PRGM Week 1 (S1 Reg)

7/31/2019 PRGM Week 1 (S1 Reg)

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MICROWAVE CIRCUITS & DEVICESMICROWAVE CIRCUITS & DEVICES

Basari, Ph.D

16 February 2012


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2

Period: 13 Feb 2012 9 Jun 2012

(17 Weeks Incl. Mid and Final Exams)

Format of Lecture:

Review ofTheory/Concept and Microwave Trends,

resen a on an as scuss on y roupsTime: Thursday, 10:00 - 12:30

EET420802

Telecommuncation Engineering8th Term: 3 SKS


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The Class3

-

Second-Term Semester

The goals of the undergraduate in DTE:

The undergraduate program at the Department of

Electrical Engineering is aimed to achieve graduates whohas a capability for analyzinggeneral and specific

,

logical, systematic and practical solutions with

The graduates are also capable to design and

develop software/hardware, and always in following

the advancement of technology.


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4

Goals of the Class

circuitcircuitss.

Design RF and microwave deviceDesign RF and microwave device.

Well understand the problems in designingunderstand the problems in designingof RF andmicrowave circuits.

technology in the future in Indonesia.

microwave circuit devices in multidisciplinary fields.


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Ob ectives of the Course

Learn Basic Microwave Desi n Princi les:

Transmission lines & Smith-chart

S-parameters, Microwave networks Impedance matching and tuning

Coupled line theory

Study Practical Microwave Components: Transmission lines, power dividers & couplers

Active and passive microwave devices

Stud desi n of some active microwave circuits:Amplifiers: smallband, low-noise, broadband, power

Non-linear circuits: oscillators, multipliers, mixers

5


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Contd

Take a look at simulation and measurement tools

for microwave circuits.

Apply Microwave Design in small design-project.

-

- Using Commercial Software Agilent ADS

AMRG-lab has a le al license

6


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Schedule7

1 2 3 4

5 6 7 8 9 10 11

16-Feb W1 Introduction to Microwaves

23-Feb W2 Transmission line theory

12 13 14 15 16 17 18

19 20 21 22 23 24 25

S M T W T F S

1 2 3 01-Mar W3 The Smith Chart

11 12 13 14 15 16 17

18 19 20 21 22 23 24

-

15-Mar W5 Impedance matching and tuning

22-Mar W6 Quiz & Lecture: Microwave Resonators

25 26 27 28 29 30 31 29-Mar W7 Microwave power dividers and couplers


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Contd

8

1 2 3 4 5 6 7

8 9 10 11 12 13 14

05-Apr W8

12-Apr W9 Filters15 16 17 18 20 21

22 23 24 25 26 27 28

29 30

19- pr mp er es gn

26-Apr W11 Noise in microwave circuits

and active RF components

1 2 3 4 5

6 7 8 910

11 12

03-Mei W12 High-gain amplifiers and broadband amplifiers

10-Mei W13 Non-linear Circuits: oscillators and mixers

20 21 22 23 24 25 26

27 28 29 30 31

- resen a on as roup an

24-Mei W15 Presentation & Task Group 3 Grup 3 and 4

31-Mei W16 Presentation & Task Group 5 ,

3 4 5 6 7 8 9 07-Jun W17 09.00 - 11.30 Ruang S.103

6 and 7


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Detailed S llabus

9

Week-1

Introduction to microwave engineering

Applications, microwave bandsMaxwells equation

The wave equation and plane wave solutions

Week-2

Lumped element circuit model

Field analysis of transmission lineserm na e oss ess ransm ss on nes

Smith chart

Quarter wave transformer

Generator and load mismatchesLossy transmission lines


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Contd10

-

TRANSMISSION LINE & WAVEGUIDES

General solutions for TEM, Coaxial lineTE and TM modes

Parallel plate waveguide

dielectric slab

Stri line

Circular waveguide MicrostripWave velocities and dispersion

ee -

NETWORK ANALYSIS

Im edance and admittance matrixScattering matrix

Transmission (ABCD) matrix

- ,

Excitation of waveguides


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Contd12

Week-7

MICROWAVE POWER DIVIDERS AND COUPLERS

T-junction power divider

Wilkinson ower divider

The 90(quadrature) hybridThe 180hybrid

Week-8:

(Open-sheet/book Written Test)


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Contd13

Week-9

ICRO A E FILTERS

Periodic structure Filter transformation

Insertion loss method

Coupled line filter

Week-10NOISE IN MICROWAVE CIRCUITS & ACTIVE RF COMPONENTS

o se n m crowave c rcu s

Dynamic Range & Intermodulation Distortion

RF transistor characteristics

Microwave integrated circuits


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Contd14

Week-11

ICRO A E AMPLIFIER DESIGN 1

Stability considerations

Design for specified gain

Low noise am lifier desi n

Power amplifiersWeek-12

MICROWAVE AMPLIFIER DESIGN (2)

High-gain amplifiers using cascade stageroa an amp ers a ance amp er,

distributed amplifier)

,

Design of class A-power amplifier


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15

Contd

Week-13

ICRO A E OSCILLATORS AND MIXERS

RF oscillators

Frequency multipliers

Microwave sources

Week-14 to 16 (three weeks)Mixers

Presentation (group project)

Aims: Students can design microwave circuits/systemus ng g en . seven roups: - - - - - -

Week-17:

(Open-book Written Test)


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Gradin16

Mark of the Lecture

based on: A 85 - 100 4.00- -

- Presence ( > 80%)

. .

B+ 75 - 79.99 3.30

B 70 - 74.99 3.00

- -- u z

- Group Project

-

. .

C+ 60 - 64.99 2.30C 55 - 60.99 2.00

- -

- UAS. .

D 40 - 50 1.30

E 0 - 39.55 1.00


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References17

Microwave Engineering (3rd Ed.)

.

Publisher: John Wiley & Sons, Inc.

Foundations for Microwave Engineering (2nd

Ed.)Robert E. Collin

-

.


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MICROWAVE ENGINEERING

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Microwave

Microwave range:

300 MHz frequency 300 GHz

100 cm 0.1 cm

IEEE Microwave bands:

L: 1 2 GHz : 30-15 cm

- .

C: 4 8 GHz : 7.5-3.75 cm X: 8 12.5 GHz : 3.75-2.4 cm

Ku:12 18 GHz : 2.4-1.67 cm

K: 18 26.5 GHz : 1.67-1.13 cm

- mm-waves: 40 300 GHz : 7.5-1 mm

mm-waves further divided in U (Q), V, W, D, F, G waveguide bands

19

su -mm-wave: z z : - . mm


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Microwave bands

20 From S. Y. Liao Microwave circuit analysis and amplifier design


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Wh electronics moving to GHz ?

Antenna gain proportional to electrical size, leading to smaller

systems at higher frequencies

microwaves (600 MHz: 1% BW=1 TV channel

Microwaves travel line of sight, enables frequency reuse

erres r a an sa e e poss e

Effective reflection area (Radar Cross Section or RCS)

ro ortional to electrical size so hi her resolution at microwaves

Molecular, atomic and nuclear resonances at microwave

frequencies: applications in science, remote detection, .

communications triggers lots applications for circuits at microwave

speeds!

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Applications of Microwave Circuit Design

Telecommunications

Wireless: cellular, WLAN, point-to-point link, satellite Wireline: optical (OC-768), Gigabit-ethernet,

High-speed VLSI design

On-chip interconnects Packaging, high-speed bus

Radar / Remote Sensing

Radio-astronomy

o a os on ng a e e

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Atmospheric attenuation vs. frequenc

Pozar

Fig. 13.26

23

,

Windows at 35, 94 and 140 GHz (high-resolution radar)


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24


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25


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Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP)

KEBIJAKAN DAN

SPEKTRUM

INDONESIA

(Postel)

26


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27

Block diagram of AM microwave radio transmitter (a) and

receiver (b)


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29 Overall DBS communication system (for each transponder)


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PozarFig. 13.18

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Fig. 13.19

Returned signal shifted in frequency according to speed.

31

-

range and velocity.


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Pozar

Layout hybid microwave

g. .

integrated circuit (MIC)

in this case microstrip

.

Radar T/R module, contains

phase shifters, amplifiers,

32

, , .

PozarFig. 10.40


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Pozar

Layout monolithic

microwave

Fig. 10.41

integrated circuit (MMIC)

again microstrip topology

Example of MMIC:

- Multiple HBTs combined to

deliver 5W.

33 PozarFig. 10.42


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1W power amp at 42 GHz

60 GHz cascade integrated photoreceiver

90 GHz BW InP HBT amplifier

34

z e

push-push VCO


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How to design Microwave Circuits / S stems ?

35 Advanced Design System (ADS) Agilent


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Hierarch of Microwave En ineerin

Electroma netics Theor

Gauss, Amperes and Faradays law

Maxwell Equations

uniform, TEM

Distributed Circuits Transmission lines, Telegraph Equations

, - ,

dimensions


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General form of time-varying Maxwell equations:

The sources of the electromagnetic field are the currents M and

J, and the electric charge density .

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In free s ace fields and flux relationshi :

Where 0 = 4 x 10-7 Henry/m is the permeability of free-space,

0 = 8.854 x 10

-12

farad/m is the permittivity of free-space.Maxwells E uations are linear but are not inde endent of

each other, e.g:

Since there is no free magnetic charge.

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The continuit e uation:

This equation states that charge is conserved, or that currentcurrent

is continuous.

the outflow of current at a point.

the charge buildup with time at the

same point.

Maxwell said the displacement current density is necessary.

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Inte ral Form Maxwells E uations.

The differential equations can be converted to integral form.

By applying the divergence theorem:

Applying Stokes' theorem:

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The sinusoidal electric field in thexdirection:

A is the (real) amplitude, is the radian frequency, and is the

hase reference of the wave at t=0.

Phasor form:

realtime-varying quantities

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The average of the square of the magnitude of an electric field:

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Maxwells E s in hasor form:

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(a) Arbitrary electric and magnetic

volume current densities

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(b) Arbitrary electric and magnetic surface

current densities in the z- z0 plane


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(c) Arbitrary electric and magnetic line currents

45

-


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fields were in free space, with no material bodies

In practice, material bodies are often present

s comp cates t e ana ys s ut a so a ows t e

useful application of material properties to microwave

.

For a dielectric material, an applied electric field E causes

the polarization of the atoms or molecules of the material

to create electric dipole momentselectric dipole moments that augment the

46

, .


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Electric susceptibility

The imaginary part ofaccounts forloss in the medium (heat)

ue o amp ng o e v ra ng po e momen s.

Free-space having a real , is lossles medium.

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() is indistinguishable from

conductivity loss ().

The term + can then be

cons ere as e o a e ec veconductivity.

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Tensor of rank two (a dyad) permittivity:

Tensor permeability:

49

Magnetic susceptibility.


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50

Wave Equations and


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In a source-free linear isotro ic homo eneous re ion:

Ada 2 variabel yang bisa diselesaikan

salah satunya, E atau H.

Find E solution:

Ingat ! Vektor identitas

51 Since,


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Helmholtz E uation for E:

With same manner, we can find H solution:

with,,

propagation constant of the

medium [1/m].

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In a lossless medium, and are real numbers, so kis

real.

Consider an electric field with only anxcomponent

and uniform (no variation) in thexand ydirections.

Helmholtz Equation becomes:

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53

amplitude constants.


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Helmholtz E uation in time domain:

A wave traveling in the +zdirection A wave traveling in the -zdirection

Phase velocity

54

In free space

Phase velocit and wavelen th


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Phase velocit and wavelen th

Since is distance between two successive maxima

(or minima, or any other reference points) on the wave,

at a fixed instant of time, thus:

55

H-Plane Wave Solution


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H-Plane Wave Solution

In the same manner we can find H lane wave solution:

Where,

Wave Impedance

In free s ace:

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Medium is conductive with conductivity .

57 Where, or


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In time domain:

If the loss is removed, = 0, and we have= jk and = 0, : k.

loss can also be treated through

the use of a com lex ermittivit .

58 loss tangent of the material.Where,


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wave mpe ance can e e ne :

59


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,

the conductive current is much greaterthan the

displacement current.

Most metals can be categorized as good conductor.

By ignoring the displacement current, propagation constant:

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The skin depth, or characteristic depth of penetration:

The amplitude of the fields in the conductor decay by an

amount 1/e or36.8%, after traveling a distance of one skin.

At microwave fre uencies for a ood conductor skindepth is very small, hence only a thin plating of a good

conductor (e.g., silver or gold) is necessary for low-loss

61

.

Summary of Results for Plane Wave Propagation


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n ar ous e a

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Week-2

TRANSMISSION LINE THEOR

Lumped element circuit model

Terminated lossless transmission lines

Smith chart

Quarter wave transformer

Generator and load mismatches

ossy ransm ss on nes

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Documents

PRGM Week 1 (S1 Reg)