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Preliminary Results From the ScorePP Project. Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft and Eva Eriksson DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark SOCOPSE Final Conference Maastricht (NL) 24 June 2009. A Specific Targeted Research Project (STREP) - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Preliminary Results Preliminary Results From the ScorePP ProjectFrom the ScorePP Project
Hans-Christian Holten Lützhøft and Eva Eriksson
DTU Environment, Technical University of Denmark, Kgs. Lyngby, Denmark
SOCOPSE Final ConferenceMaastricht (NL)24 June 2009
The ScorePP projectThe ScorePP project
A Specific Targeted Research Project (STREP)Funded by the European Commission under the 6th Framework Programme (4th Call), sub-priority 1.1.6.3 ”Global Change and Ecosystems” Duration: 01OCT2006 to 30SEP2009 +6 monthsBudget: 3.6 M EUR, 2.6 M EUR from the EC9 partners4 case citieswww.scorepp.eu
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
The ScorePP approachThe ScorePP approach
Limiting release through:- Substitution- Minimising release from products- Legislation and regulations- Voluntary use reductions
O
D+T
T
D+T
Example: Combined system:
D+TT
+T
Treatment options:- Stormwater BMPs- Household treatment & reuse of WW- On-site industrial treatment- WWTPs- Sludge disposal
Sinks:- Primary: Surface water (WFD)
- Secondary: Sediments, soils/gr., water, humans, ...
EQS ... ?
R+T
T
ELV ...
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
AimAimThe main project aim is to develop comprehensive and appropriate Source Control Options that authorities, cities, water utilities and chemical industry can employ to Reduce Emissions of Priority Pollutants from urban areas
which will be pursued through
identifying potential sources and to quantify releases of priority pollutants
identifying emission barriers that can be implemented at appropriate stages in the priority pollutant release process
defining archetype cities in order to define emission control strategies studying the pollutant flows in society to be able to assess the
important stocks and pathways
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
ApproachApproach
Establish Source Classification Framework
Compile data on sources & releases
Classifying using ESs
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Source Classification FrameworkSource Classification FrameworkRequirements
Content should be structured and organised in a harmonised wayEnsure that the different sources could be distinguished from each otherTo be valid EU wideDynamic and to be used after this project ends
InspirationUS EPA SCCTGDHarmonised codes like CN, NACE and NOSEEINECS, CAS#
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Source Classification Framework – Source Classification Framework – the the Emission StringEmission String concept concept
CAS #: unique identification of each substanceNOSE: unique identification of emission processes NACE: unique identification of economic activities related with the sourceES_Type: a ScorePP defined urban structure descriptor
AgricultureConstruction sitesFacilities; e.g. factories, dentists, slaughter houses (legal entities)HouseholdsRailwaysRiversRoadsWaste sites/landfillsand more
All data are stored in a database
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Compiling dataCompiling dataRisk Assessment Reports from EUHazardous Substance Data Bank and Household Product Database from US NLMHandbooks and electronic compilations, e.g. the Merck Index, Rippen, the e-Pesticide Manual, Kirk-Othmer’s Encyclopedia of Chemical TechnologyResearch articles
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Classifying sources using the ES conceptClassifying sources using the ES concept
Release factorPlasticiser, by-products, impurities
Evaporation
Wear & tear
Disposal
CAS#
NACE
NOSE
ES_Type
Waste
Evaporation
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
SCF tested on a selection of WFD substancesSCF tested on a selection of WFD substances
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Number of ESs for each PPNumber of ESs for each PP(ab 900 ESs in total)(ab 900 ESs in total)
Anthr
acen
e
Atrazin
e
Benze
ne
Benzo
(a)p
yren
e
Chloro
alkan
es
Cadm
ium
Chlorp
yrifo
sDCM
DEHP
Diuron
Endos
ulfan
Endrin
HCB
HCBDHCH
Lead
Mer
cury
Nickel
Triflur
alinNPs
PBDEPeC
BTEL
TBTsTCE
0
50
100
150
LoadMiscellaneousNo data
RF
Substance
ES
s w
ith
...
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Number of ESs in each urban structureNumber of ESs in each urban structure(ab 900 ESs in total)(ab 900 ESs in total)
Agricu
lture
Air tra
nspo
rt
Buildin
gs
Constr
uctio
n sit
es
Diffuse
sour
ces
Was
te d
ispos
al
Electri
city
Facilit
ies
Fores
try
Garde
ns
House
holds
Mini
ng
Other
use
s
Railro
ads
Rivers
Roads
Sea tr
ansp
ort
Wat
er su
pply
0
50
100
150
LoadMiscellaneousNo data
RF
200400600
ES_Type
ES
s w
ith
...
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Environmental releases due to Environmental releases due to vehicular transport on vehicular transport on roadsroads
AnthraceneCombustion: 5,2-28 µg/kg fuel burned, depending on vehicle and fuel type
BenzeneCombustion: 4-10 mg/km driven, depending on vehicle type
Benzo(a)pyreneCombustion: 1-8 µg/km driven, without and with catalyst
Cadmium (from both break linings, tyres, fuel and asphalt)7 kg/year is released in Stockholm with 780.000 inhabitants
DEHP (from undercoating)200 kg/year is released in Stockholm with 780.000 inhabitants
MercuryTyres: 4-240 µg/km depending on vehicle typeRoads: 3-17 µg/km depending on vehicle type
NickelCombustion: 21-107 and 3,2-2310 ng/km driven, for gasoline and diesel, respectivelyBrake-linings, tyres and asphalt: 91-182 ng/km
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Statistics for Denmark year 2007Statistics for Denmark year 2007
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Environmental releases due to Environmental releases due to vehicular transport on vehicular transport on roadsroads
Depending on fuel and vehicle type:
Anthracene: 12-67 kg Nickel: 4,4-117 kg
Benzene frombusses, lorries etc: 105 tonnes
Cadmium: 49 kg
Mercury: 0,3-12 tonnes
Plus releases of anthracene from wear & tear of tyres and asphalt and release of anthracene, benzene, benzo(a)pyrene due to leakage & spillage
Benzene from cars: 154 tonnes
Benzo(a)pyrene: 360 tonnes
DEHP: 1,41 tonnes
Release of nickel from Danish highways: 108 kg
Thomas Ruby Bentzen, PhD thesis (2008)
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Example of source mappingExample of source mapping
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Emission barriers using GISEmission barriers using GIS
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Emission barriers using GISEmission barriers using GIS
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Potential emission barriers for a Potential emission barriers for a specific sourcespecific source
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Potential emission barriers for a Potential emission barriers for a specific areaspecific area
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Potential Potential sitessites for an emission barrier for an emission barrier
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Case cities and Case cities and ’Semi-hypothetical case city ’Semi-hypothetical case city archetypes’archetypes’
Case cities : Vastly different with respect to climate, industry, treatment technologies and environmental awareness.
+ Real-life monitoring, existing industries and release patterns etc
- Limited by confidential or missing information
SHCCA: Designed to represent different geographical and urban systems
All data available which is needed for further work (modelling, visualisation, multi-criteria analysis, evaluation of emission control strategies).
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
ArchetypesArchetypesGeographical system
Climate; Size; Rainfall; Population etc
Urban systemUrban structures; Financial and activity systems; Technical systems and consumption; Pollution level; Local authorities and households
Emission control strategiesGeneric and city specific
Geographical system
Urbansystem
Emission control strategies
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Limiting release and emissionsLimiting release and emissionsPre-Application Control: Voluntary and regulatory initiatives, legislation, preventative measures, phasing out, substitutions etc
Pre-Environmental Release Treatment: municipal and industrial WWTPs and greywater as well as combined sewer overflows treatment etc
Post-Environmental Release Control and Treatment: structural and non-structural stormwater best management practices, management of sinks etc
Limiting release through:- Substitution- Minimising release from produtcs- Legislation and regulations- Voluntary use reductions
O+T
D+TD+T
T
TT
D+TD+T
D+TT D+TT D+TT
Treatment options:- Stormwater BMPs- Household treatment & reuse of WW- On-site industrial treatment- WWTPs- Sludge disposal
Sinks:- Primary: Surface water (WFD)- Secondary: Sediments,
soils/gr.water, humans, ...
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
An example of Pre-Application Control An example of Pre-Application Control Case city StockholmPre-application control campaigns in the period 1995-2003
Stricter EU and national legislationsNew technologies (batteries)Voluntary initiatives e.g., artists paint (Cd), anglers (Pb) also dentists (Hg)
Substance flow analyses showed a reduction in the stocks of Cd and Hg by approximately 25 % to 30 %. Cd and Hg inflow was substantially reduced, but Pb inflow increased.
Individual campaigns cannot be quantified due to the lack of field data
Månsson et al (2008) Phasing Out Cadmium, Lead, and Mercury Effects on Urban Stocks and Flows. Journal of Industrial Ecology
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Emission control strategiesEmission control strategiesEmission control strategies are combination of individual barriers (source control or treatment units) individual barriers should also be evaluated.
Initial test-set:1: Baseline2: Implementation of relevant EU directives3: 2 + Household voluntary initiatives and on-site treatment4: 2 + Industrial Best Available Technologies 5: 2 + Post-Environmental Release Control and Treatment (stormwater and CSO)6: 2 + Advanced end-of-pipe treatment
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Inflow STOCK Outflow
Substance flow analysis:
Test the framework for a selected substance: Di(2-etylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)
Utilise the Emission String DB
Compare estimated environmental loads with monitoring data
Tool for assessing effects of emission control Tool for assessing effects of emission control strategiesstrategies
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
0
5000
10000
15000
20000
25000
Stock 2002 Stock 2009
tonn
es
Roofings
Undersealing paste
Shoe soles
Coated textiles
Films, sheets, coatedproducts
Tubes and profiles
Floor and wall coverings
Cables
Size and distribution of stock
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
16
Surface water Air Urban surface WWTP sludge
ton
ne
s/ye
ar
Printing inkLacquers and paintSealants and adhesivesCombustionRelease during transportRoofingsCar washUndersealing pasteShoe solesCoated textilesFilms, sheets, coated productsTubes and profilesFloor and wall coveringsCables
Fate of emissions
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
Comparing SFA results with measured dataComparing SFA results with measured data
Loads (in tonnes/year)
SFA Measured
WWTP sludge 0.7 1
WWTP effluent 0.1 0.07-0.12
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
ConclusionsConclusionsSCF established – based on literature knowledge about sourcesAbout 900 ESs established for the 25 WFD substances
Overall 16% with concrete knowledge about release quantityOverall 65% without any quantitative data on release into the technosphere
WFD substances occur in a wide variety of sources and activities in urban settings and are released to all studied compartments
Most sources are related to production activitiesOther large categories are households, waste disposal, agriculture, construction and transport
Linking the urban descriptor/the ESs with GIS enables good visualisation tools
Sources can be plotted on a mapSubstances can be plotted on a mapSource control options, e.g. waste water and stormwater treatment units can be shown on a map
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
ConclusionsConclusionsSemi-hypothetical case cities provide valuable possibilities as all data needed for evaluation are present
Source control and mitigation options can be highly beneficial
Not all priority pollutants can be substituted
Some substances are not removed with conventional treatment units
Combined approaches merging source control and treatment is needed
Substance flow analysis can be a valuable tool for evaluation emission control strategies and identification of the most important emissions
Introduction Sources Visualisation Strategies Substance flows Conclusions
AcknowledgementAcknowledgementTonie, Maria and Arne from Miljöforvaltningen (SV)Mike, Erica, Lian and Christoph from Middelsex University (UK)Webbey, Veerle, Lorenzo and Frederik from University of Ghent (BE)André from ENVICAT (BE)Kemi, Luis and Emmanuel from Anjou Recherche (FR)Matej, Natasa, Primoz and Boris from University of Ljubljana (SL) Peter from Université Laval (CAN)Colette and José from Estudis (SP)Luca, Anna and Peter (project coordinator) from DTU Environment (DK) The presented results have been obtained within the framework of the project ScorePP - “Source Control Options for Reducing Emissions of Priority Pollutants”, contract no. 037036, a project coordinated by Department of Environmental Engineering, Technical University of Denmark within the Energy, Environment and Sustainable Development section of the European Community’s Sixth Framework Programme for Research, Technological Development and Demonstration.