Proceedings of Academics World 29th International Conference, San Francisco, USA, 28th March 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-73-4

1

PREPARATION OF ACTIVATED CARBON FROM CHESTNUT SHELL BY MICROWAVE ASSISTANCE AND ANALYSIS ON ITS

SURFACE

OSMAN ULUDAG

Turkish Air Force Academy Istanbul, Turkey Email: simsekandac@gmail.com, 2614uludag@harbiyeli.hho.edu.tr

Abstract— 21st century is the century of consumption and so century of recycling. Nowadays, natural origin waste’s recycling come into prominence. In the world, a known recycling method is activated carbon production from wastes. Activated carbon have many use of areas. Some of them are sanitation, chemical, petroleum, nuclear, automobile, pharmaceutical. Microwave assisted activated carbon production is a new method and in this study activated carbon produced from waste chestnut shells. The surface analysis and characterization have done successfully and the results that gained from surface analysis and characterization also provides us convenient statistics. In order to use microwave assisted activated carbon on industry and different areas some tests have done; methylene blue, phenol, BET and FTIR. Results show that microwave assisting is very beneficial and useful for activated carbon preparation. Keywords— Activated Carbon, Chestnut, Pore, Pollution, Adsorption, Recycling. I. INTRODUCTION If we look last 20-30 years, in developed countries, with an economic perspective, the usage of product item and the use of natural resources has increased immensely. Today in many countries, environmental pollution cause is seen as excessive consumption. Environmental pollution’s the principal cause is the increase of consumption rather than population increase. In order to do this, the increase in population and excessive consumption must be takenunder control, sources should use more wisely and waste recycling facilities should be improved. (GÜNDOĞDU, 2010). Within the structure of the carbon-containing, from any kind of natural or synthetic material activated carbon can be produced, as it has large internal surface area and pore structure of different diameters; activated carbon is a commonly used adsorbent on liquid and gas applications. Adsorption is the adhesion of atoms, ions, or molecules from a gas, liquid, or dissolved solid to a surface (The Brownfields and Land Revitalization Technology Support Center. Retrieved 2009-12-21.) Activated carbons are harmless to human health, and they are valuable that can be used for many purposes. The surface area of activated carbon’s adsorption ability is high, cause of structure of the micro pores and having high grade surface activity (Badie, et al. 2007). Adsorption process takes place in two ways. These are physical and chemical adsorption. To actualize of Adsorption event many parameter is enabled .The most important parameters of these is the used adsorbent. In the Adsorption process clay, zeolite and activated carbon is used a lot like adsorbent. These fillers include high adsorption capacity in terms of the advantages of the method being obtained and so that activated carbon is preferred generally. Activated carbon is used for the

removal of impurities as adsorbent used in a long time. However, today, the high cost of commercial activated carbon limits the effective use of activated carbon in industry. So that by the recent developments activated carbon is producing with various agronomic wastes for intended purposes. (GÜNDOĞDU,2010). Activated carbon can be manufactured from coal, wood, coconut shell and a wide variety of materials.(DÖŞEMEN, 2009) As a result, activated carbon adsorption is using on, drinking water’s sanitation, industrial waste processing, flue gases processing as well as food, pharmaceutical, chemical, petroleum, nuclear,automobile and many area, such as the vacuum industry and so that it attracts economic sector (GHOSH, 2010). In my experimental studies, as a source of activated carbon high potential waste chestnut cells are used. Chestnuts are provided from Bursa region (castanea sative mill Castanea).

TABLE 1: Chestnut Production World Ranking

Preparation of Activated Carbon From Chestnut Shell by Microwave Assistance and Analysis on its Surface

Proceedings of Academics World 29th International Conference, San Francisco, USA, 28th March 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-73-4

2

According to FAO Chestnut Preparation statics, Turkey with its 60,270 tonne chestnut preparation becomes 2nd big producer in the world.

II. DETAILS EXPERIMENTAL 2.1. Method There are 2 kinds of activated carbon preparation method known in the world; classic method and microwave assisting method. I chose microwave method because this method is new and very beneficial from many ways. After choosing the method I started to prepare microwave system and I have done some process (Picture 1).

Picture 1: Preparation of The Microwave Owen

Microwave method used some studies in the literature are like these; From Bamboo obtained top surface area is 1432m2/g and 48% yield. In the experiment 350 W microwave power used with 20 minutes treatment and 1:1 phosphoric acid rate (Liu and frie, 2009). From cotton stalk obtained top surface area is 972.92 m2/g. In the experiment 400 W microwave power used with 9 minutes treatment and 1:1 zinc chloride rate(Deng and frie, 2008). From tea waste obtained top surface area is 1157 m2/g. In the experiment 900 W microwave power used with 30 seconds treatment and 1:2 phosphoric acid rate(Gökçe and Aktaş, 2014). I have searched more studies and I have decided to use phosphoric acid for chemical agent (Picture 2).

Picture 2: Chestnut and phosphoric acid merge process

After finishing merge process , I did carbonization process with different Watt degrees (380W, 540W, 700W). So with different minute microwave treatments (3, 5, 7) (Picture 3)

Picture 3: Carbonization Process

2.2 Analyses I have searched that to see what happened in the study, SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) analysis should be done. So I did it with 2 different type; first I took pictures of unprocessed chestnut shell and then after carbonization I took pictures again(Picture 4).

Picture 4: SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope) Process

I have seen the big difference and this shows how chestnut shell turns into activatedcarbon. So this showed how pores appear(Picture 5-6)

Picture 5: Difference Between Unprocessed and Processed

Chestnut Shell (1)

Picture 6: Difference Between Unprocessed and Processed

Chestnut Shell (2)

Preparation of Activated Carbon From Chestnut Shell by Microwave Assistance and Analysis on its Surface

Proceedings of Academics World 29th International Conference, San Francisco, USA, 28th March 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-73-4

3

I have measured some pore diameter and it shows that activated carbon has micro, meso and macro pores. This shows that carbonization process have done successfully and with chemical agent activation sample turned into porous activated carbon (Picture 7)

Picture 7: Pore Diameter Measurement

I have done BET surface analysis to see how valuable the produced activated carbon. I have seen in the results; the highest surface determined as 1088 m2/g from 380 W and 3 minutes microwave assisted sample (Picture 8).

Picture 8: BET Surface Analysis

Methylene blue adsorption analysis shows an adsorbent’s capability and ability to adsorb large molecules. To characterize an activated carbon this is one of the important and almost necessary test. The best methylene blue adsorption is 700 W and 3 minute microwave assisted sample with 221.226 mg/g (Picture 9).

Picture 9: Methylene Blue Adsorption Analysis

In industrial waste waters most frequently encountering material is phenol and derivative.

Phenol analysis shows that 540 W and 5 minutes microwave assisted sample cleaned 157 mg/g phenol on 250 ppm concentration of mixture.

To see procuduced activated carbon’s surface functional groups , I did FTIR analysis and the result verify that samples are activated carbon (Picture 10)

Picture 10: FTIR Analysis Result

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION Microwave method used with different conditions(minutes and Watt amount)so that properties and usage of activated carbon showed variety of different features. To clean and get rid of industrial wastes , for example methylene blue , phenol , Cu+2or different types of harmful wastes , activated carbons can be producible for intended conditions and demands. This whole process helps recycling many natural origin wastes and recycled material can be usable on cleaning, industry and different field. This process also helps country’s economy. There is a mutualism appears, both world and the humanity gain. REFERENCES

[1] Badie S.G., Amina A.A., Nady A.F., 2007, Modification in adsorption characteristics of activated carbon produced by H3PO4 under flowing gases, Colloids and Surfaces, 299, 79–87.

[2] Döşemen Y., Kestane Kabuğundan Aktif Karbon Üretimi, İstanbul Teknik Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Ensitütüsü, 2009

[3] Emine Yagmur, Meryem Ozmak, Zeki Aktas, A novel method for production of activated carbon from waste tea by chemical activation with microwave energy, Fuel 87 (2008) 3278–3285

Preparation of Activated Carbon From Chestnut Shell by Microwave Assistance and Analysis on its Surface

Proceedings of Academics World 29th International Conference, San Francisco, USA, 28th March 2016, ISBN: 978-93-85973-73-4

4

[4] Gökçe Y., Aktaş Z., Çay Atığından Üretilen Aktif Karbonların HNO3 ile Yüzey Modifikasyonu, Applied Surface Science 313 (2014) 352–359 , 2014

[5] Gündoğdu , A., Fabrika Çay Atıklarından Aktif Karbon Üretimi , Karakterizasyonu ve Adsorbsiyon Özelliklerinin İncelenmesi, Karadeniz Teknik Üniversitesi , (2010)

[6] Hui Deng, Le Yang, Guanghui Tao, Jiulei Dai, Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from cotton stalk by microwave assisted chemical activation—Application in methylene blue adsorption from aqueous solution, Journal of Hazardous Materials 166 (2009) 1514–1521

[7] Hui Deng, Genlin Zhang, Xiaolin Xu, Guanghui Tao, Jiulei Dai, Optimization of preparation of activated carbon from cotton stalk by microwave assisted phosphoric acid-chemical activation, Journal of Hazardous Materials 182 (2010) 217–224T. Hejwowski, and A. Weronski, “The effect of thermal barrier coatings on diesel engine performance”, Vacuum,vol.65, pp.427-432, 2002.

[8] Jiping Tang, Hui Deng, Guoxue Li, Hongbing Yang, Jiangyun Tang, Preparation of activated carbons from

cotton stalk by microwave assisted KOH and K2CO3 activation, Chemical Engineering Journal 163 (2010) 373–381

[9] Kılıç, M., Aktif Karbon Adsorpsiyonuyla Ağır Metal Gideriminin Deney Tasarımı İle Optimizasyonu, Onuncu Ulusal Kimya Mühendisliği Kongresi (3-6 Eylül 2012), Eskişehir Anadolu Üniversitesi, 2012

[10] OZMAK M., Biyokütle Atıklarından Aktif Karbon Üretimi, Ankara Üniversitesi Fen Bilimleri Enstitüsü, 2010

[11] Qing-Song Liu, Tong Zheng, Peng Wang, Liang Guo, Preparation and characterization of activated carbon from bamboo by microwave-induced phosphoric acid activation, Industrial Crops and Products 31 (2010) 233–238

[12] Şamdan C., Kabak Çekirdeği Kabuğundan Kimyasal Aktivasyonla Aktif Karbon Üretimi, Boya ve Ağır Metal Gideriminde Değerlendirilmesi, Eskişehir Osmangazi Üniversitesi, 2013

[13] Türkoğlu S., Sudaki Fenolik Kirleticilerin Farklı Adsorplayıcılara Adsorpsiyonu ve Katının Mikrodalga Rejenerasyonu