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Performer - Culture & Literature Marina Spiazzi, Marina Tavella,
Margaret Layton © 2012
Developing society Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
1. Norman kings
• William I (1066-1087)
• William II (1087-1100), called ‘Rufus’ because of
his red hair
• Henry I (1100-1135), William Rufus’ brother
• Stephen (1135-1154), Henry’s nephew and the
last Norman king
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
2. The House of Plantagenet
• Henry II (1154-1189), Henry I’s grandson
• Richard I (1189-1199), the Lion-Hearted, third
son of Henry II
• John (1199-1216), the Lackland, fifth son of
Henry II
• Henry III (1216-1272), John’s son
• Edward I (1272-1307), Henry III’s son
• Edward II (1307-1327), Edward I’s son
• Edward III (1327-1377), Edward II’s son
• Richard II (1377-1399), Edward III’s grandson
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
3. Henry II: Control of Barons
• He destroyed all castles that
had been built illegally during
Stephen’s reign.
• He hired mercenaries.
Knights could pay a sum of
money, the ‘scutage’, instead
of giving the king military
service.
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
4. Henry II: the reform of justice
• The king regained control of the justice system by
creating travelling judges.
• The law they administered was called
common law
It was different from the law
administered in other parts of
Europe, linked to the civil law
of the Roman Empire and the
canon law of the Church.
The common law was used
everywhere and based on
local customs comparisons
and previous cases.
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
5. Henry II and the Church
• The clergy wrote documents
like receipts (showing you
had paid your taxes) or
contracts (when you sold
your land).
• The most powerful
churchman in England was
the Archbishop of
Canterbury.
In medieval times the Church was very important.
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
5. Henry II and the Church
• Henry aimed at reducing the power
of the Church.
• He appointed his friend Thomas
Becket as his Chancellor.
• Once Archbishop of Canterbury,
Becket became an opponent of the
King, who claimed authority in
investing the bishops.
• The conflict between the King and
Becket lasted for a long time until
Becket was murdered by four
knights sent by the King.
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
5. Henry II and the Church
• Europe was shocked by the murder of Thomas
Becket.
• After his death, Becket was made a saint, and
Canterbury Cathedral became a shrine for pilgrims
to visit.
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
6. The Magna Carta
• In 1215 the barons
- refused to pay the scutage;
- conspired to resist the King;
- occupied London;
- made King John sign an important document, the
Magna Carta.
Events leading to the Magna Carta:
• King John became unpopular because:
- he lost French territories;
- he collected higher taxes to equal less income
coming from the loss of a great mass of the
French land.
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
6. The Magna Carta
• promised freedoms to all
people;
• protected the rights of ordinary
people;
• gave England the basis of a
legal system;
• promised to have good and fair
laws;
• prevented any freeman from
being punished without a
proper trial.
The Magna Carta:
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
7. The birth of Parliament
From the earliest times, the kings of England had assembled nobles and other important
subjects in the witan, or council, to advise them.
During the reign of Henry III assemblies were summoned. They included:
- bishops;
- noblemen;
- knights of the shire;
- two representatives from the towns.
The transition from the king’s council to Parliament was gradual. In 1295 the meeting of the king’s council
was known as ‘The Model Parliament’.
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
7. The birth of Parliament
By the close of the 14th century Parliament had assumed
something of its modern form:
• it had been split into the House of Lords and the
House of Commons;
• the Commons had acquired a crucial role in taxation and
legislation.
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
8. The Black Death, 1347-1350
• The Black Death was one of
the worst natural disasters
in history.
• It was caused by fleas,
blood-sucking parasites,
living on rats which infested
the ship trading with Europe.
• The dead littered the streets everywhere.
• Cattle and livestock roamed the country unattended.
Illustration of the Black Death from the Toggenburg Bible (1411)
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
8. The Black Death, 1347-1350
The disease cycle
Fleas drank rat blood that
carried the bacteria
Bacteria multiplied in
flea gut.
Fleas bit human and regurgitated blood into
human wound
Human beings were
infected
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
8. The Black Death, 1347-1350
• High mortality rate: one third of England’s population
died.
• Enormous economic and social effects:
- labour was scarce;
- wages rose;
- prices dropped;
- better living conditions of peasants left alive.
Consequences of the Black Death:
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
9. The War of the Roses, 1450-1500
• expenses of the Hundred Years’ War
• increasing power of the House of Commons
• civil war fought by the two rival families
Decline of the monarchy due to:
the House of Lancaster the House of York
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
9. The Wars of the Roses, 1450-1500
Lancaster vs York
The House of Lancaster
•Henry IV, Richard II’s
cousin, 1399-1413
•Henry V, 1413-1422
•Henry VI, 1422-1461
The House of York
•Edward IV, son of the Duke of
York, 1461-1483
•Edward V, Edward IV’s son, 1483
•Richard III, 1483 - 1485
Developing society: Norman kings and the House of Plantagenet
Performer - Culture & Literature
9. The Wars of the Roses, 1450-1500
Main events of the war
• Henry VI was weak and Lancastrians became unpopular.
• In 1461 he was confined to the Tower by the son of the Duke
of York, who seized the throne as Edward IV.
• Edward V was murdered by his uncle Richard, Duke of
Glouchester, who crowned himself as Richard III.
• Richard III was killed by Henry, Earl of Richmond, at the battle
of Bosworth in 1485.
• Henry became Henry VII, the first king of the Tudor dynasty.
• He married Elizabeth of York, daughter of Edward IV.