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The Gross National
Happiness Index of Bhutan:Method and Illustrative Results
Dasho Karma Ura, Sabina Alkire, Tshoki Zangmo
The Centre for Bhutan Studies, Thimphu
Presented by Sabina Alkire, OPHI, Univ. of Oxford
12 October, 2011, OECD
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Background:
Legal code of 1729 if the government cannotcreate happiness for its people, then there is nopurpose for government to exist
4th
King of Bhutan, 1972 Gross NationalHappiness is more important than GrossNational Product
Constitution of Bhutan 2008 Article 9: TheState shall strive to promote those conditionsthat will enable the pursuit of Gross NationalHappiness.
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HM Jigme Khesar
Namgyel Wangchuck,5th King of Bhutan
We must always rememberthat as our country, in these
changing times findsimmense new challenges
and opportunities, whateverwork we do, whatever goalswe have and no matterhow these may change in
this changing world
ultimately without peace,security and happiness wehave nothing. That is the
essence of the philosophy ofGross National Happiness.Our most important goal isthe peace and happiness ofour people and the security
and sovereignty of thenation.
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9domainsof GNH
10th Plan
K. Ura
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Quality of Life and GNH Dimensions
Stiglitz-Sen-Fitoussi Health
Education
Economic security
Personal Security Balance of Time
Voice & Governance
Social Connections
Environment
Subjective measuresof quality of life
Bhutans GNH Health
Education
Material Std of living
Time Use
Governance
Community Vitality
Ecological Diversity
Culture & spirituality
Emotional Well-being
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Happiness isMultidimensional
We have now clearlydistinguished the
happiness in GNH
from the fleeting, pleasurable feel good moods sooften associated with that term. We know that trueabiding happiness cannot exist while others suffer,and comes only from serving others, living in
harmony with nature, and realizing our innatewisdom and the true and brilliant nature of our ownminds.Prime Minister of Bhutan, 2009
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Objectives of GNH Index:
drawing on 2008 Pilot Index & tools
capture the essence of GNH
help in tracking national progress
The GNH Index (GNHI) is that criticalevaluation tool for results-based planning toensure that development truly contributes to
the achievement of GNH.
10th Five-year Plan of Bhutan, 2008
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Limitations of GNH Index:
It is unlikely that the GNHI will be a fullycomprehensive measure or be able to
entirely capture the diversity and
significanceof GNH
The measure will also need to bedynamic, [to] incorporate relevant
changes....
10th Five-Year Plan
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GNH Index Survey, 2010
Identified sample = 8700Completed Interviews = 7142
Retained Sample size = 6539
Sample representative of 20 districts,
and by rural and urban areas
758 variables, covering all 9 domains
55 enumerators: unusually high data quality
Draws on 2006 Pre-Pilot GNH Survey
and the 2008 Pilot GNH Survey
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GNH Indicators were selected
according to:
1) Normative values, official documents
2) Statistical properties (always tested)3) Category: objective / (subjective)
4) Policy relevance
5) Simplicity of interpretation
Here we present one trial GNH
Indexnot finalized.
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The GNH thresholds were selected by:
International standards: Eg. MDGs, ILO, Habitat
National standards: Eg. Twice income poverty line
Normative judgements: Eg. Positive emotions
Participatory meetings: Focus group discussions
(FGDs). Eg. FGDs suggested that threshold for landdepends upon land quality; here in Wangdiphodrang
5 acres is enough.
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Weighting:
9 domains are equally weighted
There are 33 sub-domains Subjective sub-domains have light
weights except in psych well-being
Robustness tests are performed
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Living
standard Assetsindicator(25% weight)
Mobile phone
Fixed phone
Personal computer
Refrigerator
Washing machine
Television
Livestock
Land size (5 acresthreshold)
Householdincome per
capita
(50% weight)
Housingindicator
(25% weight)Toilet Electricity
Quality of roof
Persons per room
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PsychologicalWellbeing
Health
Living standard
Occupation
Relationships
Work-life balance
Positiveemotions
Calmness
Empathy/compassion
Forgiveness
Contentment
Generosity
Negative emotions
Anger
Fear
Worry
Selfishness
Jealousy
Spirituality
Spiritualitylevel
Prayerrecitation
Meditation
Consideration of Karma
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Health
Mental health:
Able to concentrate
Lost sleep over worry
Playing useful part
Capable of makingdecisions
Constantly understrain
Difficult to cope withdifficulties
Able to enjoy
Able to face problems
Feeling unhappy anddepressed
Losing confidence
Thinking of self as aworthless person
Numberof
Healthydays
Selfreportedhealth
status10% weight
Disability
Long-termdisabilitythatrestricts
activities
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Education
Literacy
Knowledgeindex
local legends
and folk stories local tshechus
and festivals
constitution
How HIV/AIDSis transmitted
Schooling
Value : Littlejustification for
Killing
Stealing Lying
Creatingdisharmony amongpeople
Sexual misconduct
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Culturaldiversity
Culturalparticipa-
tion:
Number ofdays spent insocio-cultural
events in ayear
Speaknative
language
Artisticskills Weaving,
Embroidery,Painting, Carpentry,Carving, Sculpture,
Casting,Blacksmithing,Bamboo works,Gold/silversmith,Masonry,Leather works,Paper making
Etiquette
Importance
Changes inpractice
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Goodgovernance
* Voting, and
* Attending Zomdueat:
Chiwog level
Gewog level
Thromdue level
Performance
index Creating jobs
Reducing gapbetween richand poor
Providing
education Improving
health services
Fightingcorruption
Protectingenvironment
Preservingcultural andtraditions
Rights Freedom of speech & opinion
To vote
To join political party
To form/join tshogpa
To join public service
Equal value of work Freedom from discrimination
Serviceindex Walking time to
nearest healthcare centre
Waste disposal
Quality ofdrinking water
Participation inelections
D ti ti &
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Communityvitality
Donations time &money
Proportion of householdincome donated
Days of volunteeringFamily
Family care
Wish you werenot part of yourfamily
Familymembers argue
too much Feel like a
stranger in theyour family
Understandingin your family
Family is a real
source ofcomfort for you
Communityrelationship
Sense of belonging
Trust neighbours
Safety
Having been arecent victimof crime
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Ecologicaldiversity and
resilience
Pollutionindex
Pollution ofrivers andsteams
Air pollution
Absence ofwaste disposal
Landslides
Soil erosion
Floods
Littering
Noise pollution
Responsibilitytowards
Environment
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GNH
PsychologicalWellbeing
Satisfaction
Positive emotions
Negative emotions
Spirituality
Health
Mental health
Self reported healthstatus
Healthy daysDisability
Time Use
Work
Sleep
Education
Literacy
Educational Level
Knowledge IndexValue
CulturalDiversity
Speak native Language
Cultural Participation
Artistic Skills
Driglam Namzha
GoodGovernance
Performance Index
Rights
Service Index
Political Participation
CommunityVitality
Donations
Community
relationshipFamily
Safety
EcologicalDiversity andResilience
Pollution Index
Responsibility overnatural environment
WildlifePublic Transportaccess
Living Standards
Assets Indicator
Housing Indicator
Income
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MethodologyThe GNH Index uses a form of the Alkire
Foster Methodology (2007, 2011), used inMPI of UNDP, and for national poverty
Sufficiency Cutoffs
Each sub-domain identifies a person asdeprived if they have not achieved
sufficiency in that indicator.
Identification of HappinessTo allow for diversity, a person is
identified as happy if he or she has
achieved sufficiency in 70% of domains.
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A person is happy if he/she achieves sufficiency in
70% of the 9 domains
Dorji
Happy in 7 of the 9 domains,
so he is categorised as happy
Tashi
Happy in only 4 domains so sheis categorised as unhappy
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Formula for the GNH Index
GNH Index=1(Headcount x Breadth)
The GNH Index uses the Alkire Foster
aggregation for ordinal data.
HeadcountThis is the percentage of people who are
unhappy
Breadth (Intensity)This is the average percentage of
deprivations amongst the unhappy
Headcount and Breadth focus on deprivations
so as to inform policy
F l f GNH I d
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Formula for GNH Index
Results are only Illustrative
GNH Index = 1(Headcount * Breadth)GNH Index = 1- ( .822 x .431 ) = 0.645
82% of Bhutanese
lack sufficiency in
more than 30% of
domains.
18% have achieved
happiness
On average, people are
deprived in 43% of the
domains, or more than
4 of the 9 domains
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When cutoff =
30%, 82% of people
are deprived. 18%of people are
happy and enjoy
sufficiency in 70%
of domains.
When cutoff = 40%, 48%of people are deprived.
52% of people are
happy and enjoy
sufficiency in more than
60% of domains.
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When cutoff = 30%, the
average unhappy
person is deprived in
43% of domains.
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13.04%
4.99%
12.49%
14.37%
10.80%
11.32%
7.65%
13.53%
11.80%
What do 'unhappy' people lack?
Psychological wellbeing
Health
Time use
Education
Cultural diversity
Good governance
Community vitality
Ecological diversity andresilience
Living standards
0 750
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0.701
0.6810.674 0.672
0.668 0.6670.661 0.661
0.656 0.655 0.6530.649
0.6440.640 0.639
0.6330.627 0.626 0.624 0.622
0.618
0.607
0.583
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
GNH Index by dzongkhag (district) and region
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Contribution of deprived to subgroup happiness by domain
0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100%
Samdrup Jongkhar
Trongsa
Tashigang
Bumthang
Lhuntse
Tashi YangsteWangdue Phodrang
Samtse
Chukha
Rural
National
Punakha
MongarThimphu
Urban
Pema Gatshel
Gasa
Dagana
Zhemgang
Tsirang
Haa
Sarpang
ParoPsychologicalwellbeing
Health
Time Use
Education
Culturaldiversity
Goodgovernance
Communityvitality
Livingstandards
Ecologicaldiversity and
resilience
Urban areas
are deprived in
community
vitality.
0 750
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0.676
0.613
0.668
0.648
0.620
0.578
0.566
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
Male Female Nevermarried
Married Divorced Separated Widowed
GNH Index by Sex and Marital Status
0 800
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0.605
0.644
0.714
0.718
0.701
0.723
0.677
0.720
0.684
0.500
0.550
0.600
0.650
0.700
0.750
0.800GNH Index by Educational Level
i li ki i
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GNH in Policy Making: since 2008 GNHC
GNH PROJECT SELECTION TOOLS
GNH INDICATORS
SINGLE NUMBER GNH INDEXNational Index
ProgressMeasurement
Policy Making
Influence
Influence
GNH POLICY SCREENING TOOLS
ProjectFormulation
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Thank youT hi D l k