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Preliminary Results for Near-Term (2015) Terminal Area DME/DME RNAV Enhancements for OAK

Rick Niles

Tom Hsiao

Walt Scales

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Contents

• Introduction, requirements, methodology

• Part I: Current operations and environment

• Part II: Current DME infrastructure and DME/DME RNAV service

• Part III: Recommended infrastructure improvements to achieve the user service requirements

• Part IV: Sensitivity analysis

• Appendix: Potential sites for new DME facilities

2

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DME/DME RNAV Performance Requirements for the 2015 Time Frame

3

99.9%FL240-FL450CONUSN/A3207mRNP-2.0 En Route

99.9%FL180-FL450SID/STAR areas out to 200NM34 OEPs3207mRNP-2.0 Terminal

99.9%1000AGL-FL180SID/STAR areas out to 130NM34 OEPs1604mRNP-1.0 Terminal

AvailabilityCoverage AltitudeCoverage Area# Airports95% NSECapability

Table 1: Near Term (2015) – Navigation Infrastructure Performance Requirements

Acronyms and abbreviationsAGL = Above Ground LevelCONUS = Contiguous United

StatesFL = Flight Levelm = metersNM = Nautical MilesNSE = Navigation System ErrorOEP = Operational Evolution

PartnershipSID = Standard Instrument

DepartureSTAR = Standard Arrival Route

Premise: Any investments needed meet these requirements will be driven by user benefits. Premise: Any investments needed meet these requirements will be driven by user benefits. The relevant RNAV coverage is the coverage as seen by a user who (minimally) complies The relevant RNAV coverage is the coverage as seen by a user who (minimally) complies with AC 90-100A.with AC 90-100A.

Note: Terminal area requirements are unchanged for the far term (2025) environment. However, the airports are expanded to the “100 busiest airports”.

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General Assumptions

1. Service improvements are intended to accommodate DME/DME (no inertial) RNAV.

2. Pending the issuance of an AC for RNP SIDs and STARs, RNP and RNAV are assumed to be equivalent in terms of coverage areas. (The 95% NSE values for RNP 1 and RNP 2 in Table 1 above are compatible with RNAV 1 and RNAV 2, respectively.)Note: The difference in coverage between RNAV 1 and RNAV 2 is relatively small.

3. AC 90-100A is currently the sole applicable document for defining operational DME/DME RNAV coverage as a function of the infrastructure.

4. The maximum allowable coverage gap is 4 NM in any dimension.

5. Each RNP SID and STAR will have a single RNP value for the entire procedure. (Therefore the RNP 1 requirement is applicable for the entire coverage area.)

6. The coverage areas defined in Table 1 above apply to altitudes-vs.-distance (from airport) constraints that are consistent with turbojet arrival and departure patterns. Service and infrastructure improvements to accommodate propeller aircraft operating at lower altitudes will not be proposed.

4

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Assumptions (concluded)

7. Infrastructure investments to enhance offshore service are beyond the scope of this effort.

8. New DME facilities will be capable of providing service compatible with ARINC 424 FOM 2 (maximum range of 130 NM).

9. DME “Y” channels are available for new facilities, if required for frequency management purposes.

10. FAA policy and procedures will accommodate stand-alone DME facilities.

11. The FAA is responsible for final business case decisions on infrastructure investments.

12. Future phases of this effort will encompass • Loading/capacity analyses• Service/infrastructure improvements for the far term (2025),

potential infrastructure reductions• Detailed implementation plans, including site surveys

5

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Overview of the Methodology

6

Identify Shortfalls in Service (Coverage, Availability)

Identify Actions to Fill Coverage Gaps

Identify Actions to Achieve 99.9% Service Availability

Service per AC 90-100A and requirements on slide 3 Service per AC 90-100A and requirements on slide 3

Infrastructure data base

Terrain data base

Propagation model

Coverage calculation per AC 90-100A

Infrastructure data base

Terrain data base

Coverage calculation per AC 90-100A

Propagation model

Critical facilities

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Part I: Current Environment and Operations (KOAK)

7

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Airport Layout and Sectional View

8 NOT FOR OPERATIONAL USE

Source: SkyVector.com

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Current Arrivals and Departures

• Conventional Arrivals– COMMO ONE

– HADLY TWO

– LOCKE ONE

– MADWIN FOUR

– MANTECA ONE

– MARVN ONE

– PANOCHE TWO

•  RNAV Arrivals– RAIDR TWO (RNAV)

• Conventional Departures– COAST FIVE

– MARINA FOUR 

– NIMITZ TWO 

– NUEVO FIVE

– OAKLAND FIVE 

– SALAD ONE 

– SCAGGS ISLAND ONE

– SILENT SEVEN 

– SKYLINE THREE

9

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Current Turbojet Arrival and Departure Profiles

• The dominant (lowest) traffic profile is

– The turbojet arrival profile

10

ArrivalsArrivals DeparturesDepartures

The turbojet arrival profile determines the slope and intercept of the conical analysis surface (see next slide).

Alti

tude

(ft

. ab

ove

airp

ort

elev

atio

n)

Distance from Airport (NM)

Alti

tude

(ft

. ab

ove

airp

ort

elev

atio

n)

Distance from Airport (NM)

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Analysis Surfaces for KOAK Terminal Area DME/DME RNAV Coverage

11

Multiple horizontal surfaces from 18,000 ft. to 23,000 ft. to edge of conical surface.

Horizontal surface to edge of cone

En route airspace begins at FL 240 Slope and intercept for conical Slope and intercept for conical

surface are derived from surface are derived from KOAK turbojet arrival profilesKOAK turbojet arrival profiles

KOAK 9' MSL

2 deg conical surface

10 NM

DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

1000 ft. Above Ground Level (AGL)

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Part II: Current DME Infrastructure and DME/DME RNAV Service

12Document Number Here

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Baseline DME Facilities within 200 NM of KOAK

13

id type name c ity state owner oper ator c l ass ar tc cOAK VORTAC OAKLAND OAKLAND CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW OAKLANDSFO VOR/DME SAN FRANCISCO SAN FRANCISCO CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORW/DME OAKLANDSAU VORTAC SAUSALITO SAUSALITO CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTACW OAKLANDNUQ TACAN MOFFETT MOUNTAIN VIEW CALIFORNIA US NAVY US NAVY L-TACAN OAKLANDOSI VORTAC WOODSIDE WOODSIDE CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTACW OAKLANDSJ C VOR/DME SAN J OSE SAN J OSE CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VOR/DME OAKLANDSGD VORTAC SCAGGS ISLAND NAPA CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTACW OAKLANDSUU TACAN TRAVIS FAIRFIELD CALIFORNIA US AIR FORCE US AIR FORCE L-TACAN OAKLANDPYE VORTAC POINT REYES POINT REYES CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW OAKLANDECA VORTAC MANTECA STOCKTON CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTAC OAKLANDSAC VORTAC SACRAMENTO SACRAMENTO CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW OAKLANDSTS VOR/DME SANTA ROSA SANTA ROSA CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORW/DME OAKLANDMOD VOR/DME MODESTO MODESTO CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VOR/DME OAKLANDLIN VORTAC LINDEN LINDEN CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTAC OAKLANDSNS VORTAC SALINAS SALINAS CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW OAKLANDILA VORTAC WILLIAMS WILLIAMS CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTACW OAKLANDPXN VORTAC PANOCHE PANOCHE CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTAC OAKLANDHYP VOR/DME EL NIDO MERCED CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VOR/DME OAKLANDHNW VOR/DME HANGTOWN PLACERVILLE CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VOR/DME OAKLANDENI VORTAC MENDOCINO UKIAH CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW OAKLANDMXW VORTAC MAXWELL MAXWELL CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTAC OAKLANDBSR VORTAC BIG SUR BIG SUR CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTACW OAKLANDCZQ VORTAC CLOVIS FRESNO CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTAC OAKLANDSWR VOR/DME SQUAW VALLEY SOUTH LAKE TAHOE CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORW/DME OAKLANDFRA VORTAC FRIANT FRIANT CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTACW OAKLANDNLC TACAN LEMOORE LEMOORE CALIFORNIA US NAVY US NAVY H-TACAN OAKLANDRBL VORTAC RED BLUFF RED BLUFF CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW OAKLANDPRB VORTAC PASO ROBLES PASO ROBLES CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTACW OAKLANDFMG VORTAC MUSTANG RENO NEVADA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW OAKLANDMQO VORTAC MORRO BAY SAN LUIS OBISPO CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTACW LOS ANGELESAVE VORTAC AVENAL AVENAL CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW LOS ANGELESHZN VORTAC HAZEN HAZEN NEVADA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTAC OAKLANDTTE VOR/DME TULE PORTERVILLE CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VOR/DME LOS ANGELESNFL TACAN FALLON FALLON NEVADA US NAVY US NAVY H-TACAN OAKLANDFLW VORTAC FELLOWS FELLOWS CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN L-VORTAC LOS ANGELES

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Baseline H Class DME Facilities between 200 NM and 300 NM from

KOAK

14

id type name c ity state owner oper ator c l ass ar tc cEHF VORTAC SHAFTER BAKERSFIELD CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW LOS ANGELESMVA VORTAC MINA MINA NEVADA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTAC OAKLANDOAL VORTAC COALDALE COALDALE NEVADA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTAC OAKLANDRZS VORTAC SAN MARCUS SANTA BARBARA CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTAC LOS ANGELESLMT VORTAC KLAMATH FALLS KLAMATH FALLS OREGON FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW SEATTLEBTY VORTAC BEATTY BEATTY NEVADA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTAC LOS ANGELESPMD VORTAC PALMDALE PALMDALE CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTAC LOS ANGELESOED VORTAC ROGUE VALLEY MEDFORD OREGON FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW SEATTLELAX VORTAC LOS ANGELES LOS ANGELES CALIFORNIA FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW LOS ANGELESLKV VORTAC LAKEVIEW LAKEVIEW OREGON FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN FEDERAL AVIATION ADMIN H-VORTACW SEATTLE

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Area Coverage Maps and Color Codes

15

These areas should meet the 99.9% service availability requirements without further improvements.

Coverage gaps: New facilities at new sites would be required to eliminate coverage gaps in these areas.

As a matter of frequency management, extended service volumes may be required for routes/procedures in these areas.

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)The coverage maps contained in this document reflect coverage as seen by a DME/DME The coverage maps contained in this document reflect coverage as seen by a DME/DME RNAV system that minimally conforms with AC 90-100A (RNAV 1). It is RNAV system that minimally conforms with AC 90-100A (RNAV 1). It is notnot a a requirement of AC 90-100A that coverage be constrained to FAA standard service requirement of AC 90-100A that coverage be constrained to FAA standard service volumes.volumes.

Note: “Critical” is defined in terms of coverage per AC 90-100A.

These areas provide coverage at less than the required 99.9% service availability. Green/red areas would change to white if a critical facility were removed.

Within 1000 vertical ft. of terrain (2000 ft. in designated mountainous areas)

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facility

No coverage, terrain

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Current KOAK Terminal Area DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 1000 ft. AGL

16

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1), baseline DME facilities

KOAK 9 ' MSL10 NM

DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

1000 ft. Above Ground Level (AGL)

2 degree slope

Terrain Depiction DisabledTerrain Depiction Disabled

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Current KOAK Terminal Area DME/DME RNAV Coverage on 2 Degree Conical Surface

17

KOAK 9 ' MSL10 NM

DRAWING NOT TO SCALE

2 degree slope

1000 ft. above apt. elev.

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1), baseline DME facilities

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facility

No coverage, terrain

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Current KOAK DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 18,000 ft. and 19,000 ft. MSL

18

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1), baseline DME facilities

19,000 ft. MSL18,000 ft. MSL

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

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Current KOAK DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 20,000 ft. and 21,000 ft. MSL

19

20,000 ft. MSL

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1), baseline DME facilities

21,000 ft. MSL

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Current KOAK DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 22,000 ft. and 23,000 ft. MSL

20

22,000 ft. MSL 23,000 ft. MSL

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1), baseline DME facilities

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Part III: Recommended Infrastructure Improvements to Achieve the User Service

Requirements

21

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Part IIIa: Infrastructure Improvements to Eliminate Coverage Gaps

• The following coverage analyses are based on a new, fully redundant, high power DME facility at

– HAF (Half Moon Bay Airport)

• This new facility was also recommended to enhance coverage for KSFO

– Although it does not address 100% of the coverage low altitude gaps for KOAK, the remaining low altitude gaps are separated from KOAK by high terrain that is believed to render the remaining gaps largely unusable (at 1,000 ft. AGL) for KOAK arrivals and departures. See Slide 25

22

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Part IIIb: Infrastructure Improvements to Achieve 99.9% Availability of Operational Service

• The following DME facilities would require full redundancy and backup power (or equivalent measures) to meet the 99.9% RNAV service requirement:

– CZQ (Clovis VORTAC)

– OAK (Oakland VORTAC)

– OSI (Woodside VORTAC)

– SFO (San Francisco VOR/DME)

– SGD (Scaggs Island VORTAC)

– SNS (Salinas VORTAC)

23

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Enhanced Coverage at 1000 ft. AGL

24

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Current Infrastructure Enhanced Infrastructure

Terrain Depiction DisabledTerrain Depiction Disabled

This valley is separated from KOAK by the Oakland Hills (up to 2,000 ft. elevation). See next slide.

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KOAK

“A”

Terrain profile

Unrepaired Low Altitude Coverage Gap East of OAK

25

Area “A” (at 1,000 ft. AGL) is believed to be unviable airspace for OAK arrivals and departures (because of the intervening Oakland Hills).

“A”

Coverage at 1,000 ft. AGL

Terrain Depiction DisabledTerrain Depiction Disabled

“A”

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Enhanced Coverage on Conical Surface

26

Enhanced InfrastructureCurrent Infrastructure

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facility

No coverage, terrain

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Current and Enhanced DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 18,000 ft. MSL

27

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Enhanced InfrastructureCurrent Infrastructure

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

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Current and Enhanced DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 19,000 ft. MSL

28

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Enhanced InfrastructureCurrent Infrastructure

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Current and Enhanced DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 20,000 ft. MSL

29

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Enhanced InfrastructureCurrent Infrastructure

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Current and Enhanced DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 21,000 ft. MSL

30

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Enhanced InfrastructureCurrent Infrastructure

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Current and Enhanced DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 22,000 ft. MSL

31

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Enhanced InfrastructureCurrent Infrastructure

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Current and Enhanced DME/DME RNAV Coverage at 23,000 ft. MSL

32

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Enhanced InfrastructureCurrent Infrastructure

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Part IV: Sensitivity Analyses

33

This section illustrates the investment that would be required for arrivals (STARs) only, on the assumption that coverage for arrivals would not be required below 2,000 feet (above the airport elevation).

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Coverage per AC 90-100A (RNAV 1)

Conical Surfaces Down to 2,000 ft. above Airport Reference Point

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facilityTwo critical facilitiesNo coverage

Redundant coverage (no critical facilities)Single critical facility

No coverage, terrain

This case requires the same infrastructure changes as the baseline case.

Enhanced InfrastructureCurrent Infrastructure

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Appendix: Potential Sites for New DME Facilities

35

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HAF (Half Moon Bay) Data from NFDC

Facility Type Effective Date Location ID FAA Region Code FAA District Code Associated State Associated City Official Facility NameAIRPORT 5/10/2007 HAF AWP SFO CALIFORNIA HALF MOON BAY HALF MOON BAY

Ownership Type Facility Use Owner Name Owner Address Owner City State Zip Owner PhonePU PU SAN MATEO COUNTY 555 COUNTY CENTER, 5TH FLOOR REDWOOD CITY, CA 94063-1665 650-573-3700

Facility Manager Name Facility Manager Address Facility Manager City State Zip Facility Manager PhoneMARK LARSON 620 AIRPORT DRIVE SAN CARLOS, CA 94070 650-573-3700

Airport Latitude Formatted Airport Longitude Formatted Airport Elevation37-30-48.4000N 122-30-04.2000W 66

Source: SkyVector.com

Source: AirNav.com