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The meanings of the coded notes (above and below) remain a mystery to this day. | View larger versions (right

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CCrryyppttaannaallyyssttssPart 2: Help Solve an Open Murder Case

03/29/11

On June 30, 1999, sheriff’s officers in St. Louis, Missouri discovered the body of 41-year-old Ricky McCormick. He

had been murdered and dumped in a field. The only clues regarding the homicide were two encrypted notes found in

the victim’s pants pockets.

Despite extensive work by our Cryptanalysis and Racketeering Records Unit (CRRU), as well as help from

the American Cryptogram Association, the meanings of those two coded notes remain a mystery to this day,

and Ricky McCormick’s murderer has yet to face justice.

“We are really good at what we do,” said CRRU chief Dan Olson, “but we could use some help with this one.”

In fact, Ricky McCormick’s encrypted notes are one of CRRU’s top unsolved cases. “Breaking the code,” said Olson,

“could reveal the victim’s whereabouts before his death and could lead to the solution of a homicide. Not every cipher

we get arrives at our door under those circumstances.”

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Breaking any code involves

four basic steps:

1. determining the language used;

2. determining the system used;

3. reconstructing the key; and

4. reconstructing the plaintext.

Consider this cipher: Nffu nf bu uif qbsl bu

oppo.

Now apply the four steps:

1. Determining the language allows you to

compare the cipher text to the suspected

language. Our cryptanalysts usually start

with English.

2. Determining the system: Is this cipher

using rearranged words, replaced words,

or perhaps letter substitution? In this

case, it’s letter substitution.

To move the case forward, examiners need another sample of murder-victim Ricky McCormick’s coded

system—or a similar one—that might offer context to the mystery notes or allow comparisons to be made.

The more than 30 lines of coded material use a maddening variety of letters, numbers, dashes, and

parentheses. McCormick was a high school dropout, but he was able to read and write and was said to be “street

smart.” According to members of his family, McCormick had used such encrypted notes since he was a boy, but

apparently no one in his family knows how to decipher the codes, and it’s unknown whether anyone besides

McCormick could translate his secret language. Investigators believe the notes in McCormick’s pockets were written

up to three days before his death.

Over the years, a number of CRRU’s examiners—who are experts at

breaking codes—have puzzled over the McCormick notes and applied a

variety of analytical techniques to tease out an answer. “Standard routes

of cryptanalysis seem to have hit brick walls,” Olson noted. Our

cryptanalysts have several plausible theories about the notes, but so far,

there has been no solution.

To move the case forward, examiners need another sample of

McCormick’s coded system—or a similar one—that might offer context to

the mystery notes or allow valuable comparisons to be made. Or, short of

new evidence, Olson said, “Maybe someone with a fresh set of eyes might

come up with a brilliant new idea.”

That’s where the public comes in. The FBI has always relied on tips and

other assistance from the public to solve crimes, and although breaking a

code may represent a special circumstance, your help could aid the

investigation. Take a look at McCormick’s two notes. If you have an idea

how to break the code, have seen similar codes, or have any information

about the Ricky McCormick case, write to CRRU at the following address:

FBI Laboratory



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3. Reconstructing the key: This step

answers the question of how the code

maker changed the letters. In our example,

every character shifted one letter to the

right in the alphabet.

4. Reconstructing the plaintext: By

applying the key from the previous step,

you now have a solution: Meet me at the

park at noon.

Cryptanalysis and Racketeering Records Unit

2501 Investigation Parkway

Quantico, VA 22135

Attn: Ricky McCormick Case

There is no reward being offered, just a challenge—and the satisfaction of

knowing that your brain power might help bring a killer to justice.

“Even if we found out that he was writing a grocery list or a love letter,”

Olson said, “we would still want to see how the code is solved. This is a

cipher system we know nothing about.”

Part 1: Breaking Codes to Stop Crime

Resources

- More about the Cryptanalysis and Racketeering Records Unit

- Try your hand at code breaking

Documents

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