Primary Energy Analysis

8/12/2019 Primary Energy Analysis

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Primary Energy Analysis

L-2 & L-3 EN 402 8th January 2007


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ENERGY FLOW DIAGRAM

PRIMARY ENERGY

ENERGY CONVERSION FACILITY

SECONDARY ENERGY

TRANSMISSION & DISTRN. SYSTEM

FINAL ENERGY

ENERGY UTILISATION EQUIPMENT & SYSTEMS

USEFUL ENERGY

END USE ACTIVITIES

(ENERGY SERVICES)

COAL, OIL, SOLAR, GAS

POWER PLANT,REFINERIES

REFINED OIL,ELECTRICITY

RAILWAYS, TRUCKS,

PIPELINESWHAT CONSUMERS BUYDELIVERED ENERGY

AUTOMOBILE, LAMP,

MOTOR, STOVE

MOTIVE POWERRADIANT ENERGY

DISTANCE TRAVELLED,ILLUMINATION,COOKEDFOOD etc..


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Energy End Uses

Boiler, GeyserFluid heatedHeating

Fans,AC, refrigSpace CooledCooling

motorsShaft workMotive Power

Cycle, car, train,

motorcycle, bus

Distance

travelled

Transport

Incandescent

Fluorescent, CFL

IlluminationLighting

Chullah, stoveFood CookedCooking

DeviceEnergy ServiceEnd Use


4/40Source : Energy After Rio: UNDP Publication.


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Load curve of a typical day MSEB(8/11/2000 source: WREB annual report-2001)

10260 MW9892 MW

6000

7000

8000

9000

10000

11000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24

Time hours

Demand

,MW

morning

peak

Eveningpeak


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Total Load Curve of IIT

2 5 10 k VA

19 0 0 k VA

0

500

1000

15002000

2500

3000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 1112 13 14 15 16 17 18 1920 21222324

Time h o u rs

Working da y

Non working da yAverage power factor of the day

Working day-0.96

Non-working day-0.97


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Load curve of Mechanical Building

54 kW

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

Time (hr)

Load(kW) average 26 kW

2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24


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Compare options based on primaryenergy input


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Compare options based on primary energyinput

Example : Agricultural Water Pumping

3 GJ of end-use /year (typical value)

Options A) Electric motor-pump

B) Diesel engine-pumpC) Biomass Gasifier-Dual fuelengine-pump


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A)ELECTRIC MOTORCOAL

COAL MINING/TRANSPORT


Electricity to Farmer

MOTOR

Pump output

POWER PLANT

PUMP

cm

pp

T&D

m

p


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A)ELECTRIC MOTORCOAL

COAL MINING/TRANSPORT


Electricity to Farmer

MOTOR

Pump output

POWER PLANT

PUMP

cm 90 %

pp 30 %

T&D 78 %

m 88 %

p 75 %


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B) DIESEL ENGINE

CRUDE OIL

REFINERY

DIESEL TRANSPORT

Diesel to Farmer

DIESEL ENGINE

Pump output

PUMP

R

DT

D

p


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B) DIESEL ENGINE

CRUDE OIL

REFINERY

DIESEL TRANSPORT

Diesel to Farmer

DIESEL ENGINE

Pump output

PUMP

R 92 %

DT 95 %

D 40 %

p 75 %


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Comparison of Options

Motor-Pump = cmppT&Dm p

=0.9*0.3*0.78*0.88*0.75

=0.139 (13.9%)

Electricity bought=

3*106/(3600*0.75*0.88)

=1263 kWh

Diesel Engine-Pump

= RDTDTD p

=0.92*0.95*0.40*0.75

=0.262 (26.2%)

Diesel Input =

3/(0.75*0.4) = 10 GJ =10*106/(9700*4.18*0.85)

=290 litres


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Comparison of Options

Motor-Pump Energy cost Rs 1263

(@Rs 1/kWh)

Capital Cost Rs 12000

Power Cuts

1300 kg of coal

Coal relatively abundant

Diesel Engine-Pump

Energy cost Rs 4643

(@Rs 16/litre)

Capital Cost Rs 24000

Uninterrupted

300 kg of crude oil

Refinery Mix


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Net Energy Analysis

Source : www.oilanalytics.org/neteng/neteng.htm


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Gasifier Option

75% Diesel replacement 70% gasifier efficiency

75 litres diesel, 754 kg biomass Biomass price Rs 1/kg Rs 1915

Capital Cost Rs 48000 Operation & Maintenance


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Energy Inputs and Outputs-Power Plant



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Levels of Net Energy analysis



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Primary energy analysis of RME

Rapeseed Methyl Ester (RME)-Transport

Plant Production(incl fertilisers) 9000 MJ/ha

Harvesting, transport & oil extraction 5600 MJ/ha

60% to rapeseed oil (meal 40%) 8800 MJ/ha Refining & Esterification 7900 MJ/ha

96% to RME (glycerine 4%) 16000 MJ/ha

Final transport 200 MJ/ha Total annual 16,200 MJ/ha (Kaltschmitt et al,1997)

Diesel 4600 MJ (pre-chain) + 42500 (fuel) 47,100 MJ


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Comparison of RME & Diesel

Parameter RME DieselPE (GJ) 16.2 47.1

CO2 equiv kg 1594 3752

CO2 kg 1037 3523

SO2 equiv g 12487 11813

SO2 g 1670 2857Nox g 14274 12691

CO g 11689 11160Annual values/ha from Kaltschmitt et al,1997 - Germany


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Paper vs Polystyrene Cups

Hocking, Martin B. "Reusable and Disposable Cups: An Energy-Based Evaluation."Environmental Management 18(6) pp. 889-899

www.ilea.org/lcas/hocking1994.html


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Re-usable vs Disposable Cups

www.ilea.org/lcas/hocking1994.html


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Hydrogen pathways

Photo chemical

Solar Energy Nuclear Energy Bio-Energy

Electricity

Wind

Thermal

ElectrolysisThermo chemical

Fossil-Fuel

Photo biological

Hydrogen

Gasification Fermentation

Cracking + Shift Reaction

Fuel Cell


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Applications A-Distributed Power Generation Rating 100

kW

B- Vehicle 4 wheeler passenger car (Maruti

800) Base Case A1- Diesel Engine Generator

(fuel diesel), A2 Gas Engine Generator (fuel

natural gas) Base Case B1 - IC Engine - petrol , B2- CNG

engine


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A1)DIESEL ENGINE

ELECTRICITY

OIL MINING/REFINING

DIESEL ENGINE

GENERATOR

TRANSPORT OF DIESEL

OM 95 %

TD 97%

DE 40 %

CRUDE OIL

GEN 95 %


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A2) GAS ENGINE

ELECTRICITY

EXTRACTION

GAS ENGINE

GENERATOR

NATURAL GAS TRANSPORT

OM 95 %

TD 97%

DE 42 %

NATURAL GAS

GEN 95 %


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FUEL CELL (NG)

NATURAL GAS

EXTRACTION


HYDROGEN

STEAM REFORMING

ELECTRICITY

PEM FUEL CELL

R 95 %

GT 97 %

FC 40 %(50%)

POWER CONDITIONING

REF 85 %

PC 95 %


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Distributed Generation

A1 Overall efficiency 35%0.246 kg of crude /kWh of electricity

A2 Overall efficiency 37%

0.25 kg of Natural gas/kWh ofelectricity

Fuel cell Overall efficiency 30% 0.307 kgof Natural gas/kWh of electricity

(37% like A2 FC eff 50%)


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Carbon Emissions

A1 Crude oil (86% Carbon)

0.211 kg Carbon/kWh

A2- Natural gas (75% Carbon)

0.187 kg Carbon/kWh

Fuel cell ( 18 kg of Carbon / 1 GJ of Hydrogen

energy SMR)FC eff 0.4 - 0.171 kg Carbon/kWh

0.5- 0.136 kg Carbon/kWh


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Vehicle ApplicationWeight (excl engine

+tank) 550 kg

Passengers (max)350 kg

Maruti

CR 0.01

CD 0.42m2 front area

100 km travel /day

Tank Engine

Petrol 40 kg 60 kg

CNG 140 kg 60 kg

FC 130 kg 15 M+15 FC

kg

B1) PETROL ENGINE


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B1) PETROL ENGINE

SHAFT WORK

OIL MINING/REFINING

IC ENGINE

TRANSMISSION

TRANSPORT OF PETROL

OM 95 %

TP 97%

PE 30 %

CRUDE OIL

TRANS 70 %

B2) GAS ENGINE


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B2) GAS ENGINE

SHAFT WORK

EXTRACTION

COMPRESSION

CNG ENGINE


OM 95 %

TD 97%

C 90%

NATURAL GAS

GE 40%

TRANSMISSION

TR70%

FUEL CELL (NG)NATURAL GAS


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FUEL CELL (NG) E 95 %

GT 97 %

FC 40 %

REF 85 %

PC 95 %SHAFT WORK

NATURAL GAS

EXTRACTION


HYDROGEN

STEAM REFORMING

ELECTRICITY

PEM FUEL CELL

POWER CONDITIONING

MOTOR

TRANSMISSION

m 90%

TR 91%


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Vehicle Comparison

B1 Overall efficiency 19.4%3.31 kg of crude /100 km of travel

B2 Overall efficiency 23.2%3.0 kg of Natural gas/ 100 km oftravel

Fuel cell Overall efficiency 24.3%

2.82 kg of Natural gas/ 100 km of travel


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Vehicle Carbon Emissions

B1 Crude oil (86% Carbon)2.84 kg Carbon/100 km of travel

B2- Natural gas (75% Carbon)2.25 kg Carbon/ 100 km of travel

Fuel cell ( 18 kg of Carbon / 1 GJ ofHydrogen energy SMR)

FC 2.11 kg Carbon/100 km of travel


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Decision Types / Perspectives

System selectionYes/NoBest possible amongst

options System / Component

Design

Decide OperatingStrategy

Decide Policies

End Users Manufacturers

Utility

Society /Government

Others


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Criteria Cost - Initial Cost, Operating Cost,

Life Cycle Cost

Reliability-Availability, Unmet Energy Emissions - Local, Global

Sustainability

Equity


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References www.oilanalytics.org/neteng/neteng.htm

P. L. Spath, M. K. Mann, Life Cycle Assessment of Renewable HydrogenProduction via Wind/Electrolyses, NREL / MP-560-35404, February2004, Colorado, USDOE.

Hocking, Martin B. "Reusable and Disposable Cups: An Energy-Based Evaluation." Environmental Management 18(6) pp. 889-899

Hocking, M.B, Paper vs Polystyrene: A complex choice, Science, 251:504-505, 1991

A. Sarkar, R. Banerjee, Net Energy Analysis of hydrogen storageoptions, International Journal of Hydrogen Energy 30 (2005), pp 867-

877. K. T. Chan, Y. S. Wong, C. C. Chan, An overview of energy sources for

electric vehicles, Energy Conversion & Management 40 (1999), pp1021-1039.

Documents

Primary Energy Analysis