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UnitCC117

Preparation of surfaces

Identifying different substrates and materials used to prepare surfaces 8.1Aims and objectives

At the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● identify a variety of substrates used within the construction industry● state the uses of a variety of substrates within the construction industry● describe what materials are needed to prepare surfaces.

1 What is a substrate?

2 Draw lines to match up the following substrates with what they are used for.

Brickwork used for first and second fixing

Timber used for formwork during foundations

Metal used for both internal and external walls

Plaster/plasterboard used for dividing walls and ceilings

3 Name four items which may be made of timber that a painter and decorator would be expected to work on.

4 What is the difference between ferrous metals and non-ferrous metals?

5 How can metal substrates be cleaned prior to applying coatings for protection/decoration. Why might you want to clean a metal substrate?

6 Name three types of knotting solution.

7 What is the purpose of knotting solution?

8 Describe how a single-pack filler is used on internal timber floors.

9 What is another name for mordant solution?

10 Why are mordant solutions used on galvanised metals?

11 What can be used to prevent the defect chalking happening to masonry structures?

12 Describe a stabilising solution.

Surface preparation tools and equipment 8.2Aims and objectives

At the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● identify a variety of preparation tools and equipment● state the uses of a variety of preparation tools and equipment● describe how a variety of preparation tools and equipment should be maintained.

1 Why is it essential to prepare the area and surfaces you are going to work on, before starting any painting or decorating task?

2 Explain the similarities and differences between a stripping knife and a filling knife.

3 This text gives some information about shave hooks. Complete the text by writing the missing words.

Shave hooks are used to scrape off deposits and old coatings

from beadings and during burning off or basic

paint removal processes. They can also be used to prepare areas

which are to receive . The edges should be kept

sharp to ensure maximum performance and avoid unnecessary

to surfaces.

4 State the three different shapes of shave hooks.

5 What are a hand-held hawk and trowel used for in decorating?

6 Draw lines to join each type of torch or stripper to the correct information about it.

steam stripper produces a naked flame; small, disposable cartridge types are available which are light and easy to use, but produce less heat and have a shorter burning time

LPG torch/gun produces hot air via an electrical element; suitable for surfaces where there is a risk of combustion, or where there is glass present

hot air gun/stripper over-application can result in damage to the covered surface, leading to blistering and/or removal of small areas of plaster finishes; care must be taken when using it on ceilings

7 Which of the following statements refer to a dusting brush, and which refer to a wire brush? Write ‘dusting’ or ‘wire’ after each one.

It is used to remove loose dust. It is used to remove loose rust. It is used to remove corrosion from metalwork. It is used to remove grit. It is used to remove fine debris.

8 How does a rotary wire brush differ from an ordinary wire brush?

9 Describe how brushes should be cared for, and why.

10 Answer these questions about abrasive paper and rubbing blocks.

a What is abrasive paper sometimes known as?

b For what purpose would you use wet abrasive paper with water?

c For what purpose would you use wet abrasive paper with mineral oil?

d In what power tools should you use hand abrasive paper?

e How should abrasive papers be cared for?

f What is the purpose of a rubbing block?

g What grade/number represents a fine abrasive paper?

11 Which is better: a belt sander or an orbital sander?

12 Three words are incorrect in this text about needle guns. Cross out the incorrect words, and write the correct ones above them.

Needle guns are used to remove dust from around corroded nuts, bolts, rivets

and welds. They can also be used in the preparation of timber. There

are various types of needles available for use with the gun depending on

the surface to be prepared. Needle guns are powered by compressed

liquid and great care must be taken to ensure safe operation.

13 Which of these statements about caulking tools are correct? Place a tick or a cross in each box.

The blade is made of stiff, flat metal. The handle is made of wood or plastic. They can be used for applying filler. They can be used for jointing materials. They are sometimes used to apply wallpaper paste. They are sometimes used to smooth out decorative coverings applied to

plasterboard. They should be maintained in the same way as shave hooks.

Preparation processes for building substrates 8.3Aims and objectivesAt the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● identify a variety of abrasive papers and abrasive methods used● state the uses of a variety of fillers and why you apply knotting to surfaces● describe how to wet in surfaces, remove wall coverings and how to remove paint

from substrates.

1 Name two substances that can be used to remove oily and greasy marks.

2 Why is abrading such an important part of surface preparation?

3 Why is wet and dry abrasive paper more suited to wet use?

4 The following text describes a hot air gun and its uses. Fill in the missing words.

Hot air guns or produce hot air via an element

rather than a naked flame. This reduces the risk of and of

scorching surfaces such as timber. In addition, hot air guns or

are more suited to use on surfaces where there is a risk

of or where there is present, which could crack

due to the temperature.

5 When carrying out preparation processes you will have to ‘wet in’ to help you in your task. Give two reasons for ‘wetting in’.

6 State two differences between a stopper and a filler.

7 What would happen to softwoods if knotting solution was not applied during the preparation stage?

Typical surfaces 8.4Aims and objectivesAt the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● describe how to prepare a variety of typical surfaces for decorating.

1 This text describes how to prepare new softwoods and hardwoods for decoration. Complete the text by writing the missing words.

Abrading new softwood or hardwood may result in damage due to scratching

or (the lifting of wood ). For this reason, it is best simply to

off the surface prior to painting. If you notice any raised

heads, they will need to be punched down below the surface and filled with a

suitable agent prior to painting.

2 Describe briefly how to prepare rough sawn timber.

3 True or false? You should never abrade new plaster or plasterboard.

4 Describe how to prepare brickwork, stonework, rendering, pebbledash or concrete.

5 Three words are incorrect in this text about preparing ferrous metalwork for decoration. Cross out the incorrect words, and write the correct ones above them.

These surfaces are prone to mould and will need to be cleared of all rust

prior to painting. Depending upon the extent of the rust, it can be removed

with a soft brush, mechanical wire brush, adhesive papers and/or

scrapers. New metalwork needs to be cleaned down with white spirit or an

exfoliating agent to remove grease and oily residues.

6 Describe how to prepare previously painted ferrous metals.

7 This is the procedure for preparing painted wood. One of the actions does not belong in this list. Cross out the incorrect action.

● Wash down using sugar soap and warm water.● Rinse with clean water.● Apply a primer and leave to dry.● Abrade the surface to provide a key.● Dust down to remove surface dust.

8 These are the things you have to do to prepare painted plaster. Which order should they be in? Fill in the numbers 1–7.

Abrade the surface.

Dust off.

Sand down filled areas.

Fill any indentations, cracks, holes, etc. with a filling agent.

Rinse off with clean water.

Wash down using sugar soap and warm water.

Leave the filler to dry.

9 How should you prepare a plastic surface to be painted?

10 Which of these statements refer to the preparation of glazed tiles, and which refer to the preparation of polystyrene tiles? Write ‘glazed’ or ‘poly’ after each one.

● They should be dusted off. ● They should be washed down using a detergent such as sugar soap. ● Any damaged areas should be filled with a plaster-based filler. ● Oil-based fillers should not be used.

11 a Describe how to prepare new wallpaper for painting.

b Describe how to prepare old wallpaper for painting.

Primer and coating systems 8.5Aims and objectivesAt the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● identify a variety of primers and coating systems used in the industry● state the uses of a variety of primers and coating systems.

1 Name a primer that is recommended for oily hardwoods.

2 If a surface which needs repainting has had a bituminous coating applied to it, what will happen if the correct primer has not been applied? Name the correct primer to use.

3 Name three common types of primer used in the painting industry.

4 What does the abbreviation ARP stand for?

5 Name the surfaces that alkali-resisting primer is designed for.

6 Describe the coating system required to bring:

a new timber to a gloss finish

b new plaster to a coloured emulsion finish

7 This text gives some information about coating systems. Complete the text by writing the missing words.

A coating system is a paint that refers to the of coating,

of application and the number of layers of various and

coatings required for a particular job.

An example for new timber is to seal any exposed knots with ,

then apply a followed by an undercoat and finally apply a

or finish.

Types and causes of common defects 8.6Aims and objectivesAt the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● identify a variety of common post-application defects● know how the common defects are caused● describe what tools and materials are needed to rectify the defects.

1 Name three common surface coating defects.

2 How does mould occur on surfaces?

3 What defect occurs if you apply coatings over greasy or polished surfaces? How can you remove this defect?

4 Draw lines to match up each defect with the correct description and causes.

5 If a coating is applied too heavily or is not spread out during application to surfaces, name the defect which will occur and the reason for it occurring.

6 Write true or false after each of these statements about types and causes of common defects.

a Flaking is caused when the paint film starts to split.

b When painting exteriors, cool or windy conditions can lead to the paint drying too fast.

c Bittiness is caused by small particles of dirt and debris which have landed on to the wet surface of the coating.

d Cissing can be prevented by applying thick layers of paint.

e Runs and sags only occur when applying solvent-based coatings.

f Mould should first be washed and scraped down and then treated with a fungicidal wash before preparing the area.

Moist, humid conditions

Runs/sagsDiscoloured black furry deposits, sometimes slimy

Painting over greasy/oily surfacesMould

Thick rivulets of paint; thick deposits in places

Careless applicationFlakingSmall indentations/ holes in the coating

Dust; dirty toolsCissingGritty surface to

the coating

Paint spread too thinly; over-thinning the coating

BittinessCoating breaking up and cracking/falling off

CausesDefectDescription

7 After each defect write the tools/equipment or materials needed to rectify it.

Cissing Flaking Bittiness Runs/sags Mould

8 Complete the following steps for removing mould growth from surfaces by writing the missing words.

● the mould to avoid the of spores to other .

● heavy patches of mould with a or .

● Apply a wash to the affected area and allow it to .

● If possible, the area should be left for a or so and

if the mould reappears.

Materials and cleaning agents 8.7Aims and objectives

At the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● identify a variety of materials and cleaning agents needed for rectification processes

● know how to use the materials and cleaning agents for specific defects● describe what tools and materials are needed to apply the materials and

cleaning agents.

1 Name two cleaning agents used during preparation of surfaces.

2 Fill in the missing words in the following text about solvents.

Solvents are used to clean down surfaces prior to applying .

These help to prevent and occurring and dry very .

3 When would you use a stain block?

4 Write true or false after each of these statements about uses for cleaning agents/materials during rectification processes.

a Mould has to be first washed down with a sterilising fluid or fungicidal wash during the rectification process.

b Stain blocks are used to seal smoke damage and water marks. c Solvents can be used to remove wall coverings during preparation. d Dry powdered filler can be mixed with solvents when filling holes and cracks.

f Acetone is a type of solvent used to remove dust.

5 Fill in the missing words in the following text about cleaning agents and materials.

When new metalwork for protection or it needs

to be cleaned down with or an emulsifying agent to

remove and residues from the surface.

6 Write the appropriate cleaning agent/material which is used during the rectification/preparation process next to each surface listed below.

Glazed tiles Water damaged surfaces Mouldy surfaces Gloss painted doors Metalwork Nicotine stained surfaces Painted plaster walls/ceilings

Making good processes (1) 8.8Aims and objectivesAt the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● identify a variety of common defects● know how to make good the defects: nail heads, flaking paint, gaps around

architrave/frames, open joints/grains, split timbers, indentations, defective putties and cracks in trowelled surfaces

● describe what tools and materials are needed to make good the defects/faults.

1 Name three common faults/defects found on timber structures.

2 Explain the procedure needed to make good protruding nail heads on new and old existing timber structures.

3 A scraper is a very important part of the painter’s tool kit because of the various uses it has during the preparation of surfaces. The following three defects/faults can be treated by a scraper. Write out the process needed to rectify/make good each defect.

Defective wall covering: Flaking paints: Cracks in trowelled surfaces:

4 Gaps left around architrave, doors and windows are difficult to make good with normal fillers because of the size of the gaps. What material can be used to make good this common defect?

5 What does the term undercutting refer to when making good damaged plaster/rendered surfaces?

6 Name the tool needed to apply decorator’s caulk to gaps around skirting and architrave.

7 This text explains why decorator’s caulk and mastic sealants are used in the making good processes during decorating. Complete the text by writing the missing words.

Flexible caulk is a waterproof and sealant used in

and gaps. It is used to fill gaps around , door and window

frames, , and rails.

Mastic is an acrylic type of caulk and is applied using a mastic gun, or skeleton

gun as it is sometimes referred to. This is a frame that and

helps dispense mastic from its tube. mastic feels a bit like

. You must make sure that you apply a

edge as this material be rubbed down.

Making good processes (2) 8.9Aims and objectivesAt the end of these activity sheets, you should be able to:

● know how to make good the defect cracks in trowelled surfaces● identify commonly used stoppers● know the methods used to apply putty● describe the tools and materials that are needed to complete the above tasks.

1 Describe what a trowelled finish is.

2 Fill in the missing words in the following steps for repairing a crack in plaster. Use the words from the box below.

Step 1 out the crack, running the of your scraper along

the to remove any plaster etc.

Step 2 Dust down the to remove any and fine ,so the filler is not and therefore defective.

Step 3 the area to the adhesion stage for the

when you fill the crack.

3 Why is it necessary to apply water to any cracks and holes in trowelled finished surfaces prior to filling with both ready-mixed filler and powdered filler?

aid area edge rake wet in loose dustfiller crack flaking contaminated

4 What is a stopper?

5 Name six types of stopper and filler and explain how they can be used in repairs.

1.

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

6 Write true or false after each of these statements about making good common defects using stoppers.

a Linseed oil putty is used for bedding in glass when glazing as well as being used for filling holes and dents in timber.

b Cement/vinyl-based stopper is commonly used for internal trowelled surfaces as it is easier to abrade than most stoppers.

c Oil- and solvent-based fillers always come in powder form. d Plaster-based stoppers are quick setting and drying. e Plaster and plaster-based stoppers are used for internal work only.

7 What is very important after using linseed oil putty for repair work or for bedding in glass.

8 What are bedding putty and facing putty as used when glazing?

9 Why should facing putty be bevelled and angled once it has been placed onto the face of the glass?

10 These are the steps in replacing glass in a window. Which order should they be in? Fill in the numbers 1–6.

Apply the facing putty around the outer edge of the frame and glass. Once this has been completed, use your putty knife to bevel the facing putty, pressing the putty into an angled position to finish off and to leave a clean smooth finish.

Place the glass into the frame carefully, then press the glass around the edges into the bedding putty until the glass is firmly fixed.

Using your putty knife, remove any excess putty from the glass where it has spread out from the pressure.

Apply sprigs to each side of the glass to help hold the glass in place. When the primer has dried, apply bedding putty directly to the rebate by

hand-pressing the putty into place. Make sure that the rebate where the glass is going to be fixed is clean

and dust-free before priming the area.