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PRESENTED BY:-REENA SWAMIIV YEAR EC
GUIDED BY:-MS. ANSHU TOSHNIWAL
www.powerpointpresentationon.blogspot.com
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• 15,000-20,000 landmine victims per year• By comparison, average of 700 annual deaths
and 2,200 injuries due to terrorism over past decade
• 70% of victims are civilians• One-third die• Others lose limbs and/or vision
Solving the Problem: Good News and Bad News
Good news: 100,000 mines cleared each yearBad news: • Clearing the 50 million existing mines will take 500
years and $14-50 billion • Despite global ban, 1 million new mines are laid
annually• Thus, problem is getting worse: 10 times more mines
are laid than cleared each yearPotential good news: Innovative mine detection technologies could significantly accelerate demining and decrease costs
• ANTI-PERSONNEL – DESIGNED TO KILL OR MAIM DISMOUNTED TROOPS
• ANTI-TANK - DESIGNED TO DESTROY OR DISABLE TRACK OR WHEELED VEHICLES
• CHEMICAL - DESIGNED TO DISPENSE SMOKE, CS OR MORE DANGEROUS BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL AGENTS
. . . But Mine Detection Technology Has Not Improved
Mine Detection Tool Kit• Metal detector• Pointed stick
1.Electromagnetic methods 2.Acoustic/seismic methods 3.Chemical vapor detection methods 4.Bulk explosives detection methods
Electromagnetic MethodsTechnology Principle
Ground-penetrating radar (GPR)
Reflects radio waves off mine
Electrical impedance tomography
Determines electrical conductivity distribution
X-ray backscatter Images mine with x-rays
Infrared Assesses temperature, light reflectance
The impulse GPR system
Impulsegenerator
tx
processorVisual display
A/D convertor
Pulse extender
rx
landmine
X-RAY BACKSCATTERWhen X-rays pass through matter they will be attenuated, i.e. absorbed or scattered. The probability of scattering in the back direction. This probability depends inversely on the absorption power of the material to the incident and to the backscattered x rays. Organic materials typically absorb only a small fraction of the x rays, so that the scatter probability is high. Metals typically are strongly absorbing, and the scatter probability is low. Thus, organic materials are bright and metallic objects are dark in the image
capabilities and advantages :
1 . The information depth is sufficient to detect all regularly placed mines.2. XBT is able to detect metal-free landmines.
3 . landmines buried in a variety of soil conditions including various types of vegetation will be detected with XBT.
1.Acoustic-to-seismic wave-coupling approach to detect buried land mines. Acoustic sound waves penetrate the soil surface to generate seismic waves within the soil.
• These seismic waves cause the mine to vibrate and resonate, producing a displacement velocity field at the ground surface above the mine. This displacement can be measured by a laser vibrometer or UHF radar
Well-Trained Dogs Are Most Sensitive
Vapor Sensors
If honeybees can be trained to seek the chemical components of explosives, the ability to track bees and analyze their hives could help pinpoint landmines or unexploded ammunition on firing ranges or old battlefields
Biological detector
Bulk Explosives Detection MethodsTechnology Principle
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
Radio frequency pulse causes nuclei in explosives molecules to resonate
Nuclear Quadrupole Resonance (NQR), a derivative of NMR, is a bulk inspection technology which can be used to detect certain chemical elements which have a magnetic dipole moment. Amongst these is nitrogen-14 (14N) which is a major constituent of explosives used in landmines, such as RDX and TNT. NQR has been described as "an electromagnetic resonance screening technique with the specificity of chemical spectroscopy" as it not only detects but can be used to identify the exact chemical compound used.
Nuclear quadrupole resonance (NQR)
There’s No Silver Bullet: All Detectors Have False AlarmsTechnology Primary False-Alarm Sources
GPR • Roots and rocks• Water pockets
Acoustic • Hollow objects (soda cans)
Chemical vapor detectors
• Explosives residues• Natural vapors
Nuclear quadrupole resonance
• AM radio stations and other sources of radio waves
RAND Study Conclusion: Multi-Sensor System Is Needed
• Each innovative technology has false alarms and false negatives
• Combining sensors would decrease false alarms and false negatives
• Combined sensor system could employ recent advances in signal processing capability
Other Applications
Airport SecurityThe same technology used in nuclear LMD can also be used to scan luggage in airportsThis technology will allow faster and far more accurate scanning of luggage