagenic properties or properties which may affect

reproduction in or via the aquatic environment

Substances which are harmful or toxic to aquatic life

R109 R109

Substances which contribute to eutrophication

R002; R003; R008; R014; R015; R024; R100; R102

R002; R003; R008; R014; R015; R024; R100; R102

TOC, BOD, COD

R001; R002; R003; R008; R014; R015; R017; R024; R100; R102;

R107

R001; R002; R003; R008; R014; R015; R017; R024; R100; R102;

R107


Liquid hydrocarbons


Waste Generation

Hazardous waste generation R086 R086

Non-hazardous waste R008; R086 R001; R008;

R086



Specific freshwater consumption.

R001; R002; R007; R008; R025; R106;

R107

R001; R002; R007; R008; R025; R106;

R107


Specific energy consumption,

R001; R002; R007; R011; R025; R106;

R107; R307

R001; R002; R007; R011; R025; R106;

R107; R307


Materials consumed R025; R106 R025; R106

Selection of raw materials R001 R001

Use of Hazardous substances

Carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (CMR) substances (carcinogenic categories 1 and 2)




Note 1: settleable substances and total suspended solids are used in some countries (e.g. Austria, Belgium) as parameters to monitor materials in suspension in the wastewater. Settleable substances are measured in ml/l.

In addition to Table 7 above, the identified literature indicates that an additional parameter is relevant for slaughterhouses. This is included below for the purpose of completeness, but was not considered to be an environmental issue that could be considered in the context of KEIs:

• animal welfare (R012; R020).




Table 8: Parameters relevant specifically for animal by-products industries (criterion 1 assessment)

Environmental issue

Parameter

Fa

t m

eltin

g

Re

nd

erin

g

Fis

h-m

eal a

nd

fis

h-

oil

pro

ductio

n

Blo

od

pro

ce

ssin

g

Bo

ne

pro

cessin

g

Ge

latine

ma

nufa

ctu

ring

Incin

era

tio

n

Bio

gas p

rod

uction

Co

mp

osting

Emissions to Air

Amines

Ammonia R001

Asbestos


Carbon monoxide R010 R001 R001 R003 R003

Chlorine and its compounds R001 R001; R009

Cyanides

Dust R001; R010

R013 R001; R013

R001 R006 R006

Fluorine and its compounds R001; R009

Formaldehyde


R010 R003 R003

Hexachlorobenzene

Metals/metalloids and their compounds R010 R001; R009

Noise and vibration R001 R001 R001 R001 R001 R001

Odour R001 R001; R013

R001 R001; R013

R001 R001 R001; R006

R001; R006

Oil mist

Nitrogen compounds R001; R010

R001 R001; R009

Ozone depleting substances (ODS)

Pentachlorobenzene

Phenols

Dioxins and furans R001 R001; R009



Substances and mixtures proven or are suspected to possess carcinogenic or mutagenic properties or properties which may affect reproduction via the air

Aromatics

Sulphur compounds R001; R010

R001; R009

Volatile organic compounds R001 R013; R028

R028 R103 R001

Emissions to Water

Biocides

Cyanides

Volatile lipophilic substances R014; R015; R100

R014; R015; R100

R014; R015; R100

Materials in suspension R001; R014; R015

R001 R001 R001 R001; R100

R006

Metals/metalloids and their compounds




Environmental issue

Parameter

Fa

t m

eltin

g

Re

nd

erin

g

Fis

h-m

eal a

nd

fis

h-

oil

pro

ductio

n

Blo

od

pro

ce

ssin

g

Bo

ne

pro

cessin

g

Ge

latine

ma

nufa

ctu

ring

Incin

era

tio

n

Bio

gas p

rod

uction

Co

mp

osting

Organohalogen compounds R001


Organotin compounds


Salts R003 R003 R003 R003 R003 R003; R100

R003 R003; R006

R003

Substances and mixtures which have been proven to possess carcinogenic or mutagenic properties or properties which may affect reproduction in or via the aquatic environment



R010

R001; R014; R015; R100

R001 R001 R001; R100

R006

TOC, BOD, COD R010

R001; R014; R015; R100

R001 R001 R001; R100

R006


Liquid hydrocarbons


Waste Generation

Hazardous waste generation R001 R009

Non-hazardous waste R033 R004; R009

R033



Specific freshwater consumption R001 R001 R001 R001 R001 R001


Specific energy consumption R001 R001 R001 R001 R001 R001,R009


Materials consumed

Selection of raw materials R001

Use of Hazardous substances

Carcinogenic, mutagenic or toxic for reproduction (CMR) substances







3 Key environmental issues in general for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-product industries

The tables in sections 3, 4 and 5 summarise the assessment of evidence against criteria 2, 3 and 4, and propose which of the issues identified as relevant or possibly relevant in Section 2 are suggested as KEI, possible KEI or not KEI.

The criteria were described in section 1.4. In summary, criterion 2 identifies which parameters for each environmental issue are quantified as ‘significant’, which is distinct from criterion 1 (relevance). Criteria 3 and 4 both relate (to some degree, more qualitatively) to the potential for further reduction of pollution through identifying techniques or defining BAT-AELs and/or BAT-AEPLs.

This section 3 covers the preliminary identification of KEI in general for the SA industry. This section summarises the evidence on general processes and operations (including environmental management and storage) for slaughterhouses and animal by-product installations as well as waste water treatment plants (WWTP). Many reference documents for the SA industry (including the adopted BREF) also provide generic conclusions, best practices or techniques on matters that are not environmental issues: for example, the implementation of a management system. These are nonetheless measures that will affect one or many environmental issues and are thus frequently covered by generic sections of these documents.

The parameters or issues suggested as KEI or possible KEI in general for the whole SA sector may also appear in section 4 (specific for slaughterhouses) and/or section 5 (specific for animal by-products installations). It is also possible that parameters or issues not suggested as KEI in general, are selected as KEI for specific processes or activities in slaughterhouses and / or animal by-product installations.

The following colour scheme is used in sections 3, 4 and 5 to show the outcome for each parameter as KEI, possible KEI or not KEI:

KEI

Possible KEI

Environmental issue, not KEI

Appendix 1 provides the complete assessment of evidence against criteria 2, 3 and 4, including against sub-criteria. Table 9 shows an illustrative example of how to interpret the tables of suggested KEI classification in sections 3, 4 and 5.




Table 9: Explanatory example of summary of criterion assessment leading to suggested KEI classification

Suggested KEI classification for emissions to air parameters for SA processes in general

Issue Parameter Applicable processes

C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Gro

up

of is

su

es

Abbreviated name from list of parameters

Where appropriate, this column also indicates a specific pollutant name from a group of parameters.

Explains for which sub processes the parameter is (possible) KEI

Criterion 2 assessment



Suggested classification as one of:

If evidence is identified and criteria met, shown either as:

[subcriterion] ([source reference]:[page ref.]

e.g. 3.a (r341: p26-29)

or, if meeting the criterion but not any specific sub-criteria, as:

[criterion] (([source reference]:[page ref.]

e.g. C4 (r300: p53)

If evidence is identified that confirm a criterion is not met, shown as:

No

If no evidence is identified, shown as:

NE = no evidence

Environmental issue, not KEI

Possible KEI

KEI

3.1 Common assessment

This subsection summarises evidence for the criterion 2 assessment (significance) that applies to the SA sector in general. This subsection applies therefore to all of sections 3, 4 and 5.

The first panel of Figure 2 shows the total (EU28) number of reported permitted IED installations under activities 6.4 (a) and 6.5 in the years 2011, 2013 and 2015. The total amount remained relatively constant over the years, with a slight decrease in 2013.

Table 2 in section 1.5 gives more detailed information about the number of reported permitted IED installations under activities 6.4 (a) and 6.5 in 2015 (R084). Table 2 also includes E-PRTR data. According to E-PRTR data (coded as ‘R024’ in the list of reference document), the number of slaughterhouses registered in E-PRTR in the EU28 has decreased: there were 419 facilities registered in 2007, to a peak of 510 facilities in 2011, then dropping to 472 in 2015. The Member States with at least five SA facilities registered in E-PRTR above the threshold of carcass production capacity of 50 tonnes per day and reporting emissions in 2015 were, in decreasing order of prominence: UK (19), Spain (9) and Poland (6). The countries with the largest number of reported IED permitted installations under IED Annex I activity 6.4(a) are France (146), Denmark (132) and Spain (120), and for activity 6.5: Spain (68), Italy (54) and Poland (47). This comparison indicates that E-PRTR is not useful as a representative sample of emissions from slaughterhouses in the EU. In general, the facilities which report to E-PRTR (i.e. above reporting thresholds) may be likely to be the largest facilities.

The second panel of Figure 2 shows the number of slaughtering (millions/year) between 2000 and 2016 for the following animal categories: bovine, pig, sheep and poultry. The number of bovine slaughtered remained fairly constant over these years. For pigs, the number of slaughtered animals increases over the entire period with the largest increase between 2002 and 2003, with a slight decline in 2008. The number of slaughtered poultry also increases over the entire period with a largest increase between 2000 and 2009. For sheep, the numbers slaughtered decreased from 2006, followed by a fairly constant period afterwards.

Based on monthly Eurostat data for slaughtering in slaughterhouses (R085), we can conclude that all Member States carry out slaughtering. Not all Member States report slaughterhouses within the scope of the IED though (over 50 tonnes / day). The average slaughtering tonnes per day in 2016/17 for all




slaughterhouses (all meats) for individual Member States range from 27 tonnes/day (Malta) to 22,500 tonnes/day (Germany).

The gross value added (GVA) of the broader food, drink and tobacco sector (source: Eurostat - R078), as presented in the third panel of Figure 2, indicates an increase from 2000 to 2016. The GVA data have some limitations however, as they are not available specifically for the SA sector but for the broader combined NACE economic activities of Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products. This means they are over-estimates of the actual values just from the SA sector, but the presented trend may still be a fair reflection of the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries.

Figure 2: Trends in number of reported permitted installations, number of slaughtering and gross value added applicable to the SA sector

Source: number of reported permitted installations: R084; slaughterings in slaughterhouses: R085; GVA: Eurostat dataset [nama_10_a64] (extracted March 2018)




Figure 3 shows data for the trends in energy consumption and waste generation for the SA sector. The energy consumption data from Eurostat (R079), as presented in the first panel of Figure 3, do not vary substantially between 2000 and 2016. There is a slight increase between 2000 and 2002, followed by little change, then a decrease to 2010 and then fairly constant energy consumption since 2010. The data on energy consumption have some limitations however, as they are not available specifically for the SA sector but for the broader combined NACE economic activities of Food and Tobacco. This means they are also over-estimates of the actual consumption just from the SA sector, but the presented trend may still be a fair reflection of the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries. In particular, the sector consumes around 10% of the total energy consumption of industry (IED activities) in the EU.

The second panel of Figure 3 shows trends in animal and vegetal waste data reported in Eurostat (as non-hazardous waste). The data represent a total of 23 Mt waste in 2014 (latest year of data available as at March 2018), following a decrease from 2004 to 2014 (also a decrease from 10 to 5% of the total EU % industry). The data on animal and vegetable waste have some limitations however, as they are not available specifically for the SA sector but for the broader combined NACE economic activities of Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products. This means they are also over-estimates of the actual consumption just from the SA sector, but the presented trend may still be a fair reflection of the slaughterhouses and animal by-products industries.

The third and fourth panels of Figure 3 show trends in the non-hazardous and hazardous waste transfers (respectively) reported transfer in E-PRTR (R086) for slaughterhouses (activity 8(a)). There are few variations in the quantities non-hazardous waste generation between 2007-2008 and 2011-2015, with a peak in 2010. For 2010, there is a clear correlation with a strong decrease in the quantity of hazardous waste generation which could imply an inconsistency in reporting between years. No detailed information was available about the amount animal waste in the category ‘non-hazardous’. The category ‘hazardous’ are the totals of ‘domestic’ and ‘transboundary’.




Figure 3: Trends in energy consumption and waste generation data applicable to the SA sector

Source: Eurostat (R079), E-PRTR

0%

5%

10%

15%

0

500

1000

1500

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

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200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6 % E

U in

du

stri

al

PJ/

yr

Energy consumption of Food and Tobacco sector

0,0%2,5%5,0%7,5%10,0%

010203040

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6 % E

U in

du

stri

al

Mt/

yr

Non-hazardous waste (Eurostat) - Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products

0%

10%

20%

30%

0

40

80

120

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6

% i

nst

all

atio

ns

rep

ort

ing

t/yr

Hazardous waste generation (Slaughterhouses reporting to E-PRTR)

0%

15%

30%

45%

0

5

10

15

200

0

200

1

200

2

200

3

200

4

200

5

200

6

200

7

200

8

200

9

201

0

201

1

201

2

201

3

201

4

201

5

201

6

% i

nst

all

atio

ns

rep

ort

ing

kt/y

r

Non-hazardous waste generation (slaughterhouses reporting to E-PRTR)




3.2 Emissions to Air

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 in general for the SA industries for emissions to air

Summary of information sources identified

One of the main environmental issues for the SA sector as described in the current BREF (R001) is odour. Odour was also specifically linked to the treatment of wastewater.

(R022, R023) World Bank Guidelines describe emissions to air (e.g. dust, odour) for generic issues.

Literature (R004, R035, R036, R018; R308) also describes other emissions to air, e.g. NH3, CO, chlorine & fluorine and its compounds, GHG, metals/metalloids and their compounds, N-compounds and dioxins and furans.

A specific interrelation between parameters (e.g. dust and metals/metalloids and their compounds) for the SA sector was not found.

Assessment – criterion 2 Is the industrial process and its pollution and consumption a significant part of industrial pollution and consumption in the EU, currently or trending?

(R024) E-PRTR provides emission values to air specific for slaughterhouses and not for slaughterhouses and animal by-products as a whole. No additional indications were found for this criterion on the level of the whole SA sector.

Assessment – criterion 3: the potential for identifying new or additional techniques that would further significantly reduce pollution

(R001) The adopted BREF identified only one generic BAT on emissions to air: where practicable, sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis on emissions to air.

Implement a noise management system and reduce noise at, e.g. roof extract fans, balance lagoon blowers and refrigeration plants are BAT that are identified in the adapted BREF (R001).

Audit odour, and where it is not possible to treat blood before its decomposition starts to cause odour problems and/or quality problems, refrigerate it as quickly as possible and for as short a time as possible, to minimise decomposition are BAT that are identified in the adapted BREF. Prevent liquid seepage and odour emissions from waste water treatment tanks, by sealing their sides and bases and either covering them or aerating them is BAT for the treatment of waste water from the SA sector.

Fat/sludge collect (p389), enclosure of WWTP balance tanks and ducting air stream to odour treatment (p403), and ozone as oxidising agent for remove odour (p391) are techniques not included in Chapter 4 of the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information.

In the AT national study (R003) an additional technique is described to burn heavily odour-polluted exhaust air from bio-filters to reduce odour. Also general BAT for noise reduction are identified, e.g. by reducing night-time deliveries and installing noise barriers. Other techniques described are: to use cooling and housing systems and to install exhaust air filters (e.g. biological filters) in order to prevent odour emissions from wastewater treatment and/or production to install waste heat recovery boilers in order to burn heavily odour-polluted exhaust air from the production process.

Pollutants to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. dust (animal feed), TVOC (meat processing), NOx (meat processing) and CO (meat processing) (BREF FDM in review). For the meat processing industry, BAT-AELs are proposed for TVOC. These emissions to air parameters are also applicable to the SA industry (R112). Ammonia, odour and dust are also described as appropriate parameters in the BREF IRPP (R113).




Assessment – criterion 4: the potential for defining BAT-AELs and BAT-AEPLs that would significantly improve the level of protection for the environment

(R001) The adopted BREF sets no performances associated with BAT in generic.

The screened reference documents (Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and France (R100-R108)) do not contain general emission limit values for emissions to air.

Suggested KEI classification in general for the SA industries for emissions to air


C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Em

issio

ns to

air

Ammonia In general NE 3.c (R113, p30)

NE Possible KEI

Carbon monoxide In general NE 3.c (R112, p842)

NE Possible KEI

Chlorine and its compounds (tetrachloroethylene and trichloroethylene)

In general NE NE NE Not KEI

Dust In general NE 3.c (R112, p842)

NE Possible KEI

Fluorine and its compounds In general NE NE NE Not KEI

Greenhouse gases In general NE NE NE Not KEI



Noise and vibration In general NE 3.d (R003, p23)

NE Possible KEI

Odour In general and specific for the treatment of wastewater

C2 (R107)

3.d (R001, R003,p25)

NE KEI

Nitrogen compounds In general NE 3.c (R112, p842)

NE Possible KEI

Dioxins and furans In general NE NE NE Not KEI

Sulphur compounds In general NE NE NE Not KEI

Volatile organic compounds In general NE 3.c (R112, p842)

NE Possible KEI




3.3 Emissions to Water

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 in general for the SA industries for emissions to water


(R001) One of the main environmental issues for the SA sector as indicated in the current BREF are emission of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) to water. Several of the screened documents (R002, R003, R019; R022; R027; R029; R030; R034; R100; R103; R106; R111; R308) provides information on monitored parameters emitted to water, e.g. fat, oil and grease, materials in suspension, AOX, organophosphorus compounds, nonylfenol, chlorides, anionic, non-ionic and cationic surface-active agents, N-compounds, phosphorus, TOC, BOD and COD.

A specific interrelation between parameters (e.g. materials in suspension/settleable substances/total suspended solids and metals/metalloids and their compounds) for the SA sector was not found.

Assessment – criterion 2: Is the industrial process and its pollution and consumption a significant part of industrial pollution and consumption in the EU, currently or trending?

(R024) E-PRTR provides emission values to water specific for slaughterhouses and not for slaughterhouses and animal by-products as a whole. No additional indications were found for this criterion on the level of the whole SA sector.

In BE / Flanders (R034) the following parameters are permitted in individual permits (case-by-case): e.g. COD, BOD, TN, TP, suspended solids anionic/non-ionic/cationic surface active agents, metals, sulphates, nitrites and AOX.


(R001) The BREF covers “process integrated” techniques such as prevention, control, minimising consumption, re-use and recycling procedures as well as “end-of-pipe” techniques applied to waste water treatment.

The current BREF provides several generic BAT to reduce emissions to water (e.g. sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis for discharges to water) as well as specific ones e.g. linked to installations and equipment cleaning, and WWTP.

Fat/sludge collector (p389) to reduce fat in waste water is a technique not included in Chapter 4 of the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information.

Pollutants appropriate to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. COD, TN, TOC, TP, TSS and chloride. These pollutants emitted to water may also be appropriate for the SA industry (R112).


(R001) The adopted BREF includes emission levels associated with BAT for common generic emissions to water for the following parameters: BOD, COD, TSS, TN, TP and fats, oils and greases. In the reviewed FDM BREF, BAT-AELs will probably set for the parameters TOC, COD, TSS, TN and TP.

The screened reference documents (Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and France (R100-R108) contain general emission limit values for emissions to water. A summary of the monitored parameters from those documents on content applicable to slaughterhouses can be found in section 4.2 and those for some of the processes in the animal by-product industries in sections 5.1-5.2 and 5.4-5.6.




Suggested KEI classification in general for the SA industries for emissions to water


C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Em

issio

ns to

wa

ter


In general NE 3.d (R001)

4.c (R001); 4.f (R003, p27, 29, 40)

KEI

Materials in suspension In general

2.h; (R002, R003, R022, p4, R029)

2.j (R034)

3.c (R112, p840)

4.c (R001); 4.f (R002, p113, 003, 102, 103)

KEI


NE NE NE Not KEI

Organohalogen compounds

In general 2.h (R34 – AOX)

NE NE Possible KEI


NE NE NE Not KEI


NE NE NE Not KEI

Salts

Specific for installation and equipment cleaning

2.h (R034 – sulphates, nitrites)

3.c (R112 – chloride, p840)

4.c (R001); 4.f (R002, R003, R102, R103)

KEI


In general

2.h (R034 – anionic/non-ionic/cationic surface active agents)

NE NE Possible KEI


Specific for treatment of wastewater, but also in general and specific for installation and equipment cleaning

2.h (R034) (TN, TP);

2.j (R002, p113, R003, R022, p4, R029)

3.c (R112 – TN, TP, p840)

4.c (R001); 4.f (R003, R102, R103)

KEI

TOC, BOD, COD

specific for WWTP, but also in general and specific for installation and equipment cleaning

2.h (R034) (BOD, COD); 2.j (R002, R003, R022, p4, R029)

3.c (R112 – TOC, COD, p840)

4.c (R001);

4.f (R002, p113; 003, 102, 103)

KEI




3.4 Waste Generation

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 in general for the SA industries for waste generation


(R001) The current BREF contains information on non-hazardous waste such as animal carcases and animal waste, packaging, and sludge from waste water treatment.

Also national BAT documents (R005, R31) and environmental, health and safety guidelines (WB/IFC, R022) provided information for the reduction of waste generation, e.g. in relation to WWTP.


Little generic evidence was identified for significance at EU level for waste.

(R080-082) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on waste generation (hazardous / non-hazardous). This is available at the level of manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products’. Besides this, specific information on non-hazardous as well as hazardous waste transfer (R086) is reported in E-PRTR for activity 8.a slaughterhouses.


The current BREF (R001) contains a BAT about sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis for choice of input materials and generation of waste. Most of the generic BAT on waste, strongly linked to prevent contamination of waste water, e.g. fit and use drains with screens and/or traps to prevent solid material from entering the waste water.

No indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce the generation of waste in general.


The current BREF (R001) does not contain BAT-AEPLs for waste.

Expert judgement suggests that the industry is already well set up to minimise waste (and maximise valorisation of animal by-products), driven by economics and current legislation on hygienic and quality.

Suggested KEI classification in general for the SA industries for waste generation


C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Wa

ste

ge

ne

ratio

n

Hazardous waste In general 2.e (R086)

NE NE Possible KEI

Non-hazardous waste In general 2.e (R086)

NE NE Possible KEI




3.5 Consumption of water, energy and materials

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for consumption of water, energy and materials for all SA processes


Main environmental issues for the SA sector in general are the water consumption and energy consumption associated with refrigeration and heating water.

The reduction of the consumption of water is strongly linked to installation and equipment cleaning activities (and in some case with the reduction of energy and chemical use) in the current BREF (R001).

National reference documents describe techniques for the reduction of water (R029, R030 and R035) and energy (R022, R029 and R030) use and the consumption of materials (e.g. detergents) (R022).


(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of the SA sector is available.

Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available specifically for the SA sector.


The current BREF (R001) contains the following general BAT: where practicable, sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis, including energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, choice of input materials and consumption of water.

Design of refrigeration space to minimise energy consumption (p390), energy saving motors (p390) and heat recovery (p390) are techniques for the SA sector not included in Chapter 4 or the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information. This is also the case for the following techniques to reduce water use: hoses can be fitted with flat-jet spray nozzles and conductivity controlled blowdown on cooling towers. No indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce the use of materials in general.


(R001) The current BREF contains consumption levels of water, energy and detergent specific for slaughterhouses and animal by-product installations. This is also the case for other national reference documents (R029, R030, and R035).

The current BREF (R001) does not contain BAT-AEPLs for consumption of water energy and materials.

For the meat processing industry, BAT-AEPLs are proposed for energy efficiency and water consumption in the latest draft of the FDM BREF (currently under review) (R112). These may also be appropriate for the SA industry.

Suggested KEI classification in general for the SA industries for consumption of water, energy and materials

Parameter Applicable processes C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Specific freshwater consumption

In general and specific to WWTP, but also specific for installation and equipment cleaning

NE 3.d (R001, p103)

4.c (R001; R112)

KEI


In general NE 3.d (R001, p103)

4.c (R001; R112)

KEI

Materials consumed


Selection of raw materials





4 Key environmental issues for slaughterhouses

This section presents the suggested preliminary determination of KEI for slaughterhouses, split into the slaughter of large animals and poultry. However, generally little evidence was identified that enable splitting the assessment into the two sub sections (large animals versus poultry), because almost all parameters/environmental items are similar for both animal categories. If applicable, a differentiation is made in the column ‘Applicable processes’ in the same tabular format that is used and was described at the beginning of section 3.

The environmental issues assessed here are additional to those described in section 3, which are considered common to the majority of SA processes.

The parameters or issues suggested as KEI or possible KEI in general for the whole SA sector are in section 3. These may also appear in section 4 (specific for slaughterhouses) and/or section 5 (specific for animal by-products installations). It is also possible that parameters or issues suggested as KEI for specific processes or activities in slaughterhouses are not suggested as KEI in general (section 3).




4.1 Emissions to air

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for slaughterhouses for emissions to air


(R001) Reference documents (e.g. from DG JRC) provide information on parameters emitted to air (e.g. ammonia and nitrogen compounds for large animals slaughterhouses). In the current BREF odour and noise and vibration were specific linked to the unloading and marshalling of animal.

Other literature describes the following parameters for slaughterhouses: NH3, GHG, metals (large animals), odour (large animals) and nitrogen compounds.

(R107) UK guidance for red meat processing also specify odour as an environmental issue.


(R024) E-PRTR provides emission values to air specific for slaughterhouses (CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs, NH3, NMVOC, NOx, SOx, N2O, Ni and Cu and its compounds, PM10 and CO) without contextual information of the specific process where they were generated. Only a small proportion of the permitted slaughterhouses report emissions to E-PRTR. Thus if the substance is reported, it must exceed the reporting threshold, and it is assumed likely to be also significant across the industry.

A summary of trends in E-PRTR emissions to air data reported is shown below.

Year

CF

Cs

HF

Cs

HC

FC

s

NH

3

NM

VO

C

NO

x

SO

x

N2O

Ni &

com

pounds

Cd &

com

pounds

PM

10

CO

% of E-PRTR totals

2007 2.71 0.32 1.99 0.10 0.10 0.03 0.01 0.07 0.09 0.03

2008 0.72 5.27 0.03 0.18 0.01 0.04 0.06 0.02

2009 0.30 0.68 7.54 0.05 0.08 0.06 0.04

2010 0.02 0.71 0.03 0.07 0.07

2011 0.77 5.05 0.01 0.05 0.06 0.14 0.05

2012 1.71 5.55 0.02 0.03 0.09

2013 1.64 0.06

2014 0.98 4.47 0.02 0.01 0.07

2015 1.64 0.45 0.02 0.01

Number of facilities reporting each parameter

2007 6 12 37 3 5 2 1 3 2 1

2008 17 46 2 7 2 1 1 1

2009 1 17 43 4 3 2 1

2010 1 23 39 2 1 1

2011 1 23 39 2 1 2 1 2

2012 30 35 3 2 1

2013 29 1 1

2014 1 32 27 2 2 1

2015 29 6 3 1

Contributions for NH3 and NOx were rather small, but reported in most all of the years. Greenhouse gases (CFCs, HFCs, HCFCs) were reported in most of the years (2007-2015), except NMVOC (only reported 2011) and N2O (not reported in recent years). Other reported parameters seem to be less significant for slaughterhouses.

(R107) Odour is an environmental issue.

(R407) An example of an odour management plan for an example plant is interpreted as evidence of significance.





(R001) Pig delivery planned for times least sensitive for noise p392), optimise the use of the carcase splitting saw (p396), and minimise noise on the intestine mucus machine (p398) are techniques not included in Chapter 4 of the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information.

(R001) Airlock provision between the indoor loading/unloading area and outdoors (p390) is a technique not included in Chapter 4 of the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information for the issue noise.

Indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce emissions to air specific for odour in slaughterhouses, e.g. exhaust air filters, e.g. bio-filters (R003).


(R001) The adopted BREF sets no performances associated with BAT for slaughterhouses.

The screened reference documents (Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and France (R100-R108) do not contain sectoral emission limit values for emissions to air for slaughterhouses.

Suggested KEI classification for emissions to air for slaughterhouses


C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Em

issio

ns to

air

Ammonia large animals and poultry

2.e (R024) NE NE Possible KEI

Greenhouse gases large animals and poultry



NE NE NE Not KEI

Noise and vibration large animals and poultry

NE 3.d (R001; R003,p23)

NE Possible KEI

Odour large animals and poultry

C2 (R107, R407)

3.d (R001; R003, p25)

NE KEI

Nitrogen compounds large animals and poultry





4.2 Emissions to water

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for slaughterhouses for emissions to water


(R001) One of the main environmental issues for slaughterhouses as indicated in the current BREF is the emission of high organic strength liquids to water. Several of the screened documents (R008, R014, R015, R017, R024, R100, R101, R106, R107) including national BAT documents (R002, R003, R029) and environmental, health and safety guidelines (R022) provide information on monitored parameters emitted to water, e.g. fats, oils and greases, suspended solids, metals, chlorides, N-compounds, P-compounds, COD and BOD.

In France (R109) metals (Zn, Cu, Cr, Ni, Pb) are assessed to be appropriate for slaughterhouses in the framework of the Water Directive. Other parameters that are measured in slaughterhouses are polyaromatic hydrocarbons and flame retardants, substances which are harmful to aquatic life.


(R024) E-PRTR provides emission values to water specific for slaughterhouses and not for slaughterhouses and animal by-products as a whole. This is the case for the parameters As, Cu, Zn and Cd and its compounds, chlorides, total nitrogen (Ntot), total phosphorus (Ptot) and TOC. Only a small proportion of the slaughterhouses report to EPRTR. Thus if the substance is reported, it is likely to be also significant across the industry.

A summary of E-PRTR emissions to air data reported is shown below.

Ye

ar

As &

co

mpo

un

ds

Cu &

com

pou

nds

Zn

& c

om

po

un

ds

Cd&

com

po

un

ds

Chlo

ride

s

Nto

t

Pto

t

TO

C

% of E-PRTR totals

2007 0.33 0.03 0.11 0.04

2008 0.05

2009 0.00 0.05 0.03 0.10

2010 0.01 0.02

2011 0.43 0.01 0.04 0.09

2012 0.05 0.01 0.09

2013 0.01 0.19 0.09 0.15

2014 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.06 0.02

2015 0.08 0.04 0.07 0.39 0.02

Number of facilities reporting each parameter

2007 3 2 7 3

2008 5

2009 5 2 2 5

2010 9 2

2011 1 11 2 4

2012 2 1 2

2013 2 1 2 5

2014 1 2 1 2 1

2015 3 1 2 5 1

Contributions for TOC, TN and TP were rather small, but reported in most all of the / recent years. Metals and chlorides seem to be less applicable for slaughterhouses (small contribution and/or not reported in most of the years).





(R001) The BREF covers “process integrated” techniques such as prevention, control, minimising consumption, re-use and recycling procedures as well as “end-of-pipe” techniques applied to waste water treatment.

The current BREF contains many BAT to reduce the amount of water use and thus also the amount of wastewater. Further the BREF select specific techniques for reducing waste water load and emissions to water in slaughterhouses, e.g. use a mechanised fat trap for removing fat from water.

Collect water used to clean aprons and boots (p392), collection of urine, for use as a fertiliser (p393), use of fat separators (p396), optimise the use of the carcase splitting saw (p396), removal and use/disposal of water from the “dry” intestine contents (p397), dry removal of gut manure (p397), chilling of red and green offals, using ice (p398), collection of materials screened off crate washing machines (p398), monitor contamination removal (p400) and the use of trough screen (p400) are techniques to reduce contamination of waste water and reduction of emissions to water that are not included in Chapter 4 of the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information.


(R001) The adopted BREF includes emission levels associated with BAT for common generic emissions to water as described in section 3.3.

The screened reference documents (Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and France (R100-R108) contain general emission limit values for emissions to water. A summary of the monitored parameters from those documents on content applicable to slaughterhouses is given in the following table:

BE/Flanders (R002)

Germany (R102)

Austria (R003)

Sectoral ELVs

Slaughterhouses Slaughterhouses Slaughterhouses

[mg/l] [mg/l] [mg/l]

COD 125 110 90

TOC 30

BOD 25 25 20

suspended solids (materials in suspension)

60.0 30

Nt (substances which

contribute to eutrophication) 15 (max 40) 18

NH4-N (substances which contribute

to eutrophication)

10 5

Pt (substances which contribute

to eutrophication) 3 (2) 2 1

sum of anionic, non-ionic and cationic surface-active

agents (substances which are harmful or toxic to aquatic life)

3.0

Chlorides (salts)

0.4

AOX (organohalogen compounds)

0.1

fats, oils & greases (low volatility

lipophilic substances) not visually observable 20

No evidence identified that covers sub-criteria 4a/b/d/e/g.




Suggested KEI classification for emissions to water for slaughterhouses


C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Em

issio

ns to

wa

ter


Large animals and poultry

NE NE 4.c (R001); 4.f (R003, p27)

Possible KEI

Materials in suspension Large animals and poultry

2.h (R034);

2.j (R002, p113, R003, R022, p4, R029)

3.c (R112, p840); 3.d (R001)

4.c (R001); 4.f (R002, p113; R003, p27)

KEI

Metals/metalloids NE NE NE Not KEI

Organohalogen compounds


NE NE 4.f (R003- AOX, p27)

Possible KEI

Salts Large animals and poultry

NE NE 4.c; 4.f (R003, p27,)

Possible KEI



NE NE 4.f (R034) Possible KEI



2.h (R034);

2.j (R002, p113, R003, R022, p4; R029, p10);

2.e (R024)

NE

4.c (R001); 4.f (R002, p113, R003, p27, R102)

KEI

TOC, BOD, COD Large animals and poultry

2.e (R024);

2.h (R034);

2.j (R022, p4, R029);

NE

4.c (R001): 4.f (R002, p113, R003, R102)

KEI




4.3 Waste Generation

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for slaughterhouses for waste generation


(R001) The current BREF contains information on non-hazardous waste such as animal carcases and animal waste, packaging, and sludge from waste water treatment.

National BAT documents (R008) provided information for the reduction of waste generation.


(R075-082) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on waste generation (hazardous / non-hazardous). This is available at the level of manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products’. No detailed information at the level of slaughterhouses is available.

Besides this, specific information on non-hazardous as well as hazardous waste transfer (R086) is reported in E-PRTR for activity 8.a slaughterhouses.

National studies (e.g. R003) also include waste generation data from SA installations.


The current BREF (R001) contains a BAT about sectoral benchmarking on a regular basis for choice of input materials and generation of waste, applicable to all slaughterhouses. Also most of the slaughterhouse specific BAT on waste are strongly linked to prevent contamination of waste water.

Indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce foreign matter (e.g. metal, plastic) in slaughtering residues to facilitate their further processing (R003).


The current BREF (R001) does not contain BAT-AEPLs for waste.

Suggested KEI classification for waste generation for slaughterhouses for waste generation


C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Wa

ste

ge

ne

ratio

n

Hazardous waste Large animals and poultry

2.e (R086)

3.d (R003, p27)

NE KEI

Non-hazardous waste Large animals and poultry

2.e (R086)

3.d (R003, p27)

NE KEI




4.4 Consumption of water, energy and materials

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for consumption of water, energy and materials for slaughterhouses


(R001) Main generic environmental issues for slaughterhouses are water consumption and energy consumption, in some cases associated with heating, cooling and storage activities. Besides a general BAT on sectoral benchmarking on energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, choice of input materials and consumption of water, the following BAT are selected for reducing water use in general for slaughterhouses: operate hand and apron cleaning cubicles, with a “water off” default, and manage and monitor the use of hot water. A lot of additional BAT to reduce water and energy use for the slaughter of large animals are selected, e.g. apply demand-controlled drinking water, shower pigs using water saving timer controlled nozzles, dry clean the lairage floor and to periodically clean it with water, use a squeegee for the initial cleaning of the blood collection trough, steam scald pigs (vertical scalding), re-use cooling water from pig singeing kilns, recover heat from pig singeing exhaust gases, for preheating water, shower pigs after singeing, using flat jet nozzles, replace irrigation pipes with flat jet nozzles for rind treatment in pig slaughterhouses.Also national reference documents describe techniques for the reduction of water (R002; R007; R008; R025; R106; R107) and energy (R002; R007; R011; R025; R106; R107; R307) use and the consumption of materials (e.g. detergents) (R025; R106).


(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level slaughterhouses is available.

(R083) Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available for the slaughterhouses.


(R001) The current BREF contains a lot of techniques not included in Chapter 4 of the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information for the reduction of water and energy use in generic for slaughterhouses as well as for specific animals and activities e.g. automatic magnetic valve controlled water sprays (p392), use of slatted lairage floors (p393), stopping the water supply to the scalding tank during breaks in production (p394), control of the water supply to de-hairing machines (p395), heat recovery from tank water (394), install switches which initiate the singeing flame only when a carcase is present (p395), insulate the singeing oven (p396) and batch chilling (p396), high-pressure cleaning (p400). No indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce the use of materials in slaughterhouses.


(R001) The current BREF contains consumption levels of water, energy and detergent specific for cattle, pig, sheep and poultry slaughter. This is also the case for e.g. pig and cattle in other national reference documents (e.g. R029). These are compared in the tables below, and suggest that there is evidence for lower specific water and energy consumption for pig and cattle slaughterhouses than was identified in the SA BREF.




Pigs

Source Water consumption

Energy consumption

R029 (average from 27 slaughterhouses, including mechanised and automated)

221 (173-275) litres/slaughter

10.3 (7.4-14.4) kWh/slaughter

R001 (total, NB average carcass weight varies by country and year)

1600 - 8300 (litres/tonne of pig carcasses) ~144-747 litres/slaughter for 90kg carcass

110 - 760 kWh of electricity and fuel consumption per tonne of pig carcasses ~9.9-68 kWh/slaughter for 90kg carcass

Cattle

Source Water consumption

Energy consumption

R029 (average from 12 slaughterhouses)

587 (460-682) litres/slaughter

22.6 (18.3-26.7) kWh/slaughter

R001 (total, NB average carcass weight varies by country and year)

1623 - 9000 (litres/tonne of cattle carcasses) ~487-2700 litres/slaughter for 300kg carcass

90 - 1094 kWh of electricity and fuel consumption per tonne of cattle carcasses ~27-328 kWh/slaughter for 300kg carcass

The current BREF (R001) does not contain BAT-AEPLs for consumption of water, energy and materials.

Suggested KEI classification for resource consumption for slaughterhouses

Issue Applicable processes

C2 C3 C4 Proposal



NE 3.d (R001, p104)

4.c(R029, R030, p27, 30, 36, R035, p8)

KEI



NE 3.d (R001, p104)

4.c(R029, R030, p27, 30, 36, R035, p9)

KEI

Materials consumed NE NE NE Not KEI




5 Key environmental issues for animal by-products installations

This section presents the suggested preliminary determination of KEI for the animal by-products installations for the following specific processes:

• Section 5.1: fat melting

• Section 5.2: rendering

• Section 5.3: fish-meal and fish-oil production

• Section 5.4: blood processing

• Section 5.5: bone processing

• Section 5.6: gelatine manufacturing

• Section 5.7: incineration

• Section 5.8: biogas production

• Section 5.9: compositing

The environmental issues assessed here are additional to those described in section 3, which are considered common to the majority of SA processes.

The same tabular format is used as described at the beginning of section 3.

The parameters or issues suggested as KEI or possible KEI in general for the whole SA sector are in section 3. These may also appear in section 4 (specific for slaughterhouses) and/or section 5 (specific for animal by-products installations). It is also possible that parameters or issues suggested as KEI for specific processes or activities in animal by-product industries are not suggested as KEI in general (section 3).




5.1 Fat melting

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for fat melting


(R001) For animal by-products installations one of the main issues is related to odour. Other air emission issues specific for fat melting are NH3, CO, chlorine and its compounds, dust, GHG, metals, noise and vibration, nitrogen compounds, sulphur compounds and volatile organic compounds (R001). (R001) Further, emissions to water of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) are also applicable. Several of the screened documents provide information on the following monitored parameters emitted to water: fats, oils and greases, salts, N-compounds, phosphorus and TOC, BOD and COD (R003; R014; R015; R100).

Besides a general BAT on sectoral benchmarking on energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, choice of input materials and consumption of water, only few additional BAT are identified for reducing water use in animal by-product installations, e.g. operate continuous, dry and segregated collection of animal by-products throughout (R001).


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for fat melting.

(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of fat melting is available.

(R010) It is not clear if and to what extent the E-PRTR data NACE 10 manufacture of food products - 10.4 vegetable and animal oil and fats - 10.41 manufacture of oils and fats are specific linked to animal by-product installations. These are not taken into account is this assessment of C2.

As described in section 3.3, in BE / Flanders (R034) the following parameters are permitted in individual permits (case-by-case): e.g. COD, BOD, TN, TP, anionic/non-ionic/cationic surface-active agents, sulphates and nitrites.

Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available for fat melting.


As described in section 3.2 in the AT national study (R003) an additional technique is to reduce odour and also general BAT for noise reduction are identified.

Pollutants appropriate to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. dust (animal feed), TVOC (meat processing), NOx (meat processing) and CO (meat processing) (BREF FDM in review). For the meat processing industry, BAT-AELs are proposed for TVOC. This is also the case for the following emissions in water: COD, TN, TOC, TP and chloride. These emissions to air and water can also be appropriate for fat melting (R112).

No indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce emissions to air and water for fat melting in addition to the techniques in general applicable (see section 3).

New or additional techniques for treatment of animal by-products are indicated in the current BREF (R001) and research literature (R406), such as bio-refining of animal by-products (e.g. animal fat) to produce soil improvers and fertilisers (p383) or biofuel.


The screened reference documents (Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Austria and France (R100-R108) do not contain emission limit values for emissions to air in general.

(R001) The adopted BREF includes emission levels associated with BAT for emissions to water in general for e.g. BOD, COD, TN, TP and fats, oils and greases. The screened reference documents (Germany (R103) and Austria (R003)) contain general emission limit values for e.g. the following monitored parameters in relation to emissions to water in general for animal by-product installations: COD, BOD, TN, NH4-N, TP and low volatility lipophilic substance.

(R001) The current BREF contains consumption levels of water and energy for fat melting but does not contain BAT-AEPLs for consumption of water and energy.




Suggested KEI classification for fat melting

Issue Parameter C2 C3 C4 Proposal

Em

issio

ns to

air

Carbon monoxide NE 3.c (R112, p842) NE Possible KEI

Chlorine and its compounds NE NE NE Not KEI

Dust NE 3.c (R112, p842) NE Possible KEI

Greenhouse gases NE NE NE Not KEI


NE NE NE Not KEI

Noise and vibration NE 3.d (R003, p23) NE Possible KEI

Odour NE 3.d (R003, p25) NE Possible KEI

Nitrogen compounds NE 3.c (R112, p842) NE Possible KEI

Sulphur compounds NE NE NE Not KEI

Volatile organic compounds NE 3.c (R112, p842) NE Possible KEI

Em

issio

ns to

wa

ter

Volatile lipophilic substances NE 3.d (R001) 4.f (R003, p29; R103)

KEI

Salts 2.h (R034)

3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI


2.h (R034)

NE

4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p29; R103)

KEI

TOC, BOD, COD 2.h (R034)

NE

4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p29, R103)

KEI

Reso

urc

e

co

nsu

mp

tion

Specific freshwater consumption NE 3.d (R001, p124) NE Possible KEI

Specific energy consumption NE 3.d (R001, p124; R406, p12)

NE Possible KEI

Note: Parameters not shown were deemed irrelevant in section 2.




5.2 Rendering

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for rendering


(R001) For animal by-products installations one of the main issues is related to odour. Other air emission issues specific for rendering are CO, noise and vibration and volatile organic compounds (R001; R028). (R001) Further, emissions to water of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) are also applicable. Several of the screened documents provide information for rendering on the following monitored parameters emitted to water: materials in suspension, organohalogen compounds, salts, substances which contribute to eutrophication, TOC, BOD and COD (R003; R014; R015; R100).

Besides a general BAT on sectoral benchmarking on energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, choice of input materials and consumption of water, only few additional BAT are selected for reducing water use in animal by-product installations, e.g. operate continuous, dry and segregated collection of animal by-products throughout (R001).

(R013) The US EPA Stationary sources air pollution guideline - chapter 9.5.3 Meat Rendering Plants provides information on odour and dust, and parameters emitted to water (volatile organic compounds).


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for rendering.

(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of rendering is available.

As described in section 3.3, in BE / Flanders (R034) the following parameters are permitted in individual permits (case-by-case): e.g. COD, BOD, TN, TP, suspended solids, sulphates and nitrites, and AOX.

Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available specifically for rendering.


For rendering, sludge traps, settling tanks and oil/petrol separators for waste water from vehicle cleaning (p403), grease traps and oil traps (p403), neutralisation tanks (p404), air-cooling of condensate, instead of water-cooling (p402); thermal disinfection of cleaning water - dedicated water heating unit (p404); use a decanter system (p403), recirculation of solid residues from pre-treatment into the raw material (if there is no feed production) (p402), recirculation of excess sludge into the raw material (if there is no feed production) (p402) are techniques not included in Chapter 4 of the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information.

As described in section 3.2 in the AT national study (R003) an additional technique to reduce odour and also general BAT for noise reduction are identified.

Pollutants appropriate to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. dust (animal feed), TVOC (meat processing) and CO (meat processing) (BREF FDM in review). This is also the case for the following emissions in water: COD, TN, TOC, TP and chloride. These emissions to air and water can also be applicable for rendering (R112).



(R001) The adopted BREF includes emission levels associated with BAT for emissions to water in general for e.g. BOD, COD, TN, TP and fats, oils and greases. The screened reference documents (Germany (R103) and Austria (R003)) contain general emission limit values for e.g. the following monitored parameters in relation to emissions to water in general for animal by-product installations: COD, BOD, TN and TP.

(R001) The current BREF contains consumption levels of water and energy for rendering but does not contain BAT-AEPLs for consumption of water, energy and materials.




Suggested KEI classification for rendering


Em

issio

ns to

air

Carbon monoxide NE 3.c (R112, p842)

NE possible KEI

Noise and vibration NE 3.d (R003, p23)

NE Possible KEI

Odour NE 3.d (R003, p25)

NE Possible KEI

Volatile organic compounds NE 3.c (R112, p842)

NE Possible KEI

Em

issio

ns to

wa

ter

Materials in suspension 2.h (R034)

3.c (R112, p840)

NE KEI

Organohalogen compounds 2.h (R034)

NE NE Possible KEI

Salts 2.h (R034)

3.c (R112, p840)

NE KEI


2.h (R034)

NE

4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p40; R103)

KEI


NE 4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p40) KEI

Reso

urc

e

co

nsu

mp

tion Specific freshwater water

consumption NE

3.d (R001, p125)

NE Possible KEI

Specific energy consumption NE 3.d (R001, p126)

NE Possible KEI

Selection of raw materials NE NE NE Not KEI





5.3 Fish-meal and fish-oil production

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for fish-meal and fish-oil production


(R001) For animal by-products installations one of the main issues is related to odour. Incinerate malodorous air, with heat recovery and wash air using condensate liquid instead of using clean seawater, to reduce water: use heat from the vapour evaporated during the drying of fish-meal in a falling film evaporator to concentrate stickwater, and wash air using condensate liquid instead of using clean seawater are specific BAT for fish-meal and fish-oil in the current BREF.

Other air emission issues specific for fish-meal and fish-oil production are noise and vibration, nitrogen compounds, dioxins and furans and volatile organic compounds (R001; R028). Further, emissions to water of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) are also applicable. Several of the screened documents provide information on the following parameters emitted to water: materials in suspension and salts (R001; R003).


(R001) For animal by-products installations a main issue is related to the energy consumption associated with drying animal by-products.


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for fish-meal and fish-oil production.

As described in section 3.4 EEA/Eurostat data (R080-082) contains information on waste generation (hazardous / non-hazardous). This is available at the level of manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products’.

(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of fish-meal and fish-oil production is available, although in the current BREF (R001) also hazardous waste is described to be applicable to fish-meal and fish-oil production (R001).

As described in section 3.3, in BE / Flanders (R034) the following parameters are permitted in individual permits (case-by-case): e.g. suspended solids, sulphates and nitrites.

Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available for fish-meal and fish-oil production.



Pollutants applicable to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. NOx (meat processing) and TVOC. This is also the case for chloride emissions in water. These emissions to air and water can also be applicable for fish-meal and fish-oil production (R112).

For fish-meal and fish-oil the following techniques are not included in chapter 4 “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT” of the current SA BREF due to lack of sufficient information: vacuum unloading of fish from fishing vessels (p404), indirect cooling of vapour from production of evaporated stickwater, using seawater (p405), high-pressure removal of burned products instead of using NaOH (p405), and waste water treatment of certain fractions of the impure condensate (p406).






(R001) The current BREF contains consumption levels of water and energy for fish-meal and fish-oil processing but does not contain BAT-AEPLs for consumption of water and energy.

Suggested KEI classification for fish-meal and fish-oil production


Emissions to air


Odour NE 3.d (R001; (R003, p25)

NE Possible KEI

Nitrogen compounds NE 3.c (R112, p842) NE Possible KEI

Dioxins and furans NE NE NE Not KEI


NE 3.c (R112, p842) NE Possible KEI

Emissions to water Materials in suspension 2.h (R034) 3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI

Salts 2.h (R034) 3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI

Waste Generation Hazardous waste 2.e (R080-R082)

NE NE Possible KEI

Resource consumption


NE 3.d (R001, p137) NE Possible KEI







5.4 Blood processing

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for blood processing


(R001) For animal by-products installations one of the main issues is related to odour.

(R013) The US EPA Stationary sources air pollution guideline - chapter 9.5.3 Meat Rendering Plants provide information on odour and dust for blood processing.

VOC emission to air is also a specific issue for blood processing (R013). Further, emissions to water of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) are also applicable as well as materials in suspension and salts (R001; R003).

Several of the screened documents provide information for blood processing on the following monitored parameters emitted to water: substances which contribute to eutrophication (total nitrogen, total phosphorus), TOC, BOD and/or COD (R003; R103).

In the current BREF (R001) non-hazardous waste is mentioned in relation to blood processing (R001)


(R001) For animal by-products installations another main issue is related to the energy consumption associated with drying of blood.


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for blood processing.


(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of blood processing is available.

As described in section 3.3, in BE / Flanders (R034) the following parameters are permitted in individual permits (case-by-case): e.g. BOD, COD, TN, TP, suspended solids, sulphates and nitrites.

Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available for blood processing.


(R001) Back venting of tankers during unloading is a technique not included in Chapter 4 of the current SA BREF, “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT”, due to lack of sufficient information for blood processing.

New or additional techniques for treatment of animal by-products are indicated in the current BREF and research literature, such as ecological treatment of blood implementing a blood coagulator and membrane filtration (R033).


Pollutants applicable to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. TVOC. This is also the case for chloride emissions in water. These emissions to air and water can also be applicable for blood processing (R112).






(R001) The adopted BREF includes emission levels associated with BAT for emissions to water in general for e.g. BOD, COD, TN, TP and fats, oils and greases. The screened reference documents (Germany (R103) and Austria (R003)) contain general emission limit values for e.g. the following monitored parameters in relation to emissions to water in general for animal by-product installations: COD, BOD, TN and TP.

(R001) The current BREF contains consumption levels of water and energy for blood processing but does not contain BAT-AEPLs for consumption of water and energy.

Suggested KEI classification for blood processing


Em

issio

ns to

air

Dust NE 3.c (R112, p842);

3.d (R001) NE

Possible KEI


Odour NE 3.d (R001; R003, p25; R033)

NE Possible KEI

Volatile organic compounds NE 3.c (R112, p842) NE Possible KEI

Em

issio

ns to

wate

r


3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI

Salts 2.h (R034)

3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI


2.h (R034)

NE

4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p29; R103)

KEI


NE 4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p29) KEI

Wa

ste

Ge

ne

ratio

n

Non-hazardous waste NE NE NE Not KEI

Reso

urc

e

co

nsu

mp

tion

Specific freshwater consumption NE 3.d (R001) NE Possible KEI

Specific energy consumption NE 3.d (R001) NE Possible KEI





5.5 Bone processing

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for bone processing



(R013) The US EPA Stationary sources air pollution guideline - chapter 9.5.3 Meat Rendering Plants provides information on odour and dust for bone processing.

Emissions to water of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) are also applicable as well as materials in suspension and salts (R001; R003). Several of the screened documents provide information for bone processing on the following monitored parameters emitted to water: substances which contribute to eutrophication (total nitrogen, total phosphorus), TOC, BOD and/or COD (R003; R103).


(R001) For animal by-products installations a main issue is related to the energy consumption associated with drying animal by-products.


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for bone processing.

(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of bone processing is available.


Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available for bone processing.


As described in section 3.2 in the AT national study (R003) an additional technique to reduce odour and general BAT for noise reduction are identified.

Pollutants applicable to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. TVOC. This is also the case for chloride emissions in water. These emissions to air and water may also be applicable for bone processing (R112).



(R001) The adopted BREF includes emission levels associated with BAT for emissions to water in general for e.g. BOD, COD, TN, TP and suspended solids. The screened reference documents (Germany (R103) and Austria (R003)) contain general emission limit values for e.g. the following monitored parameters in relation to emissions to water in general for animal by-product installations: COD, BOD, TN and TP.

(R001) The current BREF contains consumption levels of water and energy for bone processing but does not contain BAT-AEPLs for consumption of water and energy.




Suggested KEI classification for bone processing


Em

issio

ns to

air

Dust NE 3.c (R112, p840); 3.d (R001);

NE Possible KEI


Odour NE 3.d (R001; R003, p25; R033)

NE Possible KEI

Em

issio

ns to

wa

ter


3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI

Salts 2.h (R034)

3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI


2.h (R034)

NE

4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p29; R103)

KEI


NE 4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p29) KEI

Reso

urc

e

co

nsu

mp

tion


Specific energy consumption NE 3.d (R001, p140) NE Possible KEI





5.6 Gelatine manufacturing

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for gelatine manufacturing



Emissions to water of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) are also applicable as well as materials in suspension and salts (R001; R003). Several of the screened documents provide information on the following monitored parameters emitted to water: fats, oils and greases, salts, N-compounds, phosphorus and TOC, BOD and COD (R003; R014; R015; R100).

The current BREF contains a general BAT on sectoral benchmarking on energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, and consumption of water.


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for gelatine manufacturing.

(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of gelatine manufacturing is available.


Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available for gelatine manufacturing.


As described in section 3.2 in the AT national study (R003) an additional technique is described to reduce odour.

Pollutants applicable to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. chloride emissions in water. This may also be applicable to gelatine manufacturing (R112).

For gelatine manufacturing the techniques neutralisation of acid waste waters by alkaline waste waters (p406) and re-use of heat from evaporators (p406) are not included in chapter 4 “Techniques to consider in the determination of BAT” of the current SA BREF due to lack of sufficient information.


(R001) The adopted BREF includes emission levels associated with BAT for emissions to water in general for e.g. BOD, COD, TN, TP and suspended solids. The screened reference documents (Germany (R103) and Austria (R003)) contain general emission limit values for e.g. the following monitored parameters in relation to emissions to water in general for animal by-product installations: COD, BOD, TN, TP and low volatility lipophilic substance.

(R001) The current BREF contains no consumption levels of energy for gelatine manufacturing. But as the case for many other processes for animal by-product installations, water and energy consumption are judged to be applicable.




Suggested KEI classification for gelatine manufacturing


Em

issio

ns

to a

ir Noise and vibration NE 3.d (R003, p23) NE

Possible KEI

Odour NE 3.d (R001; R003, p25; R033)

NE Possible KEI

Em

issio

ns to

wa

ter


KEI


3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI

Salts 2.h (R034)

3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI


2.h (R034)

NE

4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, pg29; R1033)

KEI


NE 4.c (R001);

4.f (R003, p29) KEI

Reso

urc

e

co

nsu

mp

tion

Specific freshwater consumption NE 3.d (R001) NE Possible KEI

Specific energy consumption NE 3.d (R001) NE Possible KEI





5.7 Incineration

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for incineration


(R001, R009) Reference documents (e.g. from DG JRC) provide information on parameters emitted to air (SA BREF) and on emissions caused by incineration of animal by-products (BREF WI). For animal by-products installations one of the main issues is related to odour. Other air emission issues specific for incineration are NH3, CO, chlorine and its compounds, dust, fluorine and its compounds, metals, noise and vibration, nitrogen compounds, dioxins and furans, sulphur compounds and volatile organic compounds (R001; R09).

Dust from the installation and the pre-combustion equipment to combustion chambers has additional BAT for the incineration of animal by-products (R001). An example of a hazardous waste that is produced is ash.

(R001) Further, emissions to water of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) are also applicable. Several of the screened documents provide information on the following parameters emitted to water: fats, oils and greases, and salts, (R003; R014; R015; R100).

Animal by-products are also described in the BREF WI as input for incineration plants (R009).

Besides a general BAT on sectoral benchmarking on energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, and consumption of water, only few additional BAT are selected for reducing water use in animal by-product installations, e.g. operate continuous, dry and segregated collection of animal by-products throughout (R001).

National reference documents (R006) and other BREFs (R009) describe techniques for the reduction of energy in incineration plants.


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for incineration of animal by-products.


(R075-082) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on waste generation (hazardous / non-hazardous). This is available at the level of manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products’. No detailed information at the level of the incineration of animal by-products is available.

(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of incineration is available.

As described in section 3.3, in BE / Flanders (R034) the following parameters are permitted in individual permits (case-by-case): e.g. COD, BOD, TN, TP, anionic/non-ionic/cationic surface-active agents, sulphates and nitrites.

Eurostat publishes data on water consumption for the food and beverage sector. However, these data are not available for incineration.



Pollutants applicable to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. dust (animal feed), TVOC (meat processing), NOx (meat processing) and CO (meat processing) (BREF FDM in review). For the meat processing industry, BAT-AELs are proposed for TVOC. This is also the case for the following emissions in water: COD, TN, TOC, TP and chloride. These emissions to air and water may also be applicable for incineration (R112).

No indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce emissions to air and water for incineration in addition to the techniques in general applicable (see section 3).





In the current BREF (R001) performances associated with BAT for the parameters SO2, HCl, HF, NOx, CO, VOCs, dust, dioxins and furans, heavy metals total (Cd, TI), heavy metals (Hg) and heavy metals total (Sb, As, Pb, Cr, Co, Cu, Mn, Ni, V) were specific linked to the incineration of animal by-products.

(R001) The current BREF contains consumption levels of water and energy for incineration but does not contain BAT-AEPLs for consumption of water and energy.

Suggested KEI classification for incineration


Em

issio

ns to

air

Ammonia NE NE 4.c (R001, p831) Possible KEI

Carbon monoxide NE NE 4.c (R001, p831) Possible KEI

Chlorine and its compounds NE NE 4.c (R001, p831) Possible KEI

Dust NE 3.d (R001)

3.c (R112, p842) 4.c (R001, p831) KEI

Fluorine and its compounds NE NE NE Not KEI


NE NE 4.c (R001, p831) Possible KEI


Odour NE 3.d (R003, p25) (R001)

NE Possible KEI

Nitrogen compounds NE NE 4.c (R001, p831) Possible KEI

Dioxins and furans NE NE 4.c (R001, p831) Possible KEI

Sulphur compounds NE NE 4.c (R001, p831) Possible KEI

Volatile organic compounds NE NE 4.c (R001, p831) Possible KEI

Em

issio

ns

to w

ate

r


KEI

Salts 2.h (R034) 3.c (R112, p840) NE KEI

Wa

ste

Ge

ne

ratio

n

Hazardous waste 2.e (R080-R082)

NE NE Possible KEI

Non-hazardous waste 2.e (R080-R082)

NE NE Possible KEI

Reso

urc

e

co

nsu

mp

tion


NE 3.d (R001, p145-146)

NE Possible KEI

Specific energy consumption NE 3.d (R001, p145-146)

NE Possible KEI





5.8 Biogas production

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for biogas production


(R001) For animal by-products installations one of the main issues is related to odour. Other air emission issues specific for biogas production are CO, dust, GHG, and noise and vibration (R003).

(R001) Further, emissions to water of high organic strength liquids (also containing N-compounds) are also applicable. Several of the screened documents provide information on the following parameters emitted to water: materials in suspension and salts, (R003; R006)

A general BAT is a sectoral benchmarking on energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, and consumption of water (R001).

Re-use heat during biogas production is an additional BAT for reducing fossil sources in biogas production installations. Also national reference documents (R006) and other BREFs (R009) describe techniques for the reduction of energy in biogas production plants.


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for biogas production.

As described in section 3.4 (R075-082) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on waste generation (e.g. non-hazardous). This is available at the level of manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products’. No detailed information at the level of biogas production is available, although in the current BREF (R001) non-hazardous waste is described to be applicable to biogas production (R001).

(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy and water consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of biogas production is available.



Pollutants applicable to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. dust (animal feed), TVOC (meat processing), NOx (meat processing) and CO (meat processing) (BREF FDM in review). For the meat processing industry, BAT-AELs are proposed for TVOC. This is also the case for the following emissions in water: COD, TN, TOC, TP and chloride. These emissions to air and water may also be applicable for fat melting (R112).

No indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce emissions to air and water for biogas production in addition to the techniques in general applicable (see section 3).


(R001) The current BREF contains no consumption levels of water and energy for biogas production. But as the case for the many other processes for animal by-product installations, water and energy consumption are judged to be applicable.




Suggested KEI classification for biogas production


Em

issio

n t

o a

ir


Dust NE 3.c (R112, p842);

3.d (R001) NE Possible KEI



Odour NE 3.d (R001, pg25) NE Possible KEI

Em

issio

ns to

wa

ter

Materials in suspension NE 3.c (R112, p840) NE Possible KEI

Salts NE 3.c (R112, p840) NE Possible KEI


NE 3.c (R112, p840) NE Possible KEI

TOC, BOD, COD NE 3.c (R112, p840) NE Possible KEI

Wa

ste

Ge

ne

ratio

n

Non-hazardous waste 2.e (R080-R082) NE NE Possible KEI

Reso

urc

e

co

nsu

mp

tion









5.9 Composting

Summary of assessment against criteria 2, 3 and 4 for composting


(R001) For animal by-products installations one of the main issues is related to odour. Other air emission issues specific for composting are CO, GHG, noise and vibration, nitrogen compounds, and sulphur compounds (R003). This document also provides information on salts emitted to water.

Odour and dust are described in the national BAT report for composting (R006) without specification of the raw materials used (among others animal organic biological waste and manure are two examples that are described as potential input for composting and digestion installations).

A general BAT is a sectoral benchmarking on energy efficiency and energy conservation activities, and consumption of water (R001).


(R024) E-PRTR provides no emission values to air or to water specific for composting.

As described in section 3.4 (R075-082) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on waste generation (e.g. non-hazardous). This is available at the level of manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products’. No detailed information at the level of composting is available.

(R079) EEA/Eurostat data contains information on energy and water consumption. This is available at the level of manufacture of food and tobacco. No detailed information at the level of composting is available.


As described in section 3.2 in the AT national study (R003) an additional technique to reduce odour and general BAT for noise reduction are identified.

Pollutants applicable to be monitored in the food, drink and milk industries are e.g. dust (animal feed), NOx (meat processing) and CO (meat processing) (BREF FDM in review). This is also the case for emissions in water of chloride. These pollutants may also be applicable for composting (R112).

No indications were found for new or additional techniques to reduce emissions to air and water for composting in addition to the techniques in general applicable (see section 3).


(R001) The current BREF contains no consumption levels of energy for composting. But as the case for the many other processes for animal by-product installations, water and energy consumption are judged to be applicable.

Suggested KEI classification for composting


Emissions to air


Dust NE 3.c (R112, p842);

3.d (R001) NE Possible KEI



Odour NE 3.d (R003, p25) NE Possible KEI

Emissions to water Salts NE 3.c (R112, p840) NE Possible KEI

Resource consumption


Specific energy consumption NE 3.d (R001, p148) NE Possible KEI





6 References

ID Author Year Title Link

R001 DG JRC 2005 BREF Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/BREF/sa_bref_0505.pdf

R002 Flemish Government - VITO/1 Beco; Derden A. Schrijvers J. 1, Suijkerbuijk M. 1, Van de Meulebroecke A. 1, Vercaemst P. en Dijkmans R.

2003 Flemish BAT study slaughterhouses (+ VLAREM II, annex 5.3.2.37°)

http://www.emis.vito.be/node/49; https://emis.vito.be/en/bat-studies

R003 Waxwender H., Svehla-Stix J., Zeilinger M.

2016 State of the Art in the Slaughterhouse and Animal By-products Industries, Description of Austrian plants, Umweltbundesamt, Wien

http://www.umweltbundesamt.at/fileadmin/site/publikationen/REP0583.pdf


2015 (update in progress)

Ex ante assessment of the Flemish environment permit conditions in the light of the review of the BREF Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries.

NA

R005 Flemish Government - VITO; Derden A., Vander Aa S., Hooyberghs E., Vanassche S. and Huybrechts D.

2016 Best Available Techniques (BAT) for the industrial processing of meat and fish to food products (for human consumption) or feed products (for animal consumption, especially pet food). Artoos, ISBN: 9789491999154, 312p

http://www.emis.vito.be/node/30994

R006 Flemish Government - VITO; Derden A., Vanassche S. and Huybrechts D.

2012 Best Available Techniques (BAT) for (manure) co-digestion. Artoos, ISBN: 9789081953405, 274p.

https://emis.vito.be/sites/emis.vito.be/files/pages/1142/2012/vito_BBT_covergistingsinstal_bookmarks_zonder_cover.pdf; https://emis.vito.be/sites/emis.vito.be/files/pages/1142/2014/BAT_for_manure_co_digestion_full_version_final_0.pdf

R007 Genné I. I. and Derden A. - VITO

2008 Water and energy management in the slaughterhouse (Handbook of water and energy management in food processing, Woodhead Publishing ISBN 978-1-84569-195-0), 2008

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/book/9781845691950

R008 Van den Abeele L., et al (VITO)

2013 Een CO2-, water- en afvalneutrale Vlaamse voedingsnijverheid tegen 2030: onderzoek naar haalbaarheid en uitwerking mogelijke aanpak (Feasibility study for a CO2, water and waste neutral Flemish food processing industry).

https://vito.be/sites/vito.be/files/reports_publications/101024-01.pdf








https://emis.vito.be/sites/emis.vito.be/files/pages/1142/2014/BAT_for_manure_co_digestion_full_version_final_0.pdf














R009 DG JRC 2006 (D1, 2015)

BREF Waste Incineration http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/wi.html

R010 Various 2015 E-PRTR data NACE 10 manufacture of food products - 10.4 vegetable and animal oil and fats - 10.41 manufacture of oils and fats

http://prtr.ec.europa.eu

R011 EC 2017 (?) Best environmental management practice for the agriculture sector - crop and animal production

http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activities/emas/documents/AgricultureBEMP.pdf

R012 EC 2015 Best Environmental Management Practice for the Food and Beverage Manufacturing Sector

http://susproc.jrc.ec.europa.eu/activities/emas/documents/FoodBeverageBEMP.pdf


2016 Stationary sources air pollution guideline - chapter 9.5.3 Meat Rendering Plants

https://www3.epa.gov/ttn/chief/ap42/ch09/final/c9s05-3.pdf

https://www.epa.gov/stationary-sources-air-pollution/industry-sector-groups


2016 Meat and Poultry Products Effluent Guidelines; Subpart A—Simple Slaughterhouses; Subpart B—Complex Slaughterhouses; Subpart J—Renderers

https://www.epa.gov/eg/meat-and-poultry-products-effluent-guidelines; https://www.ecfr.gov/cgi-bin/text-idx?SID=cbb3de2695690bb75aab6eb27d17ccc2&mc=true&node=pt40.32.432&rgn=div5#sp40.32.432.j


2004 Technical Development Document for the Final Effluent Limitations Guidelines and Standards for the Meat and Poultry Products Point Source Category (40 CFR 432)

https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2015-11/documents/meat-poultry-products_tdd_2004_0.pdf

R016 Government of India

No date Comprehensive Industry Document Series (COINDS) (BAT reports) - Central Pollution Control Board - Ministry of Environment, Forest & Climate Change (Govt of India) - Comprehensive Industry Document on Slaughter House, Meat and Sea Food Processing

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Publications_Dtls.php?msgid=3; http://www.cpcb.nic.in/upload/Publications/Publication_203_sec3_38.pdf

R017 Government of India

No date Pollution Control Implementation Division - III - Sanitation in Slaughterhouse

http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/pci3/pciiiidivslaughter.pdf; http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Other_useful_Informationpci3.php

R018 New Zealand Ministry for the Environment

2016 Good Practice Guide for Assessing Discharges to Air from Industry

http://www.mfe.govt.nz/sites/default/files/media/Air/good-practice-guide-industry.pdf

R019 Swedisch Environmental Protection Agency - NATURVÅRDSVERKET

2010 Vidareutveckling av förslag till avgiftssystem för kväve och fosfor

http://www.naturvardsverket.se/Documents/publikationer/978-91-620-6345-0.pdf?pid=3652

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/wi.html

http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/












http://www.cpcb.nic.in/Publications_Dtls.php?msgid=3




http://www.cpcb.nic.in/divisionsofheadoffice/pci3/pciiiidivslaughter.pdf












R020 GOV.UK 2015 Red meat slaughterhouses: unloading, handling and holding animals

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/red-meat-slaughterhouses-unloading-handling-and-holding-animals

R021 GOV.UK 2015 Red and white meat slaughterhouses: standard operating procedures

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/red-and-white-meat-slaughterhouses-standard-operating-procedures

R022 WB/IFC 2007 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Meat Processing

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/e9ae040048865967b912fb6a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BMeat%2BProcessing.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

R023 WB/IFC 2007 Environmental, Health and Safety Guidelines for Poultry Processing

http://www.ifc.org/wps/wcm/connect/2abd40004885549bb38cf36a6515bb18/Final%2B-%2BPoultry%2BProcessing.pdf?MOD=AJPERES

R024 Various 2015 (2014, 2013)

E-PRTR data sector 8 Animal and vegetabel products from the food and beverage industry - activity 8 (a) Slaughterhouses

http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/#/industrialactivity

R025 EPA UK - WS/Atkins

No date (before 2005)

Model Approach for Producing BAT Guidance for Specific Sub-sectors within the Food and Drink Industry - Red Meat Abattoirs - Final Report

NA

R026 EPA UK - WS/Atkins

No date (before 2005)

BAT Guidance for Specific Sub-sectors within the Food and Drink Industry - Poultry Processors - Final Report

NA

R027 Danish EPA 2001 Use of NPEs in the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products sector

NA

R029 Teknologisk Institut DMRI

2015 Translated version of the Danish report on slaughterhouses

NA

R030 Umwelt Bundesambt (Germany)

2016 Innovative Techniken: Beste verfügbare Techniken bei der Schlachtung von Tieren und der Verarbeitung tierischer Nebenprodukte

https://www.umweltbundesamt.de/sites/default/files/medien/378/publikationen/texte_14_2016_beste_verfuegbare_techniken_bei_der_schlachtung_von_tieren.pdf

R031 Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and the Environment

2013 Spanish Strategy “More food, less Waste” - Program to reduce food loss and waste and maximise the value of discarded food

https://www.oecd.org/site/agrfcn/Session%205_Alicia%20Crespo.pdf

R032 C. Devine and M. Dikeman; (Academic Press)

2014 Encyclopedia of Meat Sciences - waste management

https://www.elsevier.com/books/encyclopedia-of-meat-sciences/devine/978-0-12-384731-7

R033 SGI Studio Galli Ingegneria S.p.A.

2010 Ecological treatment of blood in slaughterhouses (ECOBLOOD)

https://ec.europa.eu/environment/eco-innovation/projects/en/projects/ecoblood


2016 Ex ante assessment of the Flemish environment permit conditions in the light of the review of the BREF Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industries.

NA












http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/#/industrialactivity















R035 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development

2014 Sub-sectoral Environmental and Social Guideline: Slaughterhouses

http://www.ebrd.com/downloads/policies/environmental/slaughter.pdf

R036 Dutch Foundation for Sustainability in the Food Chain

2008 Greenhouse Gas Emissions of Meat Methodological issues and establishment of an information infrastructure - background document

http://bokiluske.com/publications/2008%20Greenhouse%20gas%20emissions%20of%20meat.%20Methodological%20issues%20and%20establishment%20of%20an%20information%20infrastructure%20.pdf

R070 Europages 2018 Slaughterhouses Companies in Europe - Statistics

https://www.europages.co.uk/companies/slaughterhouse.html

R071 Environmental Expert

2018 Slaughterhouses in Europe - Statistics

https://www.environmental-expert.com/companies/location-europe/?keyword=slaughterhouse

R072 Eurostat 2018 Meat production in Europes- statistics

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Meat_production_statistics

R073 EC 2018 Approved eu food establishments

https://ec.europa.eu/food/safety/biosafety/food_hygiene/eu_food_establishments_en

R074 EC 2018 Non-EU country establishments database

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco/traces/output/non_eu_listsPerActivity_en.htm#

R075 Flemish Government - VITO; Huybrechts D. en Vranken K.

2015 Best Available Techniques (BAT) for composting and digestion plants. Artoos, ISBN 90 382 0819 7, 231p.


R078 EUROSTAT 2018 Gross value added (GVA: ‘C10-C12_Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products

http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

National accounts aggregates by industry (up to NACE A*64)

[nama_10_a64]

R079 EUROSTAT 2018 Energy consumption (Energy: nrg_100a, ‘B_101830 Food and Tobacco


Simplified energy balances - annual data

[nrg_100a]

R080 EUROSTAT 2017 Waste generation: Hazardous Waste


Generation of waste by waste category, hazardousness and NACE Rev. 2 activity [env_wasgen]

R081 EUROSTAT 2017 Waste generation: Non-Hazardous Waste


Generation of waste by waste category, hazardousness and NACE Rev. 2 activity [env_wasgen]

R082 EUROSTAT 2017 Animal and vegetal waste http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat

NACE_R2 Manufacture of food products; beverages and tobacco products

R083 EUROSTAT 2017 Water use in the manufacturing industry by activity and supply category


Water use in the manufacturing industry by activity and supply category

[env_wat_ind]

R084 Ricardo 2018 Industrial Emissions Policy Country Profiles

[Publication forthcoming]

R085 Eurostat 2017 Slaughtering in slaughterhouses

http://appsso.eurostat.ec.europa.eu/nui/show.do?dataset=apro_mt_pann&lang=en

Slaughtering in slaughterhouses - annual data [apro_mt_pann] (extracted March 2018);

















https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco/traces/output/non_eu_listsPerActivity_en.htm

https://webgate.ec.europa.eu/sanco/traces/output/non_eu_listsPerActivity_en.htm












R086 Various 2015 E-PRTR data waste transfer – activity 8 (a) slaughterhouses

http://prtr.ec.europa.eu

R100 Flemish Environmental Agency

2017 Flemish Environmental Legislation (VLAREM): VLAREM II, bijlage 5 (°37 slachthuizen en 49° vilbeluiken)

https://navigator.emis.vito.be/

R101 UK Government - Department for Environment, Food & Rural Affairs and Environment Agency

2016 Guidance Best available techniques: environmental permits What best available techniques are, when you must follow them, how to propose alternatives and how to refer to them in your application.

https://www.gov.uk/guidance/best-available-techniques-environmental-permits


2004 Verordnung über Anforderungen an das Einleiten von Abwasser in Gewässer (Abwasserverordnung - AbwV) Anhang 10 Fleischwirtschaft

http://www.gesetze-im-internet.de/abwv/anhang_10.html


2004 Verordnung über Anforderungen an das Einleiten von Abwasser in Gewässer (Abwasserverordnung - AbwV) Anhang 20 Verarbeitung tierischer Nebenprodukte



2002 TA Luft - 5.4.7.2 Installations under 7.2: Installations for Slaughtering Animals

http://www.bmub.bund.de/fileadmin/Daten_BMU/Download_PDF/Luft/taluft_engl.pdf

R105 Dutch Government - Overheid.nl

2018 Activiteitenregeling milieubeheer - § 3.6.2. Slachten van dieren, uitsnijden van vlees of vis of bewerken van dierlijke bijproducten

http://wetten.overheid.nl/BWBR0022830/2018-01-01#Hoofdstuk3

R106 Danish Meat Research Institute - DMRI

2015 Note - Update of information concerning environmental issues of slaughterhouses

https://www.teknologisk.dk/danish-meat-research-institute/27239

R107 UK Government 2009 How to comply with your environmental permit Additional guidance for: The Red Meat Processing (Cattle, Sheep and Pigs) Sector (EPR 6.12)

https://www.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/298054/geho0209bpja-e-e.pdf

http://prtr.ec.europa.eu/




















R108 FR Government 1998 Arrêté du 02/02/98 relatif aux prélèvements et à la consommation d'eau ainsi qu'aux émissions de toute nature des installations classées pour la protection de l'environnement soumises à autorisation (Article 32 for water and Article 27 for air)

https://aida.ineris.fr/consultation_document/5657

R109 INERIS 2016 Les substances dangereuse pour le milieu aquatique dans les rejets industriels; Action nationale de recherche et de réduction des rejets de substances dangereuses dans l’eau par les installations classées (RSDE) – Seconde phase: résultats de surveillance initiale RSDE détailles par secteur (national study on industrial releases of micropollutants into water)

https://rsde.ineris.fr/doc/docs%20rsde/Rapport%20DRC-16-149870-01981B_fiche_secteur_VF2.pdf

R110 Grau Rahola (Grupo Ecoindustria)

2018 Personal Communication -

R111 Waxwender Hannes

(UBA)

2018 Personal Communication - Methodology paper ‘Organohalogen compounds and substances which may form such compounds in the aquatic environment’

-

R112 DG JRC 2018 BREF Food, Drink and Milk Industries D1 (FDM - in review)

ttp://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/fdm.html

R113 DG JRC 2018 BREF Intensive Rearing of Poultry and Pigs (IRPP)

http://eippcb.jrc.ec.europa.eu/reference/irpp.html

R200 EEA 2014 Environmental Indicator Report 2017 Environmental Impacts of production-consumption systems in Europe

https://www.eea.europa.eu/publications/environmental-indicator-report-2014

R201 EEA 2014 LTRAP inventory submissions

https://www.eea.europa.eu/data-and-maps/data/national-emissions-reported-to-the-convention-on-long-range-transboundary-air-pollution-lrtap-convention-11

R202 Bertoldi P., Diluiso F., Castellazzi L., Labanca N., Serrenho T.

2018 Energy Consumption and Energy Efficiency Trends in the EU-28, 2000-2015

https://ec.europa.eu/jrc/en/publication/eur-scientific-and-technical-research-reports/energy-consumption-and-energy-efficiency-trends-eu-28-2000-2015

R301 Food Standards Agency

2018 UK list of slaughterhouses https://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/sectorrules/meatplantsprems/meatpremlicence

R302 European Commission

2018 Approved EU food establishments


R303 ADHEB - Pork 1990-2016

England Abattoir Numbers https://pork.ahdb.org.uk/prices-stats/industry-structure/england-abattoir-numbers/

https://aida.ineris.fr/consultation_document/5657









https://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/sectorrules/meatplantsprems/meatpremlicence

https://www.food.gov.uk/enforcement/sectorrules/meatplantsprems/meatpremlicence



https://pork.ahdb.org.uk/prices-stats/industry-structure/england-abattoir-numbers/

https://pork.ahdb.org.uk/prices-stats/industry-structure/england-abattoir-numbers/





R304 Bugallo et al 2014 Analysis of the slaughterhouses in Galicia (NW Spain)

https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0048969713013624

R305 Moukazis et al 2017 Slaughterhouse by-products treatment using anaerobic digestion

https://ac.els-cdn.com/S0956053X17305019/1-s2.0-S0956053X17305019-main.pdf?_tid=e73fd789-4bfa-4f23-ae95-ab70c7e36425&acdnat=1520672286_9dad6d36a7d5a33e8a23b609272b8f1b

R306 Farr - One Green Planet

2017 Beyond the Factory Farm: How Slaughterhouses Are Polluting the Planet

https://www.onegreenplanet.org/environment/how-slaughterhouses-are-polluting-the-planet/

R307 FAO – Food and Agriculture Organization of the United States

2013 Greenhouse gas emissions from pig and chicken supply chains - A global life cycle assessment

http://www.fao.org/docrep/018/i3460e/i3460e.pdf

R308 Finnish Environmental Institute

2002 Finnish Expert Report on Best Available Techniques in Slaughterhouses and Installations for the Disposal or Recycling of Animal Carcasses and Animal Waste

https://helda.helsinki.fi/bitstream/handle/10138/40549/FE_539.pdf

R401 Davarnejad and Nasiri

2017 Slaughterhouse wastewater treatment using an advanced oxidation process: Optimization study

Environmental Pollution, Volume 223, April 2017, Pages 1-10

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129953


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Preliminary determination of Key Environmental Issues for the Slaughterhouses and Animal By-products Industry


Ricardo Energy & Environment Ricardo Energy & Environment

Appendix 1: Evaluation by sub-criteria

Separate Excel spreadsheet.




Appendix 2: Monitoring standards

Issue Parameter Monitoring standard

Em

iss

ion

s t

o A

ir Amines CEN/TS 13649:2014. Note this is a technical specification not a

full EN Standard, and covers sampling of organic compounds onto sorbent tubes. Analysis of sorbent tubes for amines is covered by an occupational health method.

Ammonia ISO 17179:2016 for instrumental measurement or, an integrated sampling methodology derived from EN14791 for SO2 with ion chromatographic analysis of ammonium ion can be applied.

Asbestos BS 6069-4.2:1991 (UK national method)

Biologically active substances CEN TS 16115-1:2011 and 16115-2:2011

Boron EN 14385:2014 (not specific to Boron, but methodology can be applied)

Carbon monoxide EN 15058:2017

Chlorine and its compounds EN 1911:2010 (HCl)

Cyanides US EPA OTM29

Dust ISO 12141:2002, EN 13284-1:2017, EN ISO 23210:2009, ISO 13271:2012, ISO 25597:2013. Note that the latter is dilution technique for inclusion of condensable (i.e. dust +

condensable).

Fluorine and its compounds ISO 15713:2006 (HF)

Formaldehyde US EPA Method 316


Methane: EN ISO 25139:2011, EN ISO 25140:2010;

CO2: ISO 12039:2001,

N2O: EN ISO 21258:2010

Hexachlorobenzene As for Amines but with appropriate analytical technique for analyte


EN 13211:2001 (mercury) , EN 14385:2004

Noise and vibration BS 4142:2014 (UK national method)

Odour EN 13725:2003

Oil mist EN 13284-1:2017 (plus absorption into solvent)

Oxides of nitrogen and other nitrogen compounds

EN 14792:2005

Ozone depleting substances As for Amines but with appropriate analytical technique for analyte

Pentachlorobenzene As for Amines but with appropriate analytical technique for analyte

Phenols Sampling BS CEN/TS 13649:2014, OSHA 32 or NIOSH 2546 for analysis

PCCD/F (dioxins and furans) EN 1948(Parts 1, 2 and 3):2006

Polychlorinated biphenyls EN 1948-4:2013

Polychlorinated naphthalenes As for Amines or PAH.

Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH)

ISO 11338-1:2003, ISO 11338-2:2003

Substances and mixtures proven or are suspected to possess CMR properties or properties which may affect reproduction via the air

Broad category, substance needs to be specified.

Example: styrene - CEN/TS 13649:2014.

Sulphur compounds EN 14791:2017

Volatile organic compounds EN 12619:2013, EN ISO 13199:2012




Issue Parameter Monitoring standard

Em

iss

ion

s t

o W

ate

r Biocides and plant protection products

EN ISO 15913:2000

Boron EN ISO 11885:2009, EN ISO 17294-2:2016

Cyanides EN ISO 14403-2:2012, ISO 17690:2015, ISO 14403-1:2012

Volatile lipophilic substances DIN 38409-19:1986, ISO 11349:2010

Materials in suspension EN 872:2005


Arsenic: ISO 17378-2:2014;

Cadmium: EN ISO 5961:1994;

Chromium: EN 1233:1997;

Chromium IV: ISO 11083:1994,

Chromium VI: EN ISO 18412:2005, EN ISO 23913:2006;

Mercury: EN 12846:2012, EN ISO 17852:2006;

Selenium: ISO/TS 17379-1:2013;

Multiple metals: EN ISO 11885:2009, EN ISO 17294-2:2016, EN ISO 15586:2003

Organohalogen compounds EN ISO 6468:1996, EN ISO 9562:2004

Organophosphorus compounds EN 12918:1999; EN ISO 15681-1:2003 and -2:2003, EN ISO 6878:2004

Organotin compounds EN ISO 17353:2004

Persistent hydrocarbons and persistent and bioaccumulable

organic toxic substances

Broad category, will be specific to the parameter in question. Examples:

EN ISO 6468:1996 for organochlorine insecticides, polychlorinated biphenyls and chlorobenzenes.

EN ISO 15913:2000 for phenoxyalkanoic herbicides.

Salts (e.g. chloride, sulphate) Chloride: EN ISO 15682:2000, ISO 9297:1981

Substances and mixtures proven to possess CMR properties or properties which may affect reproduction in or via the aquatic environment

Broad category, will be specific to the parameter in question. Examples:

ISO 17858:2007 for dioxin-like PCBs.

ISO 18073:2004 for dioxins/furans.


EN ISO 15088:2007


EN ISO 13395:1996, EN ISO 11905:1997, EN 12260:2003, ISO 29441:2010

Other: pH, temperature, colour pH: ISO 10523:2008;

Colour: EN ISO 7887:2011;

temperature: DIN 38404-4:1976

TOC, BOD, COD BOD: EN 1899-1:1998; EN 1899-2:1998, ISO 5815-1:2003 and ISO 5815-2:2003

COD: ISO 15705:2002, ISO 6060:1989;

TOC: EN 1484:1997

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