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Prem Bindraban
Changing the Fertilizer Game
Executive Director, VRFC
Towards innovative fertilizers for food and nutrition security
Virtual Fertilizer Research Centerpresented by
Dr. Prem S. Bindraban
Fertilizer Industry Round TableSavannah, 18‐20 November 2014
Virtual Fertilizer Research Center• The VFRC is
–A research initiative to foster the creation of the next generation of fertilizers and production technologies
– to help feed the world’s growing population and provide sustainable food security
Semi‐autonomous unit of
Basic processes
Soil weatheringP, K, Mg, S, Ca, Fe, Mn, Zn, B, Mo, Cu, Cl, …
N-fixation(legumes)
Livestock
Consumptionby humans
Natural ecosystems
FertilizerManufacture
& Mining
Cereal Yields (ton per hectare)
Inert N2 into reactive N
Inert P, K, … into reactive P, K, …
NPK
(N2O), (NOx), (NH3)
(NO3‐), (PO4
3‐)
20‐80% lost
Basic concepts
Livestock
Consumptionby humans
Natural ecosystems
FertilizerManufacture
& Mining
Cereal Yields (ton per hectare)
NPK
Food60 Mt N4 Mt PAnnually
105 Mt N18 Mt P
Annually105 Mt N ‐ Recycle18 Mt P ‐ Recycle
NPK
Instantaneous uptake
Global production, acreage, N‐use
Source: FAOstat
tonston/ha
0
100
200
300
400
1950 1960 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020
Inde
x va
lue
year
ha
fert
ilize
rN
(bi
llion
kg)
100
50
7
Hysteresis / recycling
Sattari et al., 2012. PNAS 109 (16): 6348–6353Senthilkumar et al., 2014. Resources, Conservation and Recycling 87: 97–108
France country‐scale P recycling 50%
Hysteresis in P uptake vs. P application; 1965 and 2007 (Western Europe)
Hardly any increase in application rate expected up to 2050 (Western Europe)
Health & yield impacts of deficits
Zn deficiencies
Bouis, Boy
‐Gallego
and Meenakshi(201
1)
Micronutrient Malnutrition (% prevalence)
(Lack of) Fertilizers and Poverty
Infield Outfield
Slide Ken Giller (Wageningen UR)
Planetary BoundariesFrom Holocene
to AnthropoceneRockstrom et al., 2009
J.G. Conijn, F.J. de Ruijter, J.J. Schröder and Prem S. Bindraban. 2013. Methodology to assess the impact of fertilizer strategies on planetary boundaries. VFRC Report 2013/3. Virtual Fertilizer Research Center, Washington, D.C. 21 pp.; 1 table; 3 figs.; 38 ref.
Global role for fertilizers / industry
• Food security• Increase production volume, reduce risk
• Ecologically sustainable production• Maintain soil health, water quality, biodiversity• Reduce Green House Gas emissions, ;land expansion
• Poverty alleviation• Ensure income and livelihood
• Improvement human health• Better food quality
VFRC driver to meet societal objectives of fertilizers
The pharmaceutical and seed industries spend billions on R&D.
Pfizer, Glaxo, Merck ~ 16% of revenues is invested in R&D spending
Syngenta, Monsanto ~ 9% of revenues is invested in R&D spending
~ 0.1% of revenues in R&D for new products and new technologies
Industry Research and Development Spending
Fuglie et al., 2011. Research Investments and Market Structure in the Food Processing, Agricultural Input, and Biofuel Industries Worldwide. ERR‐130. U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Econ. Res. Serv. December 2011.
Optimize intensification
Bindraban et al. 2009. PRI, Wageningen UR, Report 242.
0
2
4
6
8
10
0 2 4 6 8 10
maize
yield(ton
/ha)
cultivation area (mln ha)
Western Europe
Western Africa
!
Marcel Galiba
Ecological synergy
46 kg P2O5 ha‐1
0 kg P2O5 ha‐1
Bindraban, Löffler, Rabbinge, 2008. Int. J. Techn & Glob, 4 (3): 276–295 15
1000 200N rate (kg ha–1)
Grain yield (ton ha
–1)
0
4
8
12Synergy between nutrients
Water produ
ctivity
(m3 ton–
1 )
50 10yield (ton ha–1)
0
5
10
Water produ
ctivity
(m3kg
–1)
Rockström, 2003. Phil. Trans.
R. Soc. Lon
d. B 358. O
n‐line
Use efficiency increase with higher yield level
Schlegel & Havlin, 1995.
J. Prod
. Agric, 8: 181
‐185
R2 = 0.84
R2 = 0.68
0 100 200 300 400 500 600
Europe-15 (N=14)Cer
eal y
ield
s (t
ha)
2000
1961
2000 400 600N rate (kg ha–1)
Cereal yield (ton ha
–1)
0
3
6
9
Europe-15 (N=14) R2 = 0.01
R2 = 0.02
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
Sub Sahara Africa (N=28)
N rate (kg ha–1)2000 400 600N rate (kg ha–1)
Cereal yield (ton ha
–1)
0
3
6
9
Sub Sahara Africa (N=28)
Improved agronomic package Lack of synergy at low levels;Use efficiencies extremely low
Production potentials African continent
Conijn, J.G., et al., Bindraban., 2011. PRI, Wageningen UR.
Current yield Yield gap
1 – 2 t/ha3 – >5 t/ha
17
The enormityof Africa
Fertilizer Nutrient Composition
• Poor soils– No/poor crop response to NPK– Soil amendment needed (Organic Matter, Lime, …)
– Micronutrient deficiencies• ISFM to include micronutrient containing fertilizers
• Human induced micronutrient deficiencies (India, …)
0
1
2
3
4
5
6
Control NPK+Manure
NPKno
manure+SMNs
Maize Yield M
t ha‐
1
Burundi, average of 16 sites
Data: John Wendt ‐ IFDC
• Well‐endowed soils: NPK suffice to increase yield– Europe, Coastal regions US, Coastal regions China, Indo‐Ganges India, Indonesia Green revolution
Spatial ground rulesGeneric modelling
Farm experiments
(micro‐) nutrients recommendations
(Micro) nutrient uptake• 10 kg S/ha• 2‐3 kg Zn/ha• 1 kg B/ha
Uptake efficiency?
• Fe – 175• Mn – 8• Zn – 26• Cu – 4• B – 5• Mo – 0.6
• N – 23500• P – 3700 • K – 12600• Mg – 1400• Ca – 100• S – 1500
Gram per Ton Maize
Intervention Options
fertilizationFertilizer products
1
losses
air
runoff
leaching4
uptake
soil processes& rooted volume
Soil
unavailable for plants
plant available
5
3
2
9 10
exudates Micro‐organisms
foliar application
seed coating
stem infusion
6
7
8 11Phyllospherebacteria
harvest
crop residue
Crop product
12
From bulk chemistry to fine‐, bio‐ and nano‐bio‐chemistry
Intake/Uptake
NanoParticle in shoot;Dimkpa
Bulk Chemistry
Delivery mechanismsRecycling
Bio‐, bio‐nano‐chemistry
Leapfrog development
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
N P K SZn B CuMo (All)
N P K SZn B (noCu, Mo)
N P S ZnB Cu Mo(no K)
N P K ZnB Cu Mo(no S)
N P K S BCu Mo(no Zn)
N P K SZn Cu Mo(no B)
5871
4197
3390
50394453 4338
+
Micro / secondary Primary / secondary
Soil Plant
BacPROrganic acids Soil Plant
Bio‐Nano‐PR
AcidsOre
Nano‐APR
Nano‐PR Soil PlantGrinding
Nano/microorganism: Coating/mixing with (micro) nutrients; ContaminantsCompound: NPK Etc
BacIPRBio –industrial acids
P Pathways
Ore
PR
P‐productsAcids
P-G
P-Rec
Research Areas
1. Plant nutrient dynamics & metabolismtiming and amount; entry point plant, exudates, micro‐organisms, …
2. Fertilizer bio‐chemical packaging nutrientschemical, bio‐, bio‐nano, micro‐organism,
3. Delivery mechanismsspray, infusion, seed coating, granules, prills, bio‐trigger, applicators
4. In the context of selecteda. Geo‐spatially specific fertilizer nutrient combinations and amountsb. Cropping system (vegetables, legumes, cereals, trees, tubers, fiber, plantain, grass, …)c. Agro‐production system (wet/dry/cold, good/poor soil health, microbes)
NanoParticle in shoot;Dimkpa
VFRC Innovative fertilizers
1. Reduce poverty (profitable)
2. Ensure food security (quantity)
3. Fight hidden hunger (quality)4. Minimize risk (targeted)
5. Reduce environmental impact6. Sustain production base (soil, water, biodiversity)
7. Support inclusive growth (women, young people)
8. Minimize resource use (efficiency, re‐use)
• Fail‐safe• Adaptive
• Eco‐sensitive• Economical
Thank You
Innovative fertilizers…A winning game for all