PresentationsPresentations

““The human brain starts working The human brain starts working the moment you are born and the moment you are born and never stops until you stand up to never stops until you stand up to speak in public.”speak in public.”

Sir George JesselSir George Jessel

““According to most studies, people's According to most studies, people's

number one fear is public speaking. number one fear is public speaking.

Number two is death. This means to the Number two is death. This means to the

average person, if you go to a funeral, average person, if you go to a funeral,

you're better off in the casket than doing you're better off in the casket than doing

the eulogy.”the eulogy.”Jerry SeinfeldJerry Seinfeld

“ “It usually takes more than three It usually takes more than three weeks to prepare a good weeks to prepare a good impromptu speech.”impromptu speech.”

Mark Twain Mark Twain

Think about a time when you Think about a time when you had to stand up and speak in had to stand up and speak in public.public.

How did you prepare?How did you prepare? How did you feel beforehand?How did you feel beforehand?

Think about the most effective Think about the most effective

and least effective speeches and least effective speeches

you have given or seen. Analyse you have given or seen. Analyse

them using the following them using the following

framework:framework:

What type of presentation was it?What type of presentation was it?

What was the main objective?What was the main objective?

Was the speaker credible? Why?Was the speaker credible? Why?

How would you rate the speaker’s delivery, How would you rate the speaker’s delivery,

organization, preparedness?organization, preparedness?

Who was the intended audience? Was the delivery Who was the intended audience? Was the delivery

appropriate?appropriate?

Were the message and delivery memorable? Why?Were the message and delivery memorable? Why?

Types of presentationsTypes of presentations

InformativeInformative

Purpose: to share informationPurpose: to share information

Added objective: to enhance your career/ Added objective: to enhance your career/

visibilityvisibility

DemonstrativeDemonstrative

Purpose: to show people how to do thingsPurpose: to show people how to do things

Qualities: the most direct and efficient form of Qualities: the most direct and efficient form of

presentationspresentations

PersuasivePersuasive

Purpose: to change people’s attitudes, beliefs, Purpose: to change people’s attitudes, beliefs,

behaviourbehaviour

Most difficult to accomplish/ most rewardingMost difficult to accomplish/ most rewarding

Ritual Ritual

Purpose: to mark an occasion, to make an Purpose: to mark an occasion, to make an

announcement, to celebrate, to entertainannouncement, to celebrate, to entertain

Used in business as well as in social settingsUsed in business as well as in social settings

The presentation processThe presentation process

Set your objectivesSet your objectives

Choose the structure of your presentationChoose the structure of your presentation

Prepare any visual aidsPrepare any visual aids

Rehearse the presentationRehearse the presentation

Prepare the presentation areaPrepare the presentation area

Warm up your voiceWarm up your voice

Deliver the presentationDeliver the presentation

Handle questionsHandle questions

Follow up the presentationFollow up the presentation

+???+???

Key concepts of presentation Key concepts of presentation designdesign

The speakerThe speaker The messageThe message The deliveryThe delivery The audienceThe audience

The speakerThe speaker

CredibilityCredibility

Face credibility (being known and respected)Face credibility (being known and respected)

Earned credibility (how well the speaker Earned credibility (how well the speaker

presents the message)presents the message)

““Honeymoon period”~ 5 minutesHoneymoon period”~ 5 minutes

Intangibles: reputation, personality, tone of voice, Intangibles: reputation, personality, tone of voice,

physical appearance etc.physical appearance etc.

The messageThe message

One main purposeOne main purpose

Around 3 main pointsAround 3 main points

Sub-pointsSub-points

Facts, examplesFacts, examples

The messageThe message

Ways of structuring the messageWays of structuring the message

ChronologicallyChronologically

Most important idea→ least important ideaMost important idea→ least important idea

Small examples → most significant onesSmall examples → most significant ones

Problems & solutionsProblems & solutions

Pros & consPros & cons

Compare & contrastCompare & contrast

Basic presentation structureBasic presentation structure

The start/ introductionThe start/ introduction

The middle/ bodyThe middle/ body

The end/ conclusionThe end/ conclusion

Signposting devices!!Signposting devices!!

The startThe start

Tell themTell them

what the presentation is aboutwhat the presentation is about

what your objectives arewhat your objectives are

who you are (if they do not know)who you are (if they do not know)

why you are giving the presentation (this why you are giving the presentation (this

may make you more credible)may make you more credible)

Tell temTell tem

what the background to the presentation iswhat the background to the presentation is

what your conclusion will bewhat your conclusion will be

what’s in it for themwhat’s in it for them

Grab their attentionGrab their attention

Set their expectations (when you will finish, Set their expectations (when you will finish,

whether there will be question time, whether there will be question time,

handouts etc)handouts etc)

The middleThe middle

Tell them about your subject in detailTell them about your subject in detail

Be logicalBe logical

Use anecdotes and real examples to Use anecdotes and real examples to

highlight your pointshighlight your points

Tell them how the information applies to Tell them how the information applies to

their organization and to them personallytheir organization and to them personally

The endThe end

SummarizeSummarize

Emphasize the benefits that your Emphasize the benefits that your

solution, product, options, solution, product, options,

conclusions will bring to themconclusions will bring to them

Tell them what you want to do nextTell them what you want to do next

Ask for questionsAsk for questions

Answer questionsAnswer questions

Tell them how to get in touch with you if Tell them how to get in touch with you if

they need tothey need to

End on a “high” End on a “high”

Tell an anecdote, ask for a decision, present a Tell an anecdote, ask for a decision, present a

final benefitfinal benefit

The deliveryThe delivery

Preparation + practicePreparation + practice ProofProof

Ethos Ethos relies on the authority of the speakerrelies on the authority of the speaker expertise of well-known peopleexpertise of well-known people

LogosLogos Evidence supported by facts: statistics, Evidence supported by facts: statistics,

numbers, studies, articlesnumbers, studies, articles

PathosPathos Experience & feelings the speaker elicits in Experience & feelings the speaker elicits in

the audiencethe audience

The audienceThe audience

DeterminesDetermines

The organizational structureThe organizational structure

The registerThe register

The depth and complexity of your The depth and complexity of your

messagemessage

What should you know about What should you know about your audience?your audience?

What do they do? What do they do?

Which organization do they work for?Which organization do they work for?

How old are they?How old are they?

What are their backgrounds?What are their backgrounds?

Why are they here?Why are they here?

Do we share the same language and Do we share the same language and

culture?culture?

What do they already know about your What do they already know about your

subject?subject?

What will be new to them?What will be new to them?

How do they feel about you/ your How do they feel about you/ your

organization?organization?

Do they trust you? Will they believe Do they trust you? Will they believe

you?you?

What happened to them just before What happened to them just before

you arrived?you arrived?

Are they open and eager or are they Are they open and eager or are they

tired, hungry, impatient?tired, hungry, impatient?

Intangible factors about the Intangible factors about the audienceaudience

Why do audiences listen?Why do audiences listen?

Why do they become bored?Why do they become bored?

What keeps the audience’s attention?What keeps the audience’s attention?

What will they respond to positively/ negatively?What will they respond to positively/ negatively?

Can a presenter ever expect to keep everyone Can a presenter ever expect to keep everyone

happy?happy?

Could a presenter guess how an audience will Could a presenter guess how an audience will

behave?behave?

““The murky waters of The murky waters of personality”personality”

PacePace

The speedersThe speeders

The lingerersThe lingerers

PrioritiesPriorities

The philosophersThe philosophers

The taskmastersThe taskmasters

The humanitariansThe humanitarians

The instinctivesThe instinctives

The great expertsThe great experts

The speedersThe speeders (active, adventurous, risk- (active, adventurous, risk-taking, energetic)taking, energetic)

Uncomfortable if the pace is too slowUncomfortable if the pace is too slow

DODO

Make sure to start with energy and impactMake sure to start with energy and impact

Use personal anecdotesUse personal anecdotes

Involve them in your presentationInvolve them in your presentation

Tend to ask “when”Tend to ask “when”

The lingerersThe lingerers (deliberate, careful, precise, (deliberate, careful, precise, cautious)cautious)

Uncomfortable if the pace is too fastUncomfortable if the pace is too fast

Happy when given evidence to consider Happy when given evidence to consider

and options to choose fromand options to choose from

DODO

Bring evidence to support your pointsBring evidence to support your points

Distribute handouts with detailsDistribute handouts with details

Tend to ask “what”Tend to ask “what”

The philosophersThe philosophers (thoughtful, strategic, (thoughtful, strategic, wide-perspective, far sighted)wide-perspective, far sighted)

Uncomfortable with “quick-fix” solutionsUncomfortable with “quick-fix” solutions

Respond well to logical and reasoned Respond well to logical and reasoned

argumentsarguments

DODO

Focus on long-term effectsFocus on long-term effects

Present points logicallyPresent points logically

Tend to ask “why”Tend to ask “why”

The taskmastersThe taskmasters (efficiency-oriented, hard- (efficiency-oriented, hard-

driving, profit and usefulness minded)driving, profit and usefulness minded)

Uncomfortable with intangible solutionsUncomfortable with intangible solutions

Tend to make cost-efficient and profitable decisionsTend to make cost-efficient and profitable decisions

Respond well to reference sites and concrete Respond well to reference sites and concrete

examplesexamples

DODO

Offer to get any extra information they needOffer to get any extra information they need

Present your points accuratelyPresent your points accurately

Tend to ask “how much”, “how long”, “what proof”, Tend to ask “how much”, “how long”, “what proof”,

“what timetable”“what timetable”

The humanitariansThe humanitarians (caring, team-spirited, (caring, team-spirited, group-oriented, sociable)group-oriented, sociable)

Uncomfortable with mechanistic Uncomfortable with mechanistic

solutions which disregard the groupsolutions which disregard the group

Like to consider personal factors of Like to consider personal factors of

each proposaleach proposal

DODO

Show concern for individual motivationShow concern for individual motivation

The instinctivesThe instinctives (creative, individualistic, self (creative, individualistic, self driving)driving)

Love new ideas, creative solutions, the chance to take Love new ideas, creative solutions, the chance to take

actionaction

Like to use their imagination and creativityLike to use their imagination and creativity

Become easily bored if what is presented does not involve Become easily bored if what is presented does not involve

interactioninteraction

Are not very obedient and tend to “re-design” what has Are not very obedient and tend to “re-design” what has

been proposed to make things more interestingbeen proposed to make things more interesting

DODO

Leave opening for individual input and alternative solutionsLeave opening for individual input and alternative solutions

The great expertsThe great experts (been there, seen it all, (been there, seen it all, know better)know better)

Are not there to listen to you, but waiting to be given the Are not there to listen to you, but waiting to be given the

chance to show they are infinitely more informedchance to show they are infinitely more informed

DON’TDON’T

Take it personallyTake it personally

DODO

Acknowledge that they have a right to speakAcknowledge that they have a right to speak

Use control phrases Use control phrases

““Does anyone else have an input on this?”Does anyone else have an input on this?”

““We only have time for one last question”We only have time for one last question”

““Eeeaaarrrgggggggghhhhhhhhh!”Eeeaaarrrgggggggghhhhhhhhh!”

According to you, which type is the easiest to According to you, which type is the easiest to

please?please?

Which is the most difficult?Which is the most difficult?

The speedersThe speeders

The lingerersThe lingerers

The philosophersThe philosophers

The taskmastersThe taskmasters

The humanitariansThe humanitarians

The instinctivesThe instinctives

The great expertsThe great experts

Your audience is not the enemyYour audience is not the enemy

The 80/ 20 factorThe 80/ 20 factor

20% of the audience will either adore 20% of the audience will either adore

you or hate you and your presentationyou or hate you and your presentation

80% will find you and your presentation 80% will find you and your presentation

perfectly OKperfectly OK

COPE WITH COPE WITH NERVESNERVES

CREATE CREATE INTERESTINTEREST

BUILD RAPPORT BUILD RAPPORT WITH THE WITH THE AUDIENCEAUDIENCE

HANDLE HANDLE QUESTIONS QUESTIONS WITH WITH CONFIDENCECONFIDENCE

““Speak when you are angry -Speak when you are angry -and you’ll make the best speech and you’ll make the best speech you’ll ever regret.” you’ll ever regret.”

Laurence J. PeterLaurence J. Peter

““Churchill wrote his own speeches. Churchill wrote his own speeches.

When a leader does that, he When a leader does that, he

becomes emotionally invested with becomes emotionally invested with

his utterances... If Churchill had had his utterances... If Churchill had had

a speech writer in 1940, Britain a speech writer in 1940, Britain

would be speaking German today.” would be speaking German today.”

James C. HumesJames C. Humes

““We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France,

we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight on the seas and oceans,

we shall fight with growing confidence and growing we shall fight with growing confidence and growing

strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, strength in the air, we shall defend our Island,

whatever the cost may be,whatever the cost may be,

we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the beaches,

we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight on the landing grounds,

we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets,

we shall fight in the hills; we shall fight in the hills;

we shall never surrender”we shall never surrender”

Winston ChurchillWinston Churchill

Recommended bibliographyRecommended bibliography

Margareta Petrut, A Study Guide to Margareta Petrut, A Study Guide to

Business CommunicationBusiness Communication

David Nickson, Suzy Siddons, David Nickson, Suzy Siddons,

Business CommunicationsBusiness Communications

Eleri Sampson, Creative Business Eleri Sampson, Creative Business

PresentationsPresentations