Preliminary top-line quantitative findings Preliminary top-line
quantitative findings Anti-smoking radio and television
advertisement ratings: Kenya, Nigeria and Senegal
Slide 2
Objectives Evaluate existing anti-smoking television and radio
ads in low- and middle- income African countries, including Kenya,
Nigeria, and Senegal Ads that have tested well in high-income
countries should also perform well in low- and middle- income
countries (LMICs) in Africa If so, LMICs may be able to adapt
existing anti-smoking advertisements for mass media campaigns at a
lower cost than creating new ads
Slide 3
Aims The primary aim of the study is to assess the
comprehension, acceptability, and potential effectiveness of
existing anti-smoking television and radio advertisements in two
locations in Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal Also aim to examine
whether non-smokers and smokers respond similarly to these ads
Within each country and across countries
Slide 4
Method: Advertisements Five radio ads were tested in each
country. They were: Emphysema Sufferer Keith Industry
SpokesmanCoughing ChildSufferingBronchoscopy A man describes how
smoking has caused him to develop COPD Tobacco industry executives
discussing that they need more Africans to start smoking Describes
the harm smoking causes to children States that many Africans are
suffering from emphysema caused by smoking Features a doctor
talking about late diagnosis of lung cancer in smokers
Slide 5
Method: Advertisements Five television ads were tested. They
were: Cigarettes are eating your baby alive Break the Chain Lung
(Lung India in Kenya) SpongeIndustry Revealed
Slide 6
Method: Sample Kenya and Nigeria: 20 groups of approximately 10
adult non-smokers 16 groups of approximately 10 adult smokers 2
locations: Nairobi and Eldorat (Kenya), Lagos and Abuja (Nigeria)
Senegal: 12 groups of approximately 10 adult non-smokers 12 groups
of approximately 10 adult smokers 1 Location: Dakar Results from a
second location (Saint Louis) will be available at a later date All
materials were translated and presented in appropriate local
language/s for each country
Slide 7
Method: Sample Non-smokers: those who do not currently smoke
and have smoked fewer than 100 cigarettes in their lifetime
Smokers: daily smokers who have smoked for at least 1 year Note:
M=Mean, SD=Standard deviation KenyaNigeriaSenegal Number of
cigarettes smoked per day M=10.16 (SD=6.22) M=8.48 (SD=7.20)
M=10.52 (SD=6.29) Previously attempted to quit smoking 75%53%70%
Thinking about quitting within the next twelve months
45%48%67%
Slide 8
Method: Sample: Non-smokers KenyaNigeriaSenegal Total
participants 200 112 Male 60%61% 64.3% Female 40% 35.7% 18-29 years
60% 71.4% 30-40 years 40%41% 28.6% University degree or above
24%41% 50.9% Parent 38.5%24% 13.4% Live with a smoker 23%21% 53.6%
Smoking allowed indoors 12%11% 35.7% Television at home 95.5%94%
98.2% Radio at home 98%92% 98.2%
Slide 9
Method: Sample: Smokers KenyaNigeriaSenegal Total participants
160159111 Male 75% 65.8% Female 25% 34.2% 18-29 years 63%62% 67.6%
30-40 years 37%38% 32.4% University degree or above 35%48% 42.1%
Parent 41%28% 26.1% Live with a smoker 51%65% 76.6% Smoking allowed
indoors 37%36% 46.9% Television at home 93%97% 99.1% Radio at home
97%96% 95.5%
Slide 10
Method: Procedure Participants were presented with each ad
twice They then gave ratings about the extent to which they agreed
or disagreed with 14 statements about the ads: Measured on a
5-point scale: 1 strongly disagree 5 strongly agree All
participants answered: Five measures of perceived effectiveness: =
0.697 makes me stop and think taught me something new is relevant
to me is believable concerned about my smoking (smokers only)
concerned about other people smoking around me (non-smokers only)
Three anti- industry/government support measures: =0.804 makes me
feel angry at the tobacco industry makes me think that the tobacco
industry is deceitful increases my support for government actions
to stop tobacco use
Slide 11
Method: Procedure Three additional measures: I would talk to
someone else about the message in this ad makes me feel
uncomfortable...is easy to understand Non-smokers answered three
measures of Commitment to avoiding tobacco = 0.732 increases my
commitment to not smoking concerned about other people smoking
around children makes me think I should avoid places where people
smoke Smokers answered two measures of Self-efficacy =0.839 and One
additional measure makes me feel motivated to quit smoking
increases my confidence to quit smoking should not smoke around
others
Slide 12
Analysis The adjusted proportion of participants that gave a
positive response on each of the outcomes was calculated separately
for each country, and separately for smokers and non-smokers
Analyses adjusted for the effects of: Order of ad presentation,
location of testing, and language Age, gender, and socioeconomic
status Parental status and highest level of education attained
Living with a smoker and whether smoking is allowed inside home
Having a TV and/or radio at home For smokers: Daily cigarette
consumption, intention to quit smoking in the next 12 months,
previous quit attempts
Slide 13
Analysis For Kenya and Nigeria, the percentage of participants
that agreed or strongly agreed with each item for each ad was
analysed Due to a high positive response bias in Senegal, the
percentage of participants that strongly agreed with each item for
each ad was analysed
Slide 14
Ad Rating Results: Radio Advertisements
Slide 15
Overall, Coughing Child was rated as the most understandable ad
in all three countries (equal with Suffering in Kenya) The ads that
were rated lowest on Understand were Industry Spokesman (Nigeria
and Senegal) and Emphysema Sufferer Keith (Kenya) Non-smokers:
Understand *
Slide 16
Consist with the non-smoker results, Coughing Child was also
rated as the most understandable ad in all three countries by
smokers Again consistent with the non-smoker results, the ads that
were rated lowest on Understand were Industry Spokesman (Nigeria
and Senegal) and Emphysema Sufferer Keith (Kenya) Smokers:
Understand
Slide 17
The pattern of responses was very similar across the three
countries Coughing Child was the highest rated ad on measures of
perceived effectiveness in all three countries Likewise, the same
ad Industry Spokesman, was rated lowest in all three countries
Non-smokers: Perceived effectiveness *
Slide 18
Smokers responses were very consistent with non-smokers
Coughing Child highest rated ad on measures of perceived
effectiveness in all countries for smokers Again consistent with
the non-smoker results, Industry Spokesman was the lowest rated ad
three countries for smokers Smokers: Perceived effectiveness
Slide 19
* = Highest rated ad for that country; ~ = Lowest rated ad in
that country For both Kenya and Nigeria the highest rated ad was
Coughing Child, in contrast to Industry Spokesman in Senegal For
both Nigeria and Senegal the lowest rated ad was Bronchoscopy, in
contrast to Industry Spokesman in Kenya Non-smokers: Uncomfortable
*
Slide 20
The highest rated ad in Nigeria was Suffering and the highest
rated ad in Senegal was Coughing Child In Kenya, three ads
(Suffering, Coughing Child, and Bronchoscopy) received equally
strong ratings The lowest rated ad overall was Industry Spokesman,
however, in Senegal four ads received equally poor ratings Smokers:
Uncomfortable
Slide 21
For both Kenya and Senegal, Industry Spokesman was the highest
rated ad on the anti-industry/government support measures, in
contrast to Nigeria where Coughing Child was highest Emphysema
Sufferer Keith and Bronchoscopy tended to be rated lowest across
all three countries Non-smokers: Anti-Industry and Support for
government actions *
Slide 22
In Kenya and Senegal, consistent with the non-smoker results,
the highest rated ad was Industry Spokesman In contrast, Suffering
was the highest rated ad in Nigeria Emphysema Sufferer Keith was
the lowest rated ad on the anti- industry/government support
measures in all three countries Smokers: Anti-Industry and Support
for government actions
Slide 23
Coughing Child was the highest rated ad in all three countries
on measures of commitment to avoid tobacco Industry Spokesman was
the lowest rated ad in all three countries Across all countries,
all ads were rated strongly above 75% Non-smokers: Commitment to
avoid tobacco *
Slide 24
There was some differentiation in ad performance between
countries Overall, the highest rated ad in Nigeria and Senegal was
Coughing Child, in contrast to Suffering in Kenya The lowest rated
ad in Kenya and Nigeria was Industry Spokesman (equal with
Bronchoscopy in Kenya) and the lowest rated ad in Senegal was
Suffering Smokers: Self-efficacy
Slide 25
The pattern of responses to the ads was similar across
countries By far, the highest rated ad on the measure Should not
smoke around others was Coughing Child in all three countries The
lowest rated ad in all three countries was Industry Spokesman
Smokers: Should not smoke around others
Slide 26
In all three countries, Coughing Child was the highest rated ad
on Discuss There was differentiation in the lowest rated ad between
countries: Emphysema Sufferer Keith in Kenya, Industry Spokesman in
Senegal, and Bronchoscopy in Nigeria Across all countries, all ads
were rated strongly on Discuss above 80% Non-smokers: Discuss
*
Slide 27
Consistent with the non-smoker results, Coughing Child was the
highest rated ad on Discuss in all three countries (equal with
Suffering in Kenya) Emphysema Sufferer Keith, Industry Spokesman,
and Bronchoscopy showed lower ratings overall across all three
countries Smokers: Discuss
Slide 28
Ad Rating Results: Television Advertisements
Slide 29
For non-smokers, there was very little variation within each
country as all ads were rated very strongly on Understand all above
80% The pattern of responses was similar across countries
Non-smokers: Understand ~ ~ ~ ~
Slide 30
For smokers, there was slightly more differentiation between ad
ratings within each country Baby Alive was the highest rated ad in
Nigeria and Senegal Industry Revealed was highest rated ad in Kenya
but lowest rated in Nigeria and Senegal Sponge was the lowest rated
ad in Kenya and Senegal Smokers: Understand ~
Slide 31
The highest rated ad in all countries was Sponge (equal with
Lung in Kenya and equal with Baby Alive in Nigeria) The lowest
rated ad in all three countries was Break the Chain In Kenya and
Nigeria, all five ads were rated above 80% Non-smokers: Perceived
effectiveness
Slide 32
The highest rated ad in Kenya and Senegal was Sponge (equal
with Lung in Kenya) in contrast to Baby Alive in Nigeria The lowest
rated ad in all countries was Break the Chain (equal with Industry
Revealed in Nigeria) Smokers: Perceived effectiveness ~ ~
Slide 33
The highest rated ad on Uncomfortable in all three countries
was Baby Alive (equal with Sponge in Kenya) The lowest rated ad in
all three countries was Break the Chain All ads except Break the
Chain were rated similarly in Kenya Non-smokers: Uncomfortable
Slide 34
Sponge was the highest rated ad in Kenya and Nigeria, in
contrast to Industry Revealed in Senegal Consistent with the
non-smoker results, the lowest rated ad on Uncomfortable in all
three countries was Break the Chain Smokers: Uncomfortable ~
Slide 35
For the anti-industry/government support measures, there was no
meaningful differentiation in ad ratings in Nigeria In Kenya and
Senegal, the highest rated ad was Industry Revealed The lowest
rated ad in Kenya and Senegal was Break the Chain (equal with Lung
in Senegal) Non-smokers: Anti-industry and Support for government
actions
Slide 36
The pattern of responses for smokers was similar across all
countries The highest rated ad in all countries was Industry
Revealed The lowest rated ad in all countries was Break the Chain
Smokers: Anti-industry and Support for government actions ~
Slide 37
The highest rated ad in all three countries was Baby Alive
(equal with Lung in Kenya and Nigeria) The lowest rated ad in Kenya
and Senegal was Industry Revealed, in contrast to Break the Chain
in Nigeria All five ads were rated above 80% Non-smokers:
Commitment to avoid tobacco
Slide 38
In Kenya the highest rated ad was Lung and the lowest were
Break the Chain and Industry Revealed In Nigeria the highest rated
ad was Baby Alive and the lowest was Break the Chain In Senegal the
highest rated ad was Industry Revealed and the lowest were Lung and
Sponge Smokers: Self-efficacy ~
Slide 39
The highest rated ad in all three countries was Baby Alive
Sponge and Industry Revealed were rated lowest overall for all
three countries Smokers: Should not smoke around others ~
Slide 40
On the item Discuss, there was very little differentiation in
ad ratings in Nigeria all above 85% In Kenya and Senegal, the
highest rated ad was Baby Alive (equal with Industry Revealed in
Kenya) The lowest rated ad in Kenya was Break the Chain and the
lowest rated ad in Senegal was Lung Non-smokers: Discuss
Slide 41
On the item Discuss, there was no meaningful differentiation in
ad ratings in Senegal In both Kenya and Nigeria, the highest rated
ad was Baby Alive (equal with Industry Revealed in Kenya) The
lowest rated ad in Kenya and Nigeria was Break the Chain Smokers:
Discuss ~ ~
Slide 42
Conclusions Within each country, the ads that performed best
among non-smokers also showed strong performance in smokers In all
three countries, the most successful radio ad was Coughing Child
consistently highest overall for both smokers and non-smokers
Overall, the most successful television ad in all three countries
was Baby Alive however, it was not always highest for smokers Lung
performed slightly better than Baby Alive for smokers in Nigeria
Industry Revealed performed slightly better than Baby Alive for
smokers in Senegal
Slide 43
Conclusions In Kenya and Nigeria, the poorest performing radio
ad was Industry Spokesman Likewise, in both Kenya and Nigeria, the
poorest performing television ad was Break the Chain (with Industry
Revealed in Kenya) Reviewing only the smaller sample from one
location in Senegal, currently no single ad appears to be
performing significantly more poorly than the others
Slide 44
Conclusions No important pattern of differences between
demographic sub-groups were found (i.e. gender, age, socio-economic
status) in any country Ads focusing on negative health effects of
smoking on children and on the individual, tend to perform most
successfully in Kenya, Nigeria, and Senegal Qualitative reports
from Kenya and Nigeria indicate that the least successful ads tend
to be those that have execution issues, including issues with the
ad script, or those that use unfamiliar or complex terms without
definitions Both the anti-industry ads in particular showed these
comprehension and acceptance issues
Slide 45
Research Team The Cancer Council Victoria: Melanie Wakefield,
Megan Bayly, Jessica Chircop World Lung Foundation: Sandra Mullin,
Rebecca Perl, Nandita Murukutla, Mego Lien, Roshan Dauharry
Millward Brown Firefly, Kenya Infotrak Research and Consulting,
Nigeria TNS RMS, Senegal Funded by the Bloomberg Initiative