Presented by The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum

at Florida International University

The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum at Florida International University is proud to offer Art Smart, a visual arts program tailored to 5th grade students!

This workbook will prepare students for their upcoming field trip to The Sculpture Park at FIU.

This workbook was prepared by Frost Art Museum staff in cooperation with Miami-Dade County Public Schools and following Florida Sunshine State Standards for fifth grade curriculum. Educators are encouraged to integrate this workbook into their curriculum. Students may read the workbooks and complete most sections independently. The sections labeled “Activity” may require formal instruction and may be more successful as an in-classroom project.

Copyright © 2007 by The Patricia & Phillip Frost Art Museum at Florida International University

The Sculpture Park at FIU

The Sculpture Park at Florida International University allows visitors to study contemporary sculpture in an educational environment accessible to the public. Placed throughout 26 acres of FIU’s subtropical landscape, this extraordinary assortment of outdoor artwork attracts school children, university students, tour groups and individuals from South Florida and beyond.

The Sculpture Park at FIU invites everyone to explore a variety of artistic styles and movements including abstract-expressionism, constructivism, minimalism, conceptualism, earthworks and kinetic art. Comprised of loans and gifts from private donors and purchases through the Florida Art in State Purchasing Program, the sculpture park features works by such celebrated artists as Steve Tobin, Jacques Lipchitz, Charles Ginnever, Anthony Caro, John Henry, Beverly Pepper, and many others.

The Sculpture Park at FIU is open year-round, free of charge.

Charles Ginnever creates art that fools the eye. Fourth Bridge is an optical illusion. Optical illusions are created when something looks different than what it really is. He has made Fourth Bridge in such a way that when you walk around the sculpture seems to go from fat to thin.

Charles Ginnever is a sculptor who uses 3D to fool the eye. His sculpture, Forth Bridge, is an optical illusion. Optical illusions are created when something looks different from what it really is. He has created Forth Bridge in such a way that when you walk around the sculpture, viewing it from different perspectives, the sculpture seems to change from fat to thin.

What is Three-dimensional?

If artwork has width, height and depth, it is three-dimensional.

Three-dimensional is also called 3D for short. Sculptures are 3D because, they have height, width and depth. Drawings are 2D, or two-dimensional, because they only have length and width, not depth. They are flat. However, a drawing can appear to be 3D. Look at the example below.

Now, you try!Draw a square in the box. 1 Draw lines from the corners of

the first square to the matching corners of the second square.

Draw a second square higher and to the side of the first square, but overlapping the first.

2

3

Now you have a cube (or at least the drawing of a cube). It looks like a box, but try to grab it!

Charles Ginnever, Forth Bridge, 1979corten steel, 212 x 107 x 32 inches

4

FUNFACT

Sculpture can be viewed from all sides and angles, or it can be viewed from only one direction.

When sculpture can be viewed from all sides, it is known as a sculpture in the round.

Sculpture seen from one direction only is called a relief. There are 2 different kinds of reliefs:

1. Low relief is when a sculpture projects very little from the background.

2. High relief is when a sculpture projects from the background by at least half its own depth.

Sculpture is the oldest known art form with objects that have survived the test of time. The earliest sculptures were made from bone, ivory, stone, or antlers.

Sculpture is an art form that is three-dimensional.

What is a Sculpture?

Sculpture in the RoundAuguste Rodin, The Thinker, 1902, bronze

High ReliefGutzon Borglum Mount Rushmore National Memorial 1927-1941 granite, Black Hills of South Dakota

Low ReliefTemple of Edfu, Egypt c. 237-57 BCE

Look at the different examples of sculpture on this page.

Media

Media are the materials of which a sculpture is made.

Sculptures can be made of many different kinds of media, or materials. Sculptures can also have various textures and sizes.

The following media are commonly used to build sculptures:

A mixture of copper, tin and other metals, this medium is very strong and hard. It is the traditional metal used for cast sculptures.

A powdery kind of earth substance, this medium becomes pliable to mold when mixed with water or oil. It is used to make pottery.

This media is created when clay is fired in a kiln.

This medium comes from trees and can be easily carved.

This medium is the oldest in sculpture history! Sculptors use hammers and chisels as the basic tools for carving sculpture out of this.

This kind of art includes weaving, spinning, dyeing, quilting, knitting, crochet, felting, paper making, needlepoint, sewing, and other textile handicrafts.

This material is a more contemporary medium. Its texture and surface can be altered to look rough, smooth, or rusty. Common forms include iron, aluminum, and steel.

1

2

3

4

5

6

7

GAMECan you connect the media to their definitions and solve this crossword puzzle? Use the glossary in the back of your workbook for help.

beads bronze ceramic clay edible material fiber found objects glue ice jewels marble

metals paperboard papier-mâché plaster plastics sand stone textile wax wire wood

5

1

4 3

7

2

6

Answers: 1. bronze 2. clay 3. ceramic 4. wood 5. stone 6. fiber 7. metals

Methods of Sculpting

Artists use many different methods, or processes, to create their sculptures.

Subtractive: When a sculptor cuts or carves away from material such as wood or stone to create a form. The sculptor subtracts what is not necessary in the sculpture.

Additive: When a sculptor starts with nothing and builds a form with different materials, such as wax, clay, or papier-mâché.

It took Italian sculptor, Michelangelo, 3 years to complete his famous sculpture, David. He carved it from a giant block of marble using the subtractive method of sculpting.

FUN FACTMichelangelo, David, 1504, carrara marble

17 feet high, Florence, Galleria dell’ Accademia

Constructive: When a sculptor uses materials such as metal, wood, or plastic and puts them together using bolts, nails, glue, or welding.

Casting: A method of reproducing a sculpture by pouring a liquid, such as bronze, into a mold made by the artist. This allows the artist to make many copies of the piece.

POP QUIZ

Can you guess what method was used to create this sculpture?

Answer: Casting

Emile-Antoine Bourdelle, Herakles, The Archer, c. 1910-30, bronze, 32 x 40 x 23 inches

Sculptures Can Tell Stories

Sometimes, when an artist creates a sculpture, he is trying to tell the viewer a story.

Jacques Lipchitz is a Jewish sculptor who portrays figures from biblical stories in an attempt to share his religious beliefs with the public. Look at the sculpture on the right side of the page. Read the sculptor’s quote below.

“The roots of the tree are Noah, a beginning of a new generation of Jews after the Flood. On him stands the sacrifice of Isaac, with an angel restraining Abraham. The angel serves as a support for the three patriarchs who are supporting the burning bush. In front of the burning bush is Moses. Rising from the burning bush is a phoenix, which is constantly nourished by and which supports the Ten Commandments.” - Jacques Lipchitz

Can you find the following objects in Jacques Lipchitz’s Our Tree of Life?

Circle the ones you can find.

roots phoenix

Moses Ten Commandments

Jacques Lipchitz Our Tree of Life, 1973 bronze114 x 73 x 56 inches

GAME

Sculptures Can Tell Stories

Now, you try! Do you have a great story to tell? Draw a sculpture that tells a story. Write the story next to the drawing.

Describing What You See

One of the best ways to learn about art is to talk about art.

Art is very visual, and it is important to describe what we see in order to better understand what the artist is trying to convey.

Describe this low relief. What do you see?

How many people can you find in the scene?

How do you think they feel?

Where could they be?

Reading labels also helps you learn about the artwork. Read the label and answer the following questions.

What is the title?

What is the medium? Ramon Lago, Silent Cry, 1988fiberglass, aluminum rods, painted

84 x 72 x 4 inches On loan from the Fellows Collection of the Cintas Foundation

Kinetic Sculpture

Kinetic art is sculpture that contains moving parts.

If the sculpture’s kinetic part spins 40 times per minute, how many times will it spin in 6 minutes?

ACTIVITYDesign your own kinetic sculpture.

Materials: 1 straw4 paper clipsscotch tapecardboard scrapsscissors

Steps:1. Cut slits into one end of straw, lengthwise & tape down ends

onto heavy cardboard.

2. Partially open 4 paper clips, tape straight ends together and slip into end of straw.

3. Fan out folded ends of paper clips & attach cardboard shapes.

4. Blow on shapes to make sculpture move.

POP QUIZ

Jean Claude Rigaud Composition in Diamond, 2004stainless steel, 22 x 8 x 8 feetOn loan from the artist

The moving parts can be powered by wind, a motor, or the observer’s hand.

Composition in Diamond by Jean Claude Rigaud is an example of kinetic sculpture that is powered by wind like a pinwheel.

Answer: 240

Maquettes

Many outdoor sculptures are large in scale, but they often begin as small maquettes.

A maquette is a small-scale model used in preparation for making a larger sculpture. It is used to visualize and test shapes and ideas without incurring the cost and effort of producing a full scale product.

When the artist is satisfied with the form of the maquette, he or she creates a larger version using the same proportions seen in the model.

ACTIVITYRecreating the maquette as a sculpture can be a challenging task. Design and build your own maquette. What materials will you use? How big will the final sculpture be? What will the length, width and height of the sculpture be?

POP QUIZIf the bottom of the Beverly Pepper sculpture, Torre Pieno Nel Vuoto, measures 23.5 inches high and the entire height measures 141.5 inches, what is the height of z?

GAMETry to solve the analogies below.

Example: Pencil is to draw as clay is to mold.

1. Sketch is to painter as maquette is to _______________________.

2. Weld is to steel as chisel is to ______________________________.

3. Drawing is to 2D as sculpture is to __________________________.

y = 141.5”

x = 23.5”

z = ?

Beverly Pepper Torre Pieno Nel Vuoto, 2004 stainless steel 141.5 x 25.5 x 12.75 inches

Answer: 118 inches

Answers: 1. sculptor 2. stone 3. 3D

Now, you try!Try to enlarge the sculpture below using the grid provided.

John HenryBlue Storm, 1993

aluminum, painted146 x 72 x 64 inches

Beverly Pepper Torre Pieno Nel Vuoto, 2004 stainless steel 141.5 x 25.5 x 12.75 inches

Figures

The human figure is a popular subject that appears throughout the history of sculpture. These sculptures, called statues, can represent real people or be totally fictional.

The Forgetful Man by Jeff Whyman is an abstract sculpture. Abstract art uses simple shapes, colors, and lines. Sometimes they are put together to create an image we can recognize. Whyman gathers scrap metal shapes from junk yards for his sculptures.

Do you see the man?

Does the title fit the sculpture?

If you just realized that you forgot something, how would you pose?

A sculpture that portrays the human figure is called a statue.

A gesture is a form of non-verbal communication made with a part of the body. Most people use gestures when they speak to help them express their thoughts and feelings.

DIDYOUKNOW?

Jeff Whyman The Forgetful Man, 1991

welded steel, burnished enamel118 x 62 x 22 inches

GAME

ACTIVITYCreate a kinetic version of The Forgetful Man!

Try these other poses…Match the emotion with the figure:

Happy

Angry

Sad

Come up with some of your own poses. Draw them in the boxes below, and act them out.

Now, you try!

Materials: scissors, paper fasteners

Steps:

1. Cut out the shapes of The Forgetful Man.

2. Bind them together with paper fasteners.

Sculpture is internationally practiced. Many artists (and their sculptures) have traveled a long way from their homes to the Sculpture Park at FIU in Miami.

Using the ruler, measure the distance these artists had to travel from their birthplaces to reach Miami.

1. Who traveled the farthest?

2. Who was the closest?

3. In what country, and on what continent, was Elisa Arimany born?

4. How old was Jacques Lipchitz when he died?

5. How many of these artists are from the United States?

ACTIVITY

Ramon Lagob. 1947, La Esperanza, Cuba

Charles Ginneverb. 1931, San Mateo, California Beverly Pepper

b. 1922, New York, New York

Jean Claude Rigaudb. 1945, Port-au-Prince, Haiti

Steve Tobinb. 1957, Philadelphia,Pennsylvania

Jeff Whymanb. 1953, St. Louis, Missouri

John Henryb. 1943, Lexington, Kentucky

Sculpture Park at FIU Miami, Florida

Answers:1. Jacques Lipchitz 2. Ramon Lago3. Spain, Europe4. 81 5. 5

Sculpture is International

Elisa Arimanyb. Sant Vicenc de Castellat, Barcelona, Spain

Ilan Averbuchb. , 1953, Tel Aviv, Israel

Anthony Carob. 1924, Surrey, England

Beverly Pepperb. 1922, New York, New York

Jacques LipchitzAugust 22, 1891- May 16, 1973, Druskininkai, Lithuania

Pictured on map (opposite page):

Charles GinneverForth Bridge, 1982corten steel212 x 107 x 32 inches

Jeff WhymanThe Forgetful Man, 1991 welded steel, burnished enamel118 x 62 x 22 inches

John HenryBlue Storm, 1993 aluminum, painted146 x 72 x 64 inches

Steve TobinRoots, 2001 cast bronze18 x 9 x 6 feetOn loan from the artist

Ramon LagoSilent Cry, 1988fiberglass, aluminum rods, painted84 x 72 x 4 inchesOn loan from the Fellows Collection of the Cintas Foundation

Beverly Pepper (b. 1922, New York City, NY)Untitled, 1965stainless steel91.5 x 55 x 30 inches

Jean Claude RigaudComposition in Diamond, 2004stainless steel22 x 8 x 8 feetOn loan from the artist

Pictured on map (this page):

Anthony CaroCaramel, 1975steel, painted58 x 60 x 35 inches

Elisa Arimany The Third Rail, 1990-1991corten steel, unpainted79 x 48 x 39 inchesOn loan from the artist

Jacques Lipchitz Our Tree of Life, 1973bronze114 x 73 x 56 inches

Ilan AverbuchJourney’s End, 1985granite, wood144 x 480 x 78 inches

Glossary

abstract: a style of art which uses line, shape, design, texture and color in a way that does not appear realistic, but emphasizes moods or feelings

additive method: a method of making sculpture by adding, combining, or building up materials to create one object

bronze: a mixture of copper, tin, and other metals; Because it is very strong and hard, bronze is the traditional metal used for cast sculptures.

carve: to cut away unwanted parts from a block of wood, stone, or other material, using carving tools such as a chisel, knife, or file

cast: to reproduce a solid object by pouring a liquid, such as melted metal, clay, wax or plaster, into a mold and allowing it to harden; the mold is then removed and a reproduction or cast is left in the shape of the mold

ceramics: the art of making and decorating objects of clay that are fired in a kiln

chisel: a tool with a cutting edge at the end of a handle; Chisels are used by sculptors for carving stone, wood, and other materials

clay: a powdery kind of earth substance which becomes pliable to mold when mixed with water or oil; clay is used to make pottery and sculpture

constructivism: refers to the sculpture made of pieces of metal, glass, cardboard, wood or plastic that emphasizes space rather than mass; the technique is utilized by building up, assembling or welding various types of materials or mediums together to form one object

dimension: a measurement documenting the length, width, or depth of an object; two-dimensional art has only length and width; three-dimensional art has length, width and depth

fiber: an art medium produced by methods such as weaving, spinning, dyeing, quilting, knitting, crochet, felting, papermaking, needlepoint, sewing, and other textile handicrafts

figure: human shape or form; a pictorial or sculptural representation, especially of the human figure

form: the shape and structure of an object

found object: an everyday object included in an artwork that was not originally intended to be used in that purpose; a found object may be natural or man-made

gesture: a movement or position of the hand, arm, body, head, or face that is expressive of an idea, opinion or emotion

high relief: a sculpture that projects from its background by at least half its own depth

kinetic art: sculpture that contains moving parts

low relief: a sculpture that projects very little from its background

maquette: a small scale model used in preparation for making a larger sculpture

metal: industrial materials, such as steel, iron and aluminum, that can be hammered, cut and welded to create a sculpture

optical illusion: something that is visually misleading or deceiving; something that appears to be different from what it really is, fooling the eye

papier-mâché: a construction material that consists of pieces of paper stuck together using a wet paste; the crafted object becomes solid when the paste dries

perspective: is the way in which objects appear to the eye

relief: an image which projects in three-dimensional forms from a flat two-dimensional background

rhythm: the regular repetition of lines, shapes, colors, or patterns utilized within an art form or design composition

scale: the ratio between the actual size of something and a representation of it

sculptor: one who creates sculpture

sculpture: a three-dimensional work of art

sculpture in the round: a free standing sculpture that can be viewed from all sides

statue: a sculpture, commonly representing a human figure or animal often commemorating an historic or mythical figure

subtractive method: a method of making sculpture by removing material from a large block or form; marble, wood, and soap carving are types of subtractive sculpture

texture: the surface feel or appearance of an object, such as rough, smooth, bumpy or scaly

three-dimensional: having height, width and depth; a sculpture is three-dimensional

two-dimensional: having height and width, but no depth; flat; paintings, drawings, and stitchery are examples of two-dimensional art forms

Notes

This project was supported by grants from Citigroup

Foundation and Dade Community Foundation,

Greater Miami’s permanent endowment made

possible by generous donors since 1967.