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7/25/2019 Preliminary Report, Independent Testing by Windsor Laboratories
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1
Windsor Laboratories894 Hawthorn Avenue Mechanicsburg, PA 17055
Phone: (717) 796-0537 Fax: (717) 796-0537
Microscopic Evaluation of Agricultural Products Members of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS)
July23,2014
EXPERTREPORTOFJAMESV.MAKOWSKI
I. EXECUTIVESUMMARY
ThisReportsummarizesthemicroscopicanalysesIperformedonthefollowingpetfoodstodetermine
theiringredientcontent:
BlueBuffaloLifeProtection AdultChickenandBrownRice(Dog)
BlueBuffaloFreedom AdultGrainFreeChicken(Dog)
BlueBuffaloWilderness AdultChickenRecipe(Dog)
Blue
Buffalo
Basics
Adult
Turkey
&
Potato
(Dog)
BlueBuffaloLongevity LongevityforAdultDogs(Dog)
PurinaProPlanSELECTAdultGrainFreeFormula(Dog)
PurinaONEbeyOndWhiteMeatChicken&WholeBarleyRecipe(Dog)
BlueBuffaloLifeProtection IndoorHealthChicken&BrownRiceRecipe(Cat)
BlueBuffaloFreedom GrainFreeChickenforIndoorCats(Cat)
BlueBuffaloWilderness AdultChickenRecipe(Cat)
BlueBuffaloBasics AdultTurkey&Potato(Cat)
BlueBuffaloLongevity LongevityforAdultCats(Cat)
PurinaONEbeyOndWhiteMeatChicken&WholeOatMealRecipe(Cat)
PurinaONEbeyOndSalmon&WholeBrownRiceRecipe(Cat)
Based on the microscopic analyses of these products, I conclude that several of the Blue Buffalo
productstestedcontainmeasurableamountsofchicken/poultrybyproductmealorgrains.
II. EXPERIENCEANDQUALIFICATIONS
I,JamesV.Makowski,ampresentlyemployedbyMessiahCollege inMechanicsburg,Pennsylvania,as
ProfessorofBiology. I teachcourses including,amongothers,undergraduatecoursesonCellularand
Molecular Biology, Microbiology, and Genetics (all of which include units on microscopic analysis
methods andprocedures) and conduct corresponding research. I also teach a seniorundergraduate
courseinBioethics. IearnedaPh.D.inCurriculum&Instruction/ScienceEducationattheUniversityof
Delaware, aMasterofArts inBiology atWestChester StateUniversity and aBachelorof Science in
Biologyat
Messiah
College.
Iam
the
Owner
and
Microscopist
of
Windsor
Laboratories
of
Mechanicsburg,Pennsylvania,apositionIhaveheldfor28years. Inthiscapacity,Iconductmicroscopic
analysis for clients in the agricultural industryand related industries, including thepet food industry.
AttachedtothisreportasExhibit1ismycurriculumvitaestatingmyqualifications,includingalistofall
publicationsauthoredintheprevious10years.
Iamanauthorand the leadeditorofMICROSCOPICANALYSISOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS (4thed.
2010),withNeilVary,MarjorieMcCutcheonandPascalVeys,publishedbytheAmericanOilChemists
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Society. Thisbookistheleadingmanualforthemicroscopicanalysisofagriculturalproducts,including
animalproteinproducts,intheUnitedStatesandworldwide. Itisusedasaprimarytrainingresourceon
the subject of microscopic analysis of agricultural products by the United States Food and Drug
Administration (FDA). Ispeakwidelyon theuseofmicroscopy forpurposessuchas thedetectionof
prohibited protein in ruminant feed, including at workshops conducted by the FDA and National
InstitutesofHealth (NIH). Ihavealsotaughtnumerous35dayshortcoursesonusingmicroscopyto
identify components in various agricultural products for the Association of American Feed Control
Officials and the American Association of Cereal Chemists. I have instructed microscopists for the
AmericanSoybean
Association,
including
in
Jamaica
and
Trinidad.
Iam
also
the
Chairperson
of
the
TrainingCommitteefortheAgriculturalMicroscopyDivisionoftheAmericanOilChemistsSociety.
III. SCOPEOFENGAGEMENT
IwasretainedinFebruary2014byNestlPurinaPetCaretoconductmicroscopicanalysisofseveraldog
andcatfoods. Atthetimeofmyretention,IwasaskedtoanalyzeandlistallingredientsthatIwasable
to identify inthedogandcatfoodsprovidedtome. Iwasnotawareofthereasonfortherequested
work until after I completed my analysis. I was not provided with any reasons, hypotheses,
expectations, suspicions, or goals associated with my analysis. After completing my independent
analysis, Iwas informed that thepurposeof the requestedworkwas toprocurean independentand
unbiased analysis and determination ofwhether Blue Buffalo brand dog and cat foods contain any
ingredientsthat
Blue
Buffalos
marketing
materials
claim
that
they
do
not
contain,
including
chicken
and
poultrybyproductmealand,forsomeproducts,grains.
IV. SOURCINGOFANALYZEDPRODUCTS
I was provided and received from Purina by personal delivery on February 27, 2014, the following
commercially available products: (i) 10 sealed, new, unopened bags of the Blue Buffalo products
identifiedabove;and (ii)4 sealed,new,unopenedbagsofPurinadogandcatpet foodsas identified
above from Christopher Purschke at Purina. It ismy understanding that these bagswere obtained
commercially from a PetCo retail store inornearMechanicsburg. OnMarch 5,2014, I receivedby
FederalExpressanadditional14unopenedbags,duplicatesoftheoriginalfoods,fromMarkRogersat
Purina.The
purpose
of
sourcing
duplicate
products
was
to
obtain
samples
from
different
geographic
regions and production batches. I transported the bags to themicrobiology laboratory atMessiah
College,where theywere securely stored pending examination. I personally inspected each bag to
ensurethattheywerenew,unopened,andingoodcondition.
TheunopenedbagswereidentifiedandtaggedonMarch12,2014. Eachcommercialproductpackage
was randomlyanduniquelylabeledusingasimplenumberingmethod(0012014,0022014,0032014,
etc.), and matching labels were applied to product sample bags (Ziploc brand freezer bags). An
approximately 200gram sample of pet food was removed and weighed from each identified
commercialproductpackageandplacedinthecorrespondinglabeledZiplocbag,whichwasthensealed.
Afterallofthepetfoodproductpackagingwaslabeled,andthecorrespondingsampleswereplacedand
sealed
in
the
properly
identified
and
labeled
Ziploc
bags,
the
commercial
product
packaging
containing
theremainderofthepet foodsshippedtomewasreturnedtoa lockedstorage room intheMessiah
Collegemicrobiologylaboratory,whereitremainsasofthedateofthisreport. ItransportedtheZiploc
samplebagstoWindsorLaboratoriesforsecureretentionandanalysis.
V. RESEARCHPROTOCOL(PROCEDURE)
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ThissectionprovidesadetaileddescriptionoftheproceduresIfollowedincarryingoutthemicroscopic
analysesoftheproductsamplesidentifiedabove. Agriculturalmicroscopyisanestablished,reliabletool
fordetermining ingredientspresent in agivenproduct,particularlywhere theoriginsof theproduct
and/or its ingredientsareunknown. Byseparating theconstituentsofagivensamplebydensityand
characterizing the particles by shape, color, size, softness/hardness, texture, luster, odor and other
histological andmorphological features using amicroscope, amicroscopist can reliably identify and
quantifythoseconstituents inthesamplebycomparingthemtoknownstandards. Indeed,as Inoted
above,thistechniqueisroutinelyusedbytheFDAandothersinthefoodindustrytoidentifyingredients
infood
products.
The
microscopic
analysis
methodologies
used
to
obtain
the
results
summarized
in
this
Report are the same as those I have used for the past 28 yearswhen performing similar analyses
relatingtononlitigationprojects.
A. PreparationoftheSamplesforAnalysis
IloggedineachsamplebagbycodenumberinmylabnotebookatWindsorLaboratories,assigningeach
toanexaminationboard. Ipreparedandinspectedeachproductsampleindividuallyinordertoensure
thattherewasnoconfusionormistakeregardingthespecificsamplesbeingtested. WhenIcompleted
thepreparation,analysis,andrecordingofresultsforeachuniquelyidentifiedsample,Ireturnedunused
materialstothecorrespondinguniquelyidentifiedsamplebagandthoroughlycleanedtheareaandall
toolsemployed
before
proceeding
to
the
next
sample
bag.
In themajority of cases, the sampleswere comprised of kibble and dark bits. In all such cases, I
personally and manually separated the kibble and dark bit components, and then weighed each
componentusinganOhausE400Danalyticalbalance. Ithencalculatedandrecordedthepercentages
ofkibbleanddarkbitsinmylabnotebook.
Afterweighingeachcomponent (kibbleanddarkbits), Isubdividedthem intocombinedquartersand
oppositequartersforsamplepreparationandanalysis. Thiswasdonebyspreadingeachsampleonto
parchmentpaper,dividing intoquadrants(upper left,upperright,lower leftand lowerright)andthen
samplingthediagonallyoppositequarters. Quarteringinthiswayisanacceptedprocedureforensuring
astatistically
valid
sample.
See
MICROSCOPIC
ANALYSIS
OF
AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS
(2010)
at
3.
This
aliquotwas then ground in a grain flourmill to crush the particleswithout causing any damage to
cellular components, and 2 grams of the ground sample were transferred into a Coors porcelain
evaporatingdish. Allequipmentwascleanedthoroughlybeforeeachuse. Theremainderof200gram
sampleswerebagged,sealedand storedatWindsorLaboratories.
B. SampleSeparationbyFlotation:
After transferring representative2gram samples intocleanevaporatingdishes, Iadded6mlofa1:1
carbontetrachloride:chloroformmixturetotheevaporatingdishandstirredthesample thoroughlyto
allowmineral,boneandotherheavycomponentstosettle. Itransferredthematerialthatfloatedtothe
top
by
pouring
the
CCL4:CHCL3,
into
another
evaporating
dish.
The
mineral/bone
fraction,
typically
referred to as the heavy fraction,was allowed to evaporate todryness,which took approximately
thirtyminutes.
Ithenadded2mlofpetroleumethertotheCCL4:CHCL3mixturecontainingthefloatingmaterial. This
altersthedensityoftheliquid,whichcausesalessdensefractionofthesampletofloattothesurface.
Thefloatingmaterialisthenpouredoffontoadryingmedium,leavingbehindamoredensefraction. I
stirredthismixturethoroughly,transferredthefloatingmaterialtofiltermedium,andallowedittodry.
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Iaddedadditional2mlaliquotsofCCHL3untilnomaterial floated. Thisprocedure resulted in3or4
densitydependentfractionsofingredientsinlightertoheavierorder. Allfractionswereallowedtodry
for at least thirty minutes. This is the accepted method of separating material by density for
microscopicexamination. SeeMICROSCOPICANALYSISOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS(2010)at57.
IthenweighedeachfractionontheOhausE400Danalyticalbalancetothenearest0.01g,recordingthe
results inmy labnotebook. Oncea fractionwasweighed, itwastransferredontoanew,clean,black
MasoniteexaminationboardproducedatWindsorLaboratories,onwhichtheparticleswerespreadto
ensureasingle
layer
of
material
for
microscopic
analysis.
C. MicroscopicExaminationoftheProductSamples
Imicroscopicallyexaminedeachfraction,fromheaviestto lightest,using aNikonModel76210stereo
microscopeonabotanicalboomat1020X,which isthestandardrangeforanalysisofparticlesofthis
type. SeeMICROSCOPICANALYSISOFAGRICULTURALPRODUCTS (2010) at23. Foreach fraction, I
listed and recorded all identified components inmy lab notebook and calculated and recorded the
approximatepercentageofeachcomponentusingstandardmethods. SeeMICROSCOPICANALYSISOF
AGRICULTURALPRODUCTS (2010)at57. I identifiedeachcomponentbycomparing it toareference
libraryofknown ingredientsandwithmyknowledgeofparticlecharacteristicsbasedonmyextensive
experiencewith
examination
of
similar
particles.
Iestimated
the
proportion
of
each
component
by
visuallyestimating thepercentageofeach typeofparticleviewed through themicroscope. Thiswas
repeatedforeachfractionandthetotalsforeachcomponentpresentwerecalculated.
In instanceswhere Iwas unable to identify a specificparticlewhendoing this typeof analysiswith
certainty, I transferred the relevantparticle toaNikonAlphaphotYScompoundmicroscope formore
detailed examination. Theseparticleswereplaced on a new, cleanmicroscope slide and a drop of
mountingmedium added. Themountingmediumused is a1:1:1 (v/w/v)mixtureofdistilledwater,
chloralhydrateandglycerol,whichhelps todisplace trappedair and allow some ingredientsof finer
cellular structure to be more readily observable. See MICROSCOPIC ANALYSIS OF AGRICULTURAL
PRODUCTS (2010)at5. I thenobserved theparticleunder the compoundmicroscope (100400x) to
determinecellular
structure
for
identification.
Identification
of
components
at
this
magnification
is
basedoncellularstructureratherthanoncharacteristicsoflargerparticles.
The samples from the examination boardswere retained for a period of onemonth butwere then
discardedbecausesamplesundergoanunacceptabledegreeofdecompositionbeyondthispoint.
VI. RESULTSOFTHEMICROSCOPICANALYSIS
Aspreviouslynoted,theidentitiesofthe28sampleswereblindedduringmyanalysis. OnceIcompleted
myanalysisandrecordedmyresultsinthelaboratorynotebook,thecodedlognumberscorresponding
to
each
Ziploc
bag
sample
were
matched
to
the
corresponding
numbers
placed
on
the
commercial
productpackaging. Atthatpoint,Iaddedthecommercialnamesofsomeoftheexaminedpetfoodsto
theentries in the labnotebook. Upuntil this time, Iwasunawareof thepurposeof the requested
analysisofthesamplesandofanyhypothesesbeingtested.
Ithencomparedthe ingredients identifiedbymymicroscopicanalysistothe labelsofeachdogorcat
food tested. The results ofmy testing and analysis reveal that in some instances, the Blue Buffalo
products that I tested contained poultry byproductmeal, even though the packaging indicated the
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contrary. ThiswasespeciallyevidentinthetwosamplesofBlueBuffaloLifeProtectionIndoorChicken
& Brown Rice Formula. In both the original and duplicate samples, I found approximately 2224%
poultrybyproductmealpresent inthekibble. Inboth instances I foundsmallfragmentsofeggshell,
rawfeatherand legscale. Further, inseveralBlueBuffalosamples, Ifoundquantitiesofgrainpresent
wherethecorresponding productswerelabeledasbeinggrainfree. Forillustrativepurposes,photos
of representative poultry byproduct and grain particles are attached in Exhibit 2, a Photographic
Appendixtothisreport. ThetablebelowsummarizestheresultsfortheBlueBuffaloproductsamples.
Discrepanciesbetweenthepackageclaimandmyresultsareboldedandhighlightedinyellow.
BlueBuffalo
Product
Component %PoultryBy
ProductMeal(Two
Samples)
%Riceand/orCorn
(TwoSamples)
PackageClaim
WildernessAdult
ChickenRecipe
(Dog)
Kibble 0%,0% 0%,0% NoPoultryByProductMeal/No
GrainsDarkBits 9%,11% 2.2%,1.5%
WildernessAdult
ChickenRecipe(Cat)
Kibble 0%,0% 0%,1% NoPoultryBy
ProductMeal/No
GrainsDarkBits 8%,5% 2.2%,2.5%
LongevityAdult
Dogs
Kibble 0%,0% N/A NoPoultryBy
ProductMeal
Dark
Bits
2%,
1% N/A
LongevityAdult
Cats
Kibble 0%,0% N/A NoPoultryByProductMealDarkBits 3%,0% N/A
LifeProtection
IndoorHealth
Chicken&Brown
RiceRecipe
Kibble 22%,24% N/A
NoPoultryBy
ProductMealDarkBits 2%,2% N/A
LifeProtection
AdultChicken&
BrownRice(Dog)
Kibble 22%,0% N/ANoPoultryBy
ProductMealDarkBits 0%,0% N/A
FreedomAdult
Grainfree
Chicken
(Dog)
Kibble 0%,0% 0%,0% NoPoultryBy
ProductMeal/No
GrainsDarkBits 2%, 2% 3%, 1%
FreedomGrain
FreeChickenfor
IndoorCats
Kibble 0%,0% 0%,0% NoPoultryByProductMeal/No
GrainsDarkBits 2%, 1% 2%, 2%
BasicsAdult
Turkey&Potato
(Cat)
Kibble 0%,0% N/ANoPoultryBy
ProductMealDarkBits 2%,2% N/A
BasicsAdult
Turkey&Potato
(Dog)
Kibble 0%,0% N/ANoPoultryBy
ProductMealDarkBits 0%,0% N/A
Thefullresultsofmyanalysesoftheproductsareprovidedonthefollowingpages.
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Windsor Laboratories894 Hawthorn Avenue Mechanicsburg, PA 17055
Phone: (717) 796-0537 Fax: (717) 796-0537
Microscopic Evaluation of Agricultural Products Members of the American Oil Chemists Society (AOCS)
April21,2014
Sample:BlueBuffalo;WildernessAdultChickenRecipe(Dog);5961000270BIUBMAR0315L121
09:20
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 96.0
DarkBits 4.0
Sample:0012014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken/TurkeyMeal 36
Chicken 26
TotalFat 15
TotalStarch 12
VegetablePomace 8
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.5
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 0.2
pH=6.0
Sample:001
2014
(Dark
Bits)
Estimated
Percent:
Flax(Linseed) 48
TotalFat 16
Starch 8
PoultryByProductMeal 9
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
PeaFiber 4
RiceHulls 2
VegetablePomace 2
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
Ground
Yellow
Corn
0.2
pH=5.8
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2.
Sample:BlueBuffaloWildernessAdultChickenRecipe(Cat);5961000140BIUBFEB0415B310620
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 98.2
DarkBits 1.8
Sample:0022014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken/TurkeyMeal 36
Chicken 26
TotalFat 15
TotalStarch 12
VegetablePomace 8
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.5
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 0.2
pH=6.0
Sample:0022014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 50
TotalFat 16
Starch 9
PoultryByProductMeal 8
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
PeaFiber 3
RiceHulls 2
VegetablePomace 2
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.6
GroundYellowCorn 0.2
pH=5.8
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3.
Sample:BlueBuffaloLongevityLongevityforAdultDogs;5961000802BIUBJAN0815L13110:45
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble
92.4DarkBits 7.6
Sample:0032014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Fish 28
FishMeal 18
GroundRice 16
GroundBarley 15
TotalFat 11
Starch 10
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.5
pH=6.0
Sample:0032014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 62
TotalFat 12
Starch 8
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
PeaFiber 5
PoultryBy
Product
Meal
2
RiceHulls 1
VegetablePomace 0.3
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
GroundYellowCorn 0.2
CalciumCarbonate Trace(
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4.
Sample:BlueBuffaloLongevityLongevityforAdultCats;5961000814BIUBJUN1314L13215:02
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 93.0
DarkBits
7.0
Sample:0042014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
FishMeal 32
Fish 19
TotalFat 17
GroundRice 16
GroundOats 8
GroundBarley 6
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.7
pH=6.0
Sample:0042014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 50
TotalFat 16
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 12
Starch 10
PeaFiber 4
PoultryByProductMeal 3
VegetablePomace
2
RiceHulls 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.7
GroundYellowCorn 0.2
pH=6.0
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5.
Sample:LifeProtectionIndoorHealthChicken&BrownRiceRecipe;5961000087FEB0915J220439
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 91.5
DarkBits 8.5
Sample:0052014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 28
PoultryByProductMeal 22
TotalFat 17
GroundBarley 12
GroundRice 8
GroundOats 5
FishMeal 3
Flax(Linseed) 3
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.7
Carrot 0.2
pH=6.0
Sample:0052014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 54
TotalFat 17
Starch 10
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
PeaFiber
5
PoultryByProductMeal 2
VegetablePomace 1
RiceHulls 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.7
GroundYellowCorn 0.2
pH=6.0
PUR_000216
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6.
Sample:BlueBuffaloLifeProtectionAdultChicken&BrownRice(Dog);5961000011BIUBJAN1515
T481:15
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 95.5
DarkBits
4.5
Sample:0062014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 20
PoultryByProductMeal 22
TotalFat 15
GroundRice 15
GroundBarley 10
TotalStarch 8
VegetablePomace 6
DehydratedAlfalfa
Meal
2
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.5
Flax Trace(
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7.
Sample:BlueBuffaloFreedomAdultGrainFeeChicken(Dog);5961000680BIUBMAR1715VS06:20
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 93.8
DarkBits
6.2
Sample:0072014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
ChickenMeal 32
Chicken 21
TotalFat 16
TotalStarch 10
Peas 8
VegetablePomace 7
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 2
Flax(Linseed) 2
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.7
pH=5.2
Sample:0072014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 57
TotalFat 16
TotalStarch 9
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
PeaFiber 5
PoultryBy
Product
Meal
2
GroundYellowCorn 2
RiceHulls 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
pH=5.4
PUR_000218
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8.
Sample:BlueBuffaloFreedomGrainFeeChickenforIndoorCats;5961000707BIUBJAN1215P1614
33K14
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble
95.7DarkBits 4.3
Sample:0082014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 32
ChickenMeal 28
TotalFat 14
TotalStarch 14
PeaFiber 6
Flax(Linseed) 2
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 1
VegetablePomace
1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.58
pH=5.7
Sample:0082014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 53
TotalFat 15
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 9
PeaFiber 8
TotalStarch
8
PoultryByProductMeal 2
RiceHulls 2
VegetablePomace 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
pH=5.7
PUR_000219
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9.
Sample:BlueBuffaloBasicsAdultTurkey&Potato(Cat);5961000727BIUBMAY0614P173733BO5
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 96.1
DarkBits
3.9
Sample:0092014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 35
ChickenMeal 24
TotalStarch 16
TotalFat 12
PeaFiber 6
Flax(Linseed) 2
VegetablePomace 2
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 1
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.60
pH=5.5
Sample:0092014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 54
TotalFat 16
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 10
PeaFiber 7
TotalStarch
7
PoultryByProductMeal 2
RiceHulls 1
VegetablePomace 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
pH=5.7
PUR_000220
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10.
Sample:BlueBuffaloBasicsAdultTurkey&Potato(Dog);5961000752BIUBMAR0515P104133MO5
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 96.1
DarkBits
3.9
Sample:0102014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 50
ChickenMeal 22
TotalStarch 12
TotalFat 12
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 2
VegetablePomace 0.2
RiceHulls 0.2
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.60
DicalciumPhosphate
Trace
(
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11.
Sample:PurinaONEbeyOndSalmon&WholeBrownRiceRecipe;1780012702328160010110L04
EstimatedPercent:
DarkKibble 58.7
LightKibble
41.3
Sample:0112014(DarkKibble) EstimatedPercent:
ChickenMeal 24
Fish 22
TotalFat 18
GroundRice 15
SoybeanMeal 8
FishMeal 4
GroundBarley 4
GroundOats
2
SoyProteinIsolate 0.5
BeetPulp 0.5
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.60
pH=5.8
Sample:0112014(LightKibble) EstimatedPercent:
ChickenMeal 25
Fish
23
TotalFat 16
GroundRice 16
SoybeanMeal 7
FishMeal 5
GroundBarley 3
GroundOats 2
SoyProteinIsolate 0.5
BeetPulp Trace(
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12.
Sample:PurinaONEbeyOndWhiteMeatChicken&WholeOatMealRecipe;1780014418
331560012305L05
EstimatedPercent:
DarkKibble
58.7
LightKibble 41.3
Sample:0122014(DarkKibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 27
ChickenMeal 22
TotalFat 17
GroundRice 13
SoybeanMeal 11
GroundBarley 6
GroundOats 2
SoyProtein
Isolate
0.5
BeetPulp 0.5
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
pH=5.7
Sample:0122014(LightKibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 26
ChickenMeal 20
TotalFat
17
GroundRice 12
SoybeanMeal 12
GroundBarley 8
GroundOats 2
SoyProteinIsolate 0.2
BeetPulp 0.3
VegetablePomace 0.1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.5
CalciumCarbonate Trace(
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13.
Sample:PurinaProPlanSELECTAdultGrainFreeFormula(Dog);3810015196307110820548Ll5
Kibble(0132014) EstimatedPercent:
CanolaMeal 28
Chicken
26TotalFat 18
TotalStarch 18
FishMeal 4
PeaFiber 3
NaCl 0.6
BeetPulp 0.5
pH=5.7
Sample:PurinaONEbeyOndWhiteMeatChicken&WholeBarleyRecipe(Dog);1780014936
331810850201L04
Kibble(0142014) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 36
GroundRice 22
TotalFat 18
CanolaMeal 12
GroundBarley 10
NaCl 0.58
CalciumCarbonate 0.1
VegetablePomace Trace(
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14.
Sample:BlueBuffaloFreedomGrainFeeChickenforIndoorCats;BIUBSEP0514J111635
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 94.9
DarkBits
5.1
Sample:0152014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 33
ChickenMeal 28
TotalFat 13
TotalStarch 15
PeaFiber 5
Flax(Linseed) 2
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 1.5
VegetablePomace 0.5
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.6
pH=5.8
Sample:0152014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 52
TotalFat 16
TotalStarch 10
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
PeaFiber 7
RiceHulls
2
VegetablePomace 2
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.71
PoultryByProductMeal 1
pH=5.7
PUR_000225
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15.
Sample:BlueBuffaloLongevityLongevityforAdultCats;BIUBNOV2914L13301:12
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 90.0
DarkBits
10.0
Sample:0162014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
FishMeal 20
Fish 20
GroundRice 18
TotalFat 16
GroundOats 12
GroundBarley 12
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
pH=6.1
Sample:0162014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 54
TotalFat 15
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 9
Starch 8
PeaFiber 4
VegetablePomace 4
RiceHulls
2
GroundYellowCorn 1
WheatMiddlings 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.5
pH=6.3
PUR_000226
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16.
Sample:BlueBuffaloLifeProtectionAdultChicken&BrownRice(Dog);BIUBJAN1415T1C16:02
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 91.0
DarkBits 9.0
Sample:0172014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 22
ChickenMeal 20
TotalFat 14
GroundRice 13
GroundBarley 12
TotalStarch 8
VegetablePomace 8
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 1
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.51
pH=5.0
Sample:0172014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 52
TotalFat 16
TotalStarch 10
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
PeaFiber 6
VegetablePomace
3
GroundYellowCorn 2
RiceHulls 2
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
pH=5.0
PUR_000227
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17.
Sample:PurinaONEbeyOndSalmon&WholeBrownRiceRecipe;400710831313L05BIUBJUL2015
EstimatedPercent:
DarkKibble 54.2
Light
Kibble
45.8
Sample:0182014(DarkKibble) EstimatedPercent:
ChickenMeal 26
Fish 21
TotalFat 18
GroundRice 14
SoybeanMeal 7
FishMeal 5
GroundBarley 3
GroundOats
3
SoyProteinIsolate 0.5
BeetPulp 0.5
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.58
pH=5.7
Sample:0182014(LightKibble) EstimatedPercent:
ChickenMeal 27
Fish
22
TotalFat 16
GroundRice 15
SoybeanMeal 8
FishMeal 4
GroundBarley 3
GroundOats 3
SoyProteinIsolate 0.2
BeetPulp 0.1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.62
pH=5.8
PUR_000228
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18.
Sample:BlueBuffaloBasicsAdultTurkey&Potato(Cat);BIUBSEP08142321933
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 97.7
DarkBits
2.3
Sample:0192014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 35
ChickenMeal 20
TotalFat 16
TotalStarch 15
PeaFiber 7
Flax(Linseed) 2
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 2
VegetablePomace 1
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.50
pH=5.5
Sample:0192014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 55
TotalFat 15
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 11
PeaFiber 6
TotalStarch
6
PoultryByProductMeal 2
RiceHulls 2
VegetablePomace 0.5
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
pH=5.7
PUR_000229
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19.
Sample:BlueBuffaloWildernessAdultChickenRecipe(Cat);BIUBMAR0215B311446
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 96.1
DarkBits
3.9
Sample:0202014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
ChickenMeal 32
Chicken 31
TotalFat 18
FishMeal 9
TotalStarch 8
RiceHulls 1
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 0.7
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.69
BloodMeal
0.1
pH=5.7
Sample:0202014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 58
TotalFat 14
Starch 8
PoultryByProductMeal 5
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 7
PeaFiber
4
RiceHulls 1.5
GroundYellowCorn 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.4
CalciumCarbonate 0.1
pH=5.5
PUR_000230
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20.
Sample:PurinaONEbeyOndWhiteMeatChicken&WholeBarleyRecipe(Dog);BIUBJAN2015
319710830939L09
Kibble(0212014): EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 35
GroundRice
24
TotalFat 18
CanolaMeal 11
GroundBarley 10
NaCl 0.61
CalciumCarbonate 0.1
VegetablePomace Trace(
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21.
Sample:BlueBuffaloBasicsAdultTurkey&Potato(Dog);BIUBAPR0815P200534RO8
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 96.9
Dark
Bits
3.1
Sample:0222014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 48
ChickenMeal 22
TotalStarch 13
TotalFat 12
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 3
VegetablePomace 0.2
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.70
DicalciumPhosphate Trace(
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22.
Sample:BlueBuffaloFreedomAdultGrainFeeChicken(Dog);BIUBFEB0415P011733L06
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 95.8
DarkBits
4.2
Sample:0232014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
ChickenMeal 32
Chicken 25
TotalFat 15
TotalStarch 8
VegetablePomace 8
Peas 6
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 2
Flax(Linseed) 2
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.7
pH=5.2
Sample:0232014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 55
TotalFat 16
TotalStarch 10
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 9
PeaFiber 3
PoultryBy
Product
Meal
2
VegetablePomace 2
GroundYellowCorn 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.61
pH=5.0
PUR_000233
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23.
Sample:BlueBuffaloLongevityLongevityforAdultDogs;BIUBNOV2614L12301:52
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 84.0
DarkBits
16.0
Sample:0242014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Fish 25
GroundRice 20
GroundBarley 18
FishMeal 15
TotalFat 12
TotalStarch 8
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.4
Carrots
Trace(
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24.
Sample:PurinaONEbeyOndWhiteMeatChicken&WholeOatMealRecipe;BIUBJUL201533471083
0419L05
EstimatedPercent:
DarkKibble
51.1
LightKibble 48.9
Sample:0252014(DarkKibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 28
ChickenMeal 18
TotalFat 17
GroundRice 15
SoybeanMeal 12
GroundBarley 7
BeetPulp
0.2
VegetablePomace 0.2
SoyProteinIsolate 0.1
CalciumCarbonate 0.1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.6
pH=5.7
Sample:0252014(LightKibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken
28
ChickenMeal 20
TotalFat 16
GroundRice 12
SoybeanMeal 11
GroundBarley 9
GroundOats 1
SoyProteinIsolate 0.3
BeetPulp 0.3
VegetablePomace 0.2
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.5
Calcium
Carbonate
Trace
(
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25.
Sample:BlueBuffalo;WildernessAdultChickenRecipe(Dog);BIUBFEB2515L12304:25
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 92.0
DarkBits
8.0
Sample:0262014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
ChickenMeal 35
Chicken 28
TotalFat 14
TotalStarch 12
VegetablePomace 7
Flax(Linseed) 1.5
DehydratedAlfalfaMal 0.3
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.54
pH=6.0
Sample:0262014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 50
TotalFat 15
PoultryByProductMeal 11
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
Starch 7
PeaFiber
3
VegetablePomace 2
RiceHulls 1.5
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.55
Dirt&Grit Trace(
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26.
Sample:PurinaProPlanSELECTAdultGrainFreeFormula(Dog);BIUBSEP2014307110821052L15
Kibble(0272014) EstimatedPercent:
CanolaMeal 26
Chicken
25TotalFat 18
TotalStarch 18
FishMeal 6
PeaFiber 4
NaCl 0.54
BeetPulp 0.5
pH=5.8
PUR_000237
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27.
Sample:LifeProtectionIndoorHealthChicken&BrownRiceRecipe;BIUBAPR2415B420041
EstimatedPercent:
Kibble 80.3
DarkBits
19.7
Sample:0282014(Kibble) EstimatedPercent:
Chicken 30
PoultryByProductMeal 24
TotalFat 16
GroundBarley 12
GroundRice 7
GroundOats 6
FishMeal 3
TotalChlorides
as
NaCl
0.6
Carrot 0.1
pH=6.0
Sample:0282014(DarkBits) EstimatedPercent:
Flax(Linseed) 52
TotalFat 16
Starch 12
DehydratedAlfalfaMeal 8
PeaFiber
6
PoultryByProductMeal 2
VegetablePomace 1
RiceHulls 1
TotalChloridesasNaCl 0.62
GroundYellowCorn 0.1
pH=6.0
PUR_000238
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PUR_000239
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EXHIBIT1
CURRICULUMVITAE
PUR_000240
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Messiah College-Department of Natural Sciences
Grantham, PA 17027
(717) 766-2511
Curriculum Vitae
JAMES V. MAKOWSKI
Home Address: 894 Hawthorn Avenue
Mechanicsburg, PA 17055
Office Address:
Department of Natural SciencesMessiah College
Grantham, PA 17027
Education:
1976 B.A. Messiah College (Biology)
1978-79 Trenton State University, NSF Fellowship
1980 M.A. West Chester State University (Biology)
1991 Ph.D. University of Delaware (Curriculum & Instruction/ Science
Education)
Teaching Experience:
1975-76 Messiah College, Teaching Assistant
1976-81 Central Bucks School District, Senior High School Biology
1981-86 Messiah College, Instructor in Biology
1986-1992 Messiah College, Assistant Professor of Biology
1993-1999 Messiah College, Associate Professor of Biology
2000- Messiah College, Professor of Biology
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While at Messiah College, I have taught the following courses in the Department
of Biological Sciences:
BIO 150 Biology I (First semester Biology majors)
BIO 102 Bioscience (Non-majors Biology)
BIO 106 Life Science for Elementary Education (Biological principles forBIO 114 Heredity & Human Affairs (Ethics based genetics course for non-
BIO 281 Genetics (Introductory genetics for majors)
BIO 313 Developmental Biology (for majors)
BIO 347 Comparative Anatomy (for majors)
BIO 381 Microbiology (for biology majors)
BIO 382 Microbiology for Health Professionals (for nursing & pre-med majors)
NSC 496 Science Seminar (Capstone course for senior majors)
IDS 101 First Year Seminar: Science & the Media
IDS 101 First Year Seminar: Science in Science Fiction
IDS 101 First Year Seminar: Science Fiction & Society
IDST 300 Genetics & SocietyBIOL189 Genetics for Health Professionals
BIOL160 Introduction to Cellular & Molecular Biology
BIOL 260 Genetics & Development
BIOL 317 Bioethics
BIOL/CHEM 495 Capstone
I also am responsible for teaching BIO 407 & CHE 407 Secondary Subject
Methods: Science for students majoring in biology and chemistry who wish to
become secondary teaching certification. In addition, I supervise these students
during their professional semester of student teaching.
Additional Professional Experience:
1986-87 Hershey Foods Corporation. Consultant in Food Microbiology,
1988 Polyclinic Medical Center, Faculty Intern to Medical Microbiology
Laboratory, 1988
1989 Quaker Oats Corporation, Faculty Intern in Quality Assurance
Lab, Shiremanstown, PA, 1989. Responsible for the development
of several new procedures for quality assurance laboratory.
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1987-present Owner, Windsor Laboratories a private consulting laboratory for
forensic microscopy of animal feed and human food, as well
unknown particles, etc.
Awards:
1991 Robert T Stegnar award in Science Education. Recognizes the
graduate student who has made the most significant contributions
to the advancement of science education. The University of
Delaware, May, 1991.
Publications:
Makowski, J. (1979). Nucleosomes: Intracellular chromatin packaging units.Unpublished Research Article, West Chester University, 1979.
Makowski, J. (1980). Autecology of the White-Tailed Deer (Odocoileus
virginianus). Unpublished research article, West Chester University,
1980.
Makowski, J. (1983). Concepts of Biology Laboratory Manual, Messiah College,
1983.
Makowski, J. (1988). Problem-solving in genetics: A review. Unpublished
Makowski, J. (1991). High school teachers' conceptions of genetics and their
Makowski, J. (1992). The influence of curriculum content knowledge of genetics
instruction. Journal of Research in Science Teaching, Vol 31, 2, February,
1994.
Makowski, J. (1992). A Microbiologist's View of Feed Microbiology.
Proceedings of the American Association of Feed Microscopists, Vol. 39,
1.
Makowski, J. (1996). The Use of Polarized Light Microscopy. Proceeding ofthe American Association of Feed Microscopists, Vol. 43, 2
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Makowski, J. (1998). Feed Microscopy: An Undervalued Quality Assurance
Technique. Inform(9), 11, November, 1999.
Makowski, J. (2000). Electrophoretic Separation of Mammalian Hair Proteins as
a Means of Species Identification of Meat & Bone Meal Sources inAnimal Feeds. Inform(11), April 2000.
Makowski, J. (2006). Microscopy Techniques for the Identification of Animal
Protein Products. Inform.(17), September 2006
Makowski, J., Ed., (2011). Microscopic Analysis of Agricultural Products, 4th
Ed., Champagne, IL, AOCS Press.
Presentations:
"The Effects of Varied Instructional Strategies on Student Problem-SolvingBehaviors." Paper presented at the Annual Meeting of the Eastern
"Inhibition of Salmonella sp. in Extruded Feeds." A Paper presented at the
Annual Meeting of the American Association of Feed Microscopists,
"Hands-on Science Activities for Elementary School Students." Capital Area
Intermediate Unit Regional In-Service day, October, 1991.
"Classroom-Tested Recommendations for Improving High School Genetics
Instruction." Capital Area Intermediate Unit In-Service day, October,
"The Influence of Curriculum Content Knowledge on Genetics Instruction." A
Paper presented at the Fourth Meeting of the International Consortium
"A Microbiologist's View of Feed Microscopy." A paper presented at the 42nd
Annual Meeting of the American Association of Feed Microscopists, St. Louis,
MO, June 1992.
Identification of Feed Ingredients Using Stereo- and Compound Microscopy,
July, 1995, The University of the West Indies Veterinary College, Kingston,
Jamaica
Microscopic Identification of Antibiotics, Vitamins, and Minerals,@ July, 1996,
The University of Mexico Veterinary College, Mexico City, Mexico.
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"Polarized Light Microscopy and Its Applications to Feed Microscopy." A paper
presented at the 46th Annual Meeting of the American Association of Feed
Microscopists, Iowa City, IA, June, 1996.
The Role of Feed Microscopy in Feed Management,@ May, 1997, The AnnualMeeting of The American Oil Chemists Society, Seattle, WA
Differential Mammalian Hair Morphology as a Means of Identifying Meat &
Bone Meal Sources in Animal Feeds,@ May, 1998, The Annual Meeting of the
American Oil Chemists Society, Chicago, IL
Identifying Animal Protein Products in Animal Feeds, May, 2001, The Annual
Meeting of the American Oil Chemists Society, Minneapolis, MN
Identification of Feed Ingredients Endemic to Caribbean Countries, June, 2002,
The University of the West Indies, Kingston Jamaica
Identification of Feed Ingredients Endemic to Caribbean Countries, June, 2002,
The University of the West Indies, Port of Spain, Trinidad.
Feed Microscopy: Basic and Advanced Techniques, June 2003, Purdue University
Department of Veterinary Science, W. Lafayette, IN
Methods for Identification of Mammalian Proteins using Stereo and Compound
Microscopy, May 2005, American Oil Chemists Annual Meeting, St. Louis, MO
Transmissable Spongiform Encephalopathies (TSEs) in North American Elk, May2006, American Oil Chemists Annual Meeting, Chicago, IL
Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential Transmission to Humans, May, 2007,
American Oil Chemists Annual Meeting, Quebec City, Quebec
Current Policies Regarding the Ruminant Feeding Ban in Response to BSE, May,
2007, American Oil Chemists Annual Meeting, Quebec City, Quebec
Chronic Wasting Disease and Potential transmission to Humans, May 2009,
American Oil Chemists Annual Meeting, Orlando.
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Microscopy as a Means of Identification of Banned Animal Proteins in
Agricultural Products. June 2011, U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Bethesda,
MD.
Membership in Professional Societies:
American Genetic Association
American Association of Agricultural Microscopists
American Scientific Affiliation
American Oil Chemists Society
American Society of Microbiologists
Central Pennsylvania Microbiology AssociationEastern Educational Research Association
National Association of Researchers in Science Teaching
National Association of College Science Teachers
Offices Held:
Vice President, American Association of Agricultural Microscopists, 1995-96
President, American Association of Agricultural Microscopists, 1996-98
Division Council Representative, American Oil Chemists Association, 1996-98
Chair, Training Committee, AOCS Microscopy Division, 1996-present.
Member at Large, Agricultural Microscopy Division, American Oil ChemistsSociety, 2002-present
Chair, Agricultural Microscopy Check Sample Program, American Oil Chemists
Society 2008-2012
Committees:
1982-85 Faculty Growth and Development Team
1983-84 Faculty Growth and Development Team Secretary
1983- Teacher Education Committee
1992-98 Committee on Assessment of Student Outcomes
1992-94 General Education Committee1995-96 Committee on Review of Summer Academic Offerings
1998-2000 Ranked Faculty Affairs Committee
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2001-2004 Senator, School of Health & Natural Sciences
2005-2008 Senator, School of Health & Natural Sciences
2006-2007 Natural Sciences Laboratory Sciences Curriculum Committee
2008-2009 Term Tenure & Promotion Committee
2011-2012 Assessment of 3rd
and 4th
Year Programs in Biological Sciences
Miscellaneous:
Taught the Microbiology component of the Basic Technical Training Course,
Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Resources (DER), October, 1990.
Attended Chautauqua Short Course in Recombinant DNA Methodologies,
California State University, San Francisco, CA, June, 1991.
Taught an Advanced Microscopy Techniques Short Course for the American
Association of Feed Microscopists, Dayton, OH, June, 1994
Taught an Advanced Microscopy Techniques Short Course for the American
Association of Feed Microscopists, San Antonio, TX, June, 1995
Taught a combined Basic and Advanced Short Course in Microscopy
Techniques, the University of the West Indies, July, 1995.
Taught an Advanced Microscopy Techniques Short Course for the American
Association of Feed Microscopists, Iowa City, IA, June, 1996
Taught an Advanced course in chemical spot testing for antibiotics, vitamins,
and minerals, the University of Mexico, Mexico City, Mexico, June, 1996
Served on a validation-standards setting panel for new teacher licensure by
Educational Testing Services for the Pennsylvania Department of Education, in
Camp Hill, PA, April 1-2, 1997.
Taught an Advance course in microscope techniques, with particular attention to
the use of polarized light microscopy. The American Oil Chemists Association,
Seattle, WA, May, 1997.
Taught an advanced course in ingredient identification for the American
Association of Feed Microscopists, Nashville, TN, June, 1997.
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Hair Morphology as a Means of Identification of Mammalian Species in
Ruminant Feeds. May, 1998, The Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists
Society, Chicago, IL
A Short Course on the Microscopy of Marine, Poultry and Meat Products. May,
1999, The Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists Society, Orlando, FL
Taught a Short Course on Feed Microscopy, with Emphasis on Animal Protein
Products. November, 2001, Northern Crops Institute, North Dakota State
University, Fargo, ND.
Primary Instructor for the Advanced Agricultural Microscopy Short Course, May,
2007, Quebec City, Quebec
Taught Intensive Short course in Forensic Microscopy, University of the West
Indies, Kingston, Jamaica and Port of Spain, Trinidad, 2008
Taught Intensive Course on Agricultural Microscopy with Emphasis on Animal
Protein Products. June, 2011, Cincinnati, OH.
Alizarin Red as a means of Identifying Muscle Tissue in Ruminant Feeds. May,
2014, The Annual Meeting of the American Oil Chemists Society, San Antonio,
TX.
Married, three children
PUR_000248
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EXHIBIT2
PHOTOGRAPHICAPPENDIX
Allof
the
images
below
were
taken
through
aNikon
SMZ
745T
Stereo
Microscope
and
captured
with
a
ZeissAxiocamERc5scameraat20X magnification,andweretakenoftheactualBlueBuffaloproduct
samplesanalyzedintheresearchdescribedinmyreport.
Figure1. Chickenorpoultrylegscale,fromBlueBuffaloLifeProtectionIndoorHealthChicken&
BrownRiceRecipe(kibble),samplecode0052014.
PUR_000249
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Figure2. Rawchickenorpoultryfeather,fromBlueBuffaloLifeProtectionIndoorHealthChicken&
BrownRiceRecipe(kibble),samplecode0052014.
PUR_000250
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Figure3. Chickenorpoultryeggshellfragment,fromBlueBuffaloLifeProtectionIndoorHealth
Chicken&BrownRiceRecipe(kibble),samplecode0052014.
PUR_000251
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Figure4. Ricehullparticle,fromBlueBuffaloFreedomAdultGrainFreeChicken(Dog)(darkbits),
samplecode0072014.
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