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Computer Software
System software is a program that manages and supports the computer resources and operations of a computer system while it executes various tasks such as processing data and information, controlling hardware components, and allowing users to use application software. That is, systems software functions as a bridge between computer system hardware and the application software.
System software consists of four types of programs:
1. Operating system coordinate computer resources, provide an interface between users and the computer, and run applications.
2. Utilities perform specific tasks related to managing computer resources.
3. Device drivers are specialized programs that allow particular input or output devices to communicate with the rest of the computer system.
4. Language translators convert the programming instructions written by programmers into a language that computers understand and process.
Operating system
Functions of operating system:
1.Managing resources. These programs coordinate all the computer’s resources including memory, processing, storage, and devices such as printers and monitors.
2. Providing users interface. Users interact with application programs and computer hardware through a user interface.
3. Running application. These programs load and run applications such as word processor and spreadsheet.
Mac OS is a series of graphical user interface-based operating systems developed by Apple Inc. for their Macintosh line of computer systems. The original version was the integral and unnamed system software first introduced in 1984 with the original
Macintosh, and referred to simply as the "System" software.
Unix was also an great example of operating system. It is designed to run on minicomputers in network environments.
Most essential programs of utilities:
• Troubleshooting that recognize and correct problems, ideally before they become serious.
• Antivirus programs that guard your computer against viruses or other damaging programs that can invade your computer system.
• Uninstall programs that allow you to safely and completely remove unneeded programs and related files from your hard disk.
• Backup programs that make copies of files to be used in case the originals are lost or damaged.
• File compression programs that reduce the size of files so they require less storage space and can be sent more efficiently over the internet.
Examples
Device drivers
Whenever a new device is added to a computer system, a
new device driver must be installed before the
device can be used.
Application software
• - is all the computer software that causes a computer to perform useful tasks (compare with computer viruses) beyond the running of the computer itself. A specific instance of such software is called a software application, program, application or app.
• The term is used to contrast such software with system software, which manages and integrates a computer's capabilities but does not directly perform tasks that benefit the user. The system software serves the application, which in turn serves the user.
Example
WORD PROCESSING
• using a computer to create, edit, and print documents. Of all computer applications, word processing is the most common.
To perform word processing, you need a computer, a special program called a word processor, and a printer. A word
processor enables you to create a document, store it electronically on a disk, display it on a screen, modify it by
entering commands and characters from the keyboard, and print it on a printer.
Features are:1. Spelling checker2. Font and Font Size3. Center Aligning4. Word Wrap5. Character Effects6. Grammar Checker
Spreadsheet
• is an interactive computer application program for organization and
analysis of data in tabular form. Spreadsheets developed as computerized simulations of
paper accounting worksheets. The program operates on data represented as cells of an
array, organized in rows and columns.
Example
• Integrated packages is a single program that provides the functionality of a word processor, spreadsheet, database manager and more. They are popular with many home users are sometimes classified as personal or home software. Less expensive than purchasing several individual application programs and simple to use.
Computer Processing memory
Computer data storage, often called storage or memory, is a technology
consisting of computer components and recording media used to retain digital data. It is a core function and
fundamental component of computers. The central processing unit (CPU) of a computer is what manipulates data by
performing computations.
Primary storage
Primary storage (or main memory or internal memory), often referred to simply as memory, is the only one directly accessible to the CPU. The CPU continuously reads instructions stored there and executes them as required. Any data actively operated on is also stored there in uniform manner. A
random-access device allows stored data to be accessed directly in any random order.
Secondary storage (also known as external memory or auxiliary storage), differs from primary storage in that it is not directly accessible by the CPU. The computer usually
uses its input/output channels to access secondary storage and transfers the desired data using
intermediate area in primary storage. Secondary storage does not lose the data when the device is powered down—it is non-volatile. Per unit, it is typically also two orders
of magnitude less expensive than primary storage. Modern computer systems typically have two orders of
magnitude more secondary storage than primary storage and data are kept for a longer time there.
Hard disk drive is a data storage device used for storing and
retrieving digital information using rapidly rotating disks (platters) coated with magnetic material. An HDD retains its data even when powered off. Data is read in a random-access manner, meaning individual blocks of data can be stored or retrieved in any order rather than sequentially.
Basic types of hard disk:
An internal hard drive is a hard drive that resides inside the computer. Most computers come with a single internal hard drive, which includes the operating system and pre-installed applications.
An external hard drive is a typically connect to a USB or FireWire port on the system unit, are easily removed and effectively provide an unlimited amount of storage.
• Flash memory is an electronic non-volatile computer storage device that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.
• A floppy disk, or diskette, is a disk storage medium composed of a disk of thin and flexible magnetic storage medium, sealed in a rectangular plastic carrier lined with fabric that removes dust particles.
• Magnetic tape data storage uses digital recording on magnetic tape to store digital information. Modern magnetic tape is most commonly packaged in cartridges and cassettes. The device that performs actual writing or reading of data is a tape drive. Autoloaders and tape libraries are frequently used to automate cartridge handling.
• A punched card, punch card, IBM card, or Hollerith card is a piece of stiff paper that contains digital information represented by the presence or absence of holes in predefined positions.
• Special service sites on the Web provide users with storage. This storage is called an Internet hard drive. Advantages of Internet hard drives compared to other types of secondary storage include low cost and the flexibility to access information from any location using the Internet.
Examples
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