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8/13/2019 Presentasi TOT Abstract Writing
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Tadulako University
The Technique in Abstract Writing
Daud K. WalandaTadulako University Palu Central Sulawesi
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An abstract can be defined as a summary of theinformation in a document (Houghton, 1975).
An abstract is a description or factual summary ofthe much longer report, and is meant to give thereader an exact and concise knowledge of the fullarticle (Bhatia, 1993).
An abstract as part of a T/D serves the purpose ofannouncingvery briefly, in summary formthe
goal(s) of the underlying research, methods thatwere employed in the investigation, and the mostimportant results achieved (Russey, 2006).
Definition
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Stand alone; Comprehensive: this implies, incidentally, that you may
need note of crucial side issues of scholarly significance; Precise: facts and opinions expressed within the actual T/D
must under no circumstances be exaggerated or alluded toin misleading ways (indeed, even subtle shifts in emphasiswould be considered inappropriate);
Objective: an abstract may include evaluative comments,but it must not seem judgemental, even if the T/D topic
raises controversial issues; Concise: only the most important of your results can beaccommodated in an abstract (Short, 200-300 words);
Characteristics of an Abstract:
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Intelligible: to meet this criterion you will be obliged torestrict yourself insofar as possible to familiar terminology,symbols, and abbreviations;
Abstract should be type as a single paragraph (exceptstructured abstract);
No new information: DO NOT refer in the abstract toinformation that is not in the document;
Most or all of the abstract should be written in the pasttense, because it refers to work done;
Avoid using the first person "I" or "we." In addition,whenever possible, choose active verbs instead of passive
ones (ex: use " the study tested " instead of " it was testedby the study " or " I tested in the study ").
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1. Unstructured/conventional abstract : a singleparagraph of between 200300 words containing a verybrief summary of each of the main sections of your paper,the basic components are not identified with explicitheadings, which may explain why some authors miss out
vital parts;2. Structured abstract : the same as (1) but divided intoseveral short sections;
Type of abstract:
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3. Extended abstract : a mini paper organized in thesame way as a full paper (e.g. Introduction, Methods,Discussion ), but substantially shorter (two to fourpages). Depending on the journal, conference orcompetition, the extended abstract may or may not
include an abstract for example, it may begin directlywith an introduction;4. Conference abstract : an abstract that you submit for
consideration to present a paper at a professionalconference, designed to help conference organizers todecide whether they would like you to make an oralpresentation at their conference. It may be of any of thethree forms above.(Wallwork, 2011).
Type of abstract:
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Structure of an Abstract:
An abstract will normally include:
Background: a statement of the main question or
problem (including the purpose of the study);
The method(s) used to address it;
The Results obtained, and ;
The Conclusions reached .(Weissberg and Buker,1990; Hyland, 2000;Swales and Feak, 2004)
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Structure of an Abstract:
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Verb tenses in the Abstract
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4. Results
The results indicate/reveal that.. The results obtained must be evaluated in the light of.. Results showed consistently that. Results were predictable/as predicted
The response rate was .%.
5. Conclusions From this data it can be concluded that.. The present study provides/does not provide unequivocal
evidence of/that.. The conclusion that can be drawn from the data is that. It can be concluded that, but it must also point out that The results of the present study suggest that
Language of an Abstract
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Finish your T/D or paper. Take a break. Read over your paper and identify the key points for
each section. Write two or more sentences for abstract
components: Topic and research question; Methods;Results/findings; and conclusions/recommendations.
Connect the ideas with appropriate transitions. Add and remove/delete text as needed. Revise, edit and proofread
(Anonymous)
Writing an Abstract
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Emphasize these aspects: purpose (hypothesis), methods, scope,results, conclusions, and recommendations
Focus only on the current year's research when it is a continuationproject.
Exclude any of the mentor or supervisors work
Omit details and discussions Use the past tense to describe (However, where appropriate useactive verbs rather than passive verbs.)
Use short sentences, but vary sentence structure. Use complete sentences (Do not abbreviate by omitting articles or
other small words in order to save space.) Avoid jargon Use appropriate scientific language Use concise syntax Use correct spelling, grammar, and punctuation
(Cole, J. Mastering the Abstract Writing Process)
Simply put, the style of an abstract should always bedeclarative not discursive .
Writing and Revising Tips
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Before Finalizing
Get help from a mentor Make revisions based upon the feedback
Have others read your draft in order tocheck for technical errors, such as spellingand grammar mistakes
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hank you
Reading maketh a full man;
conference a ready man; and writingan exact man(Francis Bacon )