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Presentation 5.1.

CERTIFICATIONSCERTIFICATIONS

Background

Development & Development & implementationimplementation

Case Studies

Challenges & opportunities

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GENERAL GENERAL FRAMEWORKFRAMEWORK

IntroductionIntroduction ComponentsComponentsStructureStructure

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They have arisen in response to the need to provide consumer guarantee regarding quality attributes than can not be detected during consumption such as: safety, country or region of origin, animal welfare practices, or environmental impacts, etc.

Certification and other quality schemes are based on Certification and other quality schemes are based on standards generally called: standards generally called:

Code of Practices and Protocols.Code of Practices and Protocols.

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• Codex Alimentarius Food Codex Alimentarius Food Standards.Standards.

• USA (1997) Food Safety Initiative.USA (1997) Food Safety Initiative.• UE (1998) EUREPGAP.UE (1998) EUREPGAP.• UK-Assured ProduceUK-Assured Produce• UE-White paper.UE-White paper.• UFFVA-The Green Book (Checklist).UFFVA-The Green Book (Checklist).• DFT-ProSafe.DFT-ProSafe.• Several Certifiers (HACCP).Several Certifiers (HACCP).• British Retail Consortium Standard.British Retail Consortium Standard.• ISO (9000-14000).ISO (9000-14000).• SQF (1000-2000)SQF (1000-2000)• xxxxGAP: xxxx=Supermarket’s xxxxGAP: xxxx=Supermarket’s

chain name.chain name.• Nature’s Choice (Tesco/UK).Nature’s Choice (Tesco/UK).• CIES-Global Food Safety CIES-Global Food Safety

Standardization.Standardization.• Several others.Several others.

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1) Regulated: given by companies already accredited by the IAF (International Accreditation Forum).

2) Non-Regulated: some times called quality Labels. These are given by companies having recognition by the buyers.

3) Officials: provided by the official authority in each country.

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1) Regulated ( examples)– EUREPGAP and its equivalent officially recognized

certifications (harmonization process).– SQf, ISO (9000 , 1400, etc.), British Retail Consortium, CIES

2) No-Regulated (verifications)

– United Fresh Fruit & Vegetables Checklist– xxxx GAP ; where xxxx is the retailer’s name. and

verifications carry out by North American companies such a : Primus Lab, Davis Fresh Technologies, Standard Certification System., etc.

3) Officials:– Phytosanitaries. – Quality inspections, pesticides residues, presence

of pathogens, etc, carried out by FDA (USA), MAFF (UK), RVV (The Netherlands), etc.

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It is a document of voluntaryapplication offering a set of set of

general recommendationsgeneral recommendations to be uniformly applied by the target

sector.

It offers general recommendations regarding practices and practices and

operationsoperations that should be applied, in order to achieve

specific objectives (for instance: quality and safety products).

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Increasing demand by the main importing markets for Increasing demand by the main importing markets for assurances regarding food production processes and assurances regarding food production processes and practices.practices.

Developed markets for fresh fruits and vegetables have Developed markets for fresh fruits and vegetables have higher requirements, regarding quality attributes related higher requirements, regarding quality attributes related with:with:•Product attributes such as : safety.Product attributes such as : safety.• Process attributes regarding: environmental Process attributes regarding: environmental considerations, social welfare, GMO’s, organic considerations, social welfare, GMO’s, organic production, etc.production, etc.

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• provide Consumer Protection. • address consumer needs and expectations.• unifying quality criteria, “unique language”.• address sustainable production and environmental and social responsibility.• ensure quality and safety products throughout the food chain.• provide benefits to the food chain actors, including rural workers.•Facilitate the communication between food chain actors (close linkages).

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PRODUCER:PRODUCER:

• on farm resources sustainability (water, soil, on farm resources sustainability (water, soil, flora, fauna, etc).flora, fauna, etc).

• staying in the business.staying in the business.• Improving working conditions.Improving working conditions.• gaining market access (high value markets)gaining market access (high value markets)• improving managerial skills.improving managerial skills.• reduction of Post-harvest losses.reduction of Post-harvest losses.• improving product quality.improving product quality.

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Exporter:Exporter:

• Gaining market access (high value Gaining market access (high value products).products).

• Staying in the business.Staying in the business.• Strengthening relationship with Strengthening relationship with

buyers.buyers.• Gaining buyer’s credibility and Gaining buyer’s credibility and

truthfulness truthfulness • Reducing post-harvest losses.Reducing post-harvest losses.

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Importer Market (supermarket, specialized Importer Market (supermarket, specialized importers, etc):importers, etc):

– Protection of own brand-supermarkets transfers Protection of own brand-supermarkets transfers quality and safety responsibilities to suppliers quality and safety responsibilities to suppliers (importers, grower’s organizations, etc) in order (importers, grower’s organizations, etc) in order to protect it’s own brand.to protect it’s own brand.

– Maintain consumer confidence in products.Maintain consumer confidence in products.– Strengthening relationship with suppliers.Strengthening relationship with suppliers.– Gaining consumer’s credibility and truthfulness .Gaining consumer’s credibility and truthfulness .– Competitiveness.Competitiveness.– Reduction of post-harvest losses.Reduction of post-harvest losses.

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• The North American Standards (public and private), emphasises, in general terms, on the hygiene aspects of the FFV safety. The European standards emphasises on pesticides residues, and environmental and social quality aspects.

• The major requirements in terms of private certifications come from the UK supermarkets.

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:National AuthoritiesNational Authorities • Consumer Protection.

• Food Drug Administration (FDA) in USA and the European Authorities, for several years, have carried out continuous monitoring of pesticides residues. Since 1998 FDA has added microbiological analyses in some products for a set of pathogens such as: E.coli, Salmonela, Shigera and others.

• Many supermarkets chains and brokers, in the importing markets, have contacted certification companies both: for developing their own (proprietary) quality schemes and/or to certify their suppliers all over the world.

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Good Agricultural Practices are procedures that improve conventional methods of production, beginning with

the choice of the cultivation areas reaching until post-harvest

procedures with emphasis in the health, well-being and safety of

workers.

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GAP includes on farm practices (primary production and post-harvest

stages) that have to be followed, in order to ensure a safesafe and wholesome

product whilst also minimizing the negative impact of those practices on

the environmentenvironment and on workers' health.

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GAP, GMP and GHP have been incorporated into the code of practices and protocols for

certification under a generic concept of Good Agricultural

Practices.

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1. TRACEABILITY2. RECORD KEEPING AND INTERNAL SELF-INSPECTION

3. VARIETIES AND ROOTSTOCKS4. SITE HISTORY AND SITE

5. SOIL AND SUBSTRATE MANAGEMENT6. FERTILIZER USE7. IRRIGATION/FERTIGATION

8. CROP PROTECTION

9. HARVESTING10. PRODUCE HANDLING11. WASTE AND POLLUTION MANAGEMENT, RECYCLING AND RE-USE

12. WORKER HEALTH, SAFETY AND 13. ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES14. COMPLAINT FORM

GOOD PRACTICES IN HARVEST AND POST HARVEST

RESPONSIBLE ATTITUDE (ENVIRONMENT, WORKERS)-CONTINUE IMPROVEMENT

PLANNING THE CROP

ELEMENTS OF DEMONSTRATION

GOOD PRACTICES IN PRODUCTION

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General Requirements

Food Safety Issues Environmental Issues

Social Responsibilities

Relationships with Outgrowers

Consultation with consumers

Food Safety during crop production

Selection of pesticides

Communications and terms of conditions

Producing and purchasing policy

Continual improvement

Food Safety during harvesting and Post harvest handling

Minimisation of agrochemical use

Contracts for employees

Technical advice to outgrowers

Periodic review Facilities ( holding, grading, packaging, storage of harvested product)

Occupational health and safety

Wages and other benefits

Support to facilitate code of practice implementation

Addressing non-compliance

Management of pesticides

Hours of work

External Communication

Accidents with pesticides

Payments for overtime

Training Storage and transportation of agrochemicals

Sanitation facilities

Training on handling agrochemicals

Rest areas/facilities

…….. …….

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PRIMARY PRODUCTION.ENVIRONMENTAL HYGIENEHYGIENIC PRIMARY PRODUCTION OF FRESH FRUITS AND VEGETABLES

HANDLING, STORAGE AND TRANSPORT

CLEANING, MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION

PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: DESIGN AND FACILITIES.CONTROL OF OPERATION

CONTROL OF FOOD HAZARDS.

KEY ASPECTS OF HYGIENE CONTROL SYSTEMS INCOMING MATERIAL REQUIREMENTS

PACKING.WATER USED IN THE PACKING MANAGEMENT AND SUPERVISION.

DOCUMENTATION AND RECORDS.RECALL PROCEDURES .

PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: MAINTENANCE AND SANITATION .PACKING ESTABLISHMENT: PERSONAL HYGIENE.TRANSPORTATION .PRODUCT INFORMATION AND CONSUMER AWARENESS.

TRAINING. AWARENESS AND RESPONSIBILITIES

TRAINING PROGRAMMES

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

COMPLIANCE COMPLIANCE CRITERIACRITERIA

PROTOCOL/PROTOCOL/CODE OF CODE OF

PRACTICESPRACTICES

INDICATORSINDICATORS

MEANS OF VERIFICATIONMEANS OF VERIFICATION

GUIDELINES, GUIDELINES, CHECK LISTS, CHECK LISTS,

ETC. ETC.

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OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVES OBJECTIVESFood safety and consumer health Food SafetyPreservation of environmental integrity Environmental protectionSocial responsibility including social welfare and safety of employees Occupational health, safety and welfare

Animal Welfare

HARMONIZED COLEACP FRAMEWORK

EUREPGAP CODEX CODE OF HYGIENE PRACTICES FOR FFV

Addresses Good Agricultural Practices (GAPs) and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMPs)that will help control microbial, chemical and physical hazards associated with all stages of the production of FFV from primary production to packing. SAFETY OBJECTIVES

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OBJECTIVESOBJECTIVES

PRINCIPLESPRINCIPLES

COMPLIANCECOMPLIANCECRITERIACRITERIA

What is expected will be achieved throughout the Code implementation.

The essential elements of the areas covered by the Code .

The conditions to be met in conformance with the defined principles and objectives.

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PRINCIPLES/COLEACP PRINCIPLES EUREPGAP PRINCIPLES- CODEX CODE OF HYGIENE

Clearly defined Clearly defined Principles and objectives are mixed.

Principles are defined for each heading inside the general objectives.

Sets a framework for GAP on farms which defines essential elements for development of best-practice for global production of horticultural products.

Means of incorporating Integrated Pest Management (IPM) and Integrated Crop Management Practices (ICM) within the framework of commercial agriculture

Supports principles of HACCP

Supports the principles of HACCP and encourages its use.

Based on HACCP approach.

Covering all activities on farm (in production and post-harvest)

Shared responsibility among the food chain actors.

Covering all activities on farm (in production and post-harvest)

Covers general hygienic practices for the primary production and packing of freshfruits and vegetables, in order to produce a safe and wholesome product. It concentrates on microbial hazards and addresses physical andchemical hazards only in so far as these relate to GAPs and GMPs.

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HEADINGS PRINCIPLES SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS

1.1. Due diligence is demonstrated in harvesting and post harvest handling regarding:Pesticides and other chemicals

Water

TraceabilityTemperature controlPersonal and food hygienePackagingQuality assurance and quality control

1.1.3  Procedures must be put in place to take remedial action if analysis indicates that water is not of potable quality where so required.

Food Safety During Harvesting and Post harvest Handling

1.1.2 Water used in product processing must be free of contamination, and water used for final rinse cleaning, equipment cleaning and hand washing must be of potable quality.

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CONTROL POINT COMPLIANCE CRITERIA

10.2.1 Is the source of water used for final product washing potable or declared suitable by thecompetent authorities?

Within the last 12 months a water analysis has been carried out at the point of entry into the washing machinery. The levels of the parameters analysed are within accepted WHO thresholds or are accepted as safe or the food industry by the competent author

10.2.2 If water is re-circulated for final product washing, has this water been filtered and arepH, concentration and exposure levels to disinfectant routinely monitored?

Where water is re-circulated for final produce washing, it is filtered and disinfected, and pH, concentration and exposure levels to disinfectant are routinely monitored, with documented records maintained. Filtering must be done with an effective system

10.2.3 Is the laboratory carrying out the water analysis a suitable one?

The water analysis for the product washing is undertaken by a laboratory currently accredited to ISO 17025 or its national equivalent or that candemonstrate via documentation that it is in the process of gaining accreditation.

10.2 Post-harvest washing /EUREPGAP

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5.2.2.1 Post-harvest water use/General Recommendations• Post-harvest systems that use water should be designed in a manner to minimize places where product lodges and dirt builds up.

Antimicrobial agents should only be used where absolutely necessary to minimize cross-contamination during post-harvest and where their use is in line with good hygienic practices. The antimicrobial agents levels should be monitored …...

• Where appropriate, the temperature of the post-harvest water should be controlled and monitored.

• Recycled water should be treated and maintained in conditions that do not constitute a risk to the safety of fresh fruits and vegetables. The treatment process should be effectively monitored and controlled.• Recycled water may be used with no further treatment provided its use does not constitute a risk to the safety of fresh fruits and vegetables (e.g. use of water recovered from the final wash for the first wash).

• Ice should be made from potable water.

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It is compulsory to comply with the It is compulsory to comply with the compliance criteria. Tolerance is not compliance criteria. Tolerance is not accepted.accepted.

Certain degree of tolerance is accepted Certain degree of tolerance is accepted regarding the compliance criteria. regarding the compliance criteria.

They are possible future requirements in They are possible future requirements in order to advance beyond the minimal order to advance beyond the minimal requirements. requirements.

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EUREPGAP-2002 MAJOR MINOR RECOMMEN.

Traceability 1Record-keeping 1Varieties & Rootstocks 2 7 5Site history and site management 2 5Soil and substrate management 1 7 6Fertiliser usage 3 18 13Irrigation 1 16Crop protection 13 61 19Harvesting 6Post-harvest treatments 10 7 6Waste pollution management, recycling and re-use 4Worker health, safety and welfare 1 15 13Envrironmental Issues 1 8Complaint form 2Internal Audit 3

40 127 90TOTAL 257

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EUREPGAP SEPTEMBER 2003 Major Minor Recommended

Traceability 1Record Keeping & internal self-inspection 3 1Varieties & Rootstocks 1 6 4Site history and site management 2 2 1Soil and substrate management 1 3 6Fertiliser use 2 15 4Irrigation/Fertigation 1 15Crop protection 14 43 5Harvesting 6 1 2Produce Handling 12 13 5Waste pollution management, recycling and re-use 6Worker health, safety and welfare 2 13 9Envrironmental Issues 1 8Complaint form 2

47 98 65TOTAL 210

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COLEACP MUST SHOULD

GENERAL RECOMMENDATIONS 6 1FOOD SAFETY ISSUESFood safety during crop production 9 1Food safety during harvesting and post-harvest handling 17Facilities 12

SOCIAL RESPONSIBILITIES 61 13RELATION WITH OUTGROWERS

12TOTAL 160 44

17ENVIRONMENTAL ISSUES 55

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INDICATORSINDICATORS

MEANS OF MEANS OF VERIFICATIONVERIFICATION

Quantifiable Quantifiable measuremeasure thatthat allow to allow to evaluate/assess the evaluate/assess the compliance of a compliance of a criteriacriteria-if the associated -if the associated criteria are being met.criteria are being met.

Information or Information or observation that will be observation that will be used in order to used in order to demonstrate demonstrate compliance compliance with a defined criteria.with a defined criteria.

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Examples of indicators for the criteria are included in the Code.

Indicators are Included in the Code/Protocol-list of records required.

Indicators should be constructed during the process of harmonization at the national level (flexibility for its implementation)

Documents are records required appear as annexes to the Code.

Means of verification are included throughout the Code/Protocol.

They are not defined in the Code. They should be constructed during the process of harmonization.

INDICATORS

MEANS OF VERIFICATION

COLEACP EUREPGAP CODEX CODE OF HYGIENE PRACTICES

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HEADINGS PRINCIPLES

SPECIFIC REQUIREMENTS EXAMPLES OF PERFORMANCE

INDICATORS 1.1.1 All crops must be grown according

to good agricultural practice (GAP).

Management can produce a farm plan and a full record system that shows that GAP is employed in each field, orchard or greenhouse.

1.1.2 Fields used for food crops must not be sited in areas at significant risk of contamination from polluted air, soil or water.

A fully documented farm management plan is in place, with pre-crop risk assessments for each field.

1.1.3 Fields must be free from human faecal contamination.

Visual inspection shows no evidence of faecal contamination.

Adequate toilet facilities are provided on site

1.1.4 Untreated sewage water must not be used for irrigation.

Acceptable water sources are used

Food Safety During Crop Production

1.1 Due diligence is demonstrated in crop production regarding: Pesticides Fertilisers Water sources Traceability Personal and food hygiene Seeds and planting Material.

1.1.5 Harvested product must be traceable to farm source.

Management can produce traceability documentation

Fields and produce are identified and labelled in accordance with the farm plan

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Section Control Point Level8.2 Choice of Chemicals8.2.1 Is the crop protection product applied appropriate for the target as recommended on the product label? Major Must8.2.2 Do farmers only use crop protection products that are registered in the country of use for the target crop where such official registration scheme exists? Major Must8.2.3 Is a current list kept of Crop Protection Products that are used and approved for use on crops being grown? Minor Must8.2.4 Does this list take account of any changes in local and national crop protection product legislation?

Minor MustIf the choice of crop protection products is made by advisers, can they demonstrate knowledge be demonstrated? Major Must8.3 Records of Application8.3.1 Have all the crop protection product applications been recorded including the crop name and variety? Major Must8.3.2 Have all the crop protection product applications been recorded including the application location? Major Must

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STAGESSTAGES

Development and Development and implementation of National implementation of National

Quality and Safety Quality and Safety ProgrammesProgrammes

ADVANTAGESADVANTAGES

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IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL IMPLEMENTATION OF NATIONAL PROGRAMMES TO COMPLY WITH PROGRAMMES TO COMPLY WITH

THE MARKET REQUIREMENTSTHE MARKET REQUIREMENTS

DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CODE DEVELOPMENT OF NATIONAL CODE OF PRACTICES OR PROTOCOLSOF PRACTICES OR PROTOCOLS

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Which standard/regulationWhich standard/regulation??

Gaining support from the Gaining support from the stakeholdersstakeholders

Training and advising.Training and advising.

Defining indicators and Defining indicators and verifiers/auditing systemverifiers/auditing system

Designing instruments to Designing instruments to support the support the

implementation/monitoringimplementation/monitoring

Getting support of importing Getting support of importing markets.markets.

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GAP GAP PROGRAPROGRA

MEME

Sometimes the initiatives arise from the private sector due to theneed to comply with the marketrequirements, or from the public initiatives as a need to provide consumer protection.

involvement of thepublic and private sector.

MULTI-STAKEHOLDER AND MULTI-STAKEHOLDER AND INTER-INSTITUTIONAL INVOLVEMENTINTER-INSTITUTIONAL INVOLVEMENT

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ROLES:ROLES:

• Producer and exporter’s associations/groups-those applying the code.• Institutions defining policies (recognition of the Code at the National Level).• Institutions dealing with training and technical advise to different stakeholders.•Institutions responsible of setting standards.•Institutions responsible of quality control and consumer protection.• Institutions involve with Accreditation• Institutions responsible for registering, distribution and selling of pesticides and other crop protection chemicals.• Universities and Research institutions.

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• An existent code of practices/protocol applied by the target market (EUREPGAP, Supermarket’s requirements in USA etc.).

• Harmonization at the national level of the Codex Standards (code of practices, standards, etc.)

• Development of a National Code/Standard, according to the national priorities and needs.

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Responsibilities: ensure the Code……

• reflects the needs and priorities of different reflects the needs and priorities of different stakeholders.stakeholders.

• covers the key environmental and safety risks covers the key environmental and safety risks in the particular farming systems.in the particular farming systems.• covers the market requirements.covers the market requirements.• takes into account the needs and priorities of takes into account the needs and priorities of small, middle and large farmers.small, middle and large farmers.• is compatible with the National Legislation.is compatible with the National Legislation.• is based in public and private coordination, is based in public and private coordination, involves different actors, and gets their support involves different actors, and gets their support regarding the importance of the code.regarding the importance of the code.

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Members of public and private institutions Members of public and private institutions with:with:

• a clear interest and motivation. a clear interest and motivation. • technical knowledge, skills and experience technical knowledge, skills and experience in the sector (working conditions, in the sector (working conditions, agronomical aspects, market requirements, agronomical aspects, market requirements, etc.)etc.)• Good relations with different FFV chain Good relations with different FFV chain actors/stakeholders: recognition, actors/stakeholders: recognition, trustfulness, seriousness .trustfulness, seriousness .

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Should be simple, coherent and clearly Should be simple, coherent and clearly defined.defined.

Indicators and means of verifications: Indicators and means of verifications: MustMust be distinct and clearly defined, reliable be distinct and clearly defined, reliable measure of the criteria, easy to be measured measure of the criteria, easy to be measured

and recorded. and recorded.

AVOID INNECESARY DOCUMENTATIONAVOID INNECESARY DOCUMENTATION

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who are the actors/stakeholders applying the Code?how they will benefit?.what are the implications for each actor/stakeholder?what strategist could be applied in order to get support from different stakeholders?

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Benefits derived of Code Implementation:

Potential Costs associated to Code implementation:

Receptive areas:

Difficulties and constrains:

Potential strategies to overcome difficulties and constrains:

Stakeholder:

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Understanding the importance of the Code and providing support for its

implementation.

DEFINING APPROPRIATE STRATEGIES FOR EACH ACTOR/STAKEHOLDER

Producers, exporters, traditional sellers and distributors, trainers, extension workers,

etc.

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•who audits?-knowledge, skills and experience.•what tools need to de developed to support the external auditing process? –audit checklists, farm description questionnaires, self- audit questionnaires, reporting formats, etc. • what tools need to be developed to support the internal auditing process (self auditing –producers, exporters, etc.) •the stepssteps of the auditing process ( pre audits and data collection).•management of non-compliances.•frequency.•costs.•training auditors

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COLEACP EUREPGAPTo ensure that participating businesses comply with the national or industry Code of Practice, they will be visited annually by an independent auditing team/organisation. Auditors involved in the ‘in-country’ audits of each code have formal training…..

Appendix 1: Requeriments for EUREPGAP Fruit and Vegetables Auditor 16.1 Formal Qualifications:16.1.1 Post-high school diploma(i) A least a post high school diploma or equivalent (minimum course duration of 2 years)must have been obtained in a discipline, etc, etc.

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Some documents supporting the implementation of the Code:

• Check-lists.Check-lists.• GAP, GMP, GHP, Guidelines.GAP, GMP, GHP, Guidelines.• Compliance criteria list. Compliance criteria list. • List of records and documents List of records and documents required. required. • Benchmarking list, etc.Benchmarking list, etc.

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BE AWARE OF CHANGES IN THE BE AWARE OF CHANGES IN THE SECTOR, IN THE REGULATORY SECTOR, IN THE REGULATORY FRAMEWORK, IN THE MARKET FRAMEWORK, IN THE MARKET

DEMAND, TECHNOLOGICAL DEMAND, TECHNOLOGICAL ADVANCES, ETC; AND MAKE THE ADVANCES, ETC; AND MAKE THE

NECESSARY ADJUSTEMENTS.NECESSARY ADJUSTEMENTS.

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Who passes, who fails under Who passes, who fails under what criteriawhat criteria? ?

Individual Farmers Individual Farmer applying for Exporting companies Farmer Group applying by EUREPGAP Certification

Countries-Harmonization process.

Farmer and/or farmer Group working under a Scheme that has successfully benchmarked to EUREPGAP

COLEACP EUREPGAP

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Who passes, who fails under Who passes, who fails under what criteriawhat criteria? ?

Countries that wish to use the Harmonized Framework, all those statements listed under "Principles", "General Requirements" and "Specific Requirements" which incorporated the word MUST are regarded as mandatory. These have to be included in all national codes.

100% compliance of all Applicable Major Musts control points is compulsory; 95% compliance of all applicable minors must Control Points is compulsory (apply formule). No minimum percentage of compliance is set.

For less sofisticated farmers some aspects of the Harmonised Framework and thefore national or industry Codes of Practice may be less relevant, provided always that food safety is never compromised. However exporters handling products from smallholders, are expected to comply with the national Code/Harmonized Framework.

COLEACP EUREPGAP

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• Complement the National legislation, ensuring compatibility with existing standards, codes, regulations. • Build local capacities for its implementation.• More likely to meet needs, priorities and constraints of stakeholders (national and exporting markets).• Leads to greater acceptance of codes by stakeholders (producers, exporters, etc).• Can be used as a marketing tool.

GAPGAPPROGRAMMEPROGRAMME

PROTOCOL/PROTOCOL/STANDARDSTANDARD

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GAPGAP

ProgrammProgramme (CHILE)e (CHILE)

Case StudiesCase Studies

PIPAA PIPAA Programme Programme (Guatemala)(Guatemala)

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Considerations:• Developed countries in the Northern Hemisphere are the

main importing markets for FFV.• The major export items are tropical products, which are

mainly traded throughout big multinationals.• Sub-tropical products and temperate fruits, due to their

high seasonality are imported from the Southern Hemisphere.

• Main importing markets (USA, EU).• The retail sales of fresh fruits and vegetables in

developed markets are done mainly throughout supermarket chains.

• High concentration of the retailer sector has implied the development of property standards, and a big expansion of these chains in developing countries.

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Considerations:• market requirements regarding performance quality attributes

(process attributes or quality credential characteristics) such as: environmental concern, safety, social welfare, etc, have been incorporated thorough certifications, brands and labels.

• The market requirements of importing countries are widely diverse.

• Exporting countries sell products to different markets, which implies different quality requirements and so different certifications.

• Relatively high cost of certification process ( assumed by producers and exporters).

• Increasing trend in importing markets to request for certifications.

• Growing importance of Regional Markets for FFV .• Expansion of supermarkets in developing countries-higher

quality and safety requirements.

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• Institutional changes-integration of public and private sector (inter-institutional and multi-stakeholder involvement)-topic as a national priority.

• Getting acceptance of National Codes from the importing markets (recognition of the Code and the process of implementation).

• Setting reliable auditing systems.• High initial cost for National Programmes development

and implementation.• Development of National Codes/Standards and National

Programmes covering expectations of different stakeholders (small, middle and big farmers).

• Development accreditation systems for the national programme.

Development of National Programmes, what does it implyDevelopment of National Programmes, what does it imply?:?:

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Analysis of the FFV sector/country: Analysis of the FFV sector/country: what is urgent and needed in terms of quality and safety issues?

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FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS (FAO)

Food Quality and Standards Service (ESNS)Food and Nutrition Division

FAOViale delle Terme di Caracalla

00100 , Rome, Italy.E-mail: food-quality@fao.org

Tel.: +39 06 57053308Fax.: +39 06 570 54593/53152

http://www.fao.org/