Presently,

An independent country

UK

HISTORY OF N.IHISTORY OF N.I..

• United Kingdom and Republic United Kingdom and Republic of Irelandof Ireland

• UK : BRITAIN UK : BRITAIN England, Scotland, WalesEngland, Scotland, Wales and and N.I.N.I.

• Let’s tour Britain.Let’s tour Britain.

HISTORY OF N.IHISTORY OF N.I..

• Before 12Before 12thth century century• In the 12In the 12thth century century• 16901690• 18001800

1212THTH CENTURY CENTURY

• Before 12Before 12thth century century– N.I. & Republic of Ireland = N.I. & Republic of Ireland =

IRELANDIRELAND

• In the 12In the 12thth century century– Ireland conquered and colonised by Ireland conquered and colonised by

EnglandEnglandColonised!

1690 (171690 (17thth CENTURY) CENTURY)

• King James II of England, a Catholic• Forced to flee to north of Ireland. Why?• Because he failed to force Catholicism on the

Protestants in England• There, he tried to defeat the locals• New King of England, William of Orange

PROTESTANTPROTESTANT arrived in north of Ireland and defeated King James

• Battle of Boyne• King William remains a hero to Protestants to

this day

King James II: The Protestant do not accept Catholism. I have to flee.

King William: I cannot allow this to happen. I’m bringing my men to go to north of Ireland to fight.

King William crossing the river

Battle of Boyne

1717thth CENTURY CENTURY

• 17TH century : England ruled Ireland– English landlords in Ireland – brought in Protestant Scottish and English

settlers– To increase Protestant population there– Newcomers – settled in northern part of Ireland– Pushed out many local Irish Catholic farmers– Those Irish Catholics who stayed behind given

least fertile lands– Northern part of Ireland thus became mainly

Protestant

Let me bring you over.

1919thth CENTURY CENTURY

• For years, Catholic Irish fought against Protestant Scottish and English settlers without success

• 1800 : Ireland became part of UK• Hostilities between Catholics and Protestants

did not end• Late 1800s : some local Irish demanded HOME HOME

RULERULE (like our concept of self-government)(like our concept of self-government)

• Fighting often broke out

2020thth CENTURY CENTURY

• 1921 : Ireland divided into two separate parts• Based on majority religion of each part• Northern part PROTESTANTPROTESTANT became known as

NORTHERN IRELANDNORTHERN IRELAND – remained part of UK• Southern part CATHOLICCATHOLIC became known as IRISH IRISH

FREE STATEFREE STATE• Both had own Parliaments• But continued to recognise English monarchy

and laws regarding foreign affairs• 1949 : Irish Free State cut ties with Britain• Became the REPUBLIC OF IRELANDREPUBLIC OF IRELAND

1921

Irish Free State

1949

• 1993 : 1,000,000 Protestants– Mostly of English and Scottish origin

• 600,000 Catholics– Mostly descendants of local Irish

inhabitants

PEOPLE IN N.I. TODAYPEOPLE IN N.I. TODAY

• Since 1972– Ruled directly by the British Parliament

in London– British PM chooses a Secretary of State

MINISTER for N.I.– N.I. Government in charge of finance,

commerce, health and education– Britain in charge of foreign affairs and

defence– Majority of ministers in N.I. Are

Protestants

THE N.I. GOVERNMENTTHE N.I. GOVERNMENT

1. Divided Loyalties2. The Education System3. Employment4. Housing5. Voting

THE PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC TENSIONTHE PROTESTANT-CATHOLIC TENSION

• In N.I. In N.I. Most protestants regard Most protestants regard themselves as Britishthemselves as British

• Want the country continued as Want the country continued as part of UKpart of UK

• Many afraid of union with the Many afraid of union with the Republic of Ireland, a Catholic Republic of Ireland, a Catholic countrycountry

• A Catholic government would not A Catholic government would not be tolerant of Protestant beliefsbe tolerant of Protestant beliefs

1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES

• Catholics in N.I. See themselves as Catholics in N.I. See themselves as IrishIrish

• Want to be united with IrelandWant to be united with Ireland• Resent past history of English Resent past history of English

conquestconquest• Many Catholics massacred or Many Catholics massacred or

treated harshlytreated harshly• Remembered long struggle for Remembered long struggle for

Home RuleHome Rule

1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES

• Protestants – celebrate battle of Protestants – celebrate battle of Boyne as a mark of protestant Boyne as a mark of protestant dominancedominance

• Usually march through Catholic Usually march through Catholic residential areasresidential areas

• This sense of loyalty to different This sense of loyalty to different countries make them intolerant of countries make them intolerant of each othereach other

1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES1. DIVIDED LOYALTIES

Pause and Ponder

• Go to your worksheet.

• Under the factor ‘Divided Loyalties’, answer the following questions

• Grievance : Provision of public Grievance : Provision of public housing by city councils housing by city councils PARTLY PAID FOR BY PARTLY PAID FOR BY GOVTGOVT

• Councils comprise largely ProtestantsCouncils comprise largely Protestants• Catholics often delayed in getting Catholics often delayed in getting

public housingpublic housing• 1968 : 71% of local houses in 1968 : 71% of local houses in

Dungannon given to Protestants but Dungannon given to Protestants but 53% of the people there were 53% of the people there were CatholicsCatholics

2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION 2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION OF HOUSINGOF HOUSING

• Catholics frustrated – shortage of Catholics frustrated – shortage of houses means they have to wait houses means they have to wait many years before getting own many years before getting own househouse

• Thus find provision of housing Thus find provision of housing unfairunfair

2. HOUSING2. HOUSING2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION 2. UNEQUAL ALLOCATION OF HOUSINGOF HOUSING

Pause and Ponder

• Complete worksheet on ‘unequal allocation of housing’

• Competition for jobs

• Catholics – feel that they do not have an equal chance of getting the jobs they want, even if they’re as qualified as the Protestants

3. UNEQUAL 3. UNEQUAL EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENT

OPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

• 1971 : Population survey• Catholics males 2 ½ times more

likely to be jobless than Protestants males

• No of Catholic engineers and civil servants – not proportionate to their numbers in N.I.

• Fewer Catholics in senior positions in public and private sectors

3. EMPLOYMENT3. EMPLOYMENT3. UNEQUAL 3. UNEQUAL

EMPLOYMENTEMPLOYMENTOPPORTUNITIESOPPORTUNITIES

Pause and ponder

• Complete worksheet on unequal employment opportunity

• Before 1968 : Voting rights a problem• Each household – 2 votes• Companies

• entitled to more votes • depended on size

• Many companies owned by richer Protestants – thus had more votes

• Voting districts often drawn to include a larger proportion of Protestants

• Catholics were of course unhappy about this

4. LACK OF VOTING 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTSRIGHTS

• Since 1969 : Everyone entitled to one vote

• Must be a British subject and above 18 years old

• Had to be born in N.I. • Or lived in UK for 7 years

• Voting districts redrawn to ensure fairness

4. LACK OF VOTING 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTSRIGHTS

• Voting rights no longer a problem today

• But conflicts persist because other issues such as housing and employment not addressed

4. LACK OF VOTING 4. LACK OF VOTING RIGHTSRIGHTS

Pause and Ponder

• Complete worksheet on lack of voting rights

• Today, public schools are catered Today, public schools are catered for Protestants onlyfor Protestants only

• Private schools that cater for Private schools that cater for CatholicsCatholics PARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENTPARTLY FUNDED BY GOVERNMENT

2. EDUCATION SYSTEM2. EDUCATION SYSTEM

2. EDUCATION SYSTEM2. EDUCATION SYSTEM

PROTESTANT PROTESTANT CHILDRENCHILDREN

• Taught British history

• Play British sports – rugby, hockey, cricket

• Very loyal to Britain

CATHOLICCATHOLIC

CHILDRENCHILDREN

• Taught Irish history• Play Irish sports –

hurling• Taught Irish

language and culture• Regard Britain as a

foreign country

2. EDUCATION SYSTEM2. EDUCATION SYSTEM

• Mixed schoolsMixed schools• Set up by private individualsSet up by private individuals• Not as popular, only 5% of school Not as popular, only 5% of school

populationpopulation• Result : Protestant and Catholic Result : Protestant and Catholic

children rarely get to meet and children rarely get to meet and know each otherknow each other

• Generations grow up to distrust Generations grow up to distrust each othereach other

• Makes them hostile to each otherMakes them hostile to each other

Separate residential area

• Catholics and Protestants have been living in separate areas.

• 1991 census, 63% of the population lived in areas that were predominantly Catholic or Protestant.

• In 2001, this percentage has risen to about 66%

Pause and Ponder

• Complete worksheet