1

A PRESENTATION ONSUMMER TRAINING

BY ANKIT GAUTAM

FINAL YEAR

Department of civil engineering

Vivekananda college of technology & management Aligarh

(U.P) India -202002

2OVERVIEW OF PRESENTATION

SITE LOCATION INTRODUCTION TO UPSBC FEATURES OF PROJECT

• SALIENT FEATURE• PHYSICAL FEATURE

MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT USED COMPONENT OF BRIDGE PRESTRESSING PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE QUALITY CONTROL OF CONCRETE

3MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT USED

Machines and equipment used

Hydraulic crane Portable concrete mixer Auto level Pre-stressing

jacksPressure grouting

machine Needle vibrator

4COMPONENT OF BRIDGE

Component of bridge

Geomats Geotextile Pier Bearing Bridge deck Abutment Sheathing or ducts strands

5QUALITY CONTROL OF CONCRETE

 

Quality control of concrete

Cube strength of concrete Aggregate impact value Sieve analysis Flakiness and elongation index Slump cone test

6LOCATION

7About U.P State Bridge Corporation Ltd.

U.P. State Bridge Corporation Ltd. started functioning on 1st March 1973 as a company under U.P. State Government to accelerate the activities of design and construction of Bridges in the state.

U.P. State is rich in Geographical and topographical diversities like small and big rivers, varying terrain all through the state. For the speedy development of the state it was necessary to connect all part of the state by roads and bridges.

This encouraged the engineers and U.P. Govt. to establish a separate body for design and construction of bridge and this gave birth to U.P state bridge corporation (UPSBC).After successful completion of several bridges, the Board of Director of UPSBC felt that the technical experts of the State in the field of Bridge Construction & Design should be utilized in enhancing the similar activities in other States of the country and abroad.

UPSBC has successfully constructed a number of bridges and roads in Iraq, Yemen and Nepal also in addition to U.P. along with other States of India and earned reputation and foreign currency for the country. Since UPSBC is a Govt. undertaking, therefore all the profit earned by UPSBC ultimately adds to State Govt.

8Salient Features

Project cost

: Rs. 2972.40 lac

Agency

: UPSBC

Date of commencement

: May, 2015

Target date of

completion : March,

2017

9Physical features

Total length of bridge 729.550m No. of piers 16 Diameter of each pier 2.5m No. of decks 17+1(RLWY) Type of superstructure PSC GIRDERS Width of each Deck 8.5m Slope along bridge length 1 in 30 Slope across bridge length 0.25 in 1 Length of underpass girder 37.5m

10MACHINES AND

EQUIPMENTS USED

HYDRAULIC CRANE•A Hydraulic crane is a cable-controlled crane mounted on crawlers or rubber-tired carriers or a hydraulic-powered crane with a telescoping boom mounted on truck-type carriers or as self-propelled models.•They are designed to easily transport to a site and use with different types of load and cargo with little or no setup or assembly.

11MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT

USEDCONCRETE MIXERA concrete mixer is a device that homogeneously combines cement, aggregate such as sand or gravel, and water to form concrete. For smaller volume works portable concrete mixers are often used so that the concrete can be made at the construction site, giving the workers enough time to use the concrete before it hardens. An alternative to a machine is mixing concrete by hand.Cement, sand and other aggregates are loaded in a hydraulically operated hopper and then poured in the mixing drum for final mixing and then can be unloaded by tilting the drum.

12MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT

USEDAUTOLEVELAn automatic level, builder's auto level, levelling instrument or dumpy level is a professional levelling tool that is used by land surveyors, builders, contractors and engineers. The instrument is normally situated on a tripod and then calibrated to a levelled position using levelling screws. The operator of the automatic level then looks through the telescope attached to the instrument, while a second person holds a graduated staff or tape measure at the position under measurement.The automatic level is most commonly used in measuring, surveying, and setting horizontal and vertical levels.

13MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT USED

PRE-STRESSING JACKSThe tensioning of the steel strand (or individual wires) is usually by means of hydraulic jacks.In pre-tensioning, single strand jacks may be used. In post-tensioning the strands are often grouped to form tendons. These may be stressed by large, multi-strand jacks. The load induced into the strand is determined from the pressure in the hydraulic oil supplied to the jack or from the extension of the strand.Wedge grips are used to grip each strand during stressing and to hold the strand permanently in the tendon anchor after stressing. The jack is removed after stressing and anchoring.

14MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT USED

PRESSURE GROUTING MACHINEPressure grouting involves injecting a grout material into generally isolated pore or void space.The grout may be a cementious, resinous, or solution chemical mixture.The purpose of grouting can be either to strengthen or reduce water flow through a formation. It is also used to correct faults in concrete and masonry structures. The greatest use of pressure grouting is to improve geo materials (soil and rock).Although very specialized, pressure grouting is an essential construction procedure that is practiced by specialist contractors and engineers around the world.

15MACHINES AND EQUIPMENT USED

NEEDLE VIBRATORSIt has a steel tube, called a poker, with one end being closed and rounded. There is an eccentric vibrating element inside it. The poker is connected to an electric motor, sometimes a diesel motor, through a flex tube.These needle vibrators come in a variety of sizes from 40 to 100 mm in diameter. The poker’s diameter is determined by the spacing between the reinforcing bars in the form work. The period of vibration necessary can be from 30 seconds to 2 minutes and the concrete should be placed in layers no more than 600mm high.

16COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

REINFORCED EARTH WALL PANELSThe primary components of a Reinforced Earth wall consist of alternating layers of granular backfill, and linear metallic, high-adherence soil reinforcing strips or ladders to which a modular precast concrete facing is attached.  Benefits include:

Ease of installation since construction using prefabricated components is rapid and predictableSuperior appearance since the facing is highly suited for architectural finishesConsiderable advantages over cast-in-place, both in construction time and quantity of materials

17COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

GEOMATSThe geomats are used to tie the reinforced earth wall panels of both sides.These geomats resists the horizontal pressure coming over the reinforced earth wall panels.Geomats are made up of very strong polymer due to which they are capable of holding such giant reinforced earth panels.

18COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

GEOTEXTILESGeotextiles are permeable fabrics which, when used in association with soil, have the ability to separate, filter, reinforce, protect, or drain.Geotextiles are typically made from polypropylene or polyester.Gaps between the reinforced earth wall panels are covered with geotextiles by pasting over them using any sticky material.A filter pipe placed parallel to reinforced earth wall is also covered with the geotextile.

19COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

PIER A pier is a raised structure typically supported by well-spaced piles or pillars. Bridges, buildings, and walkways may all be supported by piers. Piers can range in size and complexity from a simple lightweight wooden structure to major structures extended over 1600 metres. In American-English, pier may be synonymous with dock.

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21COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

SHEATHING OR DUCTSThese are provided for avoiding the bonding b/w concrete and tendon wires.These may be of either steel, aluminium or PVC.

22COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

STRANDS Wires are bound to form strands. These are made up of high grade

tensile steel.

23COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

BEARINGProvides resting surface between bridge piers and bridge deck.(image)Purpose is to allow controlled movement and thereby reduce the stresses involved.Movement could be thermal expansion and contraction or due to seismic activity

24COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

BRIDGE DECK It is the roadway, or the pedestrian walkway, surface of a bridge.• It may be constructed of concrete, steel, or wood.• Sometimes it covered with a layer of asphalt concrete or other pavement.• A concrete deck is the integral part of the bridge structure.• In some bridges such as arch bridge, the deck is primary structural element.

25COMPONENTS OF BRIDGE

ABUTMENT • Abutment Refers To The Substructure At The Ends Of A Bridge Span Or Dam Whereon The

Structure's Superstructure Rests Or Contacts.• To Transfer Loads From A Superstructure To Its Foundation Elements.• To Resist And/or Transfer Self-weight, Lateral Loads (Such As The Earth Pressure) And Wind Loads• To Support One End Of An Approach Slab. 

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PRE-STRESSING

• Pre-stressing is the process of setting up the concrete by stretching several wires (tendons or strands) of high tensile strength in the concrete.

• Prestressing induces compression on the lower or tension side of a beam and when the design load is applied, tension is produced on the lower side which neutralise the compression already set up by Prestressing.

• In pre-stressing strands, tendons, cables, wires and bars are used to pre-stress. Advantages Large reduction in traditional reinforcement requirements as tendons cannot destress in accidents. Higher ultimate strength due to bond generated between the strands and concrete.

27PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE

• The design of concrete mix involves the determination of the most rational proportions of ingredients of concrete to achieve a concrete which is workable in its plastic state and will develop the required qualities when hardened.

• Concrete is graded according to its compressive strength.  

• The proportion of cement, sand and coarse aggregate for a desired strength can be either adopted or rationally designed.

• A concrete mix in which the proportions are adopted is referred to as nominal mix

GRADE CEMENT COARSE SAND

AGGREGATE (10

mm)

AGGREGATE

(20mm)

M 30

1 1.380 1.112 1.668

M 35 1 1.300 1.152 1.728

M 40 1 1.220 1.120 1.680

M 45 1 1.020 1.080 1.620

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PRODUCTION OF CONCRETE

PROBLEMS LIKELY TO CAUSE DURING OR AFTER CONCRETING SegregationSegregation of concrete can be defined as separation of coarse aggregate from mortar, resulting in their non-uniform distribution. Improper mix proportion resulting in large proportion of coarse particles as compared to small proportion of fine particles caused the separation of coarse particles from mortar. Honeycombing The separation of coarse aggregate from mortar leaves voids in coarse aggregate unfilled and this phenomenon is called honeycombing. Honeycombing decreases density of concrete and hence reduction in strength of concrete. BleedingBleeding is the form of segregation in which water in a concrete mix rises to the surface during placing it. It is because more water is present than is necessary for the cement paste to lubricate the aggregate particles and the solid constituents of

29QUALITY

CONTROL OF CONCRETE

 CUBE STRENGTH OF CONCRETE Compressive strength test on 150mm cube of concrete is tested under destructive load and it can’t be reused once the test is over The compressive strength of a cube is an indication of the strength of concrete it is possible to co-relate the flexural compressive and flexural tensile strength of concrete. It helps in determining whether the mix proportion are satisfactory or need some changes If concrete cubes from the same mix are tested at different period of time, it helps in determining the rate of gain of strength, which in turn, helps in determining the time of removal of formwork.

30QUALITY CONTROL

OF CONCRETE  

AGGREGATE IMPACT VALUE This test is done to determine the aggregate

impact value of coarse aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part IV) – 1963.

The apparatus used for determining aggregate impact value of coarse aggregates isImpact testing machine conforming to IS: 2386 (Part IV)- 1963,IS Sieves of sizes – 12.5mm, 10mm and 2.36mm, A cylindrical metal measure of 75mm dia. and 50mm depth, A tamping rod of 10mm circular cross section and 230mm length, rounded at one end and Oven.

31QUALITY CONTROL

OF CONCRETE   SIEVE ANALYSIS

Sieve analysis helps to determine the particle size distribution of the coarse and fine aggregates. This is done by sieving the aggregates as per IS: 2386 (Part I) – 1963.

In this we use different sieves as standardized by the IS code and then pass aggregates through them and thus collect different sized particles left over different sieves.

32QUALITY CONTROL

OF CONCRETE   FLAKINESS AND ELONGATION

INDEX Aggregate particles are classified as flaky when they

have a thickness (smallest dimension) of less than 0.6 of their mean sieve size.

The flakiness index of an aggregate sample is found by separating the flaky particles and expressing their mass as a percentage of the mass of the sample tested.

This test is not applicable to aggregate passing 6.30mm sieve and retained as 63.0mm sieve

Aggregate particles are classified as elongation when they have a length (greatest dimension) of more than 1.8 of their mean sieve size.

The elongation index is found by separating the elongation particles and expressing their mess as a percentage of the mass of sample tested.

The test is not applicable to material passing 6.30 mm sieve or retained on 50 mm sieve

33QUALITY CONTROL

OF CONCRETE   SLUMP CONE TEST

Slump test is used to determine the workability of fresh concrete. Slump test as per IS: 1199 – 1959 is followed. The apparatus used for doing slump test are Slump cone and Tamping rod.

It is performed to check consistency of freshly made concrete.

Consistency refers to the ease with which concrete flows. It is used to indicate degree of wetness.

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REFERENCES

• A.K Jain, 'Reinforced concrete (limit state design)’6th edition.• P.N Khanna, 'INDIAN PRACTICALS CIVIL ENGINEERS HANDBOOK’2008

edition.• www.wikipedia.org• www.civilengineering.com • Constructionqueries.wordpress.com