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PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition. By: Monica Morgado. http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm. Conservation Status. Total # of Species 254 107 Endangered 102 Lower Risk 8 Critically Endangered 6 Not enough data 4 Threatened 3 Rare. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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PRIMATE Husbandry and Nutrition
By: Monica Morgado
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm
Conservation Status
Total # of Species 254
107 Endangered 102 Lower Risk 8 Critically Endangered 6 Not enough data 4 Threatened 3 Rare
https://secure.worldwildlife.org/ogc/ogcAC_speciesDetail.cfm?gid=69
http://www.escapeartist.com/efam/44/primates.gif
http://img.timeinc.net/time/photoessays/2007/primates/primates_01.jpg
Taxonomy of Extant Primates
Kingdom = AnimaliaPhylum = Chordata
Class = MammaliaOrder = Primates
Prosimians*6 F
Tarsiers*1 F
New WorldPrimates*2 F
Old WorldPrimates*1 F*2 SF
OWPLesser Apes*1 F
OWPGreat Apes*2 F
http://afarensis.blogsome.com/2005/11/06/what-is-a-primate/
Prosimians and Tarsiers
Prosimians and Tarsiers
Most primitive of the primates They’re NOT monkeys nor apes Nocturnal and sensitive Socialized and tropical Most are endangered
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm
Where can Prosimians and Tarsiers be found?
http://www.globaltouch.net/mapit/world/WorldAtlas.gif
New World Primates
New World Primates (Monkeys)
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm
New World Primates
Family Callithricidae Smaller tamarins and marmosets
Family Cebidae Sakis Spider and Woolly Owl Capuchin Howler Titi and Squirrel Uakaris
New World Primates
Live in the neotropical forests Central and South America.
Range vastly in size 6 inch pygmy marmoset 3 feet howler monkey
Long tails (sometimes prehensile) No buttock pads No cheek pouches
Old World Primates(OWP)
Old World Primates (Monkeys)
Old World Primates
Family Cercopithecidae Subfamily cercopithecinae
Macaques Baboons Mandrills Vervet monkeys Patas monkeys
Subfamily Colobinae Colobus monkeys Langurs Leaf monkeys
Old World Primates
Live in Africa and Asia. Larger than the New World monkeys. They
are diurnal. Longer hind legs than forearms. Prominent buttock pads that they can sit on. Tails, but not prehensile.
OWP-Great Apes
OWP-Great Apes
They have no tails. The face is almost naked. Live in complex social groups. The arms are longer than the legs. Rely mostly on vision and hearing rather than smell.
Orangutans Chimpanzees Gorillas Humans Bonobos
OWP- Lesser Apes
OWP-Lesser Apes
Smaller and more slender forms No tail Gibbons live in pairs for life. Siamangs are the largest type of gibbon.
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm
http://www.sheppardsoftware.com/content/animals/animals/mammals/apevsmonkey.htm
Nonhuman Primates as Pets
Most common Pet-Primate species: Squirrel monkey Capuchin or “organ
grinder” monkeys Spider monkeys Marmosets Baboons Chimpanzees Orangutans
http://i226.photobucket.com/albums/dd191/ntuforex/Vol13issue2/82076ca5.jpg
Nonhuman Primates as Pets Most Common Reasons
People Buy Pet Monkeys:
"They're so cute!!"
"I wanted an unusual pet.“ "They're so adorable
dressed up like people!“
Child substitute http://lolayabonobo.wildlifedirect.org/2008/03/14/tigers-in-the-backyard/
http://petmonkeyinfo.org/laws.htm
Require PermitPartial BanMust Be Banded
No RequirementsBan
Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… Make sure your primate has been bred in the
U.S. and not imported. Center for Disease Control of the United States
Public Health Service Regulation in 1976
Realize that monkeys are complex social/emotional animals "high-care/high-need", "difficult" pets
Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… Know that they are
Virtually impossible to toilet train Can be destructive of property Have a high propensity for biting As they mature, their behavior becomes less
predictable
www.cynical-c.com/.../bloggraphics/miabite.jpg
Nonhuman Primate vs. Newborn Child
http://www.superlaugh.com/pets/babymonkey.jpg http://blog.mlive.com/chronicle/2007/12/02Grevel_family2.jpg
Nonhuman Primate vs. 2yr Old Child
http://www.pepperspollywogs.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/WindowsLiveWriter/MonkeyingAround_7FE6/j0428530%5B3%5D.jpg
Nonhuman Primate vs. 5yr Old Child
http://www.baynews9.com/images/news/2006/8/8/mood2.jpg
Nonhuman Primate vs. 15yr Old Kid
Before getting a Nonhuman Pet Primate you must… Know that they can have
different relationships with members of a family: liking the most dominant adult picking on weakest or youngest family member
Monkeys have a life-span of 20-40 years.
www.cynical-c.com/.../bloggraphics/miabite.jpg
Health Concern: Common Diseases Nonhuman primates have a high potential for
carrying zoonotic diseases: Hepatitis Tuberculosis
Owners should test their pets at least once a year. Owners should be tested once a year.
Shigellosis Salmonellosis Herpes viruses
Herpes Simplex Viruses
Herpesvirus simiae (Herpes “B”) Host: Macaques Rhesus monkeys may develop ulcerations in the
oral mucosa.
http://www.ccac.ca/en/CCAC_Programs/ETCC/Images/ZoonosisHerpesBRhesus.jpg
Herpes Simplex Viruses
Herpesvirus tamarinus (Herpes “T”) 1ry Host: Squirrel monkeys and spider monkeys
Asymptomatic Tamarins, marmosets, owl monkeys, and titi
monkeys Clinical disease
May develop ulceration in lips, oral mucosa and conjunctiva.
Herpesvirus tamarinus
Ulcerative dermatitis in a titi monkey
The Ideal Caretaker (patience….etc.)
Patience
Commitment
Do not over estimate their force for their size.
http://www.orlandosentinel.com/media/photo/2008-04/37512900.jpg
http://www.sptimes.com/2004/10/11/images/large/primate2.jpg
Primate Housing Have the proper sized
housing setups from day one.
Should allow large motor exercise, running and leaping.
Primate Housing
Cages for display are not usually large enough.
Cage must be setup with easy, hands-off cleaning in mind.
Primate Housing
Not recommended: Kennel crates Cat cages Bird cages
http://www.freewebs.com/birdcages/chrome%20plated%20large%20parrot%20cage.jpghttp://www.staffordmall.com/media/dog-crate.jpg
http://pet.imageg.net/graphics/product_images/pPETS-3763322t400.jpg
Primate Housing
Primates of different species should not be housed together. Prevent disease
transmission Species-specific
behaviors Interspecies
aggression.http://www.salem-news.com/stimg/november122007/monkey_rhesusx2350.jpg
Primate Housing
A collar or harness should be worn continuously around the house.
Nonhuman primates should be caged while unattended.
Do not allow them to run loose in the home.
http://www.fordogtrainer.com/pics/dog-training-equipment-choke-leather-collar.jpg
http://www.wildcatcommerce.com/productimages/large/28/monkeykidsharness.jpg
Cage Accessories
Durable and easy-to-clean materials.
Special housing needs depending on the primate: Arboreal Nocturnal Ranging
http://www.primatecare.com/cage1.jpg
Cage Accessories
Lighting and climate controls should be on automatic.
18-17 ْْ C (65-80 ْ F) 55-70% Humidity
Marmosets 70-80%
http://www.advancedradiantsolutions.com/image/2218681.jpeg
Acrylic mirror
http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/LAREF/jennifer.html Foraging for fallen treats Treats out of the cones“pylon surprises”
Mop heads strung with pasta and treats knotted on the ends
Toys and enrichmentdevices
Disinfectants Cleaning cases, dishes, and toys
Roccal-D Winthrop, New York, NY
One-Stroke Environ Ceva Laboratories, Overland Park, KS
http://www.valleyvet.com/swatches/21361_L_vvs_000.jpg http://www.animart.com/productimages/439.jpg
Nutrition for Old World and New World Primates Nutritional deficiencies:
Owner’s lack of knowledge
Common protein deficiencies high level of fruits and
starches
Many owners feed table foods an not commercial biscuits or canned diets.
http://ephemerist.files.wordpress.com/2008/05/monkey.jpg
Vitamin Deficiency
Vitamin C Supplements needed due to decreased levels in
diet after 90 days of storage. Daily fresh fruits or monkey vitamins 1-4 mg/kg of body weight every day Causes:
Swelling of long bones and hemorrhaging of the gums
Vitamin Deficiency
Vitamin D3 (New World Monkeys) Supplements needed due to insufficient sunlight. 2000 IU per kg every day Causes:
Soft bones, bone deformities and multiple fractures.
How much should I feed my primate? Consumption of adults:
3% to 5% of their body weight DAILY
Waste a lot of food Greater quantity should be
offered. Offer “meals” 2-3 times a
day instead of once daily. http://www.awionline.org/lab_animals/LAREF/Jen-Salad%2014.jpg
How about treats? Commercial food
80% to 90% of daily intake
Treats Fresh fruits Vegetables Commercial “treats”
New World monkeys Mealworms Crickets Canned dog food Hard broiled eggs
http://www.ericsons.net/images/343.jpg
http://tarrant.tamu.edu/garden/images/Fruits.gif
http://www.swarmsupplies.co.uk/images/Silent-crickets-6.jpg
Water and Fruit Juices
Water Fresh and clean Available at all times Sipper-tube or valved water
system.
Fruit juices Offered occasionally as a
treat.
http://www.primatecare.com/water.jpg
http://www.fehd.gov.hk/safefood/food_safety_plan/images/control_juice.jpg
OVERVIEW: Do RESEARCH!!
Check with your state and county for local laws.
Have the right cage size for your primate.
Feed the right diet depending on the specie’s requirements.
References Horne, William A. Primate Anesthesia.
Veterinary Clinics of North America: Exotic Animal Practice. 2001;4(1): 239-66.
Johnson-Delaney, Cathy A. Primates. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1994;24(1):121-56.
Satterfield, William C. and William R. Voss. Nonhuman Primates and the Practitioner. Veterinary Clinics of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1987;17(5):1185-202.
Wallis, Jannette and D. Rick Lee. Primate Conservation: The Prevention of Disease Transmission. International Journal of Primatology. 1999;20(6):803-826.
Whitney, Robert A. Primate Medicine and Husbandry. Symposium on Non-Domestic Pet Medicine. Veterinary Clinicis of North America: Small Animal Practice. 1979;9(3):429-45.
QUESTIONS?
http://saldf.stanford.edu/images/primates3.jpg