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8/14/2019 Presentation on World Trade Organization (WTO)
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8/14/2019 Presentation on World Trade Organization (WTO)
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Mehedi Hasan Md. HRahman
Associate Professor andBusiness Administration
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GLADIAT Salahuddin Yousu
07 03 30
Sandip Sarker# 07 03 35
ArifuzzamanKhan07 03 44
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WTO- IN BRIEF Commenced on Bretton woods.
GATT-The general agreement on tariff andtrade was formed on 1948
Signed by 23 countries
Decided to form it in Geneva conference1994
Official Formation-January 1, 1995
Signed by 128 countries Headquarter- Geneva, Switzerland
Membership -153 member states
Director General- Pascal Lamy
Meeting every two years
A global organization dealing with rules of trade bnations
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Objectives
Trade without discrimination.
To set and enforce rules for internationaltrade.
To resolve trade disputes.
To increase the transparency of decision-making processes .
To cooperate with other major
international economic institutionsinvolved in global economicmanagement.
To help developing countries benefit fullyfrom the global trading system.
To provide forum for negotiating and
a
int
L
P
G
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Principles of the tradsystem
Non-Discrimination
The most favored nation(MFN) rule
The national treatmentpolicy.
Reciprocity
Binding and enforceablecommitments
Transparency.
Safety valves
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ROUNDS &SUMMITS/CONFERENCES
GENEVA ROUND OF ANNECY
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GENEVA ROUND OFGATT
April 1947 7 months
23 countries
Signing of GATT,
45,000 tariffconcessionsaffecting $10billion of trade
ANNECYOF GATT
April 1
5 mon
13 cou
Countexchsom
tarifconc
TORQUAY ROUND
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TORQUAY ROUNDOF GATT
September 1950
8 months
38 countries
Countriesexchangedsome 8,700
tariffconcessions,cutting the1948 tariff
levels by 25%
GENEVA OF GATT
Januar
5 mon
26 cou
admisJapabillio
redu
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OF GATT
September 1960
11 months
26 countries
Tariff concessionsworth $4.9billion of world
trade
KENNEDYGATT
May 1
37 mo
62 cou
Anti-dTarifconc
worbilliotrad
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Doha Round- Doha sum
, , , , , labor standards environment competition investment tron agricultural products and substantial reduction of doe them effective
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Result of Doha round Agricultura
lsubsidiesvs.marketaccess
Non-agriculturalmarket
access
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Cancun summit
Held at Cancn, Mxico
Aimed at forging agreement on the DohaDevelopment Round.
Underdeveloped countries' demand for areduction or even total elimination of su
Imperialist countries' fear of the damathey could do each another if one implements a different farming subsidieto the current one.
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Criticisms
The conflictingpositions overfarming subsidieswere the mainstumbling block ofthe WTOnegotiations inCancun
Faced with thedemands of the
most
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Hong Kong summit
Aim is to agree on formulas and other det
will determine the scale of reductions inon thousands of products and on farmsubsidies.
To settle a range of questions that will shafinal agreement of the Doha Developme
Agenda, which members hope to complyear later, at the end of 2006
Agreed to phase out all their agricultural esubsidies by the end of 2013, and termiany cotton export subsidies by the end
Leavin some ma or issues for further
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Results
Poor countrieswere not asunified as before
Allowing richcountries to gainmanyconcessionsfrom the poor,with very little in
return
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Geneva summit
Prime purpose was to
remedy a breach ofprotocol requiringtwo-yearly "regular"meetings.
Scaled-down" meetingwould not be anegotiating session
"The WTO, theMultilateral TradingSystem and the
Current Global
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Results..
Contradiction onfarming subsidies.
Favor anintensification ofprotectionist
tendencies andthe jettisoning ofpreviousagreement.
Finally the talks
broke down
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Agreements
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Agreement on AgriculturOverviewCame into effect in
1995.
Three central
concept:Domestic
support
Market accessand
Ex ort
Criticism
Criticized by civil groups for redutariff protectionsmall farmers.
Allowed rich councontinue payinfarmers massivsubsidies whichdeveloping coucannot afford.
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Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects ofIntellectual Property Rights
International
agreementadministered byWTO.
Sets down minimum
standards for manyforms of intellectualproperty (IP).
Negotiated at the end
of the Uruguay
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Continued..
Nations' laws must
meet for: Copyright rights
The rights ofperformers,
Producers of
soundrecordingsandbroadcastingorganization
s;
Criticism
Wealthredistrieffects
Artificial s
Integrated circuit layo ;PatentsMonopolies for the deve ;Trademarks ;Trade dress
S it d Ph t S it (SPS
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Sanitary and Phyto-Sanitary (SPSAgreementOverview Negotiated during
the UruguayRound
Under thisagreement setsconstraints onmembers'policies relating
to food safety &
Criticism
Quarantine bacan be a 'tectrade barrierto keep out fcompetitors
The burden of on countriesdemonstratescientifically
something is
Agreement on Technical Barri
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Agreement on Technical Barrito Trade (TBT) Entered into force with the establishment of the W
beginning of 1995. Ensuring regulations, standards, testing, and certif
procedures do not create unnecessary obstacletrade.
Prohibits technical requirements created in order t
trade, as opposed to technical requirements crelegitimate purposes
Encourages countries to recognize the results of ocountries' conformity assessment tests
Members are strongly encouraged to adopt interna
standards as their technical requirements when
The Agreement on Textiles and
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The Agreement on Textiles andClothing (ATC)
Introduced in 1974 as a short-term measu
intended to allow developed countries tto imports from the developing world.
It expired on 1 January 2005.
Bangladesh was expected to suffer the mo
the ending of the MFA, as it was expecteface more competition, particularly from
Poorer countries within the developed woras Greece and Portugal, are expected toout.
Eff f h A T il d
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Effect of the Agreement on Textiles andClothing in Bangladesh
From 1995-2005 more industrialized countries
consented to export fewer tex
less industrialized countries enj
increased quotas for exportintextiles.
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Cont
exportmarket
USA (textile)USA(clothing)
EU (textile) E(
market sharein 1995
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Cont.
Market shares for Bangladeshi textiles in t
and both textiles and clothing in the EuUnion have changed during the time pethe ATC.
uncertain whether these favorable export
markets will remain since the expirationATC in 2005.
Textile exports from Bangladesh to the UnStates did increase by 10% in 2009.
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Achievements
Not far the pictures of
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Not far.the pictures ofKhulna
i i i
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CriticismS.
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Thank you
?
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?