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Lesson Aim:
• To critically examine the biomechanical principles which are important in Physical activity & Sport.
• To be able to state why these principles are important to consider in terms of athletics.
Newton’s First Law of Motion
• every body continues in it state of rest or motion in a straight line unless compelled to change that state by external forces exerted on it. (conservation of momentum)
This external force will act to change the vertical motion, but not the horizontal
Newton’s Second Law of Motion
• the rate of change of momentum (acceleration) of a object is proportional to the force causing it and the change takes place in the direction in which the force acts.
Newton’s Third Law of Motion
• for every force that is exerted by one body on another, there is an equal and opposite force exerted by the second body on the first (action - reaction) –
Balance C-o-M
• The point about which the body’s mass is evenly distributed is referred to as the Centre of Mass (CoM)
• This is also sometimes referred to as the Centre of Gravity, but this actually refers only to the vertical direction.
Balance C-o-M
• The location of the CoM depends on the location of the body segments:– Raise your arms
above your head and your CoM rises within your body
– Lift one arm and one leg out to the side, and the CoM will move towards that side
Balance C-o-M
• Understand the effect of positioning/moving limb segments while in the air…– if both of these people are the same height,
have the same build and jump the same height, which one is going to hit the volleyball at the greatest height? Why?
Balance Base of support
• The area that a body is in contact with a solid surface
• Base of support can be between to or more points.
• A body becomes unbalanced when the centre of mass moves outside the base of support.
• sometimes it is more valuable in athletics to be off balance, when why?
Balance unbalanced
Levers• “a bar, hinged/pivoted at one point, to which forces are
applied at two other points”– Fulcrum/axis– Weight/resistance– Force
1st
RF
3rd
R
F
2nd
R (BW)F
Levers – functional aspectsIncrease Speed
Increase Force
First Class
Second Class
Third Class
Force arm < Resistance arm
Force arm = Resistance arm
Force arm > Resistance arm
F R
F
R
F
R
F R F R
Inter-segment Sequencing
• when the second segment reaches its maximum angular velocity (zero acceleration) during the midrange of its motion, it too decelerates and transfers angular momentum to the next adjacent distal segment in the chain.
• such a sequence occurs, link by link, from large to small, from base to end (proximal to distal) until the end of the chain is reached.
Projectiles
We typically look at Release heightRelease angleRelease speed
to evaluate projectile motion
What are the characteristics of a high jumper as a projectile?
What effect does air resistance have on flight?
What effect does varying the height, angle or speed of release have on the distance achieved?
• Release angle: there is an optimum angle depending on the release height:
Release ht = landing ht: = 45Release ht > landing ht: < 45Release ht < landing ht: > 45
• Release speed: an increase in speed = increased range
• Release height: increased height = increased range
Magnus Effect• if a ball spins in flight, it will drag some of the
air close to the surface with it. This creates an area of high pressure and an area of low pressure on opposite sides of the ball
• this pressure imbalance will make the ball curve in flight