More segregation or more mixing?Summary

•TheethnicminoritypopulationsofEnglandandWaleshavegrown,andliveinmoremixedareasin2011thanbefore.This‘spreadingout’hasacceleratedinthepasttenyears.

•Forexample,LeicestershirehasmoreIndianresidentsthantenyearsago,butitsIndianpopulationismoreevenlyspreadthanitwas.

•TheIndian,White,Pakistani,Bangladeshi,African,Irish,Caribbean,MixedWhite/Caribbean,White/AfricanandWhite/Asianpopulationsareallmoreevenlyspreadin2011thanin2001.

•Againstthetrend,therelativelysmallChinesepopulationismoreconcentratedthanitwas,possiblyasaresultofoverseasChinesestudentsmovingtoUniversitytownsandcities.

•Amongreligiongroups,onlytherelativelysmallJewishpopulationismoreresidentiallyconcentratedthanin2001.TheChristian,Muslim,Sikh,HinduandBuddhistpopulationsarealllessconcentrated–moreevenlyspread.

•Therehasbeenrapidgrowthofthemostintimateofmixing:thenumberofpeopleidentifyingasbelongingtoamixedethnicgrouphasrisenfrom1.3%in2001to2.2%in2011.

•Theproportionofmixedhouseholdshasgrownin346outof348localauthorities.Excludingone-personhouseholds,1in8householdsnowhavemorethanoneethnicgroup.

•TheWhiteBritishpopulationistheonlygroupthatlivesinrelativeisolationfromothers,onaveragelivinginDistrictswith85%ofWhiteBritishresidents.AllethnicminoritygroupsliveinDistrictswhereonaveragetheymakeupfewerthan10%oftheresidents.InsmallerareasthanlocalauthorityDistricts,WhiteBritishandothergroupsliveingreaterconcentrationsthanthis.

IntegrationofBritain’sdiversecommunitiesacceleratedduringthe2000s,indicatedbyresidentiallocation,mixedethnicity,andhouseholdswithmorethanoneethnicity.

DYNAMICS OF DIVERSITY: EVIDENCE FROM THE 2011 CENSUS Prepared by ESRC Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE)

DECEMBER 2012

Separation in 2001

Separation in 2011

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Separation in 1991

Chinese = 34% (+2%)

African = 54% (-13%)

Bangladeshi = 58% (-3%)

Indian = 51% (-5%)

Pakistani = 61% (-0%)

Caribbean = 58% (-4%)

White= 49% (-2%)

Figure 1. Ethnic groups have become more evenly spread across England and Wales

The Index of Dissimilatary across 348 local authorities of England and Wales. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completey even spread. The change from 2001 to 2011 is shown in brackets.

1 www.ethnicity.ac.uk

Click here for Figures 1, 2 and 3 data in Excel

More segregation or more mixing?

CoDE

The calculations we have used for ‘separation’

InFigures1-3wehaveusedthemostauthoritativeofindices,theIndexofDissimilarity,tocalculateagroup’sspreadacrossEnglandandWalescomparedtothespreadoftherestofthepopulation.Thisiswhatisusuallyusedtomeasure‘segregation’,or‘separation’aswehavecalleditintheFigures.Thepercentageofthegroup’stotalpopulationinEnglandandWalesthatlivesinalocalauthorityiscomparedtothepercentageoftherestofthepopulationthatlivesinthatsamelocalauthority.Theabsolutedifferenceinpercentagesisaddedupacrossthe348localauthoritiesofEnglandandWales,andthenhalvedsothattheIndexisafigurebetween0and1001.

Tomakeaccuratecomparisonsovertime,wehaveaggregatedthedatafor1991and2001tothe2011localauthoritydistricts.Wehaveincludedafullallowanceforestimatednon-responseinallthreeyears2.

Figure 2. Other ethnic groups' spread across England and Wales

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White/Asian 25% (-2%)

White Irish 29% (-2%)

White/Caribbean 33% (-4%)

White Other 34% (-3%)

White/African 34% (-2%)

White British 47% (-1%)

Gypsy or Irish Traveller 27%

Arab 51%

Separation in 2001

Separation in 2011

The Index of Dissimilarity across 348 local authorities of England and Wales. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread.The change from 2001 to 2011 is shown in brackets after the 2011 value. 'Arab' and 'Gypsy or Irish Traveller' were asked only in 2011.

More mixing?

Measurementofresidentialclusteringisdifficult.Thoughagrowingnumberofanethnicgroupinoneplaceisabigger‘cluster’,itdoesnotmeananygreaterseparationfromothers.Forexample,intheUKtheBangladeshipopulationhasgrowninsize,leadingtolargerclustersofBangladeshisacrossthecountry.AtthesametimetherehasbeenspreadingoutfromthebiggestBangladeshiconcentrationinTowerHamlets.ThesameistrueoftheIndian,Caribbean,Pakistani,andAfricangroups,andofMuslims,SikhsBuddhists,ChristiansandHindus.So,therearebiggerclustersandmoremixingatthesametime.

TheamountofresidentialseparationismeasuredinthechartsbytheIndexofDissimilarityacrosslocalauthorityDistricts(seeboxforthecalculation).

Figure1showsthatseparationwasonlyslightlydecreasinginthe1990sbutinthe2000sitdecreasedclearly.FortheAfrican,Indian,Bangladeshi,CaribbeanandWhitegroups,spreadingout,andthereforemixinganddiversity,hasacceleratedinthe2000s.

Figure 3. Religion's spread across England and Wales

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No Religion 12% (+0%)

Jewish 63% (+1%)

Muslim 54% (-2%)

Buddhist 26% (-4%)

Christian 15% (-2%)

Hindu 52% (-5%)

Sikh 61% (-2%)

Separation in 2001

Separation in 2011

The Index of Dissimilarity across 348 local authorities of England and Wales. 100% means complete separation. 0% means completely evenly spread.The change from 2001 to 2011 is shown in brackets after the 2011 value

2 www.ethnicity.ac.uk

Click here for Figures 1, 2 and 3 data in Excel

More mixing? (continued)

ThegreatestincreaseinresidentialmixinghasbeenfortheAfricangroup.Itsdoublinginsizeduringthe2000shasbeenachievedpartlybyfamiliesmovingawayfromtheareastheyfirstsettled,andpartlybyimmigrationintonewareas.Wedon’tknowyetthebalanceoftheseprocesses.TheindexofseparationfortheAfricangroupwasthehighestin1991and2001butisnow54%,belowthatofthePakistani(61%),Bangladeshi(58%)andCaribbean(58%)groups.

Chineseistheonlygrouptohaveincreaseditsseparationduringthelastdecade,from32%to34%.ThisislikelytobearesultofoverseasstudentssettlinginUniversitytowns.Despitethisincrease,theChinesegroupremainstheleastseparatedfromothers,ofallgroups.

Ingeneral,the2011CensusconfirmswhatwealreadyknowfromhistoricIrish,Jewishandotherimmigration.ImmigrantpopulationsareinitiallydrawntotheUKbylabourshortagesinparticularareas–whetherroad-buildingintheearly20thcentury,healthandtransportservicesinthe1960s,thetextileindustryinthe1970s,oragricultureinthe2000s.Oncesettled,somefamiliesmovefurtheraway,leadingtomoremixedresidentialareaswhichmakeBritainmorediverse.

Theethnicgroupsthat,givenchangesintheethnicityquestion,havebeenidentifiedonlysince2001areshowninFigure2.TheyalsoshowamoreevenspreadthroughEnglandandWalesduringthelastdecade.TheMixedgroupstendtobemoreevenlyspreadthroughEnglandandWalesthanothergroups.

Religion,aquestiononthelasttwocensuses,tosomedegreeoverlapswithethnicgroup.PeoplewhoidentifyasChristian,BuddhistorMuslimmaybelongtooneofseveraldifferentethnicgroups,andtendtoberelativelyevenlyspreadthroughEnglandandWales(indicesofseparationof15%,26%and54%).Jews,ontheotherhand,arearelativelysmallgroupmainlywithintheWhitepopulation,whichisthemostseparated(63%)ofallreligionsandethnicgroupsmeasuredinthecensus.

Thosewith‘noreligion’arespreadveryevenlythroughEnglandandWales.Theirsizeincreasedfrom15%to25%duringthe2000s.MorepeoplechoseitinallDistricts,asindicatedbyitsunchangedandlowdegreeofseparation.

Are we ‘isolated’ from others?

Anotherwayoflookingatseparationistoaskwhether‘our’ethnicorreligiousgrouplivesinareasthathavemainlyotherslikeus.InEnglandandWalesin2011,allethnicminoritygroupslivedonaverageinareaswithfewerthan10%oftheirowngroup.Incontrast,theWhiteBritishpopulationlivedonaverageinDistrictswhere85%ofresidentswerealsoWhiteBritish.Thesefigureswillallbelargerwhenconsideringsmallerareas,butthepatternwillremainthesame.

WhiteBritishistheonlypopulationwhichmostlylivesinareasthathavefewresidentsfromothergroups.

The most intimate mixing

TheCensusdoesnotsaymuchaboutmixingatworkorinschool,whichareimportantaspectsofsocialising.Butitdoescountthemostintimatemixingwhichresultsinchildrenofmixedethnicity.Theproportionofthepopulationclaimingmixedethnicidentityis1.2millionor2.2%.Ithasincreasedfrom672thousandin2001(1.3%),anincreaseofoveronehalf.Thetotalnumberofpeoplewithparentsofdifferentethnicitiesisinrealitymuchmorethanthis,asmanychoosetoidentifywithoneoftheirparents’ethnicities.

Households with multiple ethnic groups

Multipleethnicgroupswithinahouseholdisrelativelycommonin2011–oneineveryeighthouseholdsisformedofpeoplefromdifferentethnicgroupslivingtogether.Wecounthereonlyhouseholdsoftwoormorepeoplewhichcanhavemultipleethnicgroups.In2011thenumberofhouseholdswithmultipleethnicgroupswas2.0millionor12%.Thisfigurehasincreasedfrom1.4millionin2001,anincreaseofahalf.

Halfofmultiple-ethnicityhouseholdshavemixedethnicitypartnerships.Aboutaquarterhavedifferentethnicityonlybetweengenerations,suchasanIrishparentwithWhiteBritishchildren.Therest,aboutafifth,aredifferentcombinations–includingdifferentethnicitiesbetweenunrelatedpeople,forexamplelodgersorstudenthouseholds.

Thepercentageofhouseholdswithmultipleethnicgroupsvariesbetweengeographicalareas,atitshighest(39%)inInnerLondon(Figure4a).ThoseareaswiththemosthouseholdsofmultipleethnicgroupsarealsousuallythosewiththegreatestpopulationfromethnicgroupsotherthanWhiteBritish–inLondonandothermajorcities.Thisthen,isfurtherevidencethatareaswithleastnumbersofWhiteBritisharediverseratherthansegregated.

Thenumberofmultipleethnicityhouseholdsincreasedbyahalfbetween2001and2011.ItincreasedineverydistrictexceptforsmalldecreasesinBurnleyandHyndburninEastLancashire(Figure4b).

More segregation or more mixing?

CoDE

Ethnic group has changed in the Census

Theethnicgroupquestioninthecensushaschangedovertime.White,Caribbean,African,Indian,Pakistani,BangladeshiandWhitecanbecomparedforthreeCensuses.For2001and2011wecanalsomeasureseparationfortheMixedethnicgroupsandforWhiteIrishandOtherWhiteasinFigure3.For2011only,wecanmeasureitfortheArabandGypsy/Travellergroups3.Thequestiononreligionwasaskedfrom2001.

3 www.ethnicity.ac.uk

More segregation or more mixing?

CoDE

Thisbriefingisoneinaseries,The Dynamics of Diversity: evidence from the 2011 Census.

Author:LudiSimpson

Centre on Dynamics of Ethnicity (CoDE) TheUniversityofManchesterOxfordRoad,ManchesterM139PL,UK

email:censusbriefings@ethnicity.ac.uk

www.ethnicity.ac.uk

Figure 4a.Householdswithmorethanoneethnicgroupin2011

Figure 4b.Change2001to2011innumberofhouseholdswithmorethanoneethnicgroupin2011

Householdswithmorethanoneethnicgroupin2011,%ofallhouseholdswith2+people

3%-8%

8%-15% 15%-27% 27%-44%

Change2001to2011innumberofhouseholdswithmorethanoneethnicgroup,as%numberin2001

-12%-+31% +31%-+41% +41%-+53% +53%-+127%

Click here for Figure 4 data in Excel

Notes:Thesemapsarepopulationcartogramswhereeachlocalauthoritydistrictisshownapproximatelyproportionalinsizetoitsresidentpopulation4.Thehighlightedareasareintendedtoactasreferencepoints:InnerLondonandotherprincipalcities:Manchester(M),Liverpool(L),Sheffield(S),NewcastleuponTyne(NE),Birmingham(B),Leeds(LS),andCardiff(CF).Foramoredetailedkeyofeachlocalauthoritydistrictclickhere.

1Simpson,L.(2007).Ghettosofthemind:theempiricalbehaviourofindicesofsegregationanddiversity.Journal of the Royal Statistical Society: Series A (Statistics in Society),170(2),405-424.2Sabater,A.,&Simpson,L.(2009).EnhancingthePopulationCensus:ATimeSeriesforSub-NationalAreaswithAge,Sex,andEthnicGroupDimensionsinEnglandandWales,1991-2001.Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies,35(9),1461-1477.3Furtherresourcesoncomparingethnicgrouppopulationsovertimeatwww.ethnicity.ac.uk4Dorling,D.,&Thomas,B.(2011)BankruptBritain:AnAtlasofSocialChange,Bristol:PolicyPress.

Sources:the2011Censuses(CrownCopyright),andcompletepopulationestimatesbasedonthem.MapbaseforthisBriefingkindlyprovidedbyBethanThomas.

4 www.ethnicity.ac.uk