Prescribed By The National Curriculum and Textbook Board as a Textbook for Class VIII From the Academic Year 1998

HOME ECONOMICS For Class Eight

Authors of the banglatext: Suraiya Begum Feroza Begum

Translated by: Ashrafun Nahar

Md. Rafiqul Islam

National Curriculum & Textbook Board, Dhaka

Published by

National Curriculum & Textbook Board, Dhaka 69-70, Motijheel Commercial Area, Dhaka- 1000

[All rights reserved by the Publisher]

First Edition : 1998 Revised Edition : 2007 Revised Edition : 2009 Revised Edition : 2010

Computer Compose Color Graphic

Cover Md. Abdul Halim

Design NCTB, Dhaka

Artist Abul Kalam Azad

Biren Shom

For free distribution from academic year 2010 by the Government of Bangladesh Printed By:

Preface Education is the key to development. A progressively improved education system largely determines the pace and the quality of national development. To reflect the hopes and aspirations of the people and the socio-economic and cultural reality in the context of the post independent Bangladesh, new textbooks were introduced in the beginning of the 1980s following the ecommendations of the National Curriculum and Textbook Committee. The new textbooks have been on the curriculum for more than decade. But continuous scrutiny and review of the curriculum is needed in order to address emerging social needs, to make it more conceptualized and to accommodate new ideas. In consideration of this fact a taskforce was formed in 1994 to- revise the then curriculum and syllabus and for its implementation. Accordingly the curriculum was revised and new textbooks were prepared according to the recommendations of the National Curriculum Co-ordination Committee. The first set of textbooks was introduced in classes VI and IX in 1996; and in classes VII, VIII and X in later 1997. The new curriculum had been in place since then. In order to face the challenges and prospects of the new century, we had the books or Junior Secondary and Secondary Levels reviewed and revised by people with expertise in their respective area in the year 2000. We hope the learners will find this book faultless and more informative. Home conomics is a reality based education. Included in it are – home management, environment and safety, family and child, food and nutrition and clothing and textiles. Through this education fulfillment of living and the search for effective and beautiful life can be accomplished. This book is the English version of the book in Bangla version entitled "Garhasthya Arthanity" Class VIII. Through acquiring knowledge about home economics, the learners will find the way to deal with the various problems in home environment. To make the book available to the students, we had to hasten the printing job. There might remain some errors that might escape our notice. However, our. efforts to make it more refined and impeccable will continue. Any constructive suggestions towards its further improvement will be gratefully considered. I thank those who have assisted us with their intellect and efforts in the writing, editing, and rational valuation of this book. We hope that the book will be useful for the students for whom it is written.

Professor Md. Mostafa Kamaluddin Chairman

National Curriculum and Textbook Board, Dhaka.

CONTENTS Chapter Subject Matter Page

PART ONE : HOME AND HOME ENVIRONMENT Chapter I The Principles of Making Home Attractive,

Comfortable and Peaceful : 1-14 Arrangement of interior furniture : Living room , Bed room, Reading room, Kitchen, Working space, Washing space, Cooking space, storage space & Store room Accessories for the room furnishing : Curtains of doors and windows The use of curtains, carpet, wall hanging, flower arrangements Plants, light etc.

Chapter II Proper Use of Common Resources of a Family : 17-19 Telephone, News paper, Electric Fan & Light, Toilet and Bath room, Tap side or tube well area, Well water, Lawn etc by the use of full cooperation of family member.

Chapter III Recreation for Mental Development : 20-31 Short time recreation such as: Park, Zoo, Museum, Picnic etc. Long time recreation such as: Visit to historical places, Native Village, Sea beach and Travelling of different places to enjoy natural beauty

Chapter IV Principles of Buying Household Equipments : 32-40 To Know about the essential goods Planning to buy Judging Qualities Knowledge about the market value or price The relation between salesman and customer

Chapter V Collection of Crop-Seeds and Storage : 41-45 Selection of plants for seeds Collection of seeds Preservation of seeds

Chapter VI Production of Vegetable Sapling : 46-51 Examining the seed Preparation of seed-bed and sowing Sapling production

PART TWO : FAMILY AND CHILD Chapter I Learning about Family life and Adjustment with other

Families : 52-60 To know oneself and others Respect towords family tradition Co-operation Sympathy Other human qualities To avoid completive mentality and have friendliness

Chapter II Common Diseases of Children, Contagious Disease 61-79 and Precautions of contagious diseases : Fever, Influenza, Diarrhoea, Measles, Diphtheria Whooping cough, Polio, Tuber culosis D.P.T BCG, Measles vaccination TT.

Chapter III Importance of Mass Media for overall 80-86 Development of Children : News papers, Magazines, Books, Radio, Television

PART THREE : FOOD AND NUTRITION SCIENCE Chapter I Food and Nutrition : 94-105

Requirement of nutrition in daily food Definition of balanced diet Notable preparation of Balanced diet Daily diet list of a family Breakfast, Lunch, Evening Tea, Dinner

Chapter II Basic groups of food : 87-98 Definition & Importance Classification Fish, Meal and egg types of food Cereal and cereal type of food Leafy, Vegetable, Vegetables and Fruits Milk or milk type of food

Chapter III Various ways of cooking : 99-106

Boiling Stewing Steaming Deep Fat Frying Baking Roasting

Chapter IV Cleanliness in Cooking and Precautions to be taken : 107-112

Cleanliness of hands, nails and dress of cook Some acts carefulness while cooking

PART FOUR : GARMENTS AND WEAVING FIBRE Chapter I Characteristics of artificial Fibre used in 126-130

Garments : Rayon and Nylon Chapter II Washing Equipments of Garment and List of133-143 other Articles : Washing Equipments: Sink, Bucket, Bowl, Mug, Stick or spoon, Saucepan, Wooden board, Washing machine, Vacuum cone, Suction Washer, Drying Equipment: Rack, Hanger, Clip, Dryer Equipment for ironing: Iron made of iron sheet Coal Iron, Electric iron, Ironing board, Sleeve board, Sprayer Washing material: Water, Soap, Detergent, Soda, Soap flakes, Ritha, Whitener Indigo, Starch or gruel

Chapter III Washing Methods of Ordinary Cotton fabrics 141-151 (white & coloured) Colour, Fibre, Size Should select accordingly Repairing of clothes, Rifu, Patches, Setting button Stain removal Washing with Soap and water, Dressing with Starch, Rinsing and drying, Ironing, cooling

Chapter IV General Introduction to the Sewing Machine 144-151

Types to sewing machine- Hand Machine, Foot Machine, Electric sewing Machine, Electric Industrial Sewing Machine Use and maintenance of sewing machine

PART FIVE TENDING OF GOATS Chapter I The Advantage of tending goat 152-157

Expanding of tending goat in Bangladesh The model of goat farm Budget for Tending Goat Foods for goats in commercial farm Practical Preservation of Seeds in pots made of porcelain pot, 167-192 Plastic, glass, tin, earthen pot, Polythene packet, Paper Packets. Test of germination of seed of party dish Preparation of oral Saline Food Preparation and Serving Cutting process of different food for cooking Different method of cutting Vegetables Preparation of packet food for sale Nimki, Vegetable rolls, coconut ball, Moa of chira And muri, Fishball Making Garments, Doing Embroidery, Making Batton Hole, Fixing buttons, Press button, Fixing the hook Drafting, cutting and stitching of Ejer pant. Embroidery on the margin of table cloth Woollen (sleeve less) sweater, cruss cap making

Part - 1 HOME AND HOME ENVIRONMENT

Chapter: 1 The Principles of Making Home Attractive, Comfortable and Peaceful Home or habitation is one of the fundamental needs of a man. The role of home environment is essential for physical, mental and social development of an individual. For survival we need home, similarly for easy and comfortable living we need beautiful, attractive and peaceful home environment.

To make the environment in our house attractive and comfortable, we have to pay attention to the interior decoration and arrangement of furniture. Therefore, we should have the idea of selecting furniture and other household equipments for decoration. We must maintain the following rules of art in furnishing different rooms such as living room, bed room, reading room, kitchen and store room. 1. Unity 2. Balance 3. Proportion 4. Rhythm 5. Importance

1. Unity: The combination of different articles is called unity. The arrangement of furniture and other household articles should give a look of totality. Unity can be brought through the similarity of design and arrangement of the furniture. For an example, in a room if the furniture is of similar design, if the colour of four walls is same, curtains match bed cover and there is a similarity of the decoration pieces, it rings unity among the various articles and provides us with aesthetic pleasure. 2. Balance Beauty can not be created unless there is a balance in arrangement. There are two kinds of balance (i) direct balance (ii) indirect balance. Direct balance can be made through keeping two similar designed sofa set in either side of a central point. To create indirect balance, different articles are set in a way that in spite of their difference in size, they look similar. Forma Economics. Class – Eight-Forma- 1

2 Home Economics Moveable furniture should be arranged in a way so that they adjust with the permanent furniture of the room as well as with the doors, windows, shelves and walls. The room should be balanced through the grouping of the furniture. When necessary, mixed arrangement of large and small furniture can be made to create balance. Large furniture in a large room and small furniture in a small room are more befitting. Furniture of one side should be balanced with that of other side, furniture kept in the centre and in the corner should also be balanced. Not keeping in a scattered way, we should keep them in a well organised way to bring beauty in the room. 3. Proportion Proportion is the relation of one thing to another in quantity, size etc. It may be the relation of a part to the whole or a part to a part. Beauty depends on proportion. If things are not proportionate, they look odd. So furniture should be in proportion to the size of the room. A room with excess furniture loses its beauty. Similarly a small bed cover on a large bed or a large bed cover on a small bed is odd looking. Again things are not proportionate if we set large bed in a small room and small bed in a big room. 4. Rhythm Motion and repetition are the main characteristics of rhythm. We can see the rhythm in the folding of the curtains. By combining size, design, line and colour of the furniture of a room, we can create a sense of rhythm. Arrangement should be made in a way so that our attention is not fixed to a particular place rather it should move from one place to another in a rhythmic way. Thus we can avoid boredom and monotony of the room decoration. 5. Priority In arrangement of furniture, we must give priority to any one of them so that we can create a focal point or a centre of interest. Flower arrangement, decorative furniture, hand-made design, wallpaper, and paintings may draw the attention of the people. Besides, other aspects should be considered for home decoration: - Furniture should be arranged in accordance with the taste of family members and the convenience to household activities. We should be careful that it does not create problem in the movement in the house. Furniture should be kept in a way so that it can be used properly. Proper arrangement of furniture reduces unnecessary movement in the house and helps to save time and energy.

Home and Hmoe Envirment 3 - For the convenience of opening and closing the door, no furniture should be placed against doors and windows. - Heavy furniture should be placed parallel to the wall. Small furniture can be set horizontally in the corner. Table, chair, sofa, bed etc should be placed away from the wall so that it becomes easier to clean the room. - If there is any defect in the room of a house, it can be covered by furniture. For an example defective wall, floor and discoloured part of the room can be hidden by carpet or other furniture. Arrangement of interior furniture Principles of furniture arrangement in living room, bed room, reading room, kitchen and store room. To enhance the beauty of a thing, the use of different articles or accessories is necessary. Home decoration means arranging and placing the furniture and other things in a planned way. It makes the environment more comfortable and attractive. For home decoration, we need proper furniture and various articles in ccordance with the room. We can get mental satisfaction by placing them and decorating them in a proper way. For the arrangement of the furniture we must consider the functional aspect of it. Furniture of a room should serve the purpose of that particular room. Arrangement in the living room should be made for social activities - gossiping, entertaining guest, watching television etc. In the bed room people like to get comfort, rest and privacy. So we should arrange the furniture in a way so that it serves the purpose of the room, provides facilities for easy movement and other activities, shows the characteristics of architectural design and style. Living room Living room is the centre place for socialising and family gathering. Guests are entertained here. For passing time in light amusement the room is necessary. For this reason, we should ensure taste and comfort in selecting and arranging furniture for this room. The living room should be furnished with proportionate chair attached with cushion or cane sofa and table. It is not necessary that the chairs are of same size but they should be similar in design.

4 Home Economics

Living room Chairs in the living room should not be kept in a scattered way rather it should be in an orderly fashion. The big sofa should be kept against the big wall and opposite to the window. Centre table should be placed in front of it and side table can be kept in between two sofas .The centre table and side table should be within the reach. Ash tray can be kept on the table. Chair should be placed at a little distance from the wall. Now a day the beauty of a house is enhanced and more space is saved by using built in showcase for the arrangement of decoration pieces instead of separate showcase. In the living room television and radio can be kept. Television should be placed parallel to the viewers' eyes. If it is kept too high or too low, it creates problem to the viewers. The aquarium of coloured fishes may be placed at one side of the room. Bed Room Tired people come back home after a whole day’s work. They need rest. The room which removes monotony and tiredness from their body and mind is the bed room. To make the environment of the bed room attractive and comfortable suitable furniture should be selected and placed accordingly. In the bed room excess furniture should not be kept. Bed, dressing table, wardrobe, chest of drawers, small table and chair for study and if possible, an easy chair can be kept. Furniture should be arranged in a way so that it does not hinder proper ventilation and free movement. Bed is the main furniture in the bed room. The big bed should be placed against big wall.

Home and Hmoe Envirment 5

Bed room

But it should not be too close too the wall. There should be a space between the wall and bed so that it makes dusting and making the bed easier. By placing a small table, we can keep books, ash tray, table lamp and telephone etc. By the side of the window, study table can be kept. Dressing table can be placed by the side of the window where there is ample light. Clothing of everyday use should be kept in chest of drawers or in closet. Seasonal or formal dress can be kept in an almirah. Reading room Separate room can be used in a house for the study of the children. The room should be calm and quiet so that no sound from outside can disturb them. Study table, chair and book shelf can be kept. Table should be placed in a way so that one can get sufficient light for study. If possible, one table lamp can be kept on the table. If there is not separate room, dining room can be used as reading room and dining table can be used as study table. Kitchen The housewives in our country spend most of their time in the kitchen. For this reason, kitchen should be nearer to bed room and dining space so that they can move easily. In this way we can save time and energy. The kitchen should be attractive and comfortable.

6 Home Economics In our country there are two types of cooking arrangement. (i) Cooking by sitting (ii) Cooking by standing: Stoves or chulas are kept on a table or a platform up to the height of the waist. Main works in a kitchen are the preparation for cooking that includes cutting, chopping, cooking, serving and washing. Kitchenwares are to be arranged as they are needed for working. Kitchen space can be divided in to four areas. These are working space, washing space, cooking space and the space for storage.

Kitchen Working space For doing different works, one particular space should be selected. Working space should be used for things bought from the market and for cutting vegetables, fish and meat. If possible the refrigerator should be kept nearby to keep green vegetables, fish and meat easily. There should be good arrangement for keeping grinder, blender etc in the kitchen. Washing space Washing space should be near the place of cooking and preparing food. For doing work in standing position, a sink or a basin is suitable. Glasses, cups, plates and bowls can easily be washed in the basin. A separate tap can be placed under the basin for the cleaning and washing of kitchen wares. Soap in the soap case, dust clothes, brush should be kept nearer to the basin or sink. Other materials for cleaning kitchen should

Home and Hmoe Envirment 7 be kept near the washing space.

Cooking space Cooking space should be at one side of the kitchen nearer to the window. So that smoke can easily go out and there is sufficient air and light. Stove or chulla should be placed accordingly. If somebody wants to cook by sitting, he/she has to do other activities by sitting and if he/she wants to cook by standing, he/she has to do other activities by standing. The way one cooks, whether by standing or sitting, she/he has to take rest at an interval. Storage space The containers for spices should be labelled and kept on the shelves near the stoves or chullas. For keeping plates and other utensils, shelves, racks or stand can be kept. Knives, spoons, cutters and other accessories should also be kept within reach. Wall rack is very useful for keeping kitchen wares in order. Kitchen utensils should be kept at the height of the family members. Light utensils should be kept on the upper and heavy utensils should be kept on the lower shelves. A table can be kept for keeping plates and glasses near to the basin. For keeping cooked food, a meat-safe can be used to protect the food from flies and insects. A table can be kept in the kitchen for arranging food to serve. Store room Store room should be beside the kitchen. There should be a door between the store room and the kitchen. Glass windows are suitable as light can pass through it. As this room often remains closed, it should be well ventilated. Racks or shelves in the wall are very convenient for keeping necessary things. The kitchen wares which are not always used may be kept on the upper shelves. Rice, pulse, flour of every month should be kept in the tins which can be placed on the shelves. Potatoes, onion, garlic and other species should be kept in a plastic rack. It should be checked now and then whether these items are spoiled by insects or not. Like other rooms, the store room should be neat and tidy. Accessories for the room furnishing The use of curtains, carpet, wall hanging, flowers, plants, light etc. Furniture is the main item for the room decoration. Besides furniture, the things that make the room more beautiful and attractive are curtain, carpet, wall mats, flower vases, lights etc. Furniture and all these accessories are called furnishing. These should be arranged according to the need of every room. If we arrange all these things

8 Home Economics according to our need and taste, life will be more easy and comfortable. Curtains of doors and windows Curtains of doors and windows play a vital role in the decoration of a house. Curtains not only enhance the beauty of a house but also maintain privacy. They protect the room from outer dust, sunshine and wind. The appropriate colour selection of the curtains increases the beauty of the room. At the time of selecting curtains, we should consider the length and width of the doors and windows. Colour should be selected according to the colour of the wall, ceiling and furniture. Light coloured curtains, make the room look larger and soothing to the eyes. Multi coloured curtains in a room of small size give odd and unpleasant look or make the room look smaller but it may be suitable for large rooms. We generally use small and big curtains. Big curtains cover doors and windows from top to the floors. Small curtains are generally used for the windows. Curtains may be made of single piece or double pieces in a door or a window. Curtains are of two kinds, light and heavy in texture. Light curtains of cotton or synthetic fibre are easily washable. The curtains of light colour and texture are comfortable in the summer. Wind can pass easily from one room to another. But the room in which excess sunlight enters should have curtains of light colour and of heavy texture. Carpet: The use of carpet enhances the beauty of the room. In our country carpets are used mostly in the living room. Carpet can be used in front of the dressing table and television beside the bed in the bed room. Small plastic mats can be used under the dinning table.

Home and Hmoe Envirment 9 Mats can be easily washed. If carpet is used in all the rooms, it may increase the temperature of the room. As it is heavy in texture, it is rarely washed. Carpet is easily filled with dust. To remove this dust, keep it in the sun upside down and hit it with a piece of wood. The carpet can be cleaned with a brush or a vacuum cleaner. Wall Picture A room can be made charming and attractive by hanging pictures on the wall. Pictures for wall should be selected in accordance with the size and shape of the wall and the use of the room. They should also be in harmony with the furniture. The shape and size of the pictures should match the wall. Large pictures should be hung on the large wall. The frames of the pictures, which are thin and less decorated are suitable for the small wall. Pictures should be hung on the height of eye level so that they can be seen with case. While hanging pictures on the wall we must keep in mind that the pictures have been properly fixed and no strings can be seen. Pictures should be hung on the wall having sufficient light.

Wall picture Pictures should be related to the use of the room. For an example, attractive natural scenery in the living room, family pictures in the bed room, pictures of vegetable and fruits in the kitchen. Photographs of the poets, writers and philosophers in the children room and reading room will make them interested to know them. Children can learn the names of different birds and flowers if their pictures are kept in the room. Now a days, various kinds of wall hangings are found for the decoration of the house. Various pictures, handmade design on the mat are used in the living room. Different

10 Home Economics artistic things made of wood, cane, bronze are found in the market. It proves the artistic sense of the housewives if they hang their hand stitched wall mats on the wall. Flower arrangements We can not deny the use of flower and leaves in increasing the beauty of home environment. After the arrangement of flowers, if we put vases with flowers in our bed room, living room and dining space, it will attract everybody. Flower arrangement in vase seems to bring the bounties of nature inside the house. For flower arrangement, some articles are necessary such as flowers, leaves, branches, vases, tops, scissors and pin holders.

Flower arrangement Flowers should be arranged in harmony with the shape, size and colour of the vases. Rojonee Gandha sticks are to be kept in large vases. Rose, Ganda and other little flowers can be arranged in small vases of different shapes.It should be considered that the design and colour of the vases should not suppress the beauty of the flowers. Costly flowers are hardly needed for flower arrangement. We can arrange flowers in earthen pots or vases. Besides many surplus glass containers can be used as vases. For flower arrangement and adjustment, pin holders can be bought from the market. Besides flowers in the vases, we can decorate our houses with the tops of coloured plants. The beauty of the house can be intensified by the use of tops. Specially, entrance of the living room and dining room can be decorated with money-plant,

Home and Hmoe Envirment 11 plants of coloured leaves and of spiral leaves. Tops used for decoration must be clean. The leaves of the plants of tubs should be dusted regularly. We must take care so that there are no insects in the plants. Tubs should be kept at the corner of the room. Flowers should be arranged according to the occasion place or the room. Flower vases can be of different sizes such as long, round, flat in accordance with the size of branches, flowers and leaves. Pin holders must be kept hidden with leaves and flowers. Flower vases should be filled with water. Flowers should be plucked with the knife or scissors before sun rise and after sun set. Just after cutting, the stems should be dipped in the water. Otherwise the plucked flowers will fade as soon as the stems dry up. Home lighting Sufficient light is necessary for healthy living. Arrangement of good lighting makes the room more attractive, protects eye sight, enhances the freshness of mind and saves us from accident. We arrange proper lighting for removing darkness at night and for getting sufficient light at day time. Arrangement of lighting should be made according to the condition of the room. Living room Living room is a room for social gathering, discussion and gossip. Sufficient light is necessary for this room. Tube light provides sufficient light and at the same time adds to the beauty of the room. A table lamp can be kept in this room. Reading room Sufficient light is also necessary for study. Excess or insufficient light is harmful for eyes. It damages eye sight very easily. For study a table lamp with shade can be useful. It should be kept in mind that the light should focus on the books rather than the eyes. No coloured shade should be used on the light in the reading room. Bed room Light in the bed room should be soothing. If any body is in the habit of sleeping with light on, he should use light- blue or green coloured bulb. If one has the habit of reading books or news paper in the bed, he should keep a table lamp with a shade. Kitchen Kitchen is the working place for the women. Sufficient light improves their ability. Light should not be fixed directly on the chullas or stoves rather it should be on the other side of the chulla to avoid the falling of the insects into the food while cooking.

12 Home Economics

Other places in the house For security and convenience, appropriate lighting system should be made for portico, garages and covered or uncovered veranda. To save the bulbs from damage by storm or winds or to protect it from theft, they should be covered with net.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. In the selection of furniture in a drawing room the utmost consideration is:

a. Price b. Design c. Comfort d. Wood

2. On the wall of the bed-room there may be placed: a. Picture of different local fruits b. Picture of favourite personalities c. Attractive scenery d. Family photograph

3. Use of carpets at home reveals: I. Aristocracy II. Hygienic environment III. Aesthetic sense

Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

4. Good lightening system (provision) in a house: I. Enhances beauty II. Ensures good behavior III. Flourishes aristocracy

Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

Home and Hmoe Envirment 13 Look at the picture and answer the questions no. 5 and 6:

5. Which is the best flower–vase, placed above, for adornment of tube-rose flowers?

a. A b. B c. C d. D

6. Which is the most suitable flower-vase, pictured above, for preservation of pin -holder?

a. A b. B c. C d. D

Creative Questions: 1. Interior decoration of a house: Rumaisa has artistically decorated the drawing room. a. What is the interior design of a house? b. What is meant by ‘Artistic’ or ‘Rule of Art’? c. There is a need of placing a showcase in Rumaisa’s drawing room. Select a proper place for this purpose with explanation . d. Evaluate the contribution of lighting for the enhancement of beauty in Rumaisa’s house.

14 Home Economics 2. Rintu’s home furniture are much expensive. But the box-bed has blocked the window. And the dressing-table has been placed in such a position that she cannot see the reflection of her own image clearly on the mirror. The other furniture also have been kept in such a way / position that, the interior of her house does not look attractive. Rintu’s friend has advised her about the interior decoration of the house. After the re-arrangement of the furniture, the interior of the house has become attractive . a. What are the main things to decorate the interior of a house? b. Explain the necessity of the interior decoration of a house. c. Explain the reasons behind the re-arrangement of the furniture by Rintu’s friend. d. In spite of the expensive furniture the interior decoration of a house may not be attractive – analyze it. 3. The small, neatly arranged kitchen of Shelly is situated beside both the bed and dining room. She also uses the dining room for the different purposes of cooking. She rightly has arranged the cooking accessories on the shelves of the kitchen. She is habituated to cook in sitting position. In spite of her proper arrangement, it takes much time to finish her cooking. At present she is suffering from pain in her knee joints. a. How many places are used in her cooking? b. Explain the facilities of a kitchen which is close to bed room and dining room. c. In the above mentioned circumstance how Shelly’s problems can be solved? d. A neatly arranged kitchen is helpful to quick cooking – analyze it.

Chapter - II Proper Use of Common Resources of a Family

In our country in every house, there are some common resources for every day use. All members of a family share those things such as telephones, news papers, electric fans and lights, toilet, tube well area, lawn etc. The members should take care while using the common properties. Slight negligence or indifference may cause deterioration of relationship or mental conflict among the members. Every body should be mentally prepared to sacrifice his self-interest for proper utilisation of common resources. It is not only the money matter. it is expressed through everyday affairs, words and behaviour too. Every body should shun competitive mentality and use the common items of the family belongings through patience and understanding. If all the members maintain this, they will be respectful to each other. Telephone All the members of a family use telephone according to their need. At the time of using telephone, every body should remember that he/she should not engage it by excessive unnecessary conversation. If some body engages telephone by meaningless continuous talking, urgent call from others may not get line. So everybody should be brief while talking over telephone. If somebody needs to telephone, he should write in a paper what he is going to tell. When the conversation over the telephone is over, the receiver should be kept properly, otherwise it will not get connected. It should be remembered that telephone should be used at the moment of necessity. Newspaper We get news from home and abroad through newspaper. If there is one news paper in a family, it should be read by all together. No one should quarrel over the matter of who will read first. Preference should be given to the elders. When the elders finish reading, the younger should read by turn or together. Those who will go to office or outside the house should be given the opportunity to read first. Those who are staying back will read later on. Sometimes people are eager to know the exciting news. In this case one will read aloud and others will listen. Knowing this kind of news and expressing zeal and enthusiasm simultaneously provides different kinds of pleasure.

Reading the newspaper together A news paper can be read by two or three members at a time by exchanging pages among them. Nobody should keep paper with him for long time. Somebody can read the headlines and then allow others to read first. After reading, the paper should not be kept here and there. After arranging page wise, the paper should be folded and kept in a particular place according to the date so that other family members get it if necessary. The newspaper materials are of low quality and easily damaged. For keeping newspapers, racks made of wood, plastic, cane are found in the market. Some members of the family may have the habit of thorough reading. They should get chance to read it at their leisure. Electric fan Two or three members may live in the same room. There may be one fan to be shared by all. It should be kept in mind that the fan is not for one person. The an should be used or its speed should be controlled according to the need of the members. One who feels hot may stay near the fan and one who can not bear excess air should stay away from the fan. Even sitting arrangement for that person should be away from the fan. If somebody becomes sick and if the air of the fan harms him, the fan can be stopped or the speed may be lowered. Above all, the members should have understanding and adjust themselves accordingly.

Proper Use of Common Resources of a Family 17 Light Different types of light in different rooms are arranged according to the purposes. Need for light depends upon nature of the jobs. Again two or three members live in a room. Different members may have different jobs. But for every individual, separate lighting system can not be arranged. For an example, we use bed room for study and sleep. Some members are in the habit of going to bed earlier. Then other members who are used to reading or other activities should use table lamp or they should develop the habit of reading at day time. Common resources should be used through mutual understanding. Every body should have the mentality to get along with others without creating troubles for others. Otherwise there will be chaos, conflicts, misunderstanding among the members. So, one should not try to dominate others. Every one should try to create congenial atmosphere. Sometimes one can go for separate light even though the same light would have done. It is nothing but wastage of money. After finishing the job, one should switch off the light. Toilet and Bathroom A toilet is a necessary part of our house. There are few houses where there is an arrangement of more than two toilets. So for the use of toilet we must think about the urgency of the members. Office going persons and school going children should be given priority. One should not pass one's time in toilet more than necessary. One should flush as soon as his toilet use is over. All should be careful about the cleanliness of the toilet. The responsibility of cleaning 20 Home Economics toilet should not go to one member; rather all should share it spontaneously. If water remains stagnant for long time, the floor becomes slippery. So every body should remove water by a broom after the use. Tap side or tube well area If tap or a tube-well is shared by different members of the family, all should use it carefully. While cleaning kitchen utensils, washing clothing and vegetables, taking water for cooking no one should not create problems for others. If they work in different places, little distance should be kept from the tap or tube well, so that nobody faces any problem. The tap should be properly turned off after some one has finished his job. It is the duty of all to clean the tap or tube well area. Well water Wells are hardly seen in towns. They are found in some places in the rural areas. There should be ways for everybody to take water from the well. One should do his works by taking one bucket of water at a time and it should be done through understanding. If some one takes buckets of water, one after another, other members have to keep standing. It is wastage of time for others. If the bucket is hold by one particular person, other persons will feel bored and it results in quarrel, chaos and

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-3

18 Home Economics conflict. Therefore this resource should be shared through mutual understanding. After all jobs done the bucket of water should be kept to its particular place and the well should be covered properly. If there is water around the well for long time, it will be slippery and it may cause accident. The surrounding of the well should be cleaned properly. Those who use the water of well should clean the area regularly. As the well is a common property of all, all should take responsibility to keep the well in good form. Lawn The cleanliness and tidiness of the surrounding of a house proves the good environment and taste of the members. It is not the duty of the house wife or the servants alone to keep the lawn clean. Cleanliness and tidiness of the outside environment of a house depends on the taste and the habit of all family members. Many people like to gossip in the afternoon sitting in the lawn. Fallen leaves, paper, pieces of waste fruits make the lawn dirty. All these things should be cleared off by all the members. If you see dust, weeds or bushes in front of your house, clean it yourself. Nobody should throw the skins of bananas here and there, which may be cause serious accident. If all the members want to live together in love and affection, they should think for others forgetting self interest. They must create congenial atmosphere by discussion, co-operation and understanding. For this they need to have broadness of mind, patience, generosity and sympathy. All the member of the family can create a peaceful environment by their joint efforts.

Exercise

Multiple Choice Questions: 1. In using the joint properties special care should be taken by:

a. Master of the house b. House wife c. Members of the house d. Elderly persons of the house

2. In using the joint properties, the members: a. Would be competitive b. Would be tolerant c. Would be self-centered d. Would give chance to others.

Proper Use of Common Resources of a Family 19 3. Would read the family newspaper:

I. Giving priority to the employee II. Exchanging the pages III. One would read and all others would listen to him.

Which is the correct of the following? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Mitu is very conscious of using the joint property. All the members of their family use the toilet according to their need and read the newspaper dividing their time. But Mitu’s uncle is mostly engages the telephone line. Consequently Mitu and other members of the family often fail to receive urgent phone calls.

a. What is joint property? b. Explain the regular manners of using a toilet. c. Write down the basic rules to get the maximum utilization of Mitu’s telephone set and give your argument behind that. d. Evaluate the importance of reading newspapers sharing amongthe members of a family.

Chapter - III

Recreation for Mental Development The mental development of children is as important as their physical development. Both body and mind are inseparable. Mind remains fresh if physical condition is good. Again physical growth depends upon the mental development. Height, weight, physical structure and ability to work indicate the physical development of a child. But mental development can not be measured in short time or by two or three instances. Intelligence, consideration, knowledge, experience, skill, capability, logical thinking, efficiency and ability to adjust are the elements of mental development. These qualities can be acquired not only by reading books and attending school but also by doing different kinds of activities in practical life. These activities should be wide, diverse and interesting. Arrangement should be made so that students can learn from their family, society and environment. Curricular and co curricular activities are helpful for the mental development of children. The role of recreation is no less important in this connection. Students, after attending classes and doing different activities at a stretch in the school, become physically tired and mentally bored. It affects their intelligence, skill and ability to gain knowledge. Then they need leisure in order to get rid of this boredom. Leisure does not mean only sleeping and sitting. The creative activities which students do to make the leisure time meaningful and interesting are called recreational activities. The management of school should include some recreational activities suitable to the age and mentality of the students. Recreation contributes a lot to the overall development of the children. There are two kinds of recreational systems for the mental development of the children. a. Short time recreation. b. Long time recreation. Short time recreation Participating in different programmes for a short time or visiting a place for mental pleasure is called short time recreation, such as reading books, watching cinema and television, gossiping, visiting a park, zoo, a museum, enjoying picnic etc. These programmes should be well planned and included in the yearly calendar of the school. Time and place of the yearly visit should be. Short time recreation does not cost much. So these kinds of activities can be arranged now and then.

Proper Use of Common Resources of a Family 21 How short time recreation influences the mind of the children has been described below: Park In town areas there are some small and big children parks. Now a days in modern residential areas, beautiful and attractive parks have been made at the public initiative for providing children games, sports and other recreations. But the children of rural areas are deprived of these kinds of facilities. They play in the filed, swim in the pond, climb up the trees and eat various fruits and get mental pleasure. Mental pleasure It needs a big area to build a children park or a common park. The children park of Dhaka is remarkable and it encompasses a big area. After leading the life in the congested house environment, when children go to the vast area of the park, they feel free and start running and moving in pleasure. Here they do not have any routine work. They can do whatever they like. This kind of environment refreshes their mind removing pains, sorrows, anxiety and monotony. Experience and improving knowledge The parks are decorated with different types of equipments of games such as dolna, charka, trains, motor cars, sea-saw, boats etc. Riding all these things, the children get pleasure. At the same time they acquire different kinds of skills and experiences. Using these skills, they can be successful in different sectors in their life. From the equipments of games they can form an idea about shape, size and colour of things and different kinds of metals. Enriching of vocabulary and improving language Children can learn about the equipments of games and their names. They are acquainted with different trees and flowers. Besides, after coming out the family environment they form different ideas about different things and improve their vocabulary, which helps them to learn the language. Children are fond of imitation. They exchange their views with others. They learn new words, style and expressions and can express these through games and sports. They learn to share in the park and learn from this experience how to give and take. In many parks there is system of tickets so that the visitors can stay in a place for certain period. This system is introduced so that all get equal opportunity to enjoy the park. If a boy occupies an item for a long time, other boys/girls will be deprived. Thus they learn to maintain discipline. When they stand in a queue, they learn patience and punctuality. Through the help of social qualities, they acquire the skill to adjust themselves in different environment. This is the example of the development of children's intelligence.

22 Home Economics Moral lesson Park There are many kinds of trees of flowers and fruits. It is almost prohibited to tear leaves or to pluck flowers, which children learn from guardians or other people. To follow rules and regulation is a great virtue in children's individual or social life and this teaches them to maintain discipline in the schools and colleges in future. So in the park children not only get aesthetic pleasure but also acquire knowledge and experience, which is helpful for their mental development. There are parks beside some houses that provide with sitting arrangement, garden and beautiful natural scenery. Children can get rid of monotony of daily life if they go out with their parents in leisure. They also get opportunity of creative thinking under the open sky. They can learn and understand each other while gossiping together. So parents should have the mentality to take their children to the parks very often. Zoo This is a place where various kinds of animals and birds are kept. Almost all the children have the curiosity about a zoo. They express their interest to see animals in zoo after seeing their pictures in books. Many parents take their children to zoo in weekly holidays and in other vacations. It is a very interesting medium for recreation. Children can learn about animals and their names from a zoo. They can have the idea of the places, where particular types of animals are found. They also have the idea of those places or countries. It helps them to increase their vocabulary. They can also know what the animals eat and in which weather they survive and how long they live. This practical knowledge can help them to write essays in the school. They can also improve their geographical knowledge. In the zoo there are many trained animals such as elephants, tigers, monkeys, horses etc. They dance, make different kinds of sounds, and show different gesture when they see people. Small children enjoy it a lot. They get mental pleasure forgetting sorrows and anxieties. As there are many things to learn in a zoo, so visiting zoo should be included in the school programme as study tour. Boys and girls can enjoy it more with their classmates.

Recreation for Mental Development 23 Scenery of a Zoo Boys and girls come to see a zoo by hiring a bus from a long distance. To remove boredom and monotony they come to see the animals of the zoo and it brings a change in their mind. Museum The main museum of Bangladesh is in Dhaka. But there are some small local museums in some district towns. In the museum rare, valuable antiques are kept. It is a place where works of arts and crafts, educational and historical things are kept for the exhibition of the common people. A museum is a resourceful institution for learners to acquire knowledge and for researchers to get valuable and authentic information. Pictures of ancient kings and queens, statues, arms and ammunition, furniture used by ancient people, dress, domestic utensils are preserved in the museum. The children can form an idea about the ancient people. They can learn about their way of living, the structure of their bodies etc. and can make comparison between past and present. It gives them pleasure and helps them to increase their thinking power. Children learn about the arms and ammunition used in the liberation war of Bangladesh and other wars and become excited. They have already read these in their text books. When they find similarity between the theoreti cal and practical knowledge, the experience is imprinted in their minds permanently. They feel interested to know more and more. Besides general museums, there are other museums such as science museum, art museum and historical museum.

24 Home Economics Science museum Scientific apparatus and discoveries are displayed here. The picture of landing on the moon, the history of rocket and invention of computer are presented in an interesting and attractive way. Boys and girls can enrich their store of knowledge. Art museum Rare painting collections of the prominent artists are displayed here. In the museum of Jainal Abedin, paintings of water colour and oil, statues made of earth and other metals have been kept nicely. Seeing all these children get inspiration to draw pictures. They can form idea about different types of pictures. They also get pleasure. Historical museum The history of the past and various events are shown through various artistic things. The lives and activities of rulers who ruled our country in different ages are shown through art and literature. Many documents of ancient Bengal are kept in the museum. We can learn the life style of the ancient people. It also helps in the mental development of the children. Picnic Picnic is a recreational arrangement for going to a nice place, eating together and making fun to get rid of monotonous life. Picnic is a yearly co-curricular activity of the students. It is very difficult for the parents to go a long distance with their little children. School teachers can arrange a picnic for them. While going to a picnic some responsibilities are given to the boys and girls such as collecting subscription, keeping accounts, hiring vehicles etc. By this they develop leadership qualities. Their efficiency increases when they prepare foods, distributes, and keep things neat and clean. Besides eating and drinking, they arrange different cultural programmes. Lottery and other competitive games are arranged. It improves their mental faculties. They can remove their physical tiredness and mental boredom. They are refreshed after watching natural beauty. They regain strength and get inspiration for study again. They get an opportunity to express their views to others. Human and social qualities such as co-operation, sympathy, patience, truthfulness develop in them. It helps to develop their creativity. Guardians and teachers should apply coordinated efforts to arrange this kind of short time recreation for the mental development of the children.

Recreation for Mental Development 23 Long time recreation Long time recreation is to go to a distant beautiful place and to spend some days there to refresh body and mind. Children can visit historical places, sea beach, spend days in the native village to shake off monotony of daily life. Some educational institutions arrange this type of excursion. It is generally good for the students of S.S.C and above classes. Long excursion with primary level students may be difficult. But students of upper classes enjoy a lot. If it is not possible to arrange this kind of recreation in group, parents can personally take their children to historically important places or other beautiful tourist spots. This kind of arrangement has direct influence on the physical and mental development of the children. For long time recreation there is some preparation. If arrangement is made from school, some important aspects are to be taken in to consideration 1. To communicate with he personnel of the places or institutions and to arrange

everything properly so that the aim of the visit can be meaningful. 2. To make budget for every head such as bus fair, accommodation, meal and

other expenditure. 3. To collect subscriptions from the students. 4. To make a plan how to perform all activities there. 5. To make arrangement to meet accident such as keeping first aid box. 6. To distribute the responsibilities among the students. Management system for long time recreation is described below. Visit to historical places Bangladesh is an ancient country. It has a long history. Many nations have come to rule this country in different ages. Many places such as buildings, statues, writings engraved on walls or stones, ponds are known as historical places. These are taught through the text books of history, social science and Bangla in different classes. While reading, they feel interested to see all these things. Learners get pleasure when they are acquainted with these things. Archaeological evidences of Lalmai and Mainamati at Comilla, Monastery of Paharpur at Rajshahi, Mohasthangar, Dargah of Shahjalal at Sylhet, the historical evidences of Buddah and Mog king of Chittagong, Mymensing Modhupur gar etc are the historical places outside of Dhaka. Lalbag Fort, Bara Katra, Chota Katra, Sonargaon, Pari Bibi's Mazar, Hossini Dalan etc are the historical places of Dhaka. On holidays a short visit to these places may meet the curiosities of school children to know and learn. They can increase their knowledge by collecting historical Home Economics, Class-Eight-Forma-4

Recreation for Mental Development 27 information. They can enjoy the verities of life by moving from one place to another. Even with the change of weather, body and mind regains its lost strength. Visiting many places they get opportunity to mix with various persons in the society. It helps them to vercome narrowness of mind. Direct acquaintance with life and society they can broaden their mind. Besides, historical evidence helps them improve their thinking power. Being free from monotony of life, they enjoy pleasure forgetting all pains. Their sense of responsibility also increases doing different activities such as planning the programme, selecting the place, organizing the team etc. Their leadership qualities also improve. They learn to live disciplined life and to obey social rules and customs. All these things are helpful for the development of their mind.

Natural scenery of a village Native Village A child can form an image of his native village from the words of his family members even without seeing it. In the childhood, boys and girls read many stories, poems, essays relating villages. They develop love and affection for villages if they are sent to their villages in the vacation for recreation. It will help them to grow patriotism. They will learn to love the people of the country. They will help them in the time of crisis. In future they will work for the welfare of the people.

Recreation for Mental Development 27 Children will be attracted to the natural beauty of their own village. Their joy knows no bound when they listen to the singing of the birds, enjoy moonlit night, which they have read in the story or poetry books. It appeals to their poetic mind when they see the river and canals flowing beside the village. From there they get the theme of writing poems and drawing pictures. It inspires their creative faculty They also get the practical knowledge of catching fish in the rivers and ponds. Besides, the harvesting of crops, the sowing and reaping of paddy and preservation system give children a lot of information about the life style of the villagers. Being away from the busy urban life, when the children find themselves in bounties of nature, they get mental strength. The children, who have never seen their native village, can not identify themselves with it and have not enjoyed the beauty of native villages, can not develop generous attitude towards the villagers. They feel ashamed of uttering the name of their villages. This type of mentality should be changed in the early boyhood. Sea beach Cox's Bazar sea beach is one of the renowned tourist spots in Bangladesh. People can go there for long time recreation. If somebody spends two or three days there, he/she can move around the sea beach and enjoy the beauty of nature. On the shore, the sights of ebb and flow, the sunset and sun rise create wonderful feelings. Children get excited when they see people bathing in the sea. People go for a walk on the sea shore in the evening. There they can gather various experiences by being introduced and gossiping with others. Small children imitate others and acquire social and moral qualities. This type of environment refreshes body and mind. Going to sea beach in a group provides children with the opportunity to understand each other. They can learn the qualities of living together. At night the scene of lighted moving ships and boats is very charming. These kinds of enjoyment remove the tiredness of mind and make children forget their daily roblems. They also get pleasure in collecting various kinds of shells. They go back to their houses with these shells. This also helps them develop the of collection. But children must always be careful while moving in the beach or bathing in the sea. The sea wave may cause accident any time.

28 Home Economics

Sea beach Travelling of different places to enjoy natural beauty Bangladesh is a land of natural beauty. We enjoy different views of nature in different seasons. We can not enjoy it by reading books and watching television in the room. When people become tired and bored working for days together, they want to spend time in a beautiful place to remove the monotony of life. Travelling is one of the sources of kind of pleasure. This universe is a wonderful creation. All the natural beauties, various animals in different places of the world are the creation of Allah. We can not enjoy the beauties and bounties of nature without travelling different parts of the world. There are many places in Bangladesh where we can enjoy the beauty of nature. The beauty of the hills of Sylhet, Chittagong, Comilla is very charming. The forests of Jaydebpur, Madhupur, Sundarbans, and Chittagong have endless beauty. Visiting these places with family members one can get opportunity to gather practical knowledge. People carry the memory of these places for long. Travelling various places people can be free of mental narrowness. They can find endless pleasure in their lives and ociety. They can make a bridge between imagination and reality. Many people get inspiration to write poems, stories, and to draw pictures

Recreation for Mental Development 29

This sort of travelling has direct influence in acquiring knowledge. This visit make people familiar with life styles of different kinds of people. After being acquainted and exchanging views with them, they can develop a relation of love and friendship and get heavenly pleasure. This kind of environment influences the mental and social development of the children. There are different types of communication system for travelling such as rail path, road, river path, sea route and air. Travelling through different transports gives different and unique experience. No worldly achievement can provide more pleasure than this. For this reason travelling is an important aspect of recreation.

Exercises

Multiple Choice Questions: 1. To get free from fatigue it is necessary:

a. To gossip b. To play c. To take rest d. To work

2. Children easily can know the names of various birds and animals from: a. Park b. Museum c. Village d. Zoo

3. For mental development short term recreation is: I. Reading books, watching movies, gossiping. II. Passing time in a park, visiting a zoo, pleasure trip to a picnic. III. Visiting a historical place, sea beach.

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

30 Home Economics Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 4, 5 and 6 : Suman, a student of class VIII, went to see the sea beach of Cox’s Bazar in their school study tour. They got acquainted with many new people there. They were delighted by taking bath in the sea. 4. Suman and others went to visit the sea beach

I. To get out of the monotony of daily life. II. For mental satisfaction. III. For recreation.

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

5. In the study tour Suman achieved: I. The qualities to be adopted in a new environment with new people II. Social and moral qualities III. Had the experience of sightseeing of sun rise and sun set

Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

6. How many days are suitable for Suman’s study tour: a. 1 b. 3 c. 7 d. 15

Recreation for Mental Development 31

Creative Questions: 1. Avi is the only child of his parents. He never went to village. He has no idea about village. He does not have any friend. He rarely visits any place with his parents. He has a great pressure of his studies. He passes the day alone after coming back from his school. His only business is to watch television, to prepare his lessons for school and to have fun with computer game. At present he has become so quiet. Now a days he is not so attentive to his studies. His parents are now greatly anxious for him. a. How many types of recreations are there? b. Why recreation is necessary in anyone’s life? c. Explain the causes of the change that has recently occurred in Avi’s mind. d. Analyze the consequences of Avi’s lack of experience in visiting a village. 2. Shimu is a student of class two (II). Her mental development is very good. Shimu’s language- proficiency is better than that of the neighboring children of her age. She can easily adjust herself in any circumstance. Their school often takes them to visit parks, zoo and museums for recreation. a. How many kinds of recreation are there for mental development? b. Explain the reasons behind the better language proficiency of Shimu. c. Why and what kind of knowledge does Shimu acquire at the zoo? d. “The school has prepared Shimu to be adapted to any kind of circumstance”- Evaluate this statement.

Chapter - IV Principles of buying Household Equipments

The things which are used as mediums or means of completing works are known as equipments. The utensils, equipments, apparatus, which are used for performing daily activities are called household equipments. For comfortable living, every family needs sufficient and useful commodities. Suitable tools and instruments help women to perform various activities as well as grow more interest of women the housewife towards the work. But for selecting and purchasing these equipments, one is to be careful and cautious. One may waste his/her money if he/she does not have the knowledge of the product, price, sustainability of the thing and use of an instrument. So, one should have the knowledge of principles of buying household commodities. Otherwise he/she should seek advice from or take an experience person with him for going to purchase. Before buying, one is to be acquainted with various household commodities. A list of those tools and instruments is given below. According to the use, the equipments can be divided in some groups such as: 1. Utensils of the kitchen 2. Equipment of the dining room 3. Equipments for washing purpose 4. Equipments for laundry 5. Equipments for sewing purpose 6. Equipments for gardening 7. Other equipments for various works. 1. Kitchen utensils Kitchen utensils can be grouped in to three (a) Utensils used for cooking purpose - Saucepan, fry-pan, toaster, pressure cooker, kettle etc. H. Economics-5 Principles of buying Household Equipment 37 (b) Oven utensils - Cake-pan, fry-pan, biscuits and cookie baking sheets, roast-pan etc. (c) Equipments for measuring - Measuring cups, measuring spoons, can-openers, cutting board, egg-beater, dha, bati, khunti, blender etc.

Principles of Biying Household Equipment 33 2. Utensils for the dining room: Equipments which are used for food storage and serving are freeze, trolley, plate, glass, spoon, bowl, jug, knife, tea utensils etc. 3. Equipments for washing and cleaning: Duster, brush, broom, dust-cloth, busket, bucket, brush for cleaning bottle etc. 4. Equipments for laundry: (a) Automatic- washing machine, water heater etc. (b) Non-automatic- Bucket, mug, wooden pieces etc. (c) For drying-rope, clip, wire, hanger etc. (d) For ironing- electrical or non-electrical iron, board and water bottle etc. 5. Sewing equipments: Sewing machine, needle, thread, measuring tap, scissors, pin, chalk and paper for drafting. 6. Equipments for gardening: Spade, shabal, weed-cutter, watering can, water-pot, water pipe, mug, plain bucket, branch-cutter, grass-cutter etc. 7. Other essential equipments : Axe, hammer, saw, screw driver, toaster, first-aid box etc. Principles of buying equipment and utensils: Some points are to be considered for buying household commodities and utensils. If the buyer does not have an idea of it, he faces many problems in selecting the particular thing. Some times choosing and selecting an article become difficult for the financial constraint. In this case, an intelligent buyer selects the most necessary article and drops unnecessary articles from the list to meet the need of the time. Therefore some points which are to be considered to purchase things have been discussed below: A. To know about the essential goods For household activities, many things are required. Most of the families can not afford to buy all these things at a time. So articles are bought according to the need. Necessity determines which articles are to be given the most priority at the time of purchase and which are not. This system is known as need based buying. The members should discuss to decide what to buy to meet the need at present situation. For an example it is more important to buy a reading table for children or a bed for sleeping than a table for ironing, because the job of ironing can be performed on the Forma Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-5

34 Home Economics bed or on the dining table. So we must think that the article which is needed the most should be purchased first. In the same way the goods that satisfy our hunger should be given preference over luxurious goods. Our demands should be adjusted with the budget. We should consider our income to make a list of necessary things to be purchased. B. Planning to buy Without planning we can not make life successful. Similarly it is not wise to buy household articles without planning. Planning for purchase means to consider whether the article meets our need, whether our income permits to buy it and whether it is up to the standard of the family. First of all we must make a list of necessary things so that any essential item may not be dropped. We have to consider how much the thing is required and how much it serves the need. At the time of buying a cooker or chulla we must consider the size of the family. Single family needs one-burner gas chulla but a joint family or a big family needs three or four-burner gas chulla at a time. On the other hand a family in a village needs katcha chulla more than electric or gas chulla. Wood is used for katcha chulla. It is cheaper than other fuels and also available in the villages. The food cooked in an earthen chulla is tasty and the cooking process can be finished within a short time. The size and shape of the equipments should be in accordance with the size of he family. Big sized equipments or utensils are needed for the big family. These utensils must be strong and long lasting so that these are not easily damaged at frequent use. Again before purchasing we must consider whether the article serves the purpose of the members. Chairs and table for the children should not be the height of the elders. These should be according to their height. Only then the children will feel comfort for sitting on and studying. The quality of the good should be befitting to the status of the family. The standard depends upon the socio economic condition. People from middle class, upper class and lower class have to select kitchen utensils made of wood, aluminium, glass, stainless steel according to their level and ability. They must think about their financial limitation. The aim of purchase planning should be to buy all goods according to the financial and social status of the family. Only then it will be possible to keep the purchase within the budget. The Planning of buying goods should be made to meet the future need of the family.

Principles of Biying Household Equipment 35 Pre-planning is important before purchase. No equipment or utensil is bought to meet the need of one day. Whatever may be the thing, it should meet the future need. One should not buy things by imitating others or by the temporary beauty of the good. But one can buy luxurious goods to beautify house, to fulfil desire or to feel comfort if one can afford it. One should not hurry in buying. Sufficient time should be kept for shopping. It should be planned when one will get time, which time of the month or year is suitable for a good to be purchased. If all these aspects are considered, one can buy good things in the market. C. Judging qualities One should judge the quality of a good before purchase whether it is small or big. A thing of good quality serves the aim and purpose. It can be used at ease. It will be cost effective also. To judge the quality of a thing, some factors are to be considered- such as the main elements of the good, manufacturing, structural design, finishing process etc. The aspects that are to be considered to judge a thing are described below: 1. Select the goods which save time and energy Excessive heavy and big sized articles are not always suitable. Light, easily moveable articles are good for work. Many equipments of modern design are available in the market. Those who work outside and want to save time and energy can buy pressure cooker, electric iron, blender etc. These things not only save time and energy but also ensure volume and standard of work. 2. Quality and prices of goods are relative Price determines the quality and services of the goods. Some times cheap goods made of raw materials of our country are more qualitative and standard than foreign glittering goods. Again it is wise to buy quality goods with a little high price than cheap goods of low quality. 3. Which metal or materials used for the equipment Different metals or materials are used to prepare equipment according to the need and purpose of the work. Whatever may be the metal used for the equipment, it should be suitable for use, care and preservation. Mugs, buckets and pots made of plastic are safer and more useful than those made of iron because plastic goods are light and easy to handle. Kitchen utensils should be of aluminium, non-stick fry-pan for frying. For the middle class people, iron frying pans may be used instead of non-stick frying

36 Home Economics pans. For all time use, glass wares are not proper as they can be easily broken. Instead of glass ware, one can use utensils of melamine, stainless steel, aluminium ware etc. Yet some articles such as glass, plate, tea cup and plates, flower vase are more acceptable if they are made of glass. Glass wares need more care. 4. Sustainability and durability Sustainability and durability of a thing depends upon the characteristics of the metal with which is made of and the process of its making. Longevity of equipment depends on caring and storage system. Structure depends upon the joints of the utensils. It should be checked whether the joints are properly done. Screws fixed on the joints of kitchen utensils are to be checked. The handles are to be properly set with the pans. Sometimes wooden articles are fixed with gum. If the gum is of below quality, the parts are not fixed properly. Even with a slight heat, the joints may get loose. The handle of the frying pans should be of wood or good quality plastic because the handle of tin or iron becomes hot rapidly. So it can not be used easily. 5. Useable for double purposes Some articles serve more than one purposes. One should have more interest to buy those articles. Due to insufficient space or financial limitation, one can use dining table for reading. Thus the table serves double purposes. 6.Examining seal and label Many of the goods have labels or seals on them. The label tells about the methods of preparation, use, care, preservation, guarantee of the equipment. From this label, durability and quality of a good can be assumed. For this reason these label and seals are to be checked. 7. Security and maintenance facility While purchasing one should verify the quality and effectiveness of household equipment. There is a system of quality control of a good before marketing. Goods should be supplied to market according to the standard. Only then the buyer will get chance to verify it and feel secured to buy. Whatever may be the article purchased, it should have the facility to take care and store easily so that its durability and utility may be increased. D. Knowledge about the market value or price While purchasing it is seen that the price of a good is different in two shops side by side. If they are made of different metals, it can be acceptable but if they are of same brand, made of same metals, then one should compare the prices in different shop and

Principles of Biying Household Equipment 37 should go for purchase. In this way the buyer can have some idea about the good and its utility. Goods are sold in a reduction price one or more times a year. Again at the time of changing shop, the sellers sell their goods at reduction rate, one can take this chance and can buy essential things for the house. On established and decorated shops goods are sold comparatively at a high rate. They have to pay excess money for shop fare, decoration, salaries for salesmen etc. These expenses are met by increasing the rate of price. Goods of same quality can be bought from small shop at a less rate. But before purchase goods are to be checked properly. Country made goods differ in price compared to foreign goods. Comparatively the foreign goods are of high price. If the country made goods are not of below quality they should be bought. The parts of the equipment are available and it can be easily repaired if necessary. So if one has the idea of market price, he will not be befooled by the shopkeepers. E. The relation between salesman and customer Purchasing at a reasonable rate depends upon the cooperation between buyers and sellers. Both sellers and buyers should not treat each other as competitors. If there is a good understanding between them, the salesmen will provide the customers with opportunity to select his required item. At this the customers are benefited and the sellers are not losers. If they give time to each other, they can establish good understanding. Both sellers and customers should behave properly. Then sellers will give accurate information about the goods. And they will ask for reasonable price. If the buyer can understand that the seller has demanded high price, he should try to convince him. He can tell him about the cheap rate of other shops in a polite manner, and then he may buy it at a low price. If the salesman is shown good behaviour, he will help to collect the necessary item of the customer in his own initiative. Sometimes the salesman behaves rudely at the rough behaviour of the customer. There are some buyers who have no desire to buy, but harass the seller by asking them to show various articles. The sellers have long experience and they perceive the mentality of the buyers and in return they also behave in an improper way. So both sides should show patience. If the customer behaves nicely with the salesman, he may get the best thing in the shop. After coming back to house, if he does not like the item he may return it. The sellers also try to attract the customers with their good behaviour. The buyers also should be diplomatic as the sellers. One should never buy unnecessary and undesired things being persuaded by the tactful words of the sellers.

38 Home Economics

If there is good understanding between sellers and buyers, unpleasant situation never arises.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. According to the necessity furniture used in a house can be divided into

how many parts? a. 4 b. 5 c. 6 d. 7

2. We can get an idea of the durability or the qualities of the household accessories: a. By looking at b. By taking weight c. By examining the labels d. By touching

3. For cooking purpose Farida purchased non-stick fry-pan: I. To show aristocracy II. Because it is useful for frying III. Because she can afford to buy it Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Read the following Paragraph and answer questions no. 4, 5 & 6 : Mr. Mazid checks the qualities of the goods in different shops and examines the labels of the goods while purchasing anything. As a result he can purchase anything necessary with cheap price. He feels comfortable to use local products.

Principles of Biying Household Equipment 37

4. What are things does Mr. Mazid consider to examine the qualities of

goods? I. Raw materials, way of making II. Brightness and colour III. Price and ability Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

5. Mr. Mazid likes to buy local products - reasons behind: I. Easily available II. Durable III. Reasonable price Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

6. The label should be examined, because the label shows: I. The product is made of which metal II. Guaranteed time III. How to take care of the product Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Mitu is very expert in buying housekeeping materials. She purchases the

house keeping goods after being sure of the qualitative standards of those. She is never cheated by price and she behaves well with the shopkeepers.

40 Home Economics

a. What is meant by housekeeping materials/goods? b. What does it mean by well behavior with a shopkeeper? – Explain it. c. Explain Mitu’s principles of buying. d. Why it is important to get ensured of the quality of the housekeeping materials/goods while purchasing those - explain.

Chapter - V

Collection of crop-seeds and storage

The most important element of crops production is seed. It is the source of growing plants. For the best growth of crops, we should select the best quality seed. So for the best production of crops in the kitchen garden, we need seeds of good quality. Production can be increased by following scientific methods in selecting seeds, preparing land and caring plants. It will help to meet family need, at the same time national nutrition problem will be solved. Besides, one can produce seeds for his own garden and surplus seeds and seedlings can be sold in the market for extra income.

The following things should be considered for the production in the kitchen garden. 1. To select a place for seed-bed, which is high and which gets more light and air. 2. To weed the seedlings. 3 There must have natural fertilizer in the land. If necessary, chemical fertilizer can be used. 4. To spray insecticides to prevent diseases and the insects. Selection of plants for seeds The plants from which we collect seeds are called mother plant or ideal plant. Mother plants have some characteristics, such as- 1. Mother plant must be healthy, strong and lively. 2. It should be middle-aged. 3. It should be spreading one with nice branches. 4. It should be free from disease and insects.

We must weed out the improper plant or plants of different nature. For example for radish seeds we should wipe out the small and deformed radishes and keep the big sized and well grown radishes. In case of fruit vegetables such as brinjal, tomato, the bottle gourd etc, we should select fruits which are free from diseases, insects, which are well grown and well ripen. Seeds should not be collected from last fruits of the seasons. From last fruits we do not get good and healthy seeds. We get more healthy seeds from insect- free and ripe fruits. Forma Economics.Class-Eight-Forma-6

42 Home Economics Collection of seeds The collection system of vegetable seeds differs from vegetable to vegetable. Seeds are generally collected from well ripened fruits. For an example for tomato seeds, big well grown and well ripened tomatoes are selected. Then the selected tomatoes are plucked very carefully so that leaf-stalks are not detached from the fruit. Then with a sharp knife we should cut the fruit diagonally in the middle. Then with a spoon we can collect the seeds with juice and can spread it in a stainless steel plate and keep it in a cool place for 24-36 hours. Then after washing with water two or three times it should be dried in the sun. In case of brinjal, we can separate seeds by hitting the ripe brinjal slightly. Besides, after cutting, the pulp can be kept 24- 36 hours in water. Then the seeds are easily separated from the fleshy parts. Dried beans, kidney beans should be taken from the plants and then seeds can be collected and dried in the sun. Seeds should be collected from lady's finger when it is ripe. In the case of cauliflower, cabbage, and radish when the legumes are 70% - 75% matured, and then we have to collect those legumes for seeds. The plants with legumes should be dried in the sun with the legumes for 3/4 days then seeds are to be separated by hitting the legumes. Vegetables like pumpkin, bottle-gourd, and bitter gourd seeds can be easily collected by hand from their fleshy part. At the time of separating, washing, drying and collecting seeds, we should be careful so that the seeds are not damaged in any way. Preservation of seeds Storage of collected seeds till they are sown is called preservation of seeds. After collecting seeds, they have to be cleaned for preservation. Vegetable seeds should be well dried before preservation, so that the moisture of the seeds should remain 6 - 9 percent. The drying temperature of the seeds should not exeed 37o / 38o C. Seeds are damaged due to excessive heat and moisture and they lose their sprouting power. For preservation of seeds one should not use such containers that give easy access of the moisture, such as jute bags, cotton bags etc. If these are used the level of moisture increases and the seeds are damaged within a few days. For this sealed tins, bottles, vessel or polythene bags can be used for the preservation of the seeds. Due to the excessive moisture in the air, if it is not possible to dry the seeds in

Collection of crop-seeds and storage 43 humidity at (6% - 9%), then chemical preservation system should be followed. In that case we can use chemicals like silica gel, calcium chloride or calcium sulphate by mixing them by 2 : 1 (seed :chemical)ratio and then we can preserve them in air tight pot (tin pot or glass pot). If chemical matters are not available we can mix charcoal or dry ash with seeds in equal proportion. In time of preservation the name of the seeds, place of preservations and date should be labelled on the pot.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions:

1. Most essential ingredient to produce corn (crop) is:

a. Water b. Fertilizer

c. Place d. Seed

2. What is the suitable temperature to dry the seeds in celsius scale?

a. 27°/28° b. 37°/38°

c. 47°/48° d. 57°/58°

3. The characteristics of a model seedling are :

I. Healthy and luxuriant

II. Having beautiful branches and being middle-aged

III. Free from disease and insect attack

Which of the following is correct?

a. I & II b. II & III

c. I & III d. I, II & III

4. What is the percentage of humidity in case of preservation of vegetable seeds?

a. 5 – 7 b. 5 – 9

c. 6 – 8 d. 6 – 9

44 Home Economics

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 5, 6 and 7 : Amin cut a ripen pumpkin. Then he washed away the collected seeds of it in water. Due to rain he was unable to dry the seeds in sunlight. So, he dried the seeds in the oven and after that he preserved the seeds in a bag made of cloth. Then when the seeds were sown no seedling was seen. 5. The causes of non-germination of Amin’s seeds are: I. Washing away the seeds in water II. Drying out seeds in the oven III. Preserving the seeds in the cloth-bag

Which of the following is correct?

a. I b. I & II

c. II & III d. I, II & III

6. For preservation of seeds, Amin will get more benefit by using which of the

following containers:

a. Gunny bag b. Cloth bag

c. Paper bag d. Polythene bag

7. To get rid of the above-mentioned problem what should Amin do:

I. To wait until the rain ceases

II. To dry seeds in the sun

III. To preserve the seeds after drying them in the air.

Which of the following is correct:

a. I b. I & II

c. II & III d. I, II & III

Collection of crop-seeds and storage 43 Creative Questions:

1. Asad is an ideal farmer. Tomato has grown abundantly in his land. The other farmers want to know from him about the production of tomato. Asad says, in every year, he collects the best fruits and seeds from his land. He preserves the collected seeds in a proper manner after drying those in the sun.

a. What is the befitting temperature for drying the seeds?

b. Describe the use of seeds.

c. Asad chose the tree for collecting seeds considering which characteristics?

Why?

d. Evaluate the importance of proper preservation of seeds.

Chapter - VI

Production of vegetable Sapling For successful vegetable production we should have the knowledge of advanced methods and technique of sapling production. Good vegetable production is not possible unless proper aged sapling is planted in proper time. Sapling production is an important stage for vegetable cultivation. At the time of sapling production and plantation, they remain in a very sensitive condition. So we must know detail information about sapling production and transplantation. Very often production is hampered if we do not follow the process with care and skill. Examining the seed Before sowing, seeds of vegetables should be examined properly. For getting high and quality production, good and faultless seeds are required. The quality of seeds depends on the germination power of it. So we must know the rate of germination before sowing in the seed-beds. Then it will be easier to measure the amount of seed and the number of saplings. To assess the rate of germination, we have to take a patry dish, a blotting paper of the size of patry dish. The blotting paper should be wetted with pure water in such a way that it does not contain excess water. Then minimum selected pure seeds should be kept on the patry dish in a way so that the seeds do not over lap each other. Then patry dish should be covered and kept under a shade. For ventilation of air the cover should be removed time to time. If the blotting paper dries, it should be wetted with a little drop of water from a corner. A plate can be used instead of a patry dish. Preparation of seed-bed and sowing: For fresh and healthy sapling production, we should prepare the seed bed properly. For the selection of place for seed bed we should consider some special points. 1. Seed-bed should be close to home. 2. The place for seed bed should be sunny and airy. Seed-bed should not be under a tree or in the shadow. 3. Seed-bed should not be prepared in a damp moist place. It should be in a high place from where rain water can be easily drained out. 4. For necessary irrigation facility, seed bed should be near by the pond or any water source.

Production of vegetable Sapling 47 Preparing seed-bed: An ideal seed bed is generally 3 metre in length and 1 metre in width. We can increase the length but we should not increase width. If the width is more than 1 metre, then nurturing of inter-saplings cannot be done properly. The height of an ideal seed-bed should be of 15 cm to 21 cm. Preparation of seed bed This height can be made through three supplementary layers. There should be space of 50 cm between two beds. The height of the bed should be increased with the soil taken from the place. The two sides of the bed should be sloppy than the middle so that the rain water can be drained out. If the land is fertile, there is no need to put chemical fertilizers. If the land is less fertile, 1 kg of triple-super-phosphate should be mixed before one week of the seed sowing. During rainy season a structure of bamboo can be constructed over the bed and then the structure should be covered with polythene so that the saplings are not damaged. Sowing of seed The seeds on the seed-bed are usually sown by spreading. Again seeds can be sown in rows. If we sow the seeds by spreading, we have to make the soil of the seed-bed plain and after spreading seeds, we have to put more soil over the bed and have to press the soil by palm. To sow in rows we have to make thin lines and depth of half centimetre by a stick or a weeder on the seed-bed. Each row will have a distance of

48 Home Economics 5 cm. And then at a definite distance or in a close distance we can sow the seeds and cover them with soils. Then the land should be wetted by water sprayer. Until the sprouting of the seeds, the seedbed should be watered regularly. The seeds are contaminated by micro organism. So the seeds should be sterilized before sowing. Per 2.5 gm seeds should be sterilized by 1 gm of fungus killer sterilizer called vita vex or captan. Water can not pass through seed-skins of some seeds. These seeds should be wetted before sowing to make the seed-skin soft. So the fetus can easily come out of the seed. If the seeds are wetted more than required time, they may get damaged. Sapling production : For growing winter vegetables preparation for sapling production should be started from August. It rains heavily from August to October. Sometimes for over raining sapling can not grow well. After sowing seeds or for tender saplings, over rain is very harmful. Many young plants can not tolerate hard sunshine. Shade or cover saves young plants from excess rain or sun. We can make the shade by polythene sheet or bamboo fences etc. Transplantation of saplings in the second bed Generally seeds are sown in a congested manner in the seed bed. When they sprout, they need food and light. As they are congested, they cannot grow well. For this, the saplings are transferred to second bed. After transplantation, the roots of cauliflowers, cabbage, tomato, brokli grow stronger. In the seedbed, saplings grow under much care and nursing. For this, after plantation, if they can not adapt with new environment, they may be damaged or their growth may be hampered. After plantation, problems like short of water, unsuitable temperature may arise. So gradually saplings should be prepared so that they Production of Vegetable Sapling 53 can bear the adverse situation. In any way if the growth of sapling can be stopped for the time being, its tolerance of tolerating hardship increases. This system is called hardening. Hardening of saplings can be done in the following ways. 1. The shade or the cover over the saplings should be removed and the saplings

should be kept under light sunshine. 2. Water supply should be reduced. 3. Roots of saplings should be partly cut off partly.

Production of vegetable Sapling 49 Disease of sapling (young plant) and its prevention Disease caused by fungus can be prevented by two ways. These are preventive measure and curative measures. It is a common disease of young plants that their roots are rotten by the attack of fungus. After germination within one or two months the roots of many saplings become rotten. The disease is called 'Damping off'. Fungus in the earth is the source of this disease. If the soil of the seed-bed remains damp and air circulation is hampered, there is a chance of spreading this disease. In preventive measures the seeds are to be sterilized and the soil is to be treated. Before sowing the seeds fungus destroying medicine such as mercuric-chloride, captan, thyram, diethen m-45 etc. can be applied to the soil of the seed-bed. Sometimes saplings in the seed-bed are attacked by insects. The insects damage the top of the young plants and then tender leaves. The leaves should be plucked or the plant should be uprooted and dug into the soil. If the degree of attack is much more, the insect killer medicine must be applied at the right time.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. In which season more time is required for growing seeds:

a. Summer b. Rainy Season c. Spring d. Winter

2. The height of a model seed-bed should be : a. 15 cm – 21 cm b. 15 cm – 20 cm c. 26 cm – 21 cm d. 16 cm – 20 cm

3. Hardening is: I. Taking away the cover to keep in low sunlight II. Lessen the amount of irrigation III. Cutting out the root partially Which of the following is correct?

a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-7

50 Home Economics 4. Manure should be used how many weeks before the sowing of the seeds:

a. One b. Two c. Three d. Four

5. The length and breadth of a model seed-bed generally is: a. 9m - 4m b. 7m - 3m c. 5m - 2m d. 3m - 1m

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 6 & 7: Rahima produces vegetables in all the seasons; but she takes special kind of method to produce seedlings in the rainy seasons. 6. To grow saplings in the rainy season Rahima covers the seed-bed:

a. With polythene shed b. With Platform c. With Tin d. With Net

7. What kinds of vegetables Rahima grow in the winter? a. Cabbage, cauliflower, tomato b. Vegetables like ‘Palong’, ‘potol’, ‘jhinga’ c. Radish, green peas, carrot Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Khokon grows vegetable-seedlings and he sells those in the market. He is

famous in the market for his seedlings. He grows seedlings all the year round. He purifies the seeds before sowing. As a result misuse of seeds becomes low. a. From which month is to grow the seedlings of the winter vegetables? b. How does Khokon grow seedlings in the Rainy season? – Describe. c. What are the things that Khokon gives emphasis on to select a place for the seed-bed? d. Analyze Khokon’s mode of purification of the seeds.

2. Arif grows vegetables. After germination he does the hardening process of the seedlings. In spite of that, Arif faces extensive loss in the growing of

Production of vegetable Sapling 49 vegetables on account of the attack by worms and insects and diseases.

a. What do you know by “hardening”? b. Why tolerance for painstaking of seedlings should be increaseddescribe? c. Mention the method for hardening of Arif’s seedlings. d. Evaluate the importance of protection given to the vegetables against the attack by worms and insects and diseases.

3. Arif prepares a proper seed-bed keeping standard length and breadth of the seed-bed and grows cauliflower seedlings to sell. Before sowing of seeds in the seed-bed, he purifies the seed and soil. As he completes the ‘hardening stage’ before selling the grown up seedlings he gets satisfactory price. a. What is the height of an ideal seed-bed? b. Why the measure of the length and breadth of an ideal seed-bed should be correct (precise)? c. How Arif does ‘hardening’ of the cauliflower seedlings? Explain. d. Evaluate the importance of purifying the soil of seed-bed .

Part - II

Family and Child Chapter - I

Learning about Family life and Adjustment with other Families

A family is an institution where we live together with our parents, brothers and sisters, grandfather and grandmother, uncle and aunt. A family is formed and family life starts with marriage. At first a family remains small and with the birth of children, it extends. Again, when the sons and daughters start their own family life, it contracts. A family life advances in stages and ends with death.

There are different activities in every step of family life, which family members perform. Every member of a family can take part in different activities if there is proper management in the family. Though the members of the family are separate individuals with their thought, interest and ability, they have a common goal. To form an ideal family is the target and goal of the members as a whole. For this reason there should be mutual love and affection among the members. When members share joys and sorrows of other members, everybody can enjoy peaceful life. This is the symbol of healthy family life. A family becomes happy and prosperous with the establishment of sons and daughters.

The members of a family can understand each other through different activities and thus socialisation takes place among them. In this way the social periphery expands. Every member has a role in performing family activities successfully. By performing particular duty, a member brings prosperity to the family.

A family is a centre for learning. The elementary education of children starts in a family. The children receive moral, religious and formal education at the guidance of the parents. To understand each other, to learn moral lesson and above all to wish the welfare of the family, children gain knowledge from the family. An educated family is conscious about solving family problems. There are many kinds of families in Bangladesh. Though characteristics and activities of each family are almost same, they differ in practicing custom and culture. Their life styles are also different. It is easy for one to adjust with other

Family and Child 53

families if he has the knowledge of this family life. If the children can know about themselves, they will be able to know others also. They will be respectful to the tradition of other families and will develop a kind of cooperation. They will express sympathy towards others, develop friendship, avoid competitive mentality and earn other human qualities.

Customs and manners of different families:

There are different kinds of families based on structure, number, location, exercise of power, right to lodging and matrimonial relation, such as nuclear family, joint family, extended family, patriarchal and matriarchal family, monogamous and polygamous family. Besides there are upper class, middle class, lower class families. Difference in customs, manners and values is seen in every family.

Physical activities are the most important among other fundamental activities in a family. Besides, a family plays a vital role in finding out the ways and means of earning, observing religious functions, providing secured environment and education for the children, and establishing social status for them. The first responsibility of a family is to socialise the children and the second one is to save its culture and tradition. Families differ in various cultural backgrounds. The role played by primitive society is not found in modern society. The role of a family changes with the change of time and place. Activities of a family are changing with the changing society. Though a family is considered a fundamental institution in every stage of human society and in every age, its manners and customs are not same. In town area, rich, poor and middle class family live separately. Social custom, institution, tradition, belief, outlook life style are different in different families. All types of families -rich or poor-live in the same area. There is a difference between the culture of town life and village life.

There are differences of not only of profession and population but also life style between village and town. Those who live in town develop taste, scientific outlook, values free from superstition. But differences of manner, attitude, outlook and values are found in village people. With the increasing urbanisation, development of communication and transportation, the gap between towns and villages is decreasing. The range of social relationship in town is wider than village. In every society marriage ceremony is considered as a social function. Types of

54 Home Economics marriage ceremony are different in different families. Education system is not same in every family. Education is given more importance in middle class family than upper class and lower class family. Education has peaceful influence on the family. Social relationship among town people is not as hearty as that of village people. Town people are more rational and self centred than village people. There is less scope of love, affection kindness, sympathy in town life. Here people do not believe in traditional manner and custom. In town different types of social problems such as committing guilt, breach of marriage and prostitution are more. Ethical standard of towns and villages can not be the same. There is no place of traditional values in town. Here individuality, freedom, and comfort of every member of a family are given importance. As people of different religions live in the same area, their religious manners and customs are also different. Adjustment with different families To live in a society, we should have idea of other families along with ours. There are differences among the members of a family for their individuality. Similarly there are differences among the families for different religions, values, standards and life styles. A family depends on other families for various reasons. It is their social duty of all to adjusted with their neighbours. Those who live around our houses play the roles of neighbours. The question of adjustment comes for the different characteristics of the families. A man has to depend on other members of family or society from the childhood to the last day of life. For this dependence, one has to exchange views with others. When children come out from the family boundary to the wider area of society, they face some difficulties because the outer environment is totally different from inner and the personalities of outside people are also different. Small children play with other children together, go to school together. For this reason they have to know life the style of others. To make life meaningful, one has to mix with other families. For this reason he/she has to know the way of life leading system of others.

Family and Child 55 To know the life style of families : To know the life style of other families, the following aspects are to be given importance. - To make relationship with other families. - To take part in social activities of other families. - To maintain mutual give and take policy. - To exchange views with other families. - To show respect to the culture and tradition of different families. - To exercise human qualities-respect, affection, politeness, good manner etc. - To have cooperation and sympathy. - To be friendly and to shun competitiveness. The elderly people have much contribution to the younger for acquiring these qualities. If they can instil these qualities in the character of their children in a constructive way, the children will not face any difficulty to adjust with others. To adjust with the members of different families some points should be kept in mind carefully. The points are discussed below. 1. To know oneself and others: When a child is two years and a half, he/she is eager to know himself/herself. To know his/her own self the child ask himself or herself, 'Who am I?' 'What am I?' 'How did I become like this?' He wants to know the logical answers of these questions. From this, he starts forming idea of himself. He can see himself in the mirror and can learn from others about his/her physical appearance- how he looks like? Is he tall or short, beautiful or ugly, fat or thin etc. Next he can form mental, emotional and psychological idea about himself through the experiences of success and failure of different activities. In this way he/she gains the knowledge of his/her own intelligence, emotion, will, values and ideas. Parents, friends, teachers, neighbours, elders in the family, brothers and sisters help children to know all these things. If the children are praised in the school, they think themselves meritorious. Again if they are rebuked, they think themselves foolish. Similarly in the sports field, they can learn to evaluate themselves through their success and failure.

56 Home Economics It is very important for the children to know themselves properly. If they can not know themselves, they will not be able to understand others because to mix with others and to get along with them, it is necessary to understand them. To make friendship one needs to have persons of similar nature or personality. If one can analyse his own personality, he can evaluate other's personality also. It is sufficient for a child to know his/her birth, identity, address of his parents, weight, height, complexion and physical structure but for a boy or a girl or an adult to himself/herself means to know his manner, behaviour, emotion, feelings, and intelligence. The opportunity to know all these qualities comes from friendship and mutual understanding. It is necessary to analyse personality to know oneself and others. Personality is such a quality, which comprises manner, behaviour, way of expression, mentality etc of a person. If we analyses the characters of persons we find two kinds of personalities. (a) Introvert: Introvert persons are shy in nature, they do not want to express

themselves before others. They cannot mix with others easily. (b) Extrovert: Extrovert persons always want to express themselves. They can

easily mix with others. They are brave in nature. 2. Respect towards family tradition: Every family grows up according to its background and family lineage. For this reasons, family tradition influences ideals, will, rules, values, status of a family. To uphold the tradition of a family, all should cooperate to run all activities. One should not criticise or underestimate the religious activities of other families, rather he/she should show respect towards it. This is called adjustment with other families. In conjugal life, husband and wife live together coming from different families. Here both have to accept life style of each other’s family and adjust themselves with it. For this, they need qualities like patience, tolerance,intelligence, cooperation etc. Though a husband and a wife have the closest relation, sometimes they contradict each other. If they have proper understanding, they can avoid quarrel and build up a happy family. There are many extended families where the house wife has to show too much respect to the members of her father-in-law's house. Of course house wife must show respect and love towards elderly persons and other in-laws. At the same time, the members of the father-in-law's house should value her personality and should co-operate her to adjust with new environment. They should be respectful to her family tradition and culture. At this they can establish a congenial atmosphere and the bride can easily adjust herself with others.

Family and Child 57 The members of a family grow tendency to exercise art, literature, science, religion according to family tradition. They engage themselves with singing, drawing, reading and other creative activities. No one should discourage the family members to pursue this kind of hobby, rather they should encourage them. Thus one can show respect to the family tradition. 3. Co-operation To perform any activity in an easy and disciplined way, one needs cooperation. There are many activities in family, which are difficult and tiresome for one person. So, mutual help and co-operation are necessary. Boys and girls can help their parents by working inside and outside of the house. By doing this, they can flourish their qualities. Cooperation is the base of power in a family. From childhood they grow up together and learn how to cooperate each other. The basic principle of cooperation is to help in the moment of crisis to sympathise in sorrow and not to hurt weak point. To adjust with others following social rules and custom, one should need to sacrifice his own interest. Cooperation is a social quality. To acquire this quality, the most important place for the children is the sports field. The children learn give and take, kindness and sympathy while they play in a group. When they become adult, they can express that attitude and can adjust properly. 4. Sympathy To adjust with others by following social rules, we have to be sympathetic to others. We should feel other's need and help accordingly. If we do not have proper sincerity, we cannot be sympathetic to others. We can develop good relationship with our relatives, friends and neighbours if we feel their needs. We should be ready to help each other. When we extend our hands towards the people who are in trouble, they feel encouraged and can make plan for future activities. If we help the members of other families as well as the neighbours for mutual development, then both family and society develop. Besides, we get chance to understand other families. As a result, maintaining inter-family relationship is possible. 5. Other human qualities We need social qualities to adjust ourselves with the members of different families in social environment. Social qualities include showing pity to others, solving problems with patience, having friendly attitude, politeness etc. Kindness is a great virtue. Kind people are popular in both family and in society. If kindness and generous attitude are expressed in the manner and behaviour of the elders, the younger accept those Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-8

58 Home Economics qualities unconsciously, they are fond of imitation. The children possessing these qualities can adjust with others easily. The man who is polite and patient listen to what others say, their sorrows, sufferings and try to solve those problems. Even he/she tries to help others at the cost of his own interest. To establish peace and tranquillity we should have patience. Human qualities like politeness and gentility, improves personality. It is easy to win others if we express politeness and gentility in our behaviour. For these qualities we shall be respectful to others. The children gain these qualities from other members of a family. These qualities socialise them and help them to adjust with others. 6. To avoid competitive mentality and have friendliness To develop mutual relation, competitive mentality should be avoided. Competition creates enemy. There is no way to compromise. This mentality makes man aloof. At that situation one does not hesitate to harm others. If there is competitive mentality, there will be a gap among the members or families. Through understanding one can know each other, as the meaning ofunderstanding is give and take policy. There are different types of families for different socio economic condition. That is why a man belongs to upper class or middle class or lower class family. If a family wants to know about another family, it must come down to the stage of that family. We should be friendly to mix with other members of a family or locality. One cannot make friendship being self-centred. If a family wants to get along with other families, it must welcome others and create congenial atmosphere. For the development of a family, competition can be accepted but it must be constructive. Members should not be envious to each other. It is the sign of social maturity of a person, if he can adjust himself with any environment and situation. If anybody can adjust himself with friends, relatives and in the house, school, college, hostel with friends relatives, in work place, in the country or abroad he can lead happy and peaceful life. If every person tries to solve the problem with his acquired qualities and education, he can adapt with new situation. He must realise the differences among the families and he must respect it to get along with others.

Family and Child 59

Exercise

Multiple Choice Questions: 1. To build up an ideal family it is necessary:

a. Wealth b. Friendly relationship c. Education of the children d. Beautiful and charming home

2. Role of the members of different neighbouring families: a. Of neighbour b. Of hostility c. Of kinship d. Of superiors (elders)

3. A single family consists of: a. Father, mother, brother and sister b. Grandfather, grandmother, uncle-aunt c. Father, mother, grandfather, grandmother d. Grandfather, grandmother, maternal grandfather, maternal grandmother

4. It is largely found in Bangladesh: I. Joint family II. Paternal family III. Maternal family

Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 5 and 6 : Mr. Munir is an introvert type of person and respects all. Everyone in the society likes him much. Mr. Farid envies him for this liking of everyone for Mr. Munir . Mr. Farid is not so popular though he is much more engaged than Mr. Munir in social activities . 5. The most important reason for Mr. Munir’s popularity in the society is:

a. To respect the neighbours b. Competitive mentality c. To help the neighbours d. Introvert and does not show-off imself

60 Home Economics 6. Mr. Farid is not popular because of:

I. His competitive mentality II. His show-off attitude III. His struggle for proving himself greater than Mr. Munir

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Rina has been married to a big aristrocatic family. For her introvert nature, Rina faces various problems in the family of her father-in-law. As a result, there creates a dispute in the family. In such situation according to her friend’s advice, Rina begins to behave with all in a friendly manner. a. How many families are found in Bangladesh? b. Explain the qualities of introvert personalities. c. Explain how Rina will adjust herself to all the members of the father-in-law’s

house. d. To adjust with the new environment friendly behavior is essential. – Explain.

Chapter - II

Common Diseases of Children, Contagious diseases and Precautions of contagious diseases

Immunity of children is very low. The children, who are born with normal weight and height, who are fed for four months breast feeding, possess more preventive power against disease. For this reason they are not easily attacked by disease. But if they are not properly taken care properly, and are not timely vaccinated, they are easily attacked by contagious diseases, common fever and cold. A number of children always suffer from some of the diseases. For this reason they are always late in overall growth and development. Generally, children suffer from diseases for various causes which are given below. 1. If weight and height of the children are less than normal at the time of birth. 2. Immature and pre-mature birth of baby. 3. If mother suffers from diseases like measles, small pox, tropical fever etc

during pregnancy. 4. Want of sufficient care after birth. 5. Non-breast fed children are less immune to diseases. Colostram from

mother first breast milk increases immunity. 6. If children are not given complimentary food along with breast milk after

four months, they will develop diseases like kwashiorkor, night blindness, rickets etc.

7. Children are attacked with infectious diseases due to late vaccination injection.

Contagious diseases The diseases which spread easily from one body to another are called contagious diseases. These diseases are very easily transmitted directly or indirectly and make children sick. Some contagious diseases can be spread by contact. There are three ways of contamination of contagious diseases in the children body. 1. Mouth 2. Respiratory organs 3. Skin

62 Home Economics Through mouth Cholera, typhoid and dysentery are water borne diseases. The germs of these diseases enter into the body during taking food and drink through mouth. Respiratory organs When the children come in contact with a diseased person or with the carrier of germs, The children are infected with the germs spread from the cough, sneeze, and phlegm of a diseased person. They are also infected with disease when they inhale contaminated air and dust. The germs of cold, influenza, tuberculosis, small pox enter into the body through respiratory organs also. Skin The germs of tetanus, hydrophobia, gangrene enter into the body through skin. Besides, at the bite of mosquitoes and other insects, germs enter into the body and cause diseases like malaria, filaria and tropical fever etc. Mode of transmission of diseases Generally there are four ways of transmission of diseases. They are: 1. Direct transmission - By close contact with the patient or with germs carrier. 2. Indirectly - Through food and drinks. 3. Through germs carrier insects - flies, mosquitoes, insects. 4. Through animals- dogs, cats, rats etc. If precautions are not taken, the transmitted diseases spread very soon. To prevent contagious diseases, it is necessary to detect the causes of the spreading of those particular diseases and to take following steps. Prevention of diseases 1. Notification 2. Isolation 3. Immunisation 4. Disinfection 5. Extension of Health education. 1. Notification If a contagious disease is detected, it should be informed to the local authority. They will take necessary action. If needed. They

Common Diseases of Children 63 will take the infected person to the hospital so that other persons are not attacked by the disease. 2. Isolation The infected person should be separated from others. He should be kept in isolation. All articles used by the infected person should be disinfected with soap and hot water. Cloths should be washed with boiled water and savlon and dried in the sun. Used articles of the patient should not be brought outside. None but the nursing person should enter the room of the patient. The nursing person should wash his hands and legs and change his cloths before entering the room of the persons of sound health. 3. Immunization Arrangement should be mode to provide vaccination with those who are not yet infected. 4. Disinfection All the articles and clothing should be washed and dried in the sun for disinfection. After recovery from the disease the room, wall, floor should be wiped with hot water and other germ killing liquids. If needed, the wall should be white washed and painted. 5. Health education Local people should be informed about contagious disease. This advertisement can be done through adviser, health worker and poster. One can save others by making them aware of contagious disease in the family. When contagious disease is detected, we should drink pure water, cover food item and should not eat uncovered food from outside, keep ourselves away from mosquitoes and flies and we should in from these precautions to each other. We can assemble persons of some families and can tell them about the cause of infection, symptoms and preventive measures against a contagious disease. We must exchange our opinions specially with the members of several families in the village about common rules of keeping good health. We should also inform people where to get required medicine. Besides, we should inform them where they can get free medicine. We should make them aware in which condition a patient is to be taken to the hospital.

64 Home Economics

Fever Normal temperature of the human body is 98.4o F. The temperature of a child is 99o, a little more, which is considered to be normal. If the temperature of a child is more than 99o, then it is fever. The temperature of a child increases when it catches cold, feels pain in the throat and takes vaccination. After detecting cause of fever, patients should be treated according to doctor's advice. They should be given proper medicine and diet. In case of low fever, the patient should not be covered with so many clothes. He should be given full rest in a place of proper ventilation. If needed, his head should be washed and body should be sponged. Sweating of a child is the sign of being relieved of fever. Then the patient feels comfort of the sweat is wiped with cloth and the hands, legs and body are sponged. He should be given enough liquid diet so that toxic element in the body should be washed out with urine. Fruit juice, glucose, lemon juice, fish, meat, vegetable, soup, light milk are more useful during the fever. After complete remission of fever a child is to be given nutritious diet to make up the losses for illness. Treatment in high fever Children of 1 - 5 years suffer from high fever. During high fever temperature may rise about 104o F or more. This degree of temperature may increase due to some serious infection. High fever is a matter of damaging factor for a child. Parents should be very careful if temperature rises. They should take measures so that temperature may fall very soon. High temperature may damage the brain or nervous system. There are four ways to bring down the fever. 1.Temperature Decreasing: Unnecessary cloths should be avoided during high-fever. Only cotton clothing is the best for absorbing sweat from the body. Light bed sheet can be used. Measures should be taken for proper ventilation. 2. Pour water on the head or use ice bag: After using light cloths if the fever does not fall down, water may be poured on the head. If the patient does not 70 Home Economics allow the water pouring on head, ice bag can be used. A wet-cloth can also be used on the forehead in case of high fever. Water on the forehead should be softly wiped off immediately.

Common Diseases of Children 65 3. Sponge the body In case of high temperature we should frequently sponge the whole body with soaked towel, especially under the arms, behind the knee-joint and the palms of the hand and foot. Small pieces of ice in the ice bag may be used for sponging the body to reduce fever. After sponging, body should be rubbed softly with a dry towel or soft cloth. We should keep the doors and windows closed at the time of sponging because cold wind from out side may again be a cause of cold in the body. If fever is 104o F-105o F, then the patient can bathe at that time for remission of high fever. At this fever can be reduced 2o-3o. 4. Use of drug For this type of fever medicine from Paracitamol group is the best. If patient vomits within 45 minutes, Paracitamol is given to the patient again. It is necessary to take doctor’s advice for applying medicine. Antibiotic can also be given in case of infection. Patient should be taken to the doctor when the following symptoms appears : * If the child becomes drowsy or senseless. * If there is respiratory problem. * If any abnormality is visible in the appearance. * If temperature is above 102o. * If vomiting is frequent. * If there is diarrhoea or loose motion. Diet during fever We should be careful about the diet of a patient with fever for various causes. * Metabolic rate is high in time of fever. So the patient needs extra calorie. * Due to perspiration salt and liquid portion of the body gets exhausted. So the

need for water, sodium and potassium increases. * For the prolonged illness many cells are decayed in the body. For this Cause protein intake should also be high. * Immunization power decreases in time of illness. So food ingredients like itamins should be supplied through diet. Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-9

66 Home Economics Generally easy digestible and good foods are to be selected for patients. During any fever a child should be given mixed food of fish, meat, vegetables and rice that must be mixed up together with pulse. Protein can be supplied by fatless fish, chicken, milk and bread. Importance of water and minerals in the body can be maintained by taking fruit juice, vegetable soup, salted biscuits, green coconut, cheese and coconut milk according to doctor's advice. Influenza It is an air-borne dangerous disease. If anybody comes to direct contact of a patient, he is attacked by the disease. The germ mixes with air through spit, sneeze, and cough. A sound person inhales the influenza germ and then he becomes infected. The immunisation capacity of the children is low. So they are infected easily. Cause : The germ called bacillus influenza is the cause of this disease. Symptom : Fever, prostration, cough, headache and heart weakness and mental depression are the symptoms of this disease. Respiratory tube is inflamed sometimes and the patient feels pain in throat. Treatment: Antibiotic is not effective for this disease because it is a viral fever. Generally aspirin group of medicine, cough-syrup, sulpha or penicillin may be used. Anti-histamine medicine may be used for sleep. Patients should be kept away from cold. Otherwise influenza may turn to bronchitis. Patient should have some rest during fever or after fever. Good diet should be taken this time. Instead of solid food children can take vegetables and chicken soup. Parents can feed their children enough fruits, milk and easily digestible foods regularly. Prevention of influenza Patients must be isolated from other members. Their cloths should be disinfected every time they must wear warm clothes and take rest. A handkerchief should be used to prevent droplet. Only a nursing person can enter the patient's room. A well ventilated room is a must for the patient. The patient must avoid crowds and try to protect himself from cold. Exercise, rest, food should be according to the rule of health. Children should not be sent to the school if influenza spreads in an epidemic form. Besides, the patient should avoid bus, train and market and other common crowded places.

Common Diseases of Children 67 Diarrhoea Frequent and excessive discharge of watery faeces is called diarrhoea. It is a dangerous health problem in developing country and one of the main causes of the death of children. From a survey of the world Health organisation, it is found that every year 130 crore children suffer from diarrhoea and 40 lac children die. Causes It is one of the water borne diseases. The hidden and harmful germs in unclean dirty food are the causes of this disease. Diarrhoea can be caused by a number of conditions such as food poisoning, an allergic reaction to food or drugs, an infection of the gastrointestinal tract, or constipation, malnutrition etc. While he children are fed complementary food along with breast feeding, they suffer from this disease very often. Symptom Frequent and excessive faeces will be discharged. Vomiting tendency, abdominal pain and temperature may be associated with diarrhoea. Food can not stay in the stomach for a long time. As a result it is not digested properly. Food particles come out with faeces, water balance is lost in the body. So stool is likely to be watery. Throat and tongue may be dry. Children get their weight lost immediately. Skin of the nose becomes loose. Sometimes children become senseless in a serious condition Treatment Not to give any food to the children or to stop breast feeding for sometime is common misconception of the mothers in our country. Breast feeding must not be stopped at any situation because breast feeding is the only dependable source for the children during their stomach problem. Only fibre-food is stopped in case of diarrhoea. All root of liquid diet and medicine should be given to make up the loss of sodium chloride and potassium-bi-carbonate and then normal diet should be given. Oral-Saline One of the important discoveries of the time is ORS or oral saline. It is possible to save the children from death caused by diarrhoea. During strong diarrhoea if oral-saline is not possible then give saline by I.V. process.

68 Home Economics How to make oral saline The components of oral saline are given below:

Ingredients quantity Sodium - chloride Sodium- citrate Potassium chloride Glucose Water (boiled cool water)

3.5 gm 2.9 gm 1.5 gm 20.0 gm 1 litre

Besides this type of saline, patients can take other saline also, e.g sugar saline, molasses-saline, rice-powder-saline. Components of the above mentioned saline is given below: Sugar Saline

Ingredients Per litre 0.5 litre Sodium chloride Sodium -citrate Potassium chloride Sugar Water

3.5 gm 2.9 gm 1.5 gm 40.0 gm 1 litre

1.75 gm 1.45 gm .75 gm 20.0 gm .5 litre

Molasses Saline

Ingredients quantity Sodium-chloride Molasses Water

5.0 gm 50.0 gm 1 litre

Preparation of Saline Half a litre boiled cool water (to be cold), a (1 one) handful of sugar/molasses, 1 pinch of salt (taken with three fingers) mixed together and make a saline. The saline should be taken within 12 hours. Number of saline should be taken equally to the number of loose motions.

Common Diseases of Children 69

Rice-Powder Saline

Ingredients quantity Rice-Powder Sodium chloride Sodium-bi-Carbonate Potassium chloride

50 gm 3.5 gm 2.5 gm 1.5 gm

1100 ml. litre water needed to boil rice-powder for 5-7 minutes to prepare rice powder saline. Treatment - To prevent dehydration - Treatment of present dehydration - To make up the water and salt that has come out from the body. - To give food.

Quantity of Oral-Saline to be given Age Quantity of Saline

Below 2 years. 50 - 100 ml After each loose-motion

2- 10 years. 100 - 200 ml. As more time as the patient can take

Above 10 years. 2000 ml/day Oral Saline * 1- 2 spoon in a minute for the children below 2 years old children. * A little bit younger children have to be given with a cup frequently. * After vomiting wait for 10 minutes and give saline frequently. * Until and unless loose motion and vomiting do not stop, saline water

should be given continuously. If it seems that saline is not working at all, then the patient should be hospitalised immediately.

70 Home Economics Preventive measures

* Be careful about drinking water and foods. * Drink boiled water and milk. * Foods should be covered all the times to protect flies and other insects. * Hot food must be taken. Used food or stale food should be avoided. * All utensils for dining should be washed with hot and soapy water. * Fruits and vegetables should be taken after washing. * Patients' cloths and utensils like plate, bowl, towel etc should not be used by others. * Always wash hands and face before eating. * Patients stools and urine should be covered under ground. * Cloths of patients should not be washed in the pond or near a tube-well; these

should be washed by fetching water from a pond and by the side of the drain. Measles It is an acute and highly infectious disease. Usually when one part of the body is affected by measles, it spread all over the body gradually. Children are the main victims of this disease. A thickly populated area is the ideal place for spreading measles. Blood, cough and sneeze carry the germs of measles. Measles is an airborne disease. It spreads through the used things of a patient. One gets infected when one comes in close contact of a patient. It spreads before one knows that he has been infected. Therefore it is difficult to stop it. The incubation period is 8-14 days. That means it appears in the body within 8-14 days after the germ has entered. Symptom Early symptoms are cold-runny nose, congestion, sneezing, watery eyes, coughing and fever. There is a cold feeling , headache and high fever that rises up to 104o - 1050 . After 3/4 days rash may appear in the mouth, the fever rises and rash spreads all over the body, neck and eyes. Eyes become red and infection in the throat causes cough. Children can not take food and vomit. After 4/5 days measles appears in the head. When measles spreads all the body it swells. Then gradually fever subsides. Measles rashes take 9/10 days to dry up.

Common Diseases of Children 71

Measles infected baby Treatment Treatment is given by doctors for the remission of fever, cough or illness. Aspirin group of medicine and cough syrup may be given as per doctor's advice. If fever is complicated, more care should be taken. Children may suffer from pneumonia, bronchitis and complexities of throat and ears with measles. The patient should be hospitalised for the best treatment. Measles isfollowed by pain in the throat and ears. In this case antibiotics are needed. If treatment is delayed, brain may be affected. Eye and eyelids may inflame due to rashes and irritation may occur. In this case a patient needs a dark calm and soundless room. Due to throat infection can not shallow the solid food. They need liquid food. Mouth and throat should be washed carefully 3/4 times a day if possible. Patients should be saved from cold and kept in a warm room. Preventive Measures Patients should be in the mosquito net in an isolated room. Used items and clothes of the patients should also be kept aloof. Nurses should change their dresses before coming out of the patient’s room to meet others. Always wash hands and face carefully with soap. No people should enter into the room of the patient. After remission of fever a child can come out but should not be allowed to play with other children for a week at least. Measles can be best prevented by active immunization. Only live attenuated vaccines are recommended for use. They are both safe and effective. Children should be immune to measles by vaccination at age of one year. Diphtheria Diphtheria is an acute infectious airborne disease. It is a highly infectious disease among the children. Mortality rate is high in case of serious diphtheria.

72 Home Economics Causes The disease is spread mainly by droplet infection. It can also be transmitted directly to susceptible persons from infected persons. As immunity of children is low, they are easily attacked. Symptom Symptoms of the disease include sore throat, hoarseness, rasping cough and fever. Children may be nauseous, and suffer from headache in addition to other symptoms. A thin yellowish layer forms over the tonsil. Gradually it spreads over the throat. Then it becomes difficult to swallow anything. It disturbs breathing system. When it intensifies, the diphtheria germ emits a very strong poisonous matter which is very harmful for heart and nervous system. Diphtheria closes the voice cord and breathing cord. Water secretion from the mouth of the children can be seen. Treatment Patient must be hospitalised. Swabs should be taken from throat and examined and cultured for diphtheria bacilli. When diphtheria is suspected, diphtheria antitoxin should be given without delay. For immunizing, other infants are to be given DPT vaccine as early as possible. Sometimes it becomes impossible to take food by mouth and even to breath. Then the patient is given liquid food through a tube making a hole in throat. Cough is clean in the same manner. When the patient gets recovery the hole is stitched. Preventive measures The patient should be isolated from other members. Used cloths and utensils of the patients should not be used by others rather they should be washed to be disinfected. Other children of the family should be given injections so that they do not get infected. Vaccines should be given by three doses to the children for immunization. The patient should be treated in the hospital. Whooping Cough It is an infectious and complicated disease. Primarily it is a disease of children below two years. The way children are infected by the germs of whooping cough is just like diphtheria. Children suffer from this disease more than they suffer from diphtheria. Symptoms of this disease can be seen within five to fourteen days of infection. Symptoms At first the child is attacked by a simple cough. But the cough is dry. In first seven days the cough is mild but gradually from the second week there is an irritating cough. Children also vomit with coughing. Respiratory trouble also starts with coughing. Blood gets deposited in the eyes by continuous coughing. Usually it takes one month for recovery. In severe cases it may linger month after month.

Common Diseases of Children 73

Treatment Children should be taken to the doctors as soon as the disease is diagnosed. After through investigation and examination medicine can be given accordingly. Children need rest at that time. Excessive games or work aggravate the condition. If a child cannot take solid food for coughing it can take liquid easily. But the liquid diet should be nutritious and given frequently for extra energy. Preventive measures Medicine of whooping cough is same as the medicine of simple sough. Children should stay in a well ventilated room. Excessive clothing should be avoided. Due to excessive sweating a child may get cold and coughing may start again. The infected child should not be allowed to play with other children. In whooping cough vomiting is common. So a child needs frequent feeding. Meal or feeding may be given right after vomiting. After twomonths of age and within six months a child should be given injection of D.P.T to prevent this disease. Polio The short name of poliomyelitis is Polio. It attacks the ash-coloured matter of central nervous system. Sometimes it causes paralysis of muscles. Children are generally victims of this disease. Adult persons are also attacked with this disease. If the respiratory muscles are attacked, that may cause death. Most of the people believe that the result of polio cases is always paralysis of the body. But it is not true in all cases. Many people get cured instead of being paralysed. Causes Poliomyelitis is an acute viral infection caused by a kind of virus germs. It enters into the body through respiratory tube. Children are usually attacked by this disease. Symptoms Incubation period of this disease is usually 7 to 18 days. This disease starts with sudden fever, sometimes with cough, vomiting and loose motion. It is a dangerous disease for infants. Nervous system may be destroyed by it. As a result some parts of the body become paralysed pain occurs in the legs and high fever follows. After three or four days the child can not move some parts of the body, specially legs and hands. It also attacks the respiratory muscles. This type of muscle attack may be the cause of the child's death. Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-10

74 Home Economics Like other viral diseases, cure of poliomyelitis is difficult. Leg muscles are affected severely by this disease. Treatment Instant care is required for the polio treatment. Sufficient help and rest is necessary for lessening the damage of muscle and nervous system. Apply a hot wet towel to relieve pain. Light and easy exercises may help muscle regain energy. Exercise should be started just after massaging; Swimming is also helpful for polio. SALK VACCINE invented in America kills the polio virus. Injection is the best way to push medicine in this case. Polio patient is to be nursed with patience. It is to be understood that the patient feels disturbed and irritated easily. Sometimes the attack of this disease is very slight and the patient seems to start recovery. Again it may so happen that the patient feels that his whole body is paralised. This is the symptom of paralysis. For this reason when the disease is detected, the patient should be treated by doctors without wasting time. As the disease is contagious, the patient should be kept in isolation. Prevention The patient should be kept in isolation for one week. Those who are not infected should not go near an infected child. When the disease is dictated, treatment of the patient should be started. After two months of birth, the children should be given polio vaccine and oral drop. Then it will be possible to protect children from polio. Tuberculosis It is a highly contagious disease. In the past days tuberculosis was one of the main causes of death. Due to invention of medicine and preventive measures, this disease can hardly causes death now a days. Causes German scientist Robert Cork on April 20 in 1882 discovered that tuberculosis has its own bacterium which is the cause of the disease. It is an air borne organism that enters into the respiratory track and affects lungs. It can also affect muscles of bone and shoulders and of the body. There are three ways of entrance of organism in the body. 1. Respiratory track: The germs of tuberculosis mix with air through sneezes and coughs etc. A person is infected when he comes close to aninfected person. Besides,

Common Diseases of Children 75 he may inhale the germ mixed with air 2. Mouth: The milk of the diseased cow is another source of tuberculosis. When we drink milk the germ enters through the mouth. 3. Skin: Tuberculosis germs live in dust. When the skin comes in contact with it the germs may enter through the skin. Symptoms The main symptom of this disease is cough for long days along with other symptoms. Loss of appetite, fever in the evening, sweating at the end of night and sometimes blood with cough are the other symptoms. The child will look tired, it will lose weight. Sometimes the symptoms remain dormant. When it spreads, then it is exposed. In developed countries there is system of routine check up for the children to detect diseases. This type of test can be done in our country too. There are hospitals for good treatment. Treatment When symptoms are found, diagnosis of the disease should be made through examination of cough and X-ray. Antibiotic should be given according to the instruction of the doctor. It needs a long course of treatment. If the definite ourse of medicine and treatment remains incomplete there is a possibility of future attack. Treatment with discipline can cure the disease for ever. Late starting of medicine and incomplete dosage may be the cause of death. For complete cure from this disease, the child should be given a long rest with rich and balanced diet. Preventive measures For the prevention of tuberculosis, the following factors should be kept in mind 1. To stop the spreading of the disease. 2. To protect the non-infected persons. 3. Individual precaution. 4. State responsibilities. 1. To prevent the spreading of germs of the disease Cough sputum and spittle are the main sources of this disease. Patients should always use a handkerchief to prevent droplet in the air circulation. A pot with a H. lid should be there in the patient's room to spit on. Children should be isolated from the patient.

76 Home Economics 2. To save non-infected persons: The germs of tuberculosis may be present in a normal man. For this reason ‘mantoux test’ is a must for the diagnosis of the disease. The modern preventive measure of tuberculosis is the BCG vaccine. After six week of the birth of a child, this vaccine is given. Then the child can develop resistance power for five or six years. In big towns and industrial areas, where black smoke comes out from industries, all should be vaccinated. 3. Individual precaution: Avoid the contact of the infected persons. Drink boiled milk. The children should be kept in well ventilated room. They should play in the open field. Nutritious food should be given to increase preventive power as germs can attack a weak body easily. The plate, glass, spoon towel should not be used else unless it is disinfected through boiled water or medicine. 4. State responsibilities: Housing should be carefully planned for the well being of the health of the people in a densely populated urban area. It is the responsibility of a nation as a whole to prevent air pollution caused by the smoke from mills, industries and vehicles in the town. There should be the arrangement of medical check-up in the schools, colleges, mills and industries by the government medical officers. If necessary, X-ray should also be done by the government authority if any one is suspected. For the prevention of the disease there should be a regular vaccination programme throughout the country. Vaccination programme Breast fed babies naturally have some immunity against disease as long as they take breast milk. After six months this immunity gradually lowers down. For this vaccination is a must in due time to prevent different disease. DPT( Diphtheria, Pertussis and Tetanus Vaccine) Three injections are to be given after every 1 or 2 months from the age of 2 months to 4 months of the baby. After one and half year or 2 years of 3rd injection booster dose is to be given. After 3 years of 1st booster dose or at the age of 5, 2nd booster dose is to be given. This injection should be given when the child is quite normal. When the injection is given, that past of the body becomes reddish and stiff. Sometimes temperature rises. Then medicine can be given for relieving pain and temperature. Diphtheria and Tetanus may cause the death of children. The treatment of this disease is very difficult. So timely vaccination secures the life of the children.

Common Diseases of Children 77 BCG This injection can be given within a few weeks after the birth of the child. The child feels pain after 2 or 3 weeks of injection pushed. Fever and mild local reactions following BCG immunization are common. The wound is curable within 6 weeks. Tuberculosis is a highly contagious disease. So vaccination is necessary as early as possible. Measles vaccination Measles vaccine can be taken with 9 to 15 months of birth. Now the vaccine is given to the children in large numbers.

Schedule for vaccination is given below:

Age Vaccine Name of the disease 2-4 month DPT (Primary dose)

Polio(Primary dose) Diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough, Polio.

6 month DPT(second dose) Diphtheria, Tetanus and whooping cough.

18 month DPT (1st booster dose) Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio.

4-5 years DPT (2nd booster dose) Polio (2nd booster dose) Diphtheria, tetanus, whooping cough and polio.

9-15 month Measles vaccine Measles

TT For Women and Infants: Tetanus vaccine is offered in due course to infants and mothers. Infection acquired by contamination of wounds with tetanus spores. The range of injury and accidents which may load to tetanus comprise a trivial pin, prick skin, puncture wounds, burns, human and animal bites and compound fractures etc. Pregnant women and women, capable of carrying child(15-45 years) should have this vaccine TT vaccine can save the pregnant mother from tetanus. It is also for the immunization of pre-natal child.

78 Home Economics TT DOSES Second does must be taken after 4 weeks of first dose. Second dose is to be taken before one month of child's birth. If pregnant women takes the vaccine before pregnancy, she should take the vaccine of booster dose within 4-8 months of pregnancy. TT doses- * 3rd dose protects up to 5 years. * 4th dose up to 10 years. * 5th dose for life time.

Schedule of TT Vaccine Right

time for first dose

Latest age make

No. of doses

Interval between doses

TT Women 15 years

Women 45 years

2 doses 4 weeks

Exercises

Multiple Choice Questions: 1. How many entrances of infectious diseases are there to pass into a child’s body:

a. 2 b. 3 c. 4 d. 5

2. Water-borne disease: a. Diarrhoea b. Measles c. Influenza d. Tuberculosis

3. Which disease is identified by examining the skin in a routine: a. Tuberculosis b. Pox c. Measles d. Diarrhoea

Common Diseases of Children 79 4. After how many months a child’s risk for infection of diseases comes down:

a. Six b. Twelve c. Thirty-six d. Seventy-two

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 5 to 6 : Rumi had been suffering from fever, headache, vomiting tendency and throat pain for the last few days. Now though he is out of fever he is suffering from whooping cough and unable to swallow anything. He feels trouble to breath in and flow of saliva comes out of his mouth. 5. Rumi’s disease is :

a. Influenza b. Measles c. Diphtheria d. Whooping cough

6. The probable cause of infection of the disease in Rumi’s body is: I. Breathing in air contaminated by bacillus. II. Drinking of contaminated water III. From close contact of the contaminated patient

Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. At the time of birth Avi’s weight was very low. Due to his mother’s illness

from the very beginning he couldn’t be fed breast milk. It was collected milk which he only fed. Even at the age of six months his weight was very low and his health was weak. As his resistance power of the diseases is low, he often suffers from various infectious diseases. While taking shower Avi sprinkles water with hands and laughs delightfully. At present as he has been attacked by diarrhoea, his mother feeds him oral saline. Because of that Avi has got well. a. What is infectious disease? b. Explain the cause of Avi’s diarrhoea. c. Explain how to increase the resistance power of diseases in Avi’s body. d. Analyze: Avi has been recovered by taking oral saline.

Chapter - III Importance of Mass media for Overall

Development of Children News papers, Magazines, Books, Radio, Television After birth, a child is totally helpless. It is dependent on others for meeting the basic needs except respiration, elimination of urine and stool, digestion and blood circulation which are the automatic mechanism of the body regulation. Gradually the child grows up by meeting physical, mental and social needs. Growth and development of a child is divided into several divisions. Such as - Physical development Mental development Social development Moral development The intelligence of a child is measured by its physical, mental, social, moral and spiritual development. The harmonious development of all physical and mental qualities is called overall development. A congenial environment is necessary for the total development. For the physical development of a child in mother's womb, the mother should be ensured proper diet and care and suitable environment. Again after birth, the child needs proper diet, care, attention, rest, sleep, treatment, exercise and play for physical development. From the age of two years a child should be given opportunity to mix and play with other children of its age for its mental and social development. The child should play, go out and mix with other family members for recreation and mental relaxation. The child acquires various knowledge and experience from different sources and when it becomes adult, it attains overall development. Hostile environment, mismanagement in the family, lack of proper food, clothing, treatment, play, education and socialisation hinder the growth and development of the children comparatively. The children grown up in such environment lag behind the normal children. If the gap is not filled up in time, it hampers the child’s overall development. The children are fond of imitation. In childhood they learn by observing. Formal speech and discussion, tight schedule of school cannot impress the children. But they gain knowledge and experience from nursery rhymes, songs, books of pictures, radio, television, cartoon etc.

Importance of Mass media for Overall Development of Children 81 In practical life publicity on mass media is very much important for child development as a whole. The important mass media are: News paper and magazines Books Radio Television News papers The numbers of child magazines and newspapers are very few. There are some magazines published from shishu academy of Bangladesh. Some writers are now publishing some magazines privately for children, which play a vital role in the development of the children. There are interesting rhymes, stories, pictures, cartoons in daily and weekly magazines for children. The children get mental pleasure. Besides they can acquire knowledge on science, arts and literature from those papers. Some quizzes are there in the news papers. By solving those quizzes they can improve their intelligence, thinking power and logic. This is favourable for children's development. The children are very curious to know about games and sports of the country and abroad. There are pages for games and sports in the newspapers. Besides, there are magazines for sports. The children should be provided with those magazines. They can also gain knowledge from reading topics related to social aspects. Those magazines cover various aspects such as how to behave with family members, how to show respect to the teachers, how to get along with others. The children can learn about honesty, truthfulness, morality from interesting stories and essays, which help them improve their character and personality. There is information on health and treatment in the newspaper. The children can learn about health rules and this information helps them improve their physical growth. Family members should collect newspapers and magazines considering the age of the children. It is to be watched whether children are reading those magazines for sometime everyday. Arrangement should be made to keep child magazines and newspapers in the school library. The learners can read those in their leisure. Forma Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-11

82 Home Economics Books Besides nursery rhymes, poems, cartoons, quizzes, fairy tales, there are others books in the school syllabus of the children. The children get knowledge from these books. The parents of those children, who have not attained the age of reading, should read books, rhymes to their children listen before sleep or in leisure time. The children can get a lot of pleasure by hearing those stories or rhymes. When the children go to nursery, they learn lessons by seeing pictures. They get knowledge of letters and numbers from the books of pictures. Attractive picture books from home and abroad create interest in them in such a way that a child can learn alphabets with the examples of fruits, animals, trees, nature, such as 'A' for apple, 'B' for ball etc. Thus children can improve their language by enriching their vocabulary. Influence of books in physical development From primary to higher secondary, there are syllabuses about health, nutrition etc. Students can learn health rules by studying. They can learn how to prevent contagious diseases. From these books they gain knowledge of nutrition, food values, their functions, in our bodies etc. Amra, amloki, guava are the sources of vitamin C. For the development of physical growth, play, exercise and rest are important. They can be also aware of health from reading books on health science. Story books quench the thirst of their mind. Body and mind are inseparable. Physical growth is possible if mind remains sound. Influence of books in mental development Children spend their time by reading amusing stories. By reading books they forget sorrows, sufferings, frustration, quarrel and envy etc. Mind becomes fresh and healthy. It helps children go forward. If the children of 8 - 10 years, read books on invention, discovery and science, their inquisitive power increases. Books on arts and culture improve creativity of the children. Fairy tales enhance their imaginative power. Books in school syllabus play important role for the children to gain knowledge in different fields. They can learn not only about the geography, natural resources, historical events and economy of the country but also a lot of information about the outer world.

Importance of Mass media for Overall Development of Children 83 Influence of books in social development Students can learn a lot of social information by reading books on social life, family life and civics as prescribed in the syllabus. 'What is family?' How to adjust with the neighbours', 'What is the aim of social customs?’ These are the subjects of these books. By reading these books they acquire social qualities. Kindness, love, cooperation, friendship-all these qualities are acquired by the students when they read those books. In this way process of socialisation starts. Besides, observing different characters in a story book, they learn how to maintain social relationship. Amusing but informative books should be selected for the children. There are some books which are harmful for children. They may develop a negative attitude towards life by reading those books. Influence of books on moral and spiritual development There are religious books for every one. Religious rules, manner and behaviour, gentility, truthfulness etc have been discussed in those books. We can learn about moral qualities by reading biography of great personalities. Children are morally developed when they apply the qualities earned from different books in their practical life. They form a good habit by the habit of reading. They can get rid of bad habit and get opportunity to develop themselves. Radio Many children get pleasure in listening radio. There are various programmes such as songs, dramas, educational programmes and children’s programmes in radio. These programmes have direct influence in the development of the children. They can have joy in reading books and magazines but listening radio is another kind of experience. These programmes are broadcast through music, rhythm, beat, harmony. As a result children gain a direct experience. Different educational programmes for the children of different ages help them achieve knowledge on various subjects. The children have to take part in delivering speech, acting in the play, singing in the school. So they can learn all these things from radio in an attractive way. This kind of knowledge is imprinted in their mind for long. Thus they can learn within a short time. Many programmes in radio are conducted by doctors, nutritionists, physiologists. These programmes help children to know how to keep healthy. Besides, their body and mind get relaxation through various entertaining programmes. Through dramas 84 Home Economics

84 Home Economics and discussions, it is shown how we can solve many family and social problems. The children can learn about social rules, discipline and how to maintain inter-family relationship. On religious days, special programmes are broadcast for Muslims, Hindus, Christians, and for the people of other religions. The children can be aware of religious customs and functions. Religious programmes help in the development of children's morality and spirituality. Television Children get ample pleasure in watching television. They can hear voice in radio but in television, they can watch picture and listen voice simultaneously, that is why the programme becomes lively and interesting. Now a days children in the villages also watch television. Government has set up television centres in different places in the country. Boys and girls of the villages can get physical and mental relief by watching television in the evening after tiresome work of the day. Television is a visible and audible object for learning. There are various programmes telecast for building awareness of physical development. With a view to providing with information on how to keep healthy, how to prepare balanced diet, causes of diseases, their preventive measures, techniques of exercise, symptoms of diseases caused by food deficiency, various programmes are designed and telecast. The children can easily learn these and implement in their practical life. Especially nutrition and health related programmes are very fruitful. They can gain knowledge from educational programmes telecast for the students. These programmes teach them how to solve problems, how to improve their creative power. They can also learn from the programmes related to law. By watching social cinema or drama, they can acquire various qualities. There are many characters dramatised in the social drama. The kindness, affection, honesty, sympathy, patience of a character in a drama, influence the children. From religious functions and discussions, the children can acquire different knowledge and show respect not only to their own religion but also other religions. They obey the rules and regulations of the religion. As a result all the qualities-truthfulness, honesty, sympathy flourish in the character of the children.

Importance of Mass media for Overall Development of Children 85

Exercise

Multiple Choice Questions: 1. For overall development of children is necessary:

a. Provision for food b. Provision for education c. Knowledge of religion d. Favorable environment

2. In the selection of children’s magazine, newspapers etc main considerable thing is: a. Relevant b. Age c. Liking d. Imitation

3. Which of the following help children to gain knowledge in different subject matter: a. Books on art b. Story books c. Text books d. Literary books

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 4 & 5: For Mishu mother purchased a book named ‘Lives of hundred celebrities’ from the ‘Book fair’ commemorative of 21st February 1952, and said that we can know about various subject matter by reading many books outside text books. 4. What can Mishu know if he reads the book:

a. Laws of courtesy b. Politeness c. Moral qualities d. Truthfulness

5. We can know if we read text books: I. Skill to solve all kinds of problems II. Knowledge of scientific creativity III. Idea about native and foreign countries

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Shanto reads a lot of story-books. Though his social development is satisfactory, his moral development is not up to the mark. His physical

86 Home Economics development also is not satisfactory. He needs physical exercise, but there is no gymnasium or physical trainer in his village. In these circumstances, his uncle advised him to take help from the television program. a. How many kinds of a child’s development? b. What do you understand by social development? – Explain. c. What should Shanto do to improve his moral development? –Explain. d. What will be the part played by television in the physical development of

Shanto? Analyze.

PART -III FOOD AND NUTRITION SCIENCE

Chapter -1 Requirement of nutrition in daily food

Man takes food when he/she feels hungry. This is because food can supply nutrition. So we take in the daily requirement of nutrition from food. It gives energy to the body, maintain metabolic function, prevent and protect from diseases. We get the amount and type of food we need at different stages from an approved food list. If we take food according to that approved food list the body will work properly. Only one type of food can not perform all the functions of the body. Different types of food are necessary for different types of body function. Balanced and nutritious diet is necessary to body healthy and fit . In different physiological condition different types of food is necessary. A grown up baby needs food for its growth. A pregnant mother needs food for her baby's growth and to recover her health. A breast feeding mother needs food to produce milk for her baby and protection of her own body. So some type and same amount of food is not perfect for all. At every stage, we need balanced food. Definition of balanced diet: According to nutritional science, the food which contains different type of nutrients (carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and vitamins) in right amount according to the need of the body, is called balanced diet. The nutrition needs depends on; (1) age (2) gender (3) body structure (4) physical status (5) the amount of labour. To prepare balance diet we need to take care of the following important factors: 1. Diet list should be prepared according to the body need. 2. Six types of food should be included. 3. Ingredients food should be present in our food proportionally. Food and Nutrition 95 1. Preparation of balanced diet according to body need: In different ages and in different stages the need of nutrition is different. For example, in childhood for the growth of the body, we need more protein, vitamin and minerals. In adult age for prevention of loss of energy and protection of body

88 Home Economics minerals, vitamins and water. In old age we need vitamin, minerals and water for immunity body control and protection. The diet will not be balanced if any one of six ingredients of food is absent. Because six types of food is necessary in different proportion for a body. Kwashiorkor of babies is due to deficiency of protein and vitamin E. Deficiency of vitamin C causes scurvy and deficiency of vitamin D causes rickets. Different diseases and symptoms are seen due to deficiency of different types of food. So, a diet menu should contain six ingredients of food. The amount of food should be as much as the body needs.

Protein foods According to age and stage sometimes we need more proteins and vitamins. So we should be careful about the six types of ingredients and amount of food in a diet menu. Preparation of balance food One should be careful while selecting food for preparation of balanced diet. We should give importance to body need and demand. Because same amount of food does not fulfil the need of all. Body needs three types of food. For example:- 1. Body building food- fish, meat, egg, milk, pulse etc.

Food and Nutrition 89 2. Energy producing food- Rice, Wheat, Potato, Sugar, Butter, Oil and Ghee. 3. Food for body control and immunization- Vegetables and fruits (Red, Green,

Yellow). We get six essential ingredients from three types of food mentioned above.

Notable preparation of balanced diet (1) Selection should be made in a way that the diet contain all the food nutrients

mentioned in three categories. Above all appropriate quantity of elements should be according to the demand of the body. These three ingredients mixed in proportion make a balanced diet.

(2) We should select food to supply everyday need of calorie from carbohydrate 60%-70%, 30%-40% from fat and 10% from protein.

(3) Balanced diet should be a mixed diet. It means in selection of protein we should select vegetable protein along with animal protein. We should select small fish or egg with pulse. On the other hand, if rice, fish, dal, vegetable and fruits are contained in one meal that is also a balanced diet.

(4) We should prepare a balanced diet with foods which are available in market, those are cheap and rich with food value and easily available.

(5) If we prepare balanced diet with seasonal food that will be more qualitative because seasonal food contains more food value. Seasonal foods are fresh, natural and pure in taste and flavour.

(6) In preparation of balance diet one should be careful about ones habit and physical condition. If any food is allergic or forbidden to the culture and heritage of the family then balanced diet should be prepared with alternative food. If some one has allergy in prawn or shrimp or Hilsha fish we should use another fish. If some one is vegetarian pulse and milk can fulfil his protein need.

(7) In a balanced diet 30 gm oil and 20 gm sugar should be allotted per head. One should be careful about preserving the food value while cooking.

(8) In preparing and serving balanced diet our should be careful so that the loss of food value is not occurred.

(9) In preparing a balanced diet one should be careful about neatness and cleanliness of every thing. Food should be served in hygienic environment.

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-12

90 Home Economics Daily diet list of a family The combination of different types of food is called a menu. The planning for balanced diet is the preparation of food menu. If it is written in the menu, which types of food and in which amount one should take in each meal of a day, then it will be possible to provide balanced food. It will also be easy to select, purchase and prepare food if there is a diet list. It also helps to take mental preparation. Rules for preparing diet list or food list 1. Income: Diet list should be prepared according to family income as it fulfils

the calorie needs of the family members. 2. Unit: Breakfast, lunch and dinner of a day should be considered as a unit of

menu. And diet list of a week should be prepared according to that menu. 3. Division of three foods: Balanced diet should be arranged for every members

of the family. Six types of foods will be provided in a daily menu if there is a selection of food from these three divisions. The distribution of food should be in a way that one type of food is not given importance. For example, if there is fish, meat and pulse in a lunch these will be excess of protein. In breakfast be egg or pulse, in lunch small fish and in dinner meat would be accurate diet.

4. Monotony: The same food in every meal causes monotony. For example, chicken in both lunch and dinner may monotonous and there will be no variety in food.

5. Make a change: There should be a change in diet menu. We should try to prepare a diet menu by different kinds of food to bring a change in taste of food. Change in taste and flavour increases the attraction and desire of food. You can bring a change in diet by preparing khichuri, Poloa, Briani, Tehary, Ruti, Tandure, Parata, Luchi, Chitai Pitha instead of boring rice and ruti in every meal. In breakfast it can be Noodles and Shemai by turn instead of bread and ruti. Breakfast can also be done by cereal like chira, muri and khai.

6. Seasonal fruits and vegetable Seasonal fruits and vegetables should be in daily menu. In breakfast there should be ruti with vegetable and in lunch and dinner there should be two types of vegetables with salad. On the other hand, in diet list vitamin A and C enriched fruits and coloured vegetables should be present. In a weekly menu- if there is some vegetables and fruits these will not be boring if the serving style is different. It is not possible to keep sweets in every meal. In the menu of a

Food and Nutrition 91 party, there may be sweets, firny, halua, yogurt, jarda, shemai, pudding, custard and ice-cream. Occasionally mango, jackfruit, papaya can be served as a desert. If there is absence of fish, meat or fats in a menu milk can be the substitute. Fruits can be taken in between lunch and dinner. 7. The rules of diet according to menu: Drinks should be kept in the menu

according to age. Sarbat, fruit juice, tea-Coffee, milk and fresh water can be the drinks. Food items should be arranged in the menu according to rules. Soup and fish or meat will be listed first. Vegetables pulse, salad, rice ruti, sweets tea and coffee should be listed accordingly. It is easy to cook the food if cooking process is mentioned in the menu. Such as the cooking process of chicken roast, fish fry, vegetable, and fish curry (charchori), smashed potato, thick pulse, fish curry and meat curry may be mentioned in the menu.

8. Making food tasty: To make food tasty, there should be some supporting food which make the main food tasty. This supportive food should be written in the same line of the main item.

Sample of a daily meal In our country there are three main meals -breakfast, lunch and dinner. Except this there is also tea time in the afternoon. These four meals are considered for the planning of a menu, so that one meal is not the substitute of another. Certainly the planning of each meal depends on one's body demand, personal food habit, nature of work and job, time or season. Suppose a service takes ruti, egg, sweets and tea in the breakfast but a farmer takes rice, varta, and pulse etc. Because his food habit is different from a job holder. 1. Breakfast Breakfast is very important in the diet because there is a long gap between the dinner and breakfast because during the gap of long sleep after dinner all the foods are digested and the stomach becomes empty. So we feel hungry in the morning. The gap between the breakfast and the lunch is long. Some one may take light food in between. The workload is also high till noon. That is why the breakfast is a very important meal. The school going girl who has the morning school can not take breakfast due to rush. In this case if there is no heavy food during tiffin time the student becomes weak as he/she has to stay 5-7 hours at school the guardian should give nutritious food for their children.

92 Home Economics Breakfast is of two types- heavy and light. It depends on ones habit and type of job. There are differences in village and town in breakfast. But it must fulfil one's need. Here is an example of breakfast.

In Cities Light breakfast Heavy breakfast Bread, Butter/Jelly Seasonal fruits Banana/Jackfruit/shaddock

Parata/ egg Suji/ Halua Orange/ pineapple/Tea/Milk.

In Village

Light breakfast Heavy breakfast

Muri/chira/Khai/Phitha Milk-Banana/Milk –Gur

Pulse, Pitha, Vegetable Rice, Green chili, seasonal fruits, Mango/Jackfruit/ Banana.

2. Lunch In our country lunch is an important meal. Rice is the main food of Bangladesh. We take rice with different type of curry. Traditionally there are fish, meat, vegetables, pulse and fruits with rice. But if there is an arrangement of some fruits and sweets, the lunch is complete. But it should be remembered 100 Home Economics that the menu of lunch should not be a heavy one. Otherwise people become lazy. Those who work outside home and do not come home at lunch time take packet lunch with them. Generally there are ruti, egg kabab, chap, sumucha, vegetable role, banana, apple, orange etc in the lunch packet. As these kinds of food are easy to carry and easy to take these kinds of meal can also be supplied in the school tiffin. Generally there is no big difference between the lunch of village and town. But fresh fish, vegetables, egg and milk are available in the village area. The people of town are habituated to meat than fish.

Food and Nutrition 93

The menu of lunch is given bellow: Light menu Heavy menu Curry of small fish vegetables and rice

Curry of rui fish with cauliflower, spinach, potato smash, pulse, lemon, salad, rice sandesh, payesh, puding etc.

3. Evening Tea: Generally village people are not habituated to evening tea. They usually take pitha, khoi, muri, banana etc. People in the urban area, take their evening tea with their family members and gossip at the same time. Most of the people like home made food rather than ready made food. People prepare food like noodles, shingara, samucha, nimki, payesh, halua, pitha of their own if they find time. Young children drink milk in the late afternoon. Some people do not like tiffin. They can take fruit juice or soft drinks. Those who take light lunch and late dinner can take a heavy tiffin.

A sample is given bellow:

Light menu Heavy menu Biscuit/ Donut/ Jam/ Jelly, Shingara/ Noodles,/ Milk-Shemai/

Halua/ Fruit/ Juice/ Tea/ Pitha/ Card/ Khoi/ Muri/ Chira/ banana

4. Dinner: Now-a-days dinner is treated as the main meal. Most of the family members can not get together at home in the lunch due to work outside. But they can have their dinner all together at home and enjoy themselves. If the dinner is of variety and light food then it is easy to digest. But if one takes a short walk Food and Nutrition 101 before one go to sleep for 6 to 8 hours and thus one digests the food. Dinner and lunch in our country is almost same. But those who have high blood pressure, heart disease or rheumatic problem take bread/ruti instead of rice. Dinner become delicious if there is milk or sweet after meal.

Sample of Dinner is given bellow: Light menu Heavy menu A curry of potato and egg, pumpkinfry, pulse and rice/ruti.

A curry of meat and potato, egg plant fry, salad, mugdal, rice/ruti, sweet feerne, yogurt

94 Home Economics A daily diet list for different age group is given bellow: For 0-6 months child breast feeding is the best food.

List of additional foods for 6 months breast fed baby: Daily food need Food value

Soft rice : 44 gm Ruti mixed with milk : 2.5 table spoons soft khichuri : 2 tea spoons Potato smashes with leafy vegetable and vegetable: 1 small piece Other vegetable with rice: 48 gm Ripe banana : 1 small piece Egg (if available) : 1 piece

Kilo calorie : 650 Protein : 22 gm Calcium : 345 mg Iron :47 mg Vitamin A : 310 IU Carotene : 1680 mg Vitamin B2 : 68 mg Vitamin C : 17 mg List of additional foods for 6 months baby

Dail food list for 4-6 years baby

Daily food need Getting nutrition Rice/Pitha/muri/chira : 14 gm Ruti biscuit : 58 gm Pulse : 44 gm leafy vegetable : 58 gm vegetable : 44 gm Sweet potato : 58 gm Oil : 4 tea spoon fish/meat : 29 gm Potato : 58gm Milk-rice/payesh : 58gm Fruit : 1 piece Khichuri : time to time

Protein : 34 gm Calcium : 460 mg Iron : 23 mg Vitamin A : 390 IU Carotene : 310 mg Vitamin B : 1.2 mg Vitamin C : 17 mg

Food and Nutrition 95 Daily food list of 13-18 years old boy

Daily food required Food value Milk or Milk product : 200 gm Fish or meat : 58 gm Egg (3 days weakly) : 1 piece Pulse : 50 gm Vegetable (green or red) : 87 gm Other vegetable : 87 gm Fruits (any one) : 100gm Rice : 300gm Wheat flour : 60 gm Potato : 100 gm Sugar : 40 gm Oil : 40 gm

Kilo calorie : 2700 Protein : 66 gm Calcium : 600 mg Vitamin A : 445 IU Iron : 50 mg Vitamin B : 1.5 mg Vitamin C : 57 mg

Daily food list of 13-18 years old girl

Daily food required Food value

Milk or Milk product : 200gm Fish or meat : 58 gm Egg (3 piece weekly) : 1 Piece Pulse : 50gm Vegetable (green or red) : 80 gm Other vegetable : 80gm Fruits (any one) : 100gm Rice : 250gm Wheat flour : 60 gm Potato : 50 gm Sugar/Gu : 30 gm Oil : 30 gm

Kilo calorie : 2500 Protein : 50 gm Calcium : 550 mg Vitamin A : 400 IU Iron : 50 mg Vimin B : 1.2 mg Vitamin C : 50 mg

96 Home Economics Daily food list for grown up women

Daily food required Food value Milk or Milk product : 100gm Fish or meat : 60 gm Egg (2 days weekly) : 1 Piece Pulse : 50gm Vegetable (green or red) : 80 gm Other vegetable : 150gm Fruits (any one) : 100gm Rice : 250gm Wheat flour : 100 gm Potato : 60 gm Sugar/Gur : 20 gm Oil : 50 gm

Kilo calorie : 2200 Protein : 56 gm Calcium : 600 mg Iron : 40 mg Vitamin A : 350 IU Vitamin B : 1.1 mg Vitamin C : 55 mg

Daily food list for pregnant women

Daily food required Food value Milk or Milk product : 200gm Egg (2 days weekly) : 1 Piece Fish or meat : 60 gm Pulse : 50gm Vegetable (green or red) : 80 gm Other vegetable : 150gm Fruits (any one) : 150gm Rice : 300gm Wheat flour : 100 gm Sugar/Gur : 25 gm Oil : 60 gm

Kilo calorie : 2500 Protein : 60 gm Calcium : 1000 mg Iron : 45 mg Vitamin A : 350 IU Vimin B : 1.30 mg Vitamin C : 60 mg

Food and Nutrition 97

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. In the daily food list the quantity of carbo-hydrate is:

a. 20% - 40% b. 30% - 40% c. 50% - 60% d. 60% - 70%

2. In formulation of a balanced diet program most important concern is: I. Need of the body II. Presence of the six ingredients of food III. Limited quantity of the ingredients

Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

3. Body-building food is- I. Fish, meat, egg II. Rice, pulse, milk III. Wheat, potato, sugar

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 4, 5 & 6 : Alim is four years old. He doesn’t like to take fish and meat. But he is fond of vegetables, chips, candy and ice cream. He is often ill. According to the doctor’s advice his mother now serves out balanced food. 4. In Ali’s case which of the diseases is most probable to occur?

a. Quashiorcor b. Scurvi c. Rickets d. Beriberi

5. To ascertain Ali’s balanced diet it is very important for his mother: I. Not to serve some food successively II. To prepare multifunctional food with fish and meat III. To increase the quantity of vegetable in daily food

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-13

98 Home Economics 6. How many grams of protein are necessary for Ali?

a. 14 b. 24 c. 34 d. 44

Creative Questions: 1. Fariha is of thirteen years old. She dislikes taking fish and meat. She takes small amount of food. As her food is not a balanced diet, her mother feed her with fish cutlet, meat kabab, etc. prepared by herself. This creates her interest in taking food.

a. What is called ‘Balanced Diet’? b. Explain the nature of Fariha’s illness. c. Prepare a list of Fariha’s balanced diet for a day. d. Explain the measures taken by Fariha’s mother that made Fariha eager to

take food. 2. Mrs. Shelly wants to serve her family-members nutritious food. Her daughter

is of six years old and her son’s age is six months. Preparing a food list she always tries to meet the demand for nutrition of her family. a. What is a food-list? b. Explain what is meant by nutritious food? c. Prepare a one-day food-list for the children of Shelly to be served at dinner. d. The food-list ascertains the requirements of nutrition for Shelly’s children – Analyze.

Chapter- II

Basic groups of food Different kinds of food are needed for over all growth of body. A balanced diet should be prepared from different types of food according to body need. A balanced diet contain specific amount of protein, carbohydrates, fats, vitamins and minerals. These types of ingredients are obtained from different food. Some food contains one and some foods contain more than one type of ingredient. For example the name of sugar and milk can be mentioned. There is nothing in sugar without carbohydrate. But all types of nutrients contain in milk. So to prepare a balance diet with different types of food we should have the knowledge of the food value of different types of food. With the development of science food specialists have tried to solve the problem of food. Scientists are trying to invent new processes for the supply of nutrition requirement. Definition: All types of foods are divided into some groups or division and advice is given to take food from all these divisions. These types of food are called the basic group of food. Importance: (1) To prepare a list of balanced diet basic group of food are very important. (2) Each of the groups of food has a special character. So one has to take food

from all the groups that mean from mixed group. So basic food group play and important role in mixed food.

(3) It is possible to bring a variety in food taking from all groups of food. (4) The body functions properly by taking food from all groups and body can be

protected from deficiency diseases. (5) Basic groups of food can fulfil the basic requirement of body nutrients. (6) Basic groups of food are required to calculate the food value. In this case it is

not necessary to know the food value of individual food. For easy calculation of food value foods are taken from different group in definite amount.

100 Home Economics Four Basic classification of food:

Food items are divided into four division according to food ingredients and its activities in the body. It helps to make balanced diet chard. 1) Fish, Meat, pulse and egg type of food or body building food. 2) Cereal and cereal type of food or energy producing food. 3) Leafy vegetables, vegetables or fruits type of food or immunizing food. 4) Milk or milk type of food.

(1) Fish, meat pulse and egg type of food. This type of food is called the body building food or protein food. This type of food supply high quality protein. Without protein iron, vitamin A, Vitamin D, Vitamin B1 (Thiamine) Niacin, Calcium, Phosphorus and sulphur are obtained from this type of food. By taking 60-120 gm of good from this group daily protein

Basic groups of food 101 need can be fulfilled. In a meal 30-60 gm protein are served. These groups of food are – Protein type of food

A Fish Different kinds of small and big fish, Dry fish and salted fish. B Meat Beef, Mutton, duck, chicken, lamb, fowl, lever of animals. C Egg Duck, hen, birds and egg. D Milk Milk of cows, buffalos and goats, Cheese, sweetmeat, yogurt. E Pulse All kinds of pulse. F Nut Kaju nut, Pea-nut and other nuts.

The quantity of protein to be served daily

Types of food Edible amount (gm) Protein (gm) Fish (small/big) 30-50 5-9 Beef/ Mutton 30-50 6-11 Duck egg 1 piece 6 Cows milk 200 6.40 Yogurt 100 3 Cheese 25 6 Pulse 25 6 Nut 25 6

Minimum one serving animal protein should be required everyday. Animals protein is essential for nutrition to pregnant mother, pre-school going children and school going children.

(2) Cereal and Cereal type food Cereal type of food is called energy producing food. Main elements of these foods are carbohydrates. Among the energy producing food more than half of the calorie is obtained from the cereal foods. In daily meal we take cereal types of food more than any other food. So rice, wheat and potato supply a /big amount of protein. Thiamine Riboflavin, Niacin and small amount of iron are obtained from these foods. The daily quantity of carbohydrate

102 Home Economics requirements depend on one's labour and nature of job. Those who work hard need 650 gm of carbohydrates daily. In every meal 100-200 gm of carbohydrates are served. Food included in this group is:

Rice Rice, Chira, Muri, Khai, Phitha, rice flour etc.

Wheat Ruti, Bread, Parata, Luchi, Chapati, Wheat Khai, Noodles etc.

Corn Unripe/soft corn, pop corn, cornflower etc.

Potato Different types of potato, sweet potato etc.

Protein and calorie content of one serving cereals required per day. Protein and calorie in food.

amount (gm) Kilocalorie Protein (gm)

Rice 100 346 6.40

Wheat flour 100 342 11.00

Potato 100 98 6.00

Corn 100 125 4.70

This type of food is needed for a normal man. A hard working person needs more calories and should take more than one serving. A grown up man or a woman needs 300-650 gm food according to their age and amount of work. (3) Vegetables and fruits These groups of foods are available in all types of vegetables, plants and fruits. These types of food supply vitamin C, carotene, riboflavin, iron, calcium, Iodine, sulphur, sodium, potassium, magnesium in the meal.

Basic groups of food 103 An adult and normal laborious person need 300-55 gm vegetables and fruits daily. The food included in this group are divided into vitamins and other elements, such as

Vitamin C Guava, lemon, Jambura, Amloki, amra, papaya , orange, black berry.

Vegetables and fruits

Green leafy vegetables, cauliflower, capsicum, Tomato, coli etc.

Carotene rich body vegetables and fruits

Carrot green leafy vegetables, red vegetables, sweet pumpkin, mint, coriander ripe mango, Jack fruit, papaya, orange, pineapple etc.

Other vegetable Egg plant, amaranth, Ladies finger, Potato, Bitter gourd, Ridge gourd, Bottle gourd, Snake guard Kakrol Ashgourd, Cowpea bean, Cauliflower, Cabbage, Beet, Beans

Other fruits Banana, Litchi, custard, Apple, Wood apple, Sopheda, Sugar cane, Coconut and water melon, etc.

Plainly 4-6 serving of vegetables and fruits are essential for body nutrition. In every meal there should 50 gm edible raw vegetable and 50-100 gm fruits. The fruits and vegetable which are enriched with vitamin-C and carotene should be taken in each meal and 2-4 meal from other vegetables. Each adult person and boy and girl need 300 gm vegetable and 50-60 gm fruits. The dailyneeds of vegetable and fruits are to be filled by serving seasonal fruits. (4) Milk and milk type of food- This two groups of foods are essential for babies. Primary and main food of a newborn is milk. By drinking milk a baby grows up, enlarges his stomach and increases its digestive capacity. The baby is then gradually capable of taking other food. Milk is not necessary for an adult person in daily diet. All the preteens of the milk is helpful for baby's growth, As milk contain, vitamin C, iron and other elements of food the new born baby can live on milk and the growth and development of a baby takes place properly and in time. Daily 200-800 gm of milk is necessary for a baby with other foods. In one meal 200 gm of liquid milk is necessary. Only breast milk is enough for a baby up to five months. When breast milk reduces cows milk should be provided. For school going girls and boys at least in one meal or in two meal milk or milk product should be provided. The milk product like 'chana' 'cheese' 'yogurt' 'ghol' and sweets are same types of food.

104 Home Economics Amount of milk and milk product per meal

Food Amount protein (gm) Liquid milk 1 glass (200 gm) 6.4 Chana 2

1 cup (50 gm) 9.0

Yogurt 21 cup (50 gm) 3.0

cheese 2 Table spoon (25 gm) 6.0 Nutritional elements of four groups of food.

Groups of food Nutrient element (1) Meat, fish, Egg type food Protein, Vitamin A, D and B,

Minerals (II) Cereals and Cereal type of food

Carbohydrate, Vitamin B and trace amount iron

(III) Leafy vegetables, vegetables and fruits

Vitamin C, carotene, vitamin B and Minerals

(IV) Milk and milk product Protein, fat, Calcium, Vitamin a and d, Riboflavin, Lactose,

Funtion of nutrient element obtained from basic groups of food-

Four groups of food have important function in human body. From the four groups at least six types of nutrient element can be obtained. The six types of elements with their functions are described below:-

Types of food Function of body (1) Fish, Meat, Egg, pulse type of foods

Growth and development. Protect from decaying, produces energy and prevent discuses.

(2) Cereals and Cereal type of food

Main function is producing heat and energy, digestion, absorption and prevention of disease.

(3) Leafy Vegetables, Vegetables and fruits

Main function is preventing diseases, Control body. help digestion, cures constipations maintain fluidity of body.

(4) Milk and Milk type of food.

Building body, growth, repair decay, increase immunity, produces heat and energy.

Basic groups of food 105

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Sugar contains:

a. Carbohydrate b. Fatty substance c. Vitamins d. Protein

2. How much gram of protein food should be served in a daily meal? a. 20 – 50 b. 30 – 60 c. 40 – 70 d. 50 – 80

3. In milk and milk-made food contain: I. Protein, fat and carbohydrate II. Calcium, vitamin A.D, riboflavin III. Vitamin C, sodium, thiamin

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 4 and 5: Farid is 14 years old. He eats a very small amount of vegetables and fruits. 4. In Farid’s body there is a deficiency of:

I. Carotene, riboflavin and vitamin II. Iron, calcium and iodine III. Phosphorus, protein and carbohydrate

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

5. How much gram of vegetables is daily required for Farid: a. 200 b. 300 c. 400 d. 500

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-14

106 Home Economics Creative Questions: 1. Meat, wheat, carrot, rice, potato, egg, ice cream, small fish, milk, sweets, tomato, greens, mango, pineapple, orange.

a. Which of the above picture are enriched by carotene? b. Which of the edibles in above picture are preventive to diseases? c. Arrange the edibles in cyclic order according to the original (basic) food group. d. The original (basic) food group is helpful to frame a list of balanced diet –

evaluate. 2. Abida, a student of honours 3rd year, is the manager of her hostel. She daily prepares the menu. She ensures the presence of food from every basic food group in her menu. As a result all the students are pleased and have sound health. a. How many classes of basic foods are there? b. What do you understand by original (basic) food classification? – Explain. c. Prepare a probable menu for a student of Abida’s hostel. d. Analyze the reasons behind the students’ good health and their satisfaction.

Chapter- III

Various ways of cooking Men invented fire with advancement of civilization and gradually learned how to cook. The tradition of cooking has started many years ago. Men give importance to cooking not only for satisfying hunger but also for maintaining the food value of food and to make the food tasty and desirable. To make the food tasty, digestive and germ-free cooking is essential. On the other hand defective cooking process destroys most of the food value of food. If cooking process is perfect and developed the defect would decrease and food will be rich with food value and of course tastier. Cooking means cleaning working, cutting or be prepared in other ways for setting or cooker. Foods are coked in different processes on cooker. Before knowing the process of coking one should know importance of cooking. Inportance of cooking (1) The main importance of cooking is that hard layer on the food become soft and edible by cooking. The tough fibre of the food becomes soft and easy for digestion. So, cooked rice, pulse, fish, meat and vegetables are easy to digest. The main objective of cooking food is for easy digestion. (2) The other objective of cooking is to make the foods germ-free to keep body

fit. The germs die due to the heat of cooking. Most of the foods are attracted by germ in raw or fresh state. These germs are moving in air, water and in soil. We can not see germs with open eyes. Germs are seen under the microscope. After cooking the germs of food are destroyed and become inactive and food become germfree.

(3) The other importance of cooking is to develop the colour, flavour, and taste of food. The attractive colour and flavour of food secretes enzyme in mouth as well as in stomach. Thus cooked food helps us in digestion. On the other hand for cooking oil, butter, spices are used so that the food value of food increases. So to enrich food with nutrient and to make it tasty, cooking is important.

In modern days, different types of cooking process are followed to make the cooking easy, nice and swift. The taste and food value of food may be different due to different cooking process.

108 Home Economics Different types of cooking

(1) Boiling (2) Boiling in low temperature (3) Boiling in steam (4) Fry in deep oil (5) Baking (6) Roasting.

(1) Boiling Boling is an easy and ordinary process of cooking. In this process foods are boiled with water in 1000 C or 2120 F. Rice, pulse, Fish, Meat, Egg and Potatoes are cooked in this process. The advantage of this cooking process is that the heat of boiled water reaches every part of the food easily. So the food is boiled properly and there is no chance of burning the food. Some time food value may decrease in this process. Because during, boiling some elements of foods are dissolved in water specially, the vitamins, carbohydrates and minerals. If we through away the water after boiling food, nutrients are lost. After cooking rice if water is disposed carbohydrate, minerals and Vitamins are lost. This type of boiling is very important and easy to digest for the old and babies. It food is cooked in a covered container all the nutrients are preserved. (2) Stewing In this process fish, meat and vegetable are stewed. In this process foods are cooked in a small amount of liquid like water, sauces, Sirka, vinegar or with milk within the temperature of 820c or 1000F in a covered pot. The heats are supplied by water so there is no chance of burning. Due to cooking in low temperature the protein food does not get hard or squeezed. So this protein is not difficult to digest. Meat stews are cooked in this process. If water is disposed after boiling food values are lost. (3) Steaming In this process vapour is made after boiling water and in the heat of this vapour foods are boiled. The temperature of the steam is in between 1000F to 2120 F. The temperature can be increased if needed. So the vitamin and minerals or the proteins are no lost or burnt. To boil in steam half protein of the pot should be filled with water and it should be covered and tied with a piece of cloth and the neck. When the water of the pot starts boiling then foods are put on the cloth covered with a lid.

Various Ways of cooking 105 When foods are boiled, these are taken away from the vapour. Instead of clothes, clay plate can also be used. Special types of clay pot are available for preparing vapa pitha. In the village a big pot is filled with straws and with little water. When water start boiling leaf pitha are spread on straw. Pudding is also made in this process. Fish, meat and vegetable soup are prepared in this process. When foods are cooked in steaming less amount of food values are lost. More over the colour, taste and flavour of food remain intact. For cooking in steam economic cookers or pressure cooker are used. (4) Deep Fat Frying When foods are fried in deep oil, butter or in fat that is called Deep Fat Frying. In this process foods are cooked to maintain qualities. Foods are suddenly dipped in hot oil so that the watery portion of food is evaporated. To maintain the food value of the food the frying is done by any kind of fat like oil or butter. At first fats are put in a deep fry pan then heated up to 1800 C or 1560 F. After the ingredients are put in to the fat heat would be lowered down. Otherwise the inner portion of the food remains raw. After putting the food into oil, the water portion of the food evaporates with little bubbles. After 2-4 minutes the bubbling stops. Then the food item should be taken away from the oil. In this process outer portion of the food creates a hard cover and inner portion remains intact. If the food is put into oil

110 Home Economics without enough heating, it absorbs too much of oil and it is difficult to digest. In this process most of the time it loses vitamins. So vitamin enriched food should never be fried. Fried foods are very tasty but these foods are junk foods. So this type of food should not be taken regularly. We should be careful that foods are dipped into oil while cooking fish, eggplant, potato chips. The advantage of deep frying process is that when the foods are dipped into oil then the fat soluble vitamins like A, D, E and K do not evaporate is air. On the other hand different types of pitha, Lucli, nimki, singara samucha are fried in this process. In this process many foods can be fried at a time. When it is taken out of oil remove the extra oil carefully. High heat is needed in this process. To see whether the oil is heated enough, the following test can be done.

i) When the fats start heating it makes ‘shun’ ‘shun’ sound and small bubbles come up. When there is no bubble with no sound then the fats is heated enough for cooking.

ii) If a small piece of bread or other food is put into the oil, it starts bubbling.

(5) Baking

Baking is done not directly on fire but with the heat of fire. For baking in the burner, foods are kept in a specific hole and then mouth of the oven is closed. The fire heats from the upper side, so inner portion of the burner becomes heated. And foods are baked in that heat. For baking, special burners are made. This is called the baking chamber. Bread, biscuits and cakes are prepared in this process. Otherwise baking can be done by sand in local process. In this Deep Fat Frying Low Fat Frying process sands are put in a pot and foods are put in that pot of sand. Muri and Khai are made in this process. Baking can be done easily and properly by electric oven. Food prepared by this process is tasty and easy to digest. In this process, vitamins are lost except

Various Ways of cooking 111 vitamin E. Vitamin B can be slightly spoiled. High temperature is needed for baking. For baking following temperature are needed- low temperature 250 F- 350 F medium temperatures 3500 c – 4000 F and high temperature 450 – 500 F. (6) Roasting In this process the heat is directly applied to the food from one side but in the process of baking heat is supplied from all the sides. In both the process temperature may be increased and decreased and water from the food evaporates slowly and the hard fibre of food becomes soft and loose. In this process minerals of the food are not lost. But the vitamin destroys slowly. Fish, cabab, ruti are cooked in this process.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions : 1. How much temperature is required for cooking food by boiling in celsius scale:

a. 100° b. 110° c. 120° d. 130°

2. Which one of the following becomes tasty if cooked by moderate heat: a. Meat b. Rice (boiled) c. Vegetables d. Milk

3. Pressure cooker cooks food by: a. Boiling b. Steam c. Warming slowly d. Boiling rising in bubbles

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 4 and 5: Asya Begum can make puffed rice very well and she throws away starch after cooking the rice. 4. Method of making puffed rice is:

a. Frying b. Baking c. Warming slowly d. Boiling

5. In Asia Begum’s boiled rice there is deficiency of: I. Carbohydrate II. Vitamin B III. Mineral salt

112 Home Economics Which of the following is correct?

a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Though there are many cooking methods, Nazifa cooks fish, meat, vegetables, etc. by boiling. Besides this, she often scorches fish, meat, etc. in flaming oven and serves those among her sons and daughters. Nazifa’s cooked meat becomes shrunk and hard to eat. As a result the deficiency of vitamin is perceptible in her children’s body. a. How many kinds of cooking methods are there? b. Why cooked meat of Nazifa becomes shrunk and hard? c. What kind of change is required in Nazifa’s cooking method? Why? d. Give a comparative description of boiling and scorching cooking.

CHAPTER IV Cleanliness in Cooking and its Precautions

to be taken Cleanliness of the cook at the time of cooking is very important The quality of food depends on the personal cleanliness of the cook and the clean cooking environment. Even the most palatable and attractive food, if not prepared in a clean environment, does not bring any satisfaction. On the other hand cook's personal cleanliness, clear environment of kitchen and serving process attract people to eat. Cleanliness of hands, nails, hair and dress of cook 1. Hand should be washed with soap before entering into kitchen. 2. If the nails are long, the get dirty. Those germs can reach food during

cooking and enter into our body. So nail of the cook should be cut. 3. After touching dirt or head or body parts or scraping any parts of body a

cook should not touch the food without washing hands with soap. 4. If there is scabies or skin diseases on hands germs can easily contaminate

the food. In these circumstances cooking or serving food should not be done. Being Cured of diseases after treatment, a cook should start cooking.

5. Many cooks have a habit of cooking food by reading recipe or books. Some of the cooks turn pages of books by touching spits of mouth and touch the food without washing the hand. So germs can contaminate the food. In this case hands must be washed.

6. It is good to use gloves for cooking. 7. Hair of the cook should be put up tightly. If the hair is open it can fall on

the food, or fire can catch the hair due to carelessness. Hair should be plated with ribbon or put up in a bun.

8. We should be careful about clothes of the cook. The dress should be tight fitting. Loose and slovenly dress can create problem. The 'Orna' or 'Anchal' of saree should be tightened on the waist. It is common to catch fire from orna or anchal of saree.

9. Whatever the dress is, it should be clean. Germs can enter into the food from dirty cloths. Many of them have the habit of wiping hand on clothes. So that the clothes become oily and dirty. Again the dirt of the cloth makes the hand

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-15

114 Home Economics

dirty and makes food dirty too. A clean cloth or clean towel should be there for wiping hands.

10. Many of them use apron while cooking. It is a good habit, so that the dress remains tight and can not become dirty with oil and spices.

Some acts carefulness while cooking Safety rules should be followed during building of a kitchen or selection of utensils because in kitchen many kinds of accidents take place. Many of us think that kitchen should be small or of any kind. But a house wife or a cook passes most of the time of day in kitchen so if the kitchen is open and full of light and air, it would be possible to avoid accident. While working in the kitchen one must be careful. Otherwise the following accidents can take place in kitchen due to carelessness. 1) Burning 2) Cutting 3) Slipping Burning and catching fire and its precautions Burn injury can occur due to carelessness. Burning may occur in two ways. In the village the cook or the other persons who work in the kitchen can be burnt from the fire of burner made of clay or from the straw. The fire also spreads to the other portion of the house and other persons may be burnt and their wealth may be destroyed. Fire spreads from the burner to the anchol of saree, orna, or ribbon of hair due to carelessness. Some times these may lead to death if the fire goes beyond control. The leakage of gas burner or torn electric wire of electric burner may cause fire if not put off properly after cooking. There may be a possibility of catching fire from straw, leaf, wood which kept near the burner. The other causes of burning is hot liquid like milk, water etc. Boiling rice, a curry may fall on different parts of body due to slipping from hand. When fish, curry, cabab, chop, singara are put into hot oil for frying, it may sprinkle oil. To avoid these accidents a cook can follow the following precautions. 1. Before entering into kitchen a cook should tie her / his hair and also her loose dress like sari, orna and ribbon so that it can not catch fire. After lighting the burner, the match stick should be kept in specific place. 2. After finishing cooking the burning wood should be put out. Wood, straw, leaf, husk of paddy which is used for burning material should be kept away from the burner.

Cleanliness in Cooking and its Precautions to be taken 115 3. To put out the fire some ash, sand or water should be preserved near to burner. 4. If there is any leakage in the gas burner it should be sealed. Never touch the

electric wire or switch with wet hand. It may cause electric shock. Torn electrical wire is to be repaired immediately. When gas or electric burner is used in the kitchen one window should be open so that the leaked gas can go out through the window. Stored gas in closed room causes the fire when a match stick is lighted. In a closed room very often the accidents of gas explosion takes place that take away lives

5. To take off the hot pot from the burner or for some heat proof material can be used. Cotton pad or iron handle can be used for this purpose.

6. While food staff is put on hot oil it is to be ensured that there is no water in the food. Put the food staff slowly so that it touches the fry pan and hot oil will not sprinkle on your body. Do not use high temperature after pouring oil on the fry pan so that fire does not catch out on the fry pan and cause accident. If fire catches, do not throw water on it or do not try to put down the pot. In this case burner should be put out or covered with a lid.

Cut injury and precaution: The other injury in the kitchen is cut injury. If sharp instrument like ‘dao’ boti, knives are kept in proper place, these may cause cut injury. While cutting food stuff one can be injured. Some time broken glass, rusted tin, broken plastic lid, aluminium or other broken pot also cause the cut injury. In the village, sharp wood, broken fence or wire injure people. So to avoid this injury a cook should follow the following directions. 1. Cutting instrument should be kept in safe place immediately after the cooking

is finished. The drawer should be kept in a higher place out of children reach. 2. Instruments should be sharp enough for cutting. Wood and heavy knife or dao

should be used instead of boti for cutting heavy stuff like bones of the meat. 3. Broken utensils should not be used for cooking. Useless stuff should be thrown

away from the kitchen. If there is space for walk in the kitchen less accident is occurred. The place of cutting should have sufficient light.

4. Broken glass pieces should not be cleaned by hands. It should be swept away by broom or board or paper.

116 Home Economics Injury from falling or slipping / and precaution If there are kitchen rubbish and water in the kitchen floor, these cause the slipping, legs and hands can be broken or any part of the body or head may be injured. If the utensils are not arranged properly rather scattered here and there, that may cause slipping too. If there is high door sill on the door of the kitchen made of wood or cement, there will be possibility of falling. If proper precaution is taken, this type of injury can be avoided so a cook should take the following precautions. (1) Remove all the wastes of the kitchen and use a tray or big dish for cutting vegetables, fish or meat to keep the kitchen clean and dry. (2) Whatever the kitchen floor is paved or unpaved, attempt should be made to

keep it dry and clean. (3) If oil or fluid of boiled rice fall on the kitchen floor, it should be cleaned

immediately. Otherwise the kitchen floor may become slippery. (4) After every eight ten days, kitchen should be cleaned with vim, warm water

and brass, so that the kitchen does not become slippery. (5) If there is a separate basin for washing utensils in the kitchen it reduces the

possibility of accident. To avoid any accident the perfect way is that the possible causes should be known and the precautions should be taken. Remember that simple carelessness causes serious harm. Only the keep eye of the cook can protect it.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. The dress of a cook should be:

a. Loose b. Made of nylon c. Tight d. Made of cotton thread

2. To build a kitchen most important point is : a. Safety b. Beauty c. Place d. Budget

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 3 and 4 : Mousumi poured oil in fry pan and intensified the oven-fire. Then for frying she put some fish washed with water. As soon as the fish was put into the oil in frypan

Cleanliness in Cooking and its Precautions to be taken 117 the warm oil sprinkles around. Being frightened, she began to throw fish from upper position. In course of time, the fry pan suddenly caught fire. 3. Reason for scattering the oil off the fry pan:

a. Water sticking to the fish b. Throwing of fish from upper position c. Intensifying the fire d. Fish touches the fry pan while putting it into the warm oil

4. For extinguishing the fire it is necessary to: I. Throw water in the fry pan II. Put off the oven III. Covering the fry pan with lid

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

5. To avoid the accident like falling down/slip over in the kitchen floor: I. Immediately after falling of water on the floor, it should be wiped up. II. A plate should be used for cutting out vegetables. III. Work should be done sitting outside the kitchen.

Which of the following is correct? a. I & II b. II & III c. I & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Farida, Diana’s newly appointed maid servant, after cutting out fish, vegetables, etc. cleanses those absolutely in the kitchen. Every day after finishing cooking, she sets properly the cutting equipments, cleans the rubbish and wipes the rooms. She takes her bath properly. One day in her usual dress when was frying Ruhit fish she burns her hand. Hearing out her cry while coming along to help her Diana slipped over on the floor and got wounded severely. a. How many kinds of accidents generally occur in a kitchen for carelessness? b. In which place the cutting equipments should be placed? Why? c. Explain what measures should be taken for Farida’s safety? d. Analyze the reasons behind Diana’s slipping over?

Part – IV Garments and Weaving Fibre

Chapter- 1 Characteristics ofArtificial Fibre used in Garments

Introduction The smallest unit of making garment is called fibre. The fibre used in the garment is called the weaving fibre. There are many sources of weaving fibre. For example, natural fibre is cotton, wool and silk and artificial fibre is rayon, nylon, dracon etc. In ancient time natural fibre were used mostly in garment. But now a day different types of artificial fibres are invented. So the use and popularity of artificial fibre is increasing along with natural fibre. Rayon The first men made fibre is rayon. The process of commercial manufacture of Rayon is started by Hillary de Charlene a disciple of world famous French scientist Louis Pasteur in 1884. In 1889 he exhibited his rayon on an industrial exhibition at Parish. Cellulose is collected from the wood pulp and cotton lint and then it is put into the solution of caustic soda. Then some chemicals are mixed with it to prepare liquid solution. This solution is allowed to pass through fine wire mesh. When the solution passes through the bottom of the mesh, it comes in contact with air and congeals into fibre. Rayon is manufactured in many countries of the world. There is a rayon factory at Chandraghona, Chittagong Hill tracts in Bangladesh. Rayon is broadly classified into three types, such as Viscose, Cupramonium and Acetate. The Rayon which is produced in viscose and cupramonium is similar in character. Cellulose acetate process is used for producing acetate. Its production process is more or less same as rayon but quality is little bit different. Rayon is as bright as silk, so this is called the artificial silk. Physical Characteristic of Rayon Under microscope, rayon looks like hard glass. Viscose rayon is some signs like lines. Although acetate rayon is although looks like glass but there are one or two lines in it. When put into water it loses 40% to 70% of its energy.

Garments and Weaving Fibre 119

The elasticity and flexibility of Rayon is less then silk cloth. Rayon fibres are soft, fine and beautiful. Rayon is both thick and heavy. It gives cold feeling when touched. It has its own brightness. These fibres are strong but light in weight. Rayon is heat conductive. So Rayon-made-garments are very comfortable. The chemical characteristic of Rayon Viscose or cupramonium rayon fibre is not damaged by light or mild soda water but its brightness feds. But it is damaged by acid. If the rayon fibre is left in damp place for a long time very small spots are seen in these clothes. Colour receiving capacity of Rayon is very high. So all types of colours are applied to rayon. But it can not resist heat. In water rayon fibre gets strong when dried. If it is too much rubbed while being washed rayon fibre become weak and often becomes shapeless. Rayon is not eaten by worm. Functional characters of Rayon Compared to other cloths rayon fibre is cheaper. These clothes are very bright. Its brightness attracts all. Different types of bright colure rayon are available in market. Rayon made clothes have multiple use such as in different environment, different time and for different purpose. Rayon fabrics are used for dress, garments, bed sheet, and curtain and for many other things. Rayon garment are easy to wash and care. The water absorbing capacity of rayon clothes is very low. So it dries up quickly. Nylon Man-made first synthetic fibre is nylon. In 1939 du lopt company of USA made a thread like material with different chemical after many experiments. Among these Nylon 6.6 have all the characteristic of a natural fibre. This 6.6 nylon is then called nylon. The basic composition of nylon is coal, water and air. Nylon is made

120 Home Economics chemically. In the first stage, nylon remains in the form of dust or very small particles. The dust particles are then melted under very high temperature to make nylon. Physical characteristic of Nylon Under microscope longitudinally nylon looks like tubes but the transverse surface look like a collection of circles. As nylon is an artificial fibre its length and width can be controlled. This fibre is bright. This does not get crushed. Nylon fibre is light in weight. But this cloth is durable, flexible and long lasting. Its heat resistant capacity is very low but in high temperature it becomes melted. It should be ironed in low heat. But it can be washed by lukewarm water. Nylon is heat resistant. Air can not ventilate through it. So it is more comfortable in winter then summer. This fibre is damage by sunlight. For this reason, nylon clothes are to be dried in shade. Chemical characteristic of nylon Nylon has no capacity of absorbing water vapour. So, in summer, wearing a nylon dress means feeling hot. There is no damage of nylon fibre in light acid. It is damaged by strong acid and also not damaged in caustic soda water. All kinds of soaps can be used to wash these clothes. These clothes are not attacked by moth or fungus. It does not easily get stained or spot.. Its water absorbing capacity is low. So it dries up easily. Nylon clothes can be conveniently used during the rainy season.

Garments and Weaving Fibre 121 Functional Characteristics of nylon Nylon clothes are long lasting and light so it is used by many persons. The clothes made of this fibre are also cheap. Nylon clothes are used to make curtain, carpet net, table mat, and table cloth and window screen and umbrella sheet. Nylon clothes are cheap in price and long lasting.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Rayon thread is divided into:

a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

2. Nylon is excessively than other fibre: a. Costly b. Lasting c. Cozy d. Cold

3. The proper clothes for use in the rainy season is: a. Cotton b. Silk c. Nylon d. Linen

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 4 and 5 : Mitu very much likes to wear the linen shirt gifted by her uncle in the Summer. She often washes the shirt with soap and puts it in the sun to dry. After drying up she irons it in ordinary heat. After some days it was seen that the shirt has worn out. 4. The reason behind Mitu’s liking for wearing the shirt in the Summer season

is it: a. Smooth and fine b. Aristocratic c. Light in weight d. Good heat-conducting

5. Causes of damage of the shirt: I. Washing it with the soap II. Drying it out in the sun III. Ironing

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-16

122 Home Economics Which of the following is correct?

a. I b. II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Boobli is a girl of a lower middle class family. She generally wears clothes made of artificial fibres. She has to wear only one sari for many days and she is compelled to go to university ignoring bright sunlight, rains etc. On the Eid festival when she went out for shopping, the shopkeeper showed her various types of nylon and rayon sarees. a. What is meant by fibre? b. What do you understand by artificial fibre? Explain. c. Explain which saree is more suitable for Boobli for the festival? d. Compare the nylon with rayon fibres.

Chapter-II Washing Equipments of Garments

and List of other Articles Dress and garments become dirty after use. So it is necessary to wash them. Some time it is washed by laundry man. If dress and garments are washed in laundry these get torn off, damaged and discoloured. This is also a wastage of money. If there is an arrangement of washing, drying and ironing of clothes at home it is easy to be always neat and clean. Usually clothes are washed at bath rooms. There should be sufficient light at the place of washing. Light is needed for noticing the colour, stain and dirt of the clothes. If there is an arrangement of washing equipment it is easy to wash, clothes get cleaner too. If the equipments are kept near to washing place it will be available for washing. A. Washing Equipments Sink:- Sufficient water is needed for washing clothes. For this sufficient supply of water in the sink from a tap is needed at the place of washing. Sufficient water is needed to remove the detergent and dirt from the clothes. A sink or basin is made of porcelain connected with a draining pipe under it. There is a tap fixed on the sink. Sink is suitable for washing clothes in standing position. There is a small knob connected by a chain to hold water in the basin. After washing clothes the hole is opened to pass water. Bucket: - A bucket is necessary for using soap, soda, indigo, and starch. Buckets are made of aluminium, plastic or tin. Plastic buckets are convenient because it is light in weight and easy to clean. Bowl: -It is easy for rubbing and washing clothes in a bowl. A bowl can be made of plastic, wood, clay or aluminium. The washer man usually use earthen bowl. Because soap and soda do not do any harm to earthen bowl. There may be a stain from the wooden bowl. For washing of woollen or silk clothes and to put indigo and starch the plastic bowl is the best. Mug: - To put water on the washing clothes a mug is necessary. Indigo has to be made soluble in little water in a mug then mixed in more water. Mug can be made of tin plastic, aluminium or enamel.

124 Home Economics Stick or Spoon : For shaking the boiling clothes a stick or spoon is necessary. To prepare starch a stick is also necessary. This stick can be made of wood or bamboo, so that it is not melted by heat and these easy to hold. Saucepan :To boil too much dirty cotton clothes, thick and heavy clothes, kantha for babies and towels a saucepan or a pan is necessary. It is made of aluminium, iron or clay. It is necessary to boil the clothes and make it germ free. A saucepan is necessary for preparation of gruel. Wooden board : A plain hard surface is required for washing dirty, thick heavy, cotton and linen clothes. Clothes are casily torn off if clothes are washed with heavy pressure in the surface of the bath room. A flat board is required to beat clothes for washing. Clothes are soaked in soap-water or boiled with soda and then beaten to make them clean. This washing board can be made of wood or bamboo.

Washing Equipments of Garments and List of other Article 125 If the board is made of bamboo, the piece of bamboo should be smooth or the clothes may tear off. Washing machine: Washing machine is available in market. Clothes can be washed and dried by washing machine. There are of two types of washing machine- automatic and semi automatic. Washing machine is run by electricity. The problem of using washing machine is that it decreases the durability of clothes. The button of shirts, zipper of pants are lost or broken. More water and soap are needed for washing clothes. The fibre of flannel and woollen clothes is damaged. Brush:- Plastic brush is used to remove dirt from cuff of shirt, collar, sleeve of blouse by rubbing. But brush should not be used to rub fine and thin clothes. It may tear or damage the clothes. Vacuum cone:- To reduce labour now days different type of machines have been invented for washing clothes, vacuum cone is one of them. Soap water is put into dirty clothes and then this machine cleans the dirt from the clothes. Suction washer: - All types of clothes are washed by this machine. No damage of clothes is done by this machine. Suction machine is more or less like a pipe. It has two parts, one looks like a long hand and the other looks like a round bowl. Round bowl is fixed on the head of handle. At first clothes are soaked in soap water then the handle of the suction machine is press up and down to do the washing.

126 Home Economics Drying equipment: - After washing drying arrangement should be made. If the clothes are not spread properly it takes time to dry up and iron. Equipments of drying clothes are described bellow :- Rack: - Rack for drying clothes are made of wood, iron and plastic. On each racks there are 3 to 4 long iron strings lined on both ends. There are gaps between to strings; clothes are spread on their strings. Racks are placed on the one side of the veranda .Small clothes are dried on the rack. Wire and rope: - Out side the room wire and ropes are tied strongly and tightly with two bamboo pillar, to make the arrangement of drying clothes. Wood or plastic clips are used in the wire and rope. Otherwise the clothes may fall down and become dirty. Clip keeps the clothes with the wire or rope. The upper side of the blouse, trouser should be clipped and lower side of the shirt. Wire and rope should be smooth. Hanger: - Shirt, coat should be dried on hanger. The shape and size of the dress remain perfect if it is dried on hanger. Hanger is made of wood, plastic and wire, the problem of wire hanger is that rust can spoil it and make stain the clothes. The woollen clothes should not be dried on hanger. It may change the shape and size of the woollen clothes will not be changed. Clip: - The clip helps the clothes to be fixed with the wire and rope. Clip is made of wood or plastic. Dryer: - In the western country sunlight is rare. Moreover hand houses are made in a way that clothes can be dried in the room in gas or electric dryer. In the dryer clothes are dried with in a short time. But the buttons may get loose and clothes shrink, and the folding of the clothes do not remain the same and fibre of the cloths fade. B) Equipment for ironing: - After drying properly to give a perfect shape to the clothes ironing is necessary. There are some folds on the clothes. To remove these folds ironing is necessary. Ironed clothes look more clean and bright.

Washing Equipments of Garments and List of other Article 127 Different types of irons There are three types of irons Iron made of iron sheet coal iron Electric iron

(1) Iron made of iron sheet - An ordinary iron is made of thick wired iron plate. There is a handle on it. This iron is placed on a gas or kerosene burner to get hot. It takes time for ironing. Due to carelessness, it may burn the clothes as there is no heat regulating system. It may make the clothes dirty by black spot too. A piece of heavy cloth is used for the handle as it gets too hot.

(2) Coal iron: - Coal iron is a small box with a cover. Burning coals are put into it. The iron becomes heated with these hot coals. As there is no system of controlling heat there may be a possibility of staining or burning of clothes. We should be very careful while ironing. Other wise burning coal may come out through loose cover and cause accident.

(3) Electric iron: - Ironing with an electric iron is very easy. Because it does not need to be heated on the burner. Many clothes can be ironed within a short time. It has heat-controlling system. So the clothes of any kind can be ironed with it.

128 Home Economics Iron made of iron sheet

a place on the right side of the iron board to keep the iron. The other part of the iron board is covered with a blanket or a piece of heavy clothe. Sleeve board: - To iron the long sleeve of the dress there are sleeve boards. It is easy to iron the sleeve on sleeve board. Sleeve board Sprayer: - You need to spray water on clothes for ironing. Sprayer is also used for spraying water. Sprayer is a bottle made of plastic. Water and starch liquid are spread uniformly on clothes by sprayer. So that the hands remain dry. Some iron has a system of keeping water in it and water is sprayed on clothes according to need. Washing material Besides washing equipments there needs some washing materials for washing clothes. The proper use of these materials makes the clothes clean and bright. Water: - Water is needed for washing. Pond, river, tap and rain water is used for washing. According to presence of minerals there are two types of watersoft water and hard water. Soft water is suitable for washing clothes. It needs less amount of soap. It creates more foam with little amount of soap and clothes are clean easily. In hard water you can not make foam even with a good soap. Tube well water has more minerals and it can not make foam of soap easily. It is difficult to wash clothes and more soap is needed. The hardness of water can be reduced by boiling the water.

Ironing board: - An iron board or separate table for ironing is needed. The iron board should be light up to waist line. If it is low in height it needs ironing by banding the body and cause that pain may waist and back bone. Then it is not possible to iron for a long time. There should be

Washing Equipments of Garments and List of other Article 129 Soap- Soap is an important washing material. A good soap is needed for cleaning clothes. It need low labour and keep the fibre intact. Good quality soaps are those soap which do not have alkali and made from good quality fat and oil. Good quality soap easily creates foam. Laundry soap has some qualities such as-

(A) The soap will not looks yellow or deep coloured. It is clear or slightly faded in colour. This kind of soap is the best soap. (B) If pressed by finger it remains hard. It dose not soften to make a hole. (C) Take correct weight of a piece of soap; record it. Do not use this soap for a month. After a month again weight it. If the weight decreases 1/5th of its total weight, it is a low quality soap.

(D) If white powder like elements are found on the soap this indicates that the soap contains more alkali and is harmful for clothes.

Detergent- Detergent is free from alkali material. The cleaning capacity of detergent is very high. Silk and woollen clothes can be washed with detergent easily. It does not discolour the cloth. If liquid shampoo is used for washing silk it makes the clothes clean and bright. Soda - A soil called ‘saji mati” ashes from banana trunk are used as soda in the village. It contains soda and makes the clothes clean. Soda salt is made of the chemical reaction of carbonic oxide and ammonia gas. The liquid solution of soda is alkali. So that silk and woollen clothes can not be washed with it. Alkali material makes these clothes weak. Oily and white cotton clothes can be cleaned with soda by boiling in hot water. Katha of baby, diaper, and pillow case and bed sheet can washed with soda and boiling water to make it germ free. Soap flakes: - Varieties of soap are now available in the market. They are carefully manufactured for this purpose. It is easy to use and safe for washing fine clothes. A small quantity of soap flake gives sufficient foam. With a slight rubbing silk, wool, nylon etc can be cleaned with this soap. Ritha :- Ritha is a kind of fruit. In our country ritha is used for cleaning the silk and wool. From ancient time expensive and fine clothes are washed with it. It maintains the exact use of colour of the clothes. There is an element called saponin in ritha. Saponin makes the clothes clean. The bark of the ritha fruit is separated from the seeds. Then the seeds are kept into hot water for a night. The next morning it creates foam after rubbing. At first bark has to be separated from foam water and then the clothes should be soaked in that water. Then washing with water will make clothes clean. If woollen clothes are washed with ritha, it does not make

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-17

130 Home Economics the cloth shrink and hard and less durable. Whitener: - Whitener is a chemical product, usually used for white clothe to make it brighter. Required amount of whitener is mixed with water then the washed clothes are soaked in that water for some hour and then rinsed. The washed clothes look brighter due to sunlight. Indigo: - After washing with soda or soap white clothes become yellowish. To remove this yellowish indigo or neel is used. It is available in liquid, powder and solid form. Powder or solid indigo is tied in a small piece of fine clothes and then dipped in water of a bucket or bowl. When the water is light blue then the washed clothes are put in that water and stirred up thoroughly. Now ring it to spread in sunlight. Starch or gruel: - The starch is used in thin cotton clothes to give it a good shape after ironing. These are available from fluid of boiled rice; the starch can be made by flour, barley and araroot powder. These powders are mixed proportionately with water and then boiled. Washed clothes are then put into that starch solution. The quantity of the starch depends on the quality of clothes. Fine cotton cloths need more quantity of starch to make it stronger. Starchy cloths must be ironed to get its proper shape. These clothes can be used for many days because dirt can not get into starchy clothes easily. Gum arabic: - It is used for silk fabric to make it stronger. Gum arabic is put into some amount of water and then rubbed to dilute and then it can be applied to the clothes.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which one of the following is convenient for soaking clothes in water:

a. Wooden bowl b. Plastic bowl c. Iron cauldron d. Aluminum cooking pot

Washing Equipments of Garments and List of other Article 131 2. Which one is used to enhance the brightness of white clothes:

a. Whitener b. Indigo c. Starch d. Gum

3. The Suction machine looks : a. Like a round cup b. Like a tube for measuring oil c. Like iron foil d. Like a quadrangular stick

Read the following paragraph and answer questions no. 4 and 5 :Mina’s mother generally washes clothes with detergent using Washing Machine. She doesn’t use machine to wash winter garments and washes those in water mixed with soapnut. 4. Mina’s mother uses soapnut to wash clothes because:

I. It cleans clothes II. It doesn’t get frozen III. Colour doesn’t fade

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

5. Mina’s mother did not wash winter clothes in the washing machine, because: I. Durability of the clothes decreases II. Fibers of the clothes disappear III. Much water and soap is consumed

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Tanima’s mother uses detergent, soap, indigo (blue), starch, etc. for washing the clothes. They have a washing machine in addition to other accessories for cleaning. Once Tanima got anxious for washing her woolen shawl as her mother was not at home.

a. How many kinds of Washing Machine are there?

132 Home Economics

b. Why indigo(blue) is used for clothes? Explain. c. How will Tanima clean her shawl? Explain. d. Compare soap with detergent.

2. Baby is to wash daily her school uniform which is white and made of cotton. She cleans her uniform, puts indigo on it and wears it after ironing. But after sometime of wearing the uniform loses its tightness. As her uniform is stained with indigo, she doesn’t feel easy in the school. a. How many kinds of iron are there? b. Why Baby’s uniform loses its tightness after sometime of wearing? c. What should Baby do to remove the blue spot from her uniform? Explain. d. Explain the importance of ironing the school uniform of Baby.

Chapter-III Washing methods of cotton fabrics

white & coloured Cotton clothes are widely and generally used in our homes. Dresses, garments, bed sheets, sofa-cover, pillow-covers, door and window screens, diaper of children and many others clothes are made of cotton. These clothes becomes dirty after using some days and are not suitable for use. It is made suitable for use after cleaning with soap, soda or any other detergent. To make it clean is not enough. To bring back the natural beauty and brightness of clothes starch and indigo are to be used and then ironed. Therefore washing is a long process of included cleaning with soap and soda, using starch and indigo and then ironing. There are two reasons for washing: 1. To the dirt and make it clean. 2. To bring back the natural beauty of the clothes. The following process is followed for proper washing of cotton clothes. (A) Clothes should be selected according to their colour, texture and size. Colour Before soaking for washing, clothes should be selected according to their colour to deep, light and white clothes. Some deep colours are not permanent and it will discolour the other clothes if there are not separated before washing. Fibre Clothes should be separated according to plant fibre, animal fibre and synthetic fibre. Because the dresses made of different fibre can not be washed in same process. The washing methods are different. Cotton clothes can be boiled, but silk and woollen clothes are not suitable for boiling. Size Before washing, clothes should be separated according to their size like under garments, bed sheets, handkerchiefs and socks. If they are washed together there may be a possibility of loosing small clothes. Clothes also should be separated according to their amount of dirt too.

134 Home Economics Less dirty clothes If less dirty clothes are separated from very dirty clothes. It can be easily and quickly cleaned only with soap quickly and without much labour. Moderate dirty clothes The clothes should be soaked in lukewarm water with soap little bit before washing so that it is easy to clean. Very dirty cloths These types of clothes need more labour and more time. So it may be washed with hot water or in boiling water. But coloured clothes should not be boiled. These clothes can be soaked in soap water for some time and then washed to make it clean. Repairing of clothes On regular using clothes, fibre loose strength and start tearing where pressure is exerted. Clothes may tear off for washing or other reason, some times buttons are lost by opening stitches, they are to be repaired by darning and patches. Clothes should be repaired on time. Otherwise these tears become broader and may not suitable for further use. The process of darning, patches, setting button are described bellow. Darning (rifu) This is a type of repairing work. A frame is needed for fixing the clothes inrepairing place. Needle and thread must be chosen according to size and colour of the clothes, some time some colour of threads are not available for darning. If it is a sari, some thread can be taken off from the end of the sari for darning. Before starting rifu put a mark around the repairing portion with pencil. Then put running stitch over the pencil mark. Then start stitching breadth wise with warp yarn and then length wise with filling yarn. This filling stitch will be interred- curving the running stitch which is passing up and down way. The whole process of work is called darning or rifu.

Washing methods of cotton fabrics 135

Picture 1 Picture 2 Patches If any portion of the dress or clothes is torn off or cut for somehow, a hole, big or small may appear on it. To mend this hole a patch up is necessary. Patch up is done by a piece of clothe almost similar in texture and colour. The piece of cloth should be bigger then the size of the hole. Fig no. 3 The piece of cloth should be placed on the hole and stitched around it by hemstitch. Hemstitch is a round about stitch used on the folded edge of the clothes. When stitching the side of torn clothes it is to be folded inside similar stitches may be given on the opposite side by the folded edge of clothes. This will give a good finishing work.

136 Home Economics Setting button 1) Select the place for setting button through the button hole. 2) Fix the button on the selected place with double thread in the needle. 3) Put the button on a fixed place with a pin then pass the needle with a thread up and down across the button hole. 4) Put out the pin from the dress and a knot should be made with the threads under

the button.

In case of press-button you need not make any button hole. The button is divided into two parts. Each part has to be fixed to opposite sides so that the both sides are fixed together.

Stain removal: Some time stains are created on clothes due to carelessness. If these stains are not removed, it may become permanent some stains can be removed only washing with water only. Some time chemicals are needed for removal of stain. When more then one dress is washed together the colour of one dress may stain with the other dress. Some times iron stain clothes. Vpour –bath method Setting methods of button & press-button Vapour –bath method Many processes are used for the removal of stain from clothes. It depends on fibre and texture, colour and design, duration of stain etc. For the removal of stain dipping, steaming, dropping and sponge methods are most common. When the whole clothes are sink on the removal agent that is called the dipping method. The stain of sweating and turmeric are removed by sinking method. In steaming

Washing methods of cotton fabrics 137

method removal agent are boiled in a cattle so that the vapours come out of it then the stained portion of the clothes should be placed on the vapour. So that the stain is removed by the vapour. On the other process removal agents are put on the stained portion by a dropper.

Dropping method By sponge method a small ball of cotton is soaked in the removal agent then rubbing the stain from the outer circle to centre of the stained portion, it can be removed. Generally the stain of blood and tea of silk and woollen clothes and ball pen marks on cotton clothes are removed by this process. Some method for removal of stain-marks from cotton clothes Blood stain The stained portion should be dipped in cold water to washe it with soap and water. If the stain is old it should be removed with diluted ammonia solution and washed it with soap and water. Marks of writing pen This mark should be clean with soap and water. If the mark is not removed it should be washed with oxalic acid or ammonia. These marks also are removed by same method with milk. Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-18

138 Home Economics Tea or coffee The marked portion should be cleaned with boracom or lemon juice and then dry it in the sun light. Besides boiled water can be poured from 30 to 90 cm height from the marked portion through a kettle for the removal of the mark. Stain of turmeric Cotton clothes can be washed with soap and lukewarm water and then dried it on the grass. So the stain of turmeric can be removed. Stain of sweat Usual stain of sweat can be removed by washing with soap and water and then dried it in the sunlight. But old and dirtier stain needs treatment with ammonic solution or dilute hydrogen peroxide solution. These clothes should be soaked for some time before washing. Stain of iron rust Stain rust should be removed by lemon juice. If the stain is old it needs salt with lemon juice or light oxalic acid for removal of stain. Mud stain The mud of the clothes should be removed with a brush after drying it then washed it with soap and water. If the stain is not removed in this way then the clothes should be soaked in the solution of potassium per-management and oxalic acid and washed. Washing with soap and water After removal of stain the cotton clothes should be soaked in lukewarm or cold water with soap according to need. Some times phlegm is remain on handkerchief. It should be washed with salt water. White cotton clothes should be boiled with soap and soda according to need. The clothes should be kept in soap water for two to three hours. Some time brush may be used for cleaning the folded part of the clothes like collar of shirt, cuff, sleeves of blouses etc. To remove the soap from the clothes, rinse it for some time in clean water then twist it by hand. When the dirt is removed by washing, it needs rinsing. Rinsing should be done in clean water and these should be done several times. When there is no soap in water and the water is clean then the clothes are to be preserved by hand.

Washing methods of cotton fabrics 139 Applying indigo:- All types of clothes need not to use indigo. Indigo brightens white clothes. White clothes become yellowish for using soap and soda. To remove this yellowish shade indigo is used. The powder or solid form of indigo should be poured and diluted in water. For this purpose indigo powder is poured in a piece of thin cloth and diluted it properly. When the colour of water is light blue them rinsed clothes should be soaked in that water. There should be sufficient water. Other wise the colour will not be equally applied. Then, again rinsed it and spread it in the sunlight for drying. Some points are to be remembered for applying indigo in washed clothes. (A) Before sinking in blue water clothes should be rinsed and spread properly so

that there would be no fold on the clothes. (B) Before soaking clothes, blue with water should be mixed well. (C) Clothes should not be soaked in blue water for a long time. (D) The indigo should not be mixed in water after soaking clothes. (E) Only one clothes should be soaked in blue water at a time.

140 Home Economics Dressing with starch Fine cotton clothes are dressed with starch for looking smart. So that clothes do not get dirty easily. Starch from boiled rice is also used for this purpose. Starch is prepared by boiling water with flour, burley and arroroot. The hardness of clothes depends on the thickness of the starch. Starch should be poured through a fine clothes then mixed with water to use it in the cloth. Rinsing and drying The washed clothes which are dressed with starch, should be pressed by hand and then spread it in the rope or wire for drying in the sunlight. The water of the clothes should be removed by shaking. This will also remove fold created by pressure of hand. White clothes can be dried in sunlight, so that it becomes whiter, brighter and germfree.

Wire for drying clothes Ironing Dress is not ready to be used only after washing and drying. It needs ironing to makes the cloth smooth, bright and orderly. Sprinkling of water is needed before ironing. Iron, and iron stand are necessary for ironing. Iron should be made hot according to the quality of the clothes. Clothes should be spread smoothly before ironing done. Cotton clothes should be ironed slowly to remove shrinkage. For ironing a sharee the border and end of the sharee should be ironed first. For ironing a shirt collar, pocket and cuff should be ironed first. For ironing a pant a crease line of the pant should be ironed. Embroidery clothes should be ironed from back side. Two or three layers of clothes can be iron at a time to save time and

Washing methods of cotton fabrics 141 electricity. Ironing should be done in sufficient light and air so that water of the cloth dries up quickly and will not feel hot. The following point may be remembered and checked. (1) Iron surface or bottom should be cleaned from stain and rust. (2) Iron should not be too heated. Too much heat may burn the cloth. Switch off the iron while not ironing. Here are the steps for ironing a kameej. At first iron the sleeves. Then iron two sides of kameej. Spread it according to (picture one). Then spread the back portion upward on the table (picture two). Then start folding the body at length and the sleeves. Then the left side and sleeve should be folded from the right half. Then give a slight pressure pressing of iron on it. The whole kameej should have three folds according to the (picture four).

Steps of ironing a kameej Cooling After ironing cooling is necessary to dry the sprinkled water. Then keep it with naphthalene. The clothes which are kept for a long time should not be starched because these clothes easily attract worm.

142 Home Economics

Excises

Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which of the following clothes requires stiffening with starch:

a. Rayon b. Woolen c. Linen d. Silk

2. Which of the following should be used to remove the spot of tea or coffee from clothes:

a. Oxalic acid b. Boracom solution c. Ammonia solution d. Common salt

Read the following paragraph and answer questions No. 3 and 4 : Jitu brushes up his dirty shirt and then washes it with soap and water. He uses chemicals to remove stain of ink from his shirt. 3. Jitu brushes up his dried shirt:

I. To remove the loose dust II. To lessen the consumption of soap III. To ease the washing

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

4. Jitu removed the stain of ink with: a. Ammonia solution b. Borakom solution c. Hydrogen per oxide d. Potassium per manganet

Creative Questions: 1. Rina was eating in an invitation. Suddenly tea slipped from the cup which she was holding and her white cotton saree was splashed with tea. As she jumped off the chair to save her sari from spoiling with tea it got tore. After coming back home Rina patched up her sari, washed out the stain of tea, used indigo (blue) but didn’t use starch and after ironing she placed it in the almirah.

Washing methods of cotton fabrics 143 a. What do you mean by mending? b. Why indigo is used to white clothes? c. Explain how Rina removed the spot from her sari. d. Analyze the reason behind Rina’s using no starch in her sari. 2. Nazifa washes all her family clothes manually by herself. She carefully cleans all the cotton clothes. She feels problems while ironing the shirts and pants. Mother trains her method to iron shirts and pants and tells her that after ironing clothes should be kept in air for a while. a. What is the main purpose of washing of the clothes? b. Discuss, why mother told Nazifa to keep the clothes in air. c. Explain how Nazifa should iron the shirts and pants. d. Explain what care should Nazifa take at the time of cleaning the cotton clothes.

Chapter- IV General Introduction to Sewing Machine

Sewing machine is one of the inventions of modern science. No one can deny its necessity of it for quick sewing. Perfect sewing by hand is time consuming and it is not commercially viable or even be thought of in the competitive world. The present structure of sewing machine is the result of much research and thought of scientists. In 1850 Isaac Merit Singer invented a machine called lock stitch sewing machine which is known all over the world. Now a days sewing machines are of different types. (1) Hand Machine (2) Foot Machine (3) Electric Sewing Machine (4) Electric Industrial Sewing Machine (1) Hand Machine It is a simple machine used by one hand with the help of a handle fixed on a wheel. The other hand (left hand) catches the cloth to be sewn. When necessary the machine should be stopped and both hands are used to hold cloth or folding it. For this reason it takes more time than foot machine. (2) Foot machine In this machine sewing can be done more comfortably than the hand machine because the machine is run by feet, while both hands are engaged in sewing and holding the cloth. For this the machine need not to be stopped. (3) Electric Sewing Machine This machine is run by electric power. In this machine sewing is done with less time than the hand and foot machines. Experience is needed for proper running of an electric machine, otherwise the sewing will not be up to the standard. (4) Industrial Sewing Machine These machines are run by electricity and are used generally by garment industries. The running speed of these machines is more then any general electric sewing machines. Each and every work of sewing can be done in this machine. For example it can like make button holes, putt buttons, fold the sides by over locking and other necessary sewing jobs.

145 Home Economics Knowing name and identifying the different parts of sewing machine. Among the instrument of making dress sewing machine is the most important. The beauty of the dress depends on the quality of sewing. So one should know about the sewing machine, its different parts, how to work with it and to care of it. Lack of proper care can make the machine out of order.

Sewing machine The parts of all kinds of sewing machine are more or less same. Different parts of sewing machine and their functions are described bellow. Picture of sewing machine Look at the picture of a sewing machine. Its part is marked with numbers like 1.2.3.4 ........Let us try to identify different parts of sewing machine from the picture and from description. 1. Fly wheel- It is a wheel, fixed with a handle. The handle is driven by hand. 2. Needle bar – It strongly holds the back side of the needle. 3. Take up lever- It controls external thread movement to the needle and makes the stitch strong. 4. Feed dog- It has rough surface, like teeth like part. When machine runs it pushes the cloth forward. Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-19

146 Home Economics 5. Shuttle (Internal part)- It makes stitches with external and internal threads. 6. Thread tension regulator- It regulates external thread and maintain balance. 7. Pressure bar screw- It maintains required pressure on the sewing. 8. Pressure foot lifter- It can lift or set pressure on the sewing cloth and makes the easy movement easy for the thread. 9. Stitch regulator- It regulates size of the stitch. 10.Feed drop knob – For doing embroidery feed drop should be lowered. It stops the movement of the clothes. 11. Bobbin case- Bobbin is kept in the bobbin case and bobbin case is placed inside the machine. The needle moves up and down through the bobbin case. It provides internal thread for sewing. 12. Bobbin winder- It regulates thread while bobbin is reeled. 13. Tension angle- It keeps the thread straight when bobbin is reeled. 14. Pressure foot- It maintain proper pressure on the cloth. 15. Pressure bar- Pressure foot is attached to the pressure bar with a screw. By moving this bar the pressure foot can be raised or lowered. 16. Needle plate- It covers the hole through which the needle moves up and down. 17. Slide plate- It is a removable cover plate which is put on the bobbin and shuttle. It is moveable. 18. Face plate- It is a cover made of stainless steel. It protects the internal parts of the machine from the dust and dirt.

Washing methods of cotton fabrics 147 Use and maintenance of hand sewing machine The following points should be noticed for proper use of sewing machine. Method of running Put a piece of cloth under the pressure foot. Then drop the pressure foot with pressure lifter. Now run the fly wheel with the handle at normal speed without connecting thread with the needle. Go on moving the handle with right hand till your left hand can learn to manage the cloth. Take care of your fingers. Otherwise it may be injured by the needle. If you want to run the foot sewing machine you have to put your feet on the foot board and in the same way hold a piece of cloth or paper for practice. On foot machine you can use both the hands together. In this way you have to learn sewing function of each part, its use and adjustment. You can also know how thread is put in the needle, how thread is needled with the bobbin, how to place bobbin in its case, how the machine consume thread from both the side-externally and internally and how to clean and oil the parts of the machine. If you do not learn the above points you may face frequent troubles while sewing with machine and your work will not be perfect.

How to fix needle in the machine Turn the fly wheel slightly towards your own side and raise the needle bar (3-see the picture). Loosen the clamp screw (1-see the picture). keep the flat side of the needle towards the clamp screw (2-see the picture). Then insert the needle through the clamp as far as it penetrates and then make the screw tight. If the clamp screw remains loose or the needle does not penetrate to full length then there is every chance of breaking of the needle. If the needle is not suitable to the cloth or is sharp or blunt even then it may break. This should be carefully checked.

148 Home Economics Then lift up the needle bar. Put the thread into the hole of the needle from the left side and pull it to the right side. This method of insertion of thread may be applicable to other machines. This differs from one type of machine to another. You have to read the manual of each type of machine when you need to use it. Fixing bobbin case Remove the slide plate; below it you will see the bobbin holder. Hold the lock of the bobbin. Press the bobbin case to its holder and push it by left hand. Release the lock of the bobbin; it will be set up automatically. You will hear a sound. It will confirm that the bobbin case is setup.

Insertion of thread to the bobbin Loosen the balance wheel. Pick up the thread end from the bigger reel of the machine and coil it with the empty bobbin for winding then set the bobbin reel with spool-pin of bobbin winder and press the spring to set it. Then move the handle of the machine till the bobbin is reeled. Tighten up the balance wheel as before. Insertion of thread to the machine Set up the thread reel on the spool pin of the machine. Pick up the end of thread of the reel. Insert it through the slit from left side of face plate, then through the tension disk, pass above the thread guard to the thread, take up spring and take up lever slit. Then pass the thread through the slit of face plate of thread guard and needle bar of thread guard.

Washing methods of cotton fabrics 149 Cause of tearing the upper thread If the needle is not properly fixed with or the tension of thread is the highest the thread may tear off. It may be so when thread is not up to standard size of the needle or the needle is not straight or the thread take up spring is broken, or the spool pin is puffed up with thread. Causes of tearing of lower thread Like upper thread, the lower thread also tear off when tension of upper thread is the highest or the thread is not properly reeled in the bobbin or the needle is not straight or the thread guard remains blocked with dirt or fibre. Care of sewing machine Sewing machine is a very essential and costly thing. If proper care is not taken it may become useless. If proper care is taken of,it may provide service for a Tension of upper (white) and lower (black) threads long time. Proper care may be taken in two ways. Firstly, (1) the sewing machine should be oiled in time; secondly, (2) the feed dog of the machine should be cleaned.

Bobbin lock It maintains thread tension from above and cleans thread guard below. It is essential to maintain thread tension for good sewing. But it differs according to the types of cloth. When the stitches are same on both sides of the cloth, it means that the thread tension is balanced. Due to imbalanced tension the thread may tear off or shrink. To maintain the balance of thread tension, it is necessary to adjust thread tension screw by slightly turning into any dimension as and when required. (1) When tension of upper (white) and Lower (black) threads are balanced. (2) When tension of the upper thread is the Highest and lower thread is lowest. (3) When tension of upper thread is Lowest and the lower thread is the highest.

150 Home Economics (1) How to oil Machine To run the machine smoothly and regularly it is necessary to oil it twice a week. If the machine is not used for some time it is necessary to clean the machine and put oil in the parts immediately before use. This will keep the machine smooth running and make less noise. There are few holes on the body of the machine, through this holes oil can be put on the inner parts. After oiling, the machine should be used for some time. These will remove excess oil from the parts of the machine and keep the machine smooth working. (2) How to clean feed dog If sewing machine is not cleaned regularly it may not work smoothly or may not work at all. Remember that at the time of sewing dirt, cotton fibres, dust, unclean oil etc gather on parts of the machine. The most important part is the shuttle. It is an internal part If this part remains unclean it will hamper sewing. Cleaning of this part has to be done very carefully and regularly. The clothes or dirt which is attached with the joining portion of the machine should be cleaned regularly with soft fine cloth .If necessary the slide plate, needle plate should be opened. Feed dog should be cleaned with small stick or with brush. Machine should be covered. Before using, machine should be dusted with a fine cloth so that there would be no chance of getting stain on clothes.

Washing methods of cotton fabrics 151

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. How many kinds of sewing machines are there?

a. Two b. Three c. Four d. Five

2. What function is done by a stitch regulator? a. Lifts the pressure upon some thing b. Regulates the measurement of stitches c. Helps the needle in rising and falling d. Accurates the pressure of the thread above

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions no. 3 and 4: After oiling her sewing machine Momota operates it for sometime swiftly. Then she wipes it with a piece of cotton cloth and begins to sew. 3. Momota can operate the machine swiftly after oiling it, because:

I. It lessens the sound II. It makes the operation smooth III. It intensifies its longevity Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

4. Momota wipes out her machine with cotton clothes, because: I. It cleans the excessive oil II. There is no chance of staining of the sewed cloth III. It makes the stitching fine & long lasting

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. In Farida’s sewing machine there are two kinds of stitches found on the two

sides after clothes are sewn and at sewing time often the needles get broken. As large quantities of clothes have to be sewn at Eid festival, Farida’s teacher has advised her to operate treadle machine in place of hand machine.

a. How many kinds of sewing machine are there? b. Explain why there are two sorts of stitches are being sewn on the two sides of the sewn clothes. c. Explain what Farida should do to stop the breaking of the needle. d. Evaluate the teacher’s advice.

Part-V Tending of Goats

In ancient time goat is the symbol of wild animal named as Bejoya and Ivex . The Bengal species of goat is raised from the Bejoya species of Iran, 65% of goat of the whole world is tended in Asia. 30% of goat is tended in Africa. nly rest of the 5% of goat is tended in America, Europe and Australia. From this information we can understand that goat is tended up mainly in densety populated area. In Bangladesh goats are mainly tend up in small family of farmers. The Advantage of tending goat: Goat is valuable asset of Bangladesh. There are many advantage of tending goat. Some of the advantages are described below: 1. Poverty elimination : All the members of the family including the young boys and girls can tend up the goats. It is an income generating works. A family can earn ten thousands take per year by tending 4-6 goats. 2. Full fill the needs of protein: The goat is called the cow of poor. Most of the people of Bangladesh are poor. There is want of protein in Bangladesh. The milk and mutton of goats fulfill our needs of protein. So by tending goats we can fulfill this need. The poultry feeds can get from the stomach of goat. 3. Earning of foreign currency: The foreign currency can earn by the export of goat skin or leather. The leather of back Bengal hat a high demand in abroad. 4. Building small industry and income generation: The processing industry of bone, horn, milk and meat is very important for this county. A small industry can build for such as nutritious food of goat. So that is can raise income, self employment and earn foreign currency. Expanding of tending goat in Bangladesh An expending programmed has taken from the government to teach the importance of tending goats to the farmer. Small family farm and commercial farm can build form this service support. Different types of farms can build according to the amount of property and facility.

Tending of Goats 153 1. Small family farm: This farm can build by 2-5 goats. 2. Tending goats in open field : 8-10 goats can tend by this process. 3. Semi intensive goat farm: A goat can be grazed in field at day time and can be

kept in farm at night for caring. 4. Intensive goat farm : Goat can be tending up in kept for caring. 5. Integrated goat farm: Goats can be tending up in fruits orchard like coconut,

brilttlenut, mangoes, jack fruits, guava and litchis. So that is generates income both from the garden and the goats. It is mentionable that in every village there need to tending one he-goat for every 10-15 she-goat. One can avail any of these facilities by getting support service from the government.

The model of goat farm: A model can be followed for building and expanding a goat farm in Bangladesh. Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-20

154 Home Economics Budget for Tending Goat: Semi intensive process for tending 25 she-goats in a farm and its approximate income. Investment of capital: Building of room 10,000 taka Buying goat 45,000 taka Miscellaneous 5,000 taka Total 60,000 ( 60% of the money can get as a bank loan. So, that 36,000 taka can be get from the bank.) Invest for the 1st year:

Food grain for 25 she goats (2725 kg @ 10 taka) 27250/-

Foods for 26 baby goat (702 kg @ 10 taka) 7020/-

Molassed (68.54kg @ 10 taka) 685.4/-

Green grass 9125 kg @ 20 pasia 1825/-

Green grass for baby goat 4680kg @ 20 pasia 936/-

Medicine and others 300/-

Total 38016.40/-

Income for 1st year 1980 Litter milk@ 20 taka =39,000/-

3 goat @ 800 taka =10,400/-

Total 50,000/-

Cumulative expenditure for 2nd year =75,337/-

Income for 2nd year = 1,02,600/-

Cumulative expenditure for five years =4,65,413/-

Total income for five years =8,51,600/-

Net income in five years =2,47,227/-

Tending of Goats 153 Foods for goats in a commercial farm In small commercial farm goats should be fed the following food items:

Picture: Grain foods for goats Mixture of grained food for commercial goats:

Food element Amount Rice/Wheat/Mays grain 3.5kg Wheat grain 2.4kg Pulse grain 1.6kg Flask of Master seeds 2.0kg Dry Fish powder 150gm Dical phosphate 200gm Salt 100gm Total 10kg (Approximate) Up to age of seven months a baby goat needs daily 250-300gm food, but after 7 months it needs 700-800 gm daily. For the baby goat 500gm pulse grain and molasses can be given instead of 1kg rice of wheat grain along with 2-3kg green grass.

156 Home Economics

Picture: Grain foods for goats Practical – Preparation and packing of food for goats.

Exercise Multiple Choice Questions: 1. Which kind of family generally tends the goat in Bangladesh?

a. Labourer b. Cultivator c. Businessman d. Service holder

2. The rearing of the Black-Bengal goat is profitable, because its: I. Demand of hide in foreign countries is great II. Meat and milk has good protein values III. Main food is grass and straw

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Read the following paragraph and answer the questions no. 3, 4and 5: Amina khatoon has a family-farm of small goats. She follows the method of Half Compact farm of goat. Preparing Granular mixed food she feeds her goats.

Tending of Goats 153 3. What is the probable number of the goats in Amina khatoon’s farm?

a. 1 – 3 b. 2 - 5 c. 4 – 6 d. 8 – 10

4. How many gram of particles of husked paddy does Amina Khatoon give in one Kg. of Granular mixed food?

a. 350 b. 240 c. 200 d. 100

5. Amina Khatoon rears up her goats: I. Tending them during the day in the field II. Confining them at night in the rooms III. Confining them day and night always in the rooms

Which of the following is correct? a. I b. I & II c. II & III d. I, II & III

Creative Questions: 1. Mahmuda Begum rears up 15 (Fifteen) Black-Bengal goats in the way of ‘Compact Goat farm’. She primarily gives the goats Granular food. Recently, she feels the need of giving grass to the goats. For this she is trying to renovate her farm as a ‘Co-operative Goat farm’. a. Which is the source of species of the ‘Black-Bengal’goats? b. Describe the method of ‘Compact Goat farm’. c. Mention a mixture of ‘Granular food’ needed for a day in Mahmuda Begum’s farm. d. Compare the methods of Compact and Co-operative farm.

158 Home Economics

Practical Preservation of seeds in porcelain pot, plastic pot, polythene coated earthen pot and in paper packet. Preservation of seeds in different pots are described below- Preservation of seeds in porcelain pot After keeping seeds in a porcelain pot it should be covered with a lid. The cover should be made air tight with a paste of paddy husk, cow dung and clay. This paste is used surrounding the cover of the pot. If paddy husks are not available only clay and cow dung can do. Tight up the cover with a paste of paddy husk, cowdung and clay Preservation of seeds in plastic and glass pot To preserve seed in plastic pot and glass pot, firstly the pot should be cleaned and dried up, then keep the seed and put the lid. Then make it air tight with a scotch tap surrounding the lid or put a polythene sheet in the cover and then make it tight. Cover the pot with the lid.

Tending of Goats 159 Preservation of seeds in a tin pot Dry the tin pot, keep the seed. Then tight up with a polythene sheet. Preservation of seeds in the earthen pot. Put a polythene sheet in the earthen pot. Then keep the seed in the polythene. Close the pot with a lid and sealed it with the paste of cow dung and clay. Preservation of seeds in polythen Make the polythene packet airfree the packet, In this way seeds are p Preservation of seeds in polythene packet Special types of packets are made with craft paper or thick brown paper. These packets are filled with seeds and sealed with a scotch tap. A cover is Paper-packets scaled with a scotch tap attached with top of the packet. The packet looks like an envelop. There is a button like small wheel on the opening side of the packet. A thread is attached with the cover. This thread is to be twisted arround the button.

160 Home Economics Test of germination of seed on patry dish

Examinatgion of seed – sprouting on party - dish

(1) Remove the lid of the patry dish. (2) Spread a bolting paper on the bottom of the dish according to its size. (3) Sprinkle pure water on the blotting paper in such a way that the paper

is just soaked. Remove excess water. (4) Spread the selected seeds on the blotting paper in such a way so that

the seeds are separated from each other. (5) Cover the patry-dish with a lid; keep the patry dish in a shady and airy

place. Remove the lid time to time for aeration. (6) If the water of blotting paper is dried up it needs to make wet with water.

Practical 161 Vegetables seeds need 3-4 days sometime 7 days to germinate. If the seed coat is hard it takes more time. To calculate the percentage of germinated seeds the following formula is applied:-

Total number germinated seeds The percentage of germination = ------------------------------------------ X 100

Number of total seed in the patry dish. Preparation of oral saline Oral saline packets are available in market. Saline is prepared according to the instruction on the packet. It is taken during diarrhoea and loose motion. Some times, this packet may not be available. In the village shops or market are far from the house. So it is not possible to buy oral saline if necessary. So every one need to know how to prepare oral saline. The class teacher will demonstrate the preparation of oral saline. The student will learn how to prepare it at school and home as well. Ingredients:

½ litre water (boiled and cool) 1 pinch of salt ( at the tip of three fingers) 1 handful of molasses/sugar

Preparation of oral saline

Preparation: 1. Pour half litre boiled cool water in a jug. 2. Put one pinch of salt. 3. Put one handful of sugar or molasses. 4. Mix with a clean spoon.

Keep it for 15-20 minutes. Then it will be ready to drink. Be careful that sugar and salt has dissolved completely. Saline once prepared should be drunk within 12 hours. If there is any left over, it must not be taken. Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-21

162 Home Economics Food preparation and serving Food is cooked in different methods. So the taste and nature of food vary. If the vegetables are boiled or fried it would be a great difference in its colour, flavour, and nature and in size. The difference is also there between baked food and roasted food. Generally the food is prepared in the following methods.

Boiling Steaming Deep fat frying Low fat fpying Roasting Baking

What ever the cooking method is, we should be careful that the food value is not lost. So one should know the method of cooking. Food value should be taken in cutting, washing, heating and serving of food. Care should be maintained in every stage of cooking. Experience and skill are necessary for preparation of food. Before starting cooking, there are many steps of preparation. Many processes have to be followed in every stage. They are called the techniques of cooking. One will be skilled by following different techniques of preparation of food and cooked food should be served according to the nature of the food. For example hot food should be served in hot and cold food when it is cold so that the attraction and appetite for food increase. Cutting process of different food for cooking. For good cooking fresh and quality ingredients as well as proper washing, cutting and mixing method is necessary. Different types of cooking need different types of cutting. The cutting processes of vegetables or potatoes are different for cooking meat and vegetable. For frying vegetable small pieces are needed. For cooking ‘Niramish’ (mixed vegetables) different type of cutting is needed. Many types of instruments are available in the market for cutting. These instruments are used for cutting vegetables instead of da, boti,or knife it would be perfect and consume less time and energy. It is easy to grate carrot and papya with a grater (kuruni) instead of boti. (A) Different method of cutting vegetables - For making different food with vegetable cutting method is also different. Vegetable has to be cut in a different way for preparation of (varta) smash, fry (Vagi), mixed vegetables (Niramish),

162 Home Economics chopslice, and chowmin. For fry very small piece, for niramish big piece, morobba and for pickles (achar) longer pieces are needed. On the other hand, for cooking fish, diagonal piece and for Chinese food, sliced vegetables are needed. Striped or sheered (Fali) Ridge gourd (jhinga), snake gourd (chichinga) bottle gourd (lao), pumpkin are sliced or striped in various sizes after removing the peel for cooking fish. Pumpkin and eggplant can be fried after slicing. On the other hand different vegetables are sliced into small pieces and then mix for cooking vegetables. A green mango is cut into 5 to 6 slice for preparation of pickles (achar). pumpkins and cucumbers are cut in to stripe for morabba. Sharp knife or boti is required for striping. Slicing Piece of vegetable, which are cut into round, longer, square or triangular shape with a sharp knife or boti are called slice. Slice can be done with sharp knife or boti. But now a days, different types of vegetable slicers are available in market for making different types of slice. Vegetables and fruits are perfectly cut into slice within a short time with these machines. For decorating salad cucumber, carrot, tomato beat, onion, coriander leaf, green chilli, lettus leaves are sliced into different shapes. Different shapes and sizes of sliced vegetable are mixed with Chinese fried rice, chicken with vegetable and vegetable soup. The slice of vegetables are needed for chap sue and Chawmin. Before slicing all vegetables are to be washed, cleaned and peeled off. If vegetable are washed after slicing, the food value of the vegetables will be lost. Chopping Chopping means to cut the vegetable into very small pieces like meat. Before chopping it should be washed and cleaned. Chopping of vegetable can be done with sharp boti as leafy vegetable is done. When chopping with boti a clean dish can be put under the boti for putting chopped vegetable. On the other hand chopping can be done on the chopping or cutting board. Carrot, pumpkin, papaya and radishes are chopped for cooking fried rice. Onion, chilli, coriander leaf and mint are chopped for mixing with food. The food value of the food especially the water soluble vitamins are lost if the vegetable is washed after chopping.

164 Home Economics Scraping Carrot, potato and papaya or bottle gourd(lau) is scraped by a scrapper. After scraping vegetables look like fibre or root. Scraped vegetables with milk are generally used for cooking sweet item. Before scraping the vegetable should be washed, cleaned and peeled off. Then the vegetables are cut into big pieces so that the big piece can be hold against the scraper. Many people can cut with a boti as good as scraper. But it takes time and may not be accurate in size. Scrapers are made of steel or tin. Different types of scrapers are available in the market. Scraching

(B) Cutting of chicken for roast, kalia and korma: For the preparation of roast, kalia and korma chicken are used. Chicken are slaughtered for cooking. The meat of a slaughtered animal is cut into pieces after removing its head, legs, wings, skin and inner parts. Before cutting into pieces the chicken should be cleaned. Cutting of chicken for roast The whole chicken or its parts are roasted according to need. If it needs to cut into pieces, generally the four pieces are done from a whole chicken. First two legs are separated from the body and may be cut into two pieces then the body may be cut into two pieces from the middle. Thus it is made four pieces. Cutting chicken for kalia Kalia is a chicken curry with or without potato. For this chicken are cut into four pieces. Four pieces are taken from the two legs and wings and four pieces from rest of the body. The body is sliced at length and breadth. Thus it makes eight pieces.

Some vegetables like patol and bitter gourd are cut vertically from one side to remove the seeds from inside to prepare dolma. Then fried fish and or meat are stuffed inside. Then this vegetable are tied around with a thread and then cooked. This is known as ‘dolma.’ It is necessary to remove peel of potol but not the bitter gourd.

Practical 165 Cutting Chicken for korma Like kalia chicken should be cut into eight pieces for korma. Preparation of packet food for sale Transparent Polythene packet is more suitable for packing food for selling and carrying. Because air can not enter in it. Food stuff can be seen from the out side. Before selling of packet food it should be sealed with BSTI (Bangladesh Standard Testing Institute) for the confirmation of accurate packing and quality of food. During packing we should be careful that water, air or dust has not entered into the packet. The food will be taken within a period of time that is the colour, flavour, test and size will remain same. If it is not sealed properly the food stuff will be spoiled within a short time. Preparation date, expiry date, food value, name of the company should be sealed in the packet. Other wise it should be printed in separate paper and then enclosed it with the packet. It gives the guarantee of selling. In school students can pack food for supplying it in shops. The student learns the technique of packing and can do it with the members of the family for selling it in the market. This increases the income of the school. Preparation processes of packet food

Nimki Ingredients Amount Black cumin seeds ½ tea spoon Flour 1 cup Salt 1 tea spoon Oil or dalda ¾ cup Water ¼ cup

Preparation process (1) Mix 3 table spoon full of warm dalda with flour and rub it well. (2) Mix black cumin seeds with dry flour, then mix salt, and water with flour. (3) Rub the flour thoroughly, and then divide it into twelve parts. (4) Rub some oil on the bread then make a circle of that bread with the flour like luchi. (5) Make four folds of this luchi, press its corner to make folds of nimki. (6) Fry in floating oil in low heat till it becomes crispy and brown in colour.

166 Home Economics (7) Put a sheet of paper for absorbing oil. (8) Put four nimki in each polythene bag. Seal the bag to make it air tight. Packet nimki can be supplied to the market and taken to school by the children as tiffin. B. Vegetable rolls

Ingredients Amount Cauliflower 1 cup Carrot 1 cup Cabbage 1 cup Onion Chips ½ cups Eggs 2 pcs Onion leaves ½ cup Salt 2 tea spoon Chillies 4 pcs Black pepper dust ½ tea spoon Flour 1 cup Water 1 cup Toast dust 1 cup Testing salt ½ tea spoon.

Preparation process (1) Clean, wash and peel off the vegetable cut the vegetable into long and thin

pieces, cut onion leaves ½ inch long in size. (2) Put two table spoons of oil on the pan and then heat it. Put the onion in the

oil, make the onion soft. Then put vegetables and salt and turn it well and cover the pan with a lid.

(3) When the vegetables are cooked chillies, black pepper dust and salt should be added. Then put off the burner and take away the pan from the burner. Let it cool down.

(4) Put an egg in the cup then put some water and salt in it and stir till mixed up. Then mix some flour. Keep it for 10 to 15 minutes to get soaked.

(5) Put a fry pan with handle of 6 inch diameter on the oven and rub little oil on it. When the pan is heated, put about ¼ cup of liquid flour on the centre of the pan. Then spread the liquid flour all over the surface of the pan by turning fry pan with the handle quickly.

Practical 167 (6) Keep this thin bread on the fry pan in low temperature for a minute and then

take away the bread from the pan. Thus make 10-12 bread. (7) Make a pest with two table spoonful of flour with little water. (8) Spread a bread on the tray or piri. Put 3 table spoons full of vegetableon the

bread. (9) Fold the bread from the both side of the vegetables to cover the vegetables.

Put the pest of flour on the side of the bread. Press the bread from the side. Thus make all the rolls.

(10) Take an egg and stir it. Sink the roll in it. Spread toast dust and then fry it in deep oil.

(11) Serve these rolls hot with sauce or chatni. 2 to 4 rolls can be packed in a polythene bag and seal it to make it air tight.

C. Coconut ball (Naru) Ingredients Quantity Grated coconut 2 cup Molasses 1 cup Rice powder/chhatu ½ cup

Preparation process (1) Clean the coconut, break and scratch it. (2) Mix ½ cup water with molasses. Put it on the oven and add coconut and stir

until it becomes sticky. (3) Prepare rice flour. (4) When the coconut is sticky, put some rice dust in it and stir well. (5) Divide this mix in to 12 parts. If it is hot put some water on the palm. Take

each part to make a ball or naru with the movement of your hand. Serve when it is cool.

(6) Pack eight naru in a polythene bag. Make it air tight by sealing. Supply it to market for sale.

D. Moa of chira (Taped rice) Ingredients Quantity Chira (Taped rice) 2 Cups Molasses 1 cup Water 2 table spoons

168 Home Economics Preparation process (1) Fry the chira. (2) Put two table spoonful of chira with molasses in a pot and put on the oven. (3) Stir quickly in low temperature. When it is sticky, keep the chira in it and

keep it in the oven for some more time. Stir it is ready to make balls. (4) Divide the whole thing into ten parts. Put some water or oil on the palms.

Take each part of warm thing, press it with the palms to make a round ball, serve when it is cool. Pack 8 balls in a polythene bag and seal to make it air tight. These can be carried and eaten while on tour. When a packet is opened and all balls are not taken, the remaining balls may not be damped. So one should be careful while packing. Thus make large or small packet according to need.

E. Moa of muri (puffed rice) Ingredients Quantity Muri (puffed rice) 250 gm Molasses 1 cup Water 3 table spoons

F. Preparation process (1) Mix 3 table spoons water with molasses and put it in a pan and the pan on the

oven. (2) Stir frequently on mild heat. (3) When it becomes sticky, pour muri on the pan and mix it with molasses by

stirring and then remove it from the oven. (4) Divide in 20 balls. Put some water or oil on the palms then take warm thing

and press it by the palms to make it round. (5) Serve it when cold.

These balls can be preserved in packet in air tight tin container. You can supply the packet of four balls in the market for sale. These can also be preserved at home for many days.

Fish ball (Fresh water fish or sea fish) Fish ball can be made in the same way like meatballs. Fish ball is free from fish bone. So it can be easily taken by children and old persons. Sea fish is available in the market. Nutritional value is higher in sea fish. Variety of food can be prepared from sea fish. Fresh water fish can also be used to prepare balls. Fleshy fish (in which bones are less) like rui, vetki etc are suitable for preparation of balls.

Practical 169

Ingredients Quantity Fish smash 2 cups Boiled potato ½ cup Ginger smash ¼ tea spoon Garlic smash ¼ tea spoon Onion pieces 1table spoon Cumin powder ¼ tea spoon Green chillies (cut pieces) ½ tea spoon Coriander leaves 1 table spoon Cardimon-cinamon powder ½ tea spoon. Salt 1tea spoon Oil ½ cup

Preparation process (1) Remove fish bones and boil the fish. (2) Boil potatoes and smash it. (3) Mix all the ingredients except oil and make it 20 parts. (4) Rub oil on palms and make a round ball of each part of ingredients. (5) Fry it in the deep oil. (6) Serve hot fish balls with sauces.

Put 4 to 5 fish balls in each polythene bag and seal it. Packet fish balls should be kept in refrigerators for sale. It can not be kept out of refrigerator in the shop or at home.

Making Garments, Doing Embroidery, Making Button Hole, Fixing button, Press button and Hook. After sewing clothes, it is necessary to fix up buttons. Generally plastic buttons are used for pant and shirts and press buttons and hooks are used in kmaeez, frock and blouse. Button hole Before making button holes by hand first take upper side of shirt and pant and put it on the other side. Mark the centre of the button with a pencil. The distance of this line will be half of the diameter of the button. Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-22

170 Home Economics Button hole stitching method is mentioned below. (1) After marking (button holes) by pencil cut with a blade along the marking

line put run stitch by the needle ½ cm away around the marking line. (2) Put both ends of thread of needle together and make a knot. Drive the needle

from below to up ward front side. Then start stitching button hole. Stitch from the right hand side (as shown in drawing). Complete it carefully. Do not put stress on run stitches.

(3) You can always stitch conveniently if you just hold the cloth on your side. (4) Give long drawn stitches to the end of inside button hole and on the other end

too give similar stitch to make the hole strong and look beautiful. Fixing buttons Buttons can be fixed in many methods. One method is shown here. Usually there are two or four holes buttons are fixed to the clothes with needle and threat through these holes.

Practical 171 (1) Select the place for fixing button on the clothes, mark it with a pencil. (2) Put buttons on the mark of the cloth. Put thread with needle. Bring both the

ends of threads together and put a knot at both ends of threads. Then pierce the needle with thread, through the holes of the button.

(3) Then push the needle upward through a hole of the button. Again push it into another hole of the button from its top to bottom and fix it in the cloth.

(4) Place a pin in between the holes of button, pierce the needle with thread above the pin from one hole and push it down through another hole below the cloth. In this way stitch can be made across on the opposite hole above the needle or diagonally. In this way each hole should be covered with at least two stitches. When the stitch is complete the thread should be pulled down below the cloth and finish with a knot. So that the button stitches are not opened.

Press button There are four holes on each press button. (1) Press button should be placed on the particular place

of the dress. Button Straight fixing button Diagonally fixing button

(2) Then make a knot at the thread end and push the needle through a hole on the clothes from below. Make it round again before it is pushed through another hole.

(3) The above process should be repeated again and again till all the holes of the buttons are covered with stitches. Care should be taken to match the colour of the thread with the colour of clothes.

Fixing the hook Generally two holes are made on a hook. Place the hook on the selected spot on the dress. Put a knot on the thread end. Push the needle through a hole of the hook from below, pull the thread and fix it with the side cloth. Repeat this process of stitching thrice or four times in each hole. At final stage the thread should be fixed with cloth by a knot and cut off. One stitch will be needed at the curved end of the hook. For fixing a hook ‘eye whole’ stitches will be

172 Home Economics required. Cutting and stitching of baby frock and panties. ABCD is a square area. On AB line ½ of the shoulder measurement mark E. Join EF on CD line. On the AC line mark G at 2.5 cm from A. On AB line mark it at 5 cm from A and make curve on HG which is the shape of the neck. On EF line 1.2 cm. from E mark I. Then join the HI. It will be the shoulder’s measurement. Now mark the join J and EF line. On BD line take a point at 1.2 cm from D and mark K. Now join J K by a curve line. It will make IJK. In measurement of back arm join K with CD line as shown in the drawing.

Baby frock When children wear baby frocks with frill they look nice. They are comfortable with loose baby frocks. If you want to make any kind of frock, first you have to prepare a drawing on a sheet of paper. Then choose and select a design. According to design you have to make a dress. For baby frock the following measurements are required. (1) Measurement around the chest. (2) Measurement of the shoulder (3) Length of frock( full length from shoulder). (4) Length of sleeve (5) Width of sleeve After taking measurement, drawing should be made on paper of upper portion of the frock and of sleeve only. Lower part of the frock can be cut without drawing.

Preparing of baby frock (Drafting) Upper part of the back portion: AB = ¼ of chest measurement + 1.2 cm. AC = ¼ of chest measurements CD = AB and BD = AC.

Practical 173 Front chest part ABCD is a square area. On AC line from A at 2.5 cm. mark G. This is the measurement of throat. For the measurement below the upper arm, it mark L, which is middle point of IF line. Make a point at 1.2 cm from D mark K. Now join with a curve line IMJK. This will be the measurement of front portion, below the upper arm pit. For back portion join K point with a scale on CF line. Round lower part It is not necessary to make design on paper for lower part of the baby frock. Take measurement of the cloth required for round lower part of the frock and cut it. Measurement rule Length (Length of frock - Length of chest) + folding of border + stitch Breadth = Measurement of chest X 2 + stitch AB = Breadth of round about cloth ¼ AD = Length of round about cloth DC = AB and AD = BC Mark F on BD line at 3.5 cm from B and E on AB line at 2.5 cm from B. Join EF with a curve line. This can be joined with the upper part of the frock and its arm joint. the figures indicate the divisions. Join EG and FG. On DC line 1.2 cm right from D mark a point H and 1.2 cm left from Cmark a point I. Now join EH and FI.

Sleeve cut AB = Chest measurement ½ +7.5 cm. AD = Sleeve length measurement AB = DC and AD = BC ABCD is a rectangular area. Mark point E on AC and F on BD. AD or BF should be equal to 1/3 of shoulder measurement.. Join EF. Again mark G at middle point of AB and J on middle of DC and join GJ. Now ABFE rectangular area which is divided into 8 parts. 1 to 7 numbers of

174 Home Economics Cutting of frock Follow drafting of baby frock. Start cutting back part from G that is the shoulder. HI is below upper arm pit. IJK is lower part and KFC is the back portion which is to be cut. On the back part either full of half portion to be opened for fixing buttons. Front part GH for throat HI for shoulder, IMJK lower armpit, KFC front part chest portion to be cut. For cutting sleeves start from E along with the curve to G then back to F. Also cut HE and IF. For stitching keep 1.2 cm more cloth at boarder places and 0.6 cm more cloth at wider curved places. Stitching of frock First do the stitching of shoulder. Then with upper part of chest. Join the lower round about part of frock. Make frills on one side of the round lower part. Join it with the upper part. Stitch two sides of sleeves. Take measurement of sleeves fold it accordingly, attach piping and do the stitching from inside (the lower part of sleeve). The upper side of sleeve, before joining shoulders, make folds if there is excess of cloth. Attach the sleeves with shoulder by loose stitches first. Then do the stitching either by hand or machine. Then do the neck, lower border, button etc. When stitching is complete, iron it. If the cloth of frock is of plain colour, embroidery work can be done on chest and on round lower part, lace and collared piping on sleeves, and neck and other parts can be attached. These will increase the beauty of dress and make it attractive. Drafting, cutting and stitching of panty. Children use panty, girls use it more. The upper side of panty is folded and fixed with elastic on waist. It’s lower end is also folded. It remains above the knee. Pant is generally made of long cloth, coloured poplin, khaddar, and check clothes. Drafting and stitching method of Ejer pant for a five years old child is shown below Materials necessary for making pant Generally 7.7 cm wide cloth, brown colour paper (old news paper will also do) safety-pin, pencils, scale, tape (measurement), scissors, needle, thread, pin, and sewing machine are required for a ejer pant.

Practical 175 Measurement of ejer pant Length = 22.2 cm Hip = 50.O cm Thigh circumference = 30.5 cm Waist = 50.5 cm Diagram, by hand and pen.

50 cm 1/3 part of hip = -------- = 16.66 cm

3 AB = CD = BD = AC = 16.66 cm

JK = stitch and loose fitting = - 230 +3.7 = 18.7 cm

From J 7.5 cm above is L on JE line. Join LK as marked on the draft for shape of thigh. For boy’s ejer it is necessary to take 3.7 cm more cloth bordering above the knee and for girls only 1 cm will do for this purpose. Because for girls extra piping is attached. For stitching. 7.5 cm more cloth should be taken on all sides of hie and for girls 5 to 7.5 cm more cloth should be taken for frill near folds.

ABCD is a square area, draw a parallel line just 1.5 cmbelow CD line. This will be EF. Now extend EF 3.7 cm up to G for the shape of thigh. This measurement can be extended from 3.7 to 7.5 cm Between B and F mark H. Now join H and G with a slightly curved line. This is the shape of high, extended upper part 2.5 cm from B to I. Join AI with a scale. This is the draft of back part of ejer pant.

176 Home Economics Waist belting For the ejer pant of girl’s double waist belting will be required. On original draft towards upper side of waist 2.3 cm for stitching 1.2 cm a total of 3.7 cm should be left. Therefore the width of waist belting would be 8.7 cm. Length Measurement of length + 5cm loose + 2.5 cm for stitching = 45 cm +5 cm +2.5 cm = 52.5 cm long cloth will be required. Front frock will be 6.2 cm long. Piping will be on the mouth of frock. For boys waist belting 3.5 cm wide cloth will need. Stitching First ‘hie’ portion should be stitched. Then the front and back and leg should be stitched .At last waist belt, thigh border etc, should be stitched. A tape may be attached with the waist belt. After finishing snitches, ironing should be done.

Practical 177 Embroidery on the margin of table cloth. On white or plain table cloth, bed sheet, screen etc. embroidery work can be done with multi coloured threads, it looks nice. When the room is decorated with such embroidered things, it become very attractive. Suitable design of embroidery for a table clothe is given below. Material used Length and breadth size 91.44 cm white cloth, thread, needle, frame, pencil, carbon paper is necessary for this purpose. At first fold the margins and give hem stitch by hand. 14 cm from the corner of a table cloth draw the picture of the design with a pencil. In the same way sketches should be drawn at the four corners. The stitches and thread with colours mentioned in the picture should be used in the embroidery work. When it is complete, turn it up side down and iron it. Woollen (Sleeve less) Sweater.

During winter generally woollen sweaters are used .In this season girls are see nitting sweater, cap and sock with wool and stick. Among the sewing works woollen work is one of the easiest one. It does not affect one’s eye sight. For knitting wool a pair of needle with suitable collection of wool is needed. So that we can make our necessary things in our spare time

Home Economics. Class-Eight-Forma-23

178 Home Economics with least expense. The process of knitting sweater for six years old boy is described below. Vorat stitch Materials needed Wool : 4 oz (of 4 phy), Needle: 1 pair No-12, 1 pair No. 9, 2 pair No-14 (open on both sides). Sock needle is required for knitting border neck. Length measurement : 31 cm – 36 cm Back portion: With needle No 12, Knit 70 rounds on the same side, then on the opposite side, up to 6 cm border. On completing the border, pick up the needle No 9 to complete the rest in the measurement, knit on the opposite side 1 cm. Then after increase by one round on both the side (Total two round) it is not necessary to increase size on every round you can do this after 4 to 6 rounds interval increase two round only. In this way after knitting 23 cm there will be 78 rounds. Then you have to decrease rounds of upper arm-pit. Arm-pit. Close 8 round, 4 from one side and 4 from another side to needle on first turn. On second turn at the rate of 3 on each side a total & 6 rounds have to be closed. One third turn, two on each side, a total of 4 rounds are to be closed. On fourth turn one on each side a total of two rounds shall be closed. Thereafter one needle on the same side and one needle on the opposite side should be woven up to 31-36 cm or according to the length size. It should be kept on the same needle or knitting be closed. Front part The front part should be knitted like the back part up to the arm-pit on both side of arm-pit 2 rounds of stick, one on each side, should be closed. There Sleeve sweater after you have to divide equally on both sides on the needle for designing neck. Now, start knitting of neck. After every two lines at the neck on both sides 2 rounds (One on each side) on the sleeves, after knitting every four sticks 1 round should be finished. In this way sleeves and neck at a time on both sides, after reducing round as mentioned, have to be knitted. On shoulders 18 to 20 rounds of knit have to be kept. Length should be equal to the back part 30 to 36 cm. When this is done shoulders, should be finished. Now two side of the shoulder should be joined with needle. For knitting border from two front sides 50 rounds should be knitted on

Practical 179 each side and preserved on the sock needle. Back rounds should be kept in another sock stick. The knitting of these three needle should be reeve at every step, begin with closing one round. In this way complete the work and close it. Thus the shape of the neck will be beautiful. For sleeve border, start from the arm pit part. Take one round from the same side and one from the opposite side. In the way complete the reeving so that both the sleeves look alike. For this equal number of rounds should be made in two hands and reeve the border. At best two sides should be joined with the needle; sleeve less sweater can be knitted with various designs. Cap making with a crochet hook. Material required Knitting hook No 11 (07 mm) Crochet thread-20 gram ball (white or any suitable colour) Measurement- 12 cm (from centre of head towards lower side of head) Making process 1st line- Knitting 10 chains make it round. 2nd line- Knitting 2 chains and long within the round. Then make 8 long. 3rd line- Knitting 3 long and 1 chain for making they’re in between towards. 4th line- Knitting 5 long (on the head of each long) 1 chain. 5th line- Knitting 7 long (one the head of each long) 1 chain. 6th line- Knitting 9 long (one the head of every long) 1 chain. 7th line- Knitting 11 long (one head of every long) 1 chain. 8th line- Knitting on by one up to 7 line on the 7th line in one chain hole

make one long. Again make 2 chains. Then in the same hole make another long in V shape. On both sides of 7th lines flower, leave two long on each side. Then make longs on the head of the longs in the centre. In this way long of flower will be decreasing. In this way complete Knitting on all sides.

9th line- Knit 1 chain and 1 long through every hole of previous line. On both sides of previous long of flower leave one long on each side and then on the head of every long make 1 long on each, in total seven long. Knit like a net in between two flowers with one chain and one long. Thus complete the weaving on all sides.

10th line- Knit 1 chain and 1 long then leave on long from both sides. Thus make 5 longs prepare net in centre by 1 chain and 1 long and complete the line.

180 Home Economics 11the line- Knit 1 chain and 1 long then leave 1 long on each side. Make 3 longs on head of the flower, weave on chain and one long in centre and complete. 12th line- In last line of flower knit 1 chain and one long then two long in the centre of the flower and complete by knitting a net of one chain and one long. 13th line- Knit 2 chain 1 long netting all round. 14th line- 15th line Knit as 13th line. 16th line 17th line- Knit 2/3 long in each hole of the net and at end of each long make

one round. Thus complete all the sides. 18th line 19th line After knitting flower, repeat the process the process of knitting and thick line to increase the width, when knitting is complete close it, cut the end of the threads in such a way so that the end can not be seen.