Submitted To: Mam Madiha NeelamPrepared By: Sadia Naimat AliRoll No: 06

Discourse AnalysisDiscourse analysis is one of the disciplines that deals with the study of language use and it therefore in part overlaps with pragmatics.

TEXT CAN BE SEEN AS A SUBCATEGORY OF DISCOURSE: "A

TEXT IS A PASSAGE OF DISCOURSE WHICH IS COHERENT

WITH RESPECT TO THE CONTEXT OF SITUATION [...]; AND IT

IS COHERENT WITH RESPECT TO ITSELF, AND THEREFORE

COHESIVE" (HALLIDAY & HASAN. 1976. COHESION IN

ENGLISH).

Text & Discourse

COHESION REFERS TO RELATIONSHIPS

BETWEEN THE LINGUISTIC ELEMENTS IN A TEXT,

I.E. BETWEEN WORDS, PHRASES, AND CLAUSES.

IF ANY TEXT IS THEMATICALLY CONNECTED

THEN IT HAS COHESION.

Cohesion

Coherence●A text has to have (external)

coherence, i.e. it has to be consistent with the discourse situation in which it takes place. This implies:

●having a recognisable discourse topic

●having a recognisable discourse function, and

●having a plausible discourse structure.

Coherence implies;

● Having a recognisable discourse topic

● Having a recognisable discourse function

And● Having a plausible discourse structure

●Information structure●Topic●Comment●Focus ● Communicative Structure

Non-canonical construction as discourse strategies

●English being an analytic language with a fixed, canonical word order (SVO) leaves little room for marking textual coherence and information structure through word order variation.

Conversation analysis

●Apart from these general principles of discourse organisation that apply to both spoken and written discourse, some organisational principles govern only in interactive, which is usually spoken, conversational discourse.

Conversation analysis

●turn-taking ●getting and holding the

(conversational) floor ●adjacency pairs ●closing sequences ●pausing

Conclusion

DISCOURSE ANALYSIS (DA) is a modern discipline of the social sciences that covers a wide variety of different sociolinguistic approaches.It aims to study and analyse the use of discourse in at least one of the three ways as follows:

● Language beyond the level of a sentence ● Language behaviours linked to social practices● Language as a system of thought