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CHAPTER 2THE SS7 NETWORK
CHAPTER 3SS7 4 LEVEL MODEL
CHAPTER 4SS7 NETWORK
ADDRESSING AND ROUTING
CHAPTER 5SS7 SIGNALLING UNITS
CHAPTER 1ROLE OF SIGNALLING
SYSTEM
CHAPTER 7TRANS. CAP’S. AP AND
MAP
CHAPTER 8GSM NETWORK OVERVIEW
TO SS7
CHAPTER 6SIGNALLING CONNECTION
CONTROL PART
Principles of C7
Training Manual
Version 1 Revision 0
FOR TRAININGPURPOSES ONLY
CP03
FOR TRAININGPURPOSES ONLY
Version 1 Revision 0
Training M
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Principles of C
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Version 1 R
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Principles of C7
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TrainingManual
�MOTOROLA LTD. 2001
CP03: Principles of C7
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY i
Version 1 Revision 0
CP03Principles of C7
� Motorola 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999All Rights ReservedPrinted in the U.K.
Version 1 Revision 0
�MOTOROLA LTD. 2001
CP03: Principles of C7
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLYii
Copyrights, notices and trademarks
CopyrightsThe Motorola products described in this document may include copyrighted Motorola computerprograms stored in semiconductor memories or other media. Laws in the United States and othercountries preserve for Motorola certain exclusive rights for copyright computer programs, including theexclusive right to copy or reproduce in any form the copyright computer program. Accordingly, anycopyright Motorola computer programs contained in the Motorola products described in this documentmay not be copied or reproduced in any manner without the express written permission of Motorola.Furthermore, the purchase of Motorola products shall not be deemed to grant either directly or byimplication, estoppel or otherwise, any license under the copyrights, patents or patent applications ofMotorola, except for the rights that arise by operation of law in the sale of a product.
RestrictionsThe software described in this document is the property of Motorola. It is furnished under a licenseagreement and may be used and/or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of the agreement.Software and documentation are copyright materials. Making unauthorized copies is prohibited bylaw. No part of the software or documentation may be reproduced, transmitted, transcribed, storedin a retrieval system, or translated into any language or computer language, in any form or by anymeans, without prior written permission of Motorola.
AccuracyWhile reasonable efforts have been made to assure the accuracy of this document, Motorolaassumes no liability resulting from any inaccuracies or omissions in this document, or from the useof the information obtained herein. Motorola reserves the right to make changes to any productsdescribed herein to improve reliability, function, or design, and reserves the right to revise thisdocument and to make changes from time to time in content hereof with no obligation to notify anyperson of revisions or changes. Motorola does not assume any liability arising out of the applicationor use of any product or circuit described herein; neither does it convey license under its patentrights of others.
Trademarks
and MOTOROLA are trademarks of Motorola Inc.UNIX is a registered trademark in the United States and other countries, licensed exclusively throughX/Open Company Limited.Tandem , Integrity , Integrity S2 , and Non-Stop-UX are trademarks of Tandem ComputersIncorporated.X Window System , X and X11 are trademarks of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology.Looking Glass is a registered trademark of Visix Software Ltd.OSF/Motif is a trademark of the Open Software Foundation.Ethernet is a trademark of the Xerox Corporation.Wingz is a trademark and INFORMIX is a registered trademark of Informix Software Ltd.SUN, SPARC, and SPARCStation are trademarks of Sun Microsystems Computer Corporation.IBM is a registered trademark of International Business Machines Corporation.HP is a registered trademark of Hewlett Packard Inc.
Version 1 Revision 0
�MOTOROLA LTD. 2001
CP03: Principles of C7
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY iii
General information 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Important notice 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Purpose 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . About this manual 1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Cross references 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Text conventions 2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
First aid in case of electric shock 3. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Reporting safety issues 4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Warnings and cautions 5. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General warnings 6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only) 8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beryllium health and safety precautions 11. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
General cautions 13. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Devices sensitive to static 14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Motorola GSM manual set 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Introduction 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Generic manuals 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tandem OMC 15. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Scaleable OMC 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Related manuals 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service manuals 16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Category number 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Catalogue number 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ordering manuals 17. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 1Role of Signalling System No 7 in GSM i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 1–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 in GSM 1–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GSM Network Overview 1–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Network Switching Subsystem 1–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Base Station System 1–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Management Centre (NMC) 1–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2Mbits PCM 1–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Interfaces 1–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GSM Interface Names 1–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interface Names 1–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 2The SS7 Network i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 2–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Requirements of SS7 2–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Elements in a Network 2–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer Point 2–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Point Code 2–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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CP03: Principles of C7
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLYiv
Format of Signalling Point Code 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Numbering of International Signalling Points 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Link and Link Sets 2–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 Signalling Link Types 2–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Route and Route Set 2–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Routing across a network 2–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Methods 2–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E1 PCM 2–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCP Database 2–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Switching Point (SSP) 2–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Control Point (SCP) 2–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The SS7 Network 2–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 3SS7 4 Level Model i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 3–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protocols 3–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protocol Layers of the OSI 7 Model 3–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protocol Comparison of OSI to SS7 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 to OSI Overview 3–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 1 3–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 2 3–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 2 Functionality 3–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 3 3–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 3 Functionality 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Traffic Handling 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Network Management 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Functionality 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message discrimination 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Transfer Part 3–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 layer 4 3–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 to OSI layers 3–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Connection Control Part 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transaction Capabilities Application Part 3–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Application Part (MAP) 3–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP services 3–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP Services and Primitives 3–36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 4SS7 Network Addressing and Routing i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 4–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Addressing 4–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Point Codes 4–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Version 1 Revision 0
�MOTOROLA LTD. 2001
CP03: Principles of C7
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY v
Point Codes 4–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Global Title 4–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subsystem Numbering 4–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 5SS7 Signalling Units i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 5–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Units Overview 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circuit Switch 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Switch 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Packet Switch 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Packet Switching 5–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signal Unit Packets (Generic) 5–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flag 5–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error Correction and Flow Control 5–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error Correction and Flow Control 5–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIB p BIB 5–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retransmission of Signalling Units 5–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length Indicator (LI) 5–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Field Check Sum 5–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Units Overview 5–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fill in Signal Unit 5–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Link Status Signal Unit 5–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LSSU Status Indication 5–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Link Alignment 5–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Link Alignment Test Duration 5–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Signal Unit 5–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Information Octet 5–36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Indicator (SI) 5–38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sub-Service Field 5–40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Information Field 5–42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Routing Label 5–44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Management and Test Messages 5–46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Header Fields 5–48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Network Management and Network Test Messages 5–50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Network Management and Network Test Messages 5–52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 6Signalling Connection Control Part i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 6–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Connection Control Part 6–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Signalling Services 6–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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SCCP Services 6–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Primitives 6–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Protocol Classes 6–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Embedded in MSU 6–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Message 6–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Routing Label 6–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message type code. 6–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parameters 6–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Message Structure 6–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Type Code 6–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Routing 6–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Routing Calling Party and Called Party 6–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Addressing for Routing 6–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Called Party Address 6–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Address information 6–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Functional Structure 6–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 7Transaction Capabilities Application Part and Mobile Application Part i. .
Objectives 7–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) 7–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of TCAP 7–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Application Part 7–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP Application Entities 7–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP and MAP Interworking 7–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP and MAP in the OSI Model 7–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AE Functionality 7–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Structure 7–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Component Sub Layer (CSL) 7–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Transaction Sub layer (TSL) 7–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Message Interfaces 7–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Embedded Message Structure 7–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Information Elements 7–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primitives and Constructor IE 7–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Message Structure 7–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Transaction Procedures 7–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP user Communication 7–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP/MAP Transactions 7–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Chapter 8GSM Network Overview to SS7 i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 8–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GSM Network Components 8–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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GSM Interface Names 8–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interface Names 8–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Interface Protocols 8–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Interface between MSC and BSS 8–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BSSAP Message Structure 8–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BSSMAP Message 8–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DTAP Message 8–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interfaces Between BSC, BTS and MS 8–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAPD frame Structure 8–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Address Field 8–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control field 8–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAPDm Frames 8–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAPDm Frame Structure 8–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A and B format Frame Structure 8–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Address Field 8–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control Field 8–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Connection to GPRS 8–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Version 1 Revision 0 General information
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CP03: Principles of C7
FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 1
General information
Important notice
If this manual was obtained when you attended a Motorola training course, it will not beupdated or amended by Motorola. It is intended for TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY. If itwas supplied under normal operational circumstances, to support a major softwarerelease, then corrections will be supplied automatically by Motorola in the form ofGeneral Manual Revisions (GMRs).
Purpose
Motorola Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) Technical Education manualsare intended to support the delivery of Technical Education only and are not intended toreplace the use of Customer Product Documentation.
Failure to comply with Motorola’s operation, installation and maintenanceinstructions may, in exceptional circumstances, lead to serious injury or death.
WARNING
These manuals are not intended to replace the system and equipment training offered byMotorola, although they can be used to supplement and enhance the knowledge gainedthrough such training.
About thismanual
Version 1 Revision 0General information
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Cross references
Throughout this manual, cross references are made to the chapter numbers and sectionnames. The section name cross references are printed bold in text.
This manual is divided into uniquely identified and numbered chapters that, in turn, aredivided into sections. Sections are not numbered, but are individually named at the topof each page, and are listed in the table of contents.
Text conventions
The following conventions are used in the Motorola GSM manuals to represent keyboardinput text, screen output text and special key sequences.
Input
Characters typed in at the keyboard are shown like this.
Output
Messages, prompts, file listings, directories, utilities, and environmentalvariables that appear on the screen are shown like this.
Special key sequences
Special key sequences are represented as follows:
CTRL-c Press the Control and c keys at the same time.
ALT-f Press the Alt and f keys at the same time.
| Press the pipe symbol key.
CR or RETURN Press the Return (Enter) key. The Return key isidentified with the ↵ symbol on both the X terminal andthe SPARCstation keyboards. The SPARCstationkeyboard Return key is also identified with the wordReturn.
Version 1 Revision 0 First aid in case of electric shock
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First aid in case of electric shock
Warning
Do not touch the victim with your bare hands until the electric circuit isbroken.Switch off. If this is not possible, protect yourself with dry insulatingmaterial and pull or push the victim clear of the conductor.
WARNING
Artificialrespiration
In the event of an electric shock it may be necessary to carry out artificial respiration.Send for medical assistance immediately.
Burns treatment
A warning is used to alert the reader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life,physical injury, or ill health. This includes hazards introduced during maintenance, forexample, the use of adhesives and solvents, as well as those inherent in the equipment.
1. Do not attempt to remove clothing adhering to the burn.
2. If help is available, or as soon as artificial respiration is no longer required, coverthe wound with a dry dressing.
3. Do not apply oil or grease in any form.
Version 1 Revision 0Reporting safety issues
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CP03: Principles of C7
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Reporting safety issues
Introduction
A caution means that there is a possibility of damage to systems, or individual items ofequipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel.
Procedure
Whenever a safety issue arises:
1. Make the equipment concerned safe, for example, by removing power.
2. Make no further attempt to tamper with the equipment.
3. Report the problem directly to GSM Customer Network Resolution Centre+44 (0)1793 430040 (telephone) and follow up with a written report by fax+44 (0)1793 430987 (fax).
4. Collect evidence from the equipment under the guidance of the Customer NetworkResolution Centre.
Version 1 Revision 0 Warnings and cautions
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Warnings and cautions
Introduction
The following describes how warnings and cautions are used in this manual and in allmanuals of the Motorola GSM manual set.
Warnings
Definition
A warning is used to alert the reader to possible hazards that could cause loss of life,physical injury, or ill health. This includes hazards introduced during maintenance, forexample, the use of adhesives and solvents, as well as those inherent in the equipment.
Example and format
Do not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors.Laser radiation can come from either the data in/out connectors orunterminated fibre optic cables connected to data in/out connectors.
WARNING
Cautions
Definition
A caution means that there is a possibility of damage to systems, or individual items ofequipment within a system. However, this presents no danger to personnel.
Example and format
Do not use test equipment that is beyond its calibration due date when testingMotorola base stations.
CAUTION
Version 1 Revision 0General warnings
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General warnings
Introduction
Observe the following warnings during all phases of operation, installation andmaintenance of the equipment described in the Motorola GSM manuals. Failure tocomply with these warnings, or with specific warnings elsewhere in the Motorola GSMmanuals, violates safety standards of design, manufacture and intended use of theequipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customer’s failure to comply with theserequirements.
Warning labelsPersonnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any warninglabels fitted to the equipment. Warning labels must not be removed, painted over orobscured in any way.
Specificwarnings
Warnings particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned on the equipment andwithin the text of this manual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times whenworking with the equipment, as must any other warnings given in text, on the illustrationsand on the equipment.
High voltageCertain Motorola equipment operates from a dangerous high voltage of 230 V ac singlephase or 415 V ac three phase mains which is potentially lethal. Therefore, the areaswhere the ac mains power is present must not be approached until the warnings andcautions in the text and on the equipment have been complied with.
To achieve isolation of the equipment from the ac supply, the mains input isolator mustbe set to off and locked.
Within the United Kingdom (UK) regard must be paid to the requirements of theElectricity at Work Regulations 1989. There may also be specific country legislationwhich need to be complied with, depending on where the equipment is used.
RF radiationHigh RF potentials and electromagnetic fields are present in the base station equipmentwhen in operation. Ensure that all transmitters are switched off when any antennaconnections have to be changed. Do not key transmitters connected to unterminatedcavities or feeders.
Refer to the following standards:
� ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to HumanExposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz.
� CENELEC 95 ENV 50166-2, Human Exposure to Electromagnetic Fields HighFrequency (10kHz to 300GHz).
Laser radiationDo not look directly into fibre optic cables or optical data in/out connectors. Laserradiation can come from either the data in/out connectors or unterminated fibre opticcables connected to data in/out connectors.
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Liftingequipment
When dismantling heavy assemblies, or removing or replacing equipment, the competentresponsible person must ensure that adequate lifting facilities are available. Whereprovided, lifting frames must be used for these operations. When equipments have to bemanhandled, reference must be made to the Manual Handling of Loads Regulations1992 (UK) or to the relevant manual handling of loads legislation for the country in whichthe equipment is used.
Do not ...... substitute parts or modify equipment.
Because of the danger of introducing additional hazards, do not install substitute parts orperform any unauthorized modification of equipment. Contact Motorola if in doubt toensure that safety features are maintained.
Battery supplies
Do not wear earth straps when working with standby battery supplies.
Toxic material
Certain Motorola equipment incorporates components containing the highly toxic materialBeryllium or its oxide Beryllia or both. These materials are especially hazardous if:
� Beryllium materials are absorbed into the body tissues through the skin, mouth, ora wound.
� The dust created by breakage of Beryllia is inhaled.
� Toxic fumes are inhaled from Beryllium or Beryllia involved in a fire.
See the Beryllium health and safety precautions section for further information.
Version 1 Revision 0Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only)
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Human exposure to radio frequency energy (PCS1900 only)
IntroductionThis equipment is designed to generate and radiate radio frequency (RF) energy. Itshould be installed and maintained only by trained technicians. Licensees of the FederalCommunications Commission (FCC) using this equipment are responsible for insuringthat its installation and operation comply with FCC regulations designed to limit humanexposure to RF radiation in accordance with the American National Standards InstituteIEEE Standard C95.1-1991, IEEE Standard for Safety Levels with Respect to HumanExposure to Radio Frequency Electromagnetic Fields, 3kHz to 300GHz.
DefinitionsThis standard establishes two sets of maximum permitted exposure limits, one forcontrolled environments and another, that allows less exposure, for uncontrolledenvironments. These terms are defined by the standard, as follows:
Uncontrolled environment
Uncontrolled environments are locations where there is the exposure of individuals whohave no knowledge or control of their exposure. The exposures may occur in livingquarters or workplaces where there are no expectations that the exposure levels mayexceed those shown for uncontrolled environments in the table of maximum permittedexposure ceilings.
Controlled environmentControlled environments are locations where there is exposure that may be incurred bypersons who are aware of the potential for exposure as a concomitant of employment, byother cognizant persons, or as the incidental result of transient passage through areaswhere analysis shows the exposure levels may be above those shown for uncontrolledenvironments but do not exceed the values shown for controlled environments in thetable of maximum permitted exposure ceilings.
Maximumpermittedexposures
The maximum permitted exposures prescribed by the standard are set in terms ofdifferent parameters of effects, depending on the frequency generated by the equipmentin question. At the frequency range of this Personal Communication System equipment,1930-1970MHz, the maximum permitted exposure levels are set in terms of powerdensity, whose definition and relationship to electric field and magnetic field strengths aredescribed by the standard as follows:
Power density (S)
Power per unit area normal to the direction of propagation, usually expressed in units ofwatts per square metre (W/m2) or, for convenience, units such as milliwatts per squarecentimetre (mW/cm2). For plane waves, power density, electric field strength (E) andmagnetic field strength (H) are related by the impedance of free space, 377 ohms. Inparticular,
� ���
���� ���� ��
where E and H are expressed in units of V/m and A/m, respectively, and S in units ofW/m2. Although many survey instruments indicate power density units, the actualquantities measured are E or E2 or H or H2.
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Maximumpermittedexposureceilings
Within the frequency range, the maximum permitted exposure ceiling for uncontrolledenvironments is a power density (mW/cm2) that equals f/1500, where f is the frequencyexpressed in MHz, and measurements are averaged over a period of 30 minutes. Themaximum permitted exposure ceiling for controlled environments, also expressed inmW/cm2, is f/300 where measurements are averaged over 6 minutes. Applying theseprinciples to the minimum and maximum frequencies for which this equipment is intendedto be used yields the following maximum permitted exposure levels:
Uncontrolled Environment Controlled Environment
1930MHz 1970MHz 1930MHz 1970MHz
Ceiling 1.287mW/cm2 1.313mW/cm2 6.433mW/cm2 6.567mW/cm2
If you plan to operate the equipment at more than one frequency, compliance should beassured at the frequency which produces the lowest exposure ceiling (among thefrequencies at which operation will occur).
Licensees must be able to certify to the FCC that their facilities meet the above ceilings.Some lower power PCS devices, 100 milliwatts or less, are excluded from demonstratingcompliance, but this equipment operates at power levels orders of magnitude higher, andthe exclusion is not applicable.
Whether a given installation meets the maximum permitted exposure ceilings depends, inpart, upon antenna type, antenna placement and the output power to which thisequipment is adjusted. The following example sets forth the distances from the antennato which access should be prevented in order to comply with the uncontrolled andcontrolled environment exposure limits as set forth in the ANSI IEEE standards andcomputed above.
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Examplecalculation
For a base station with the following characteristics, what is the minimum distance fromthe antenna necessary to meet the requirements of an uncontrolled environment?
Transmit frequency 1930MHz
Base station cabinet output power, P +39.0dBm (8 watts)
Antenna feeder cable loss, CL 2.0dB
Antenna input power Pin P–CL = +39.0–2.0 = +37.0dB (5watts)
Antenna gain, G 16.4dBi (43.65)
Using the following relationship:
� ������
���
Where W is the maximum permissible power density in W/m2 and r is the safe distancefrom the antenna in metres, the desired distance can be calculated as follows:
� �����
���� �
������ �
��� ����� � �����
where W = 12.87 W/m2 was obtained from table listed above and converting frommW/cm2 to W/m2.
The above result applies only in the direction of maximum radiation of theantenna. Actual installations may employ antennas that have defined radiationpatterns and gains that differ from the example set forth above. The distancescalculated can vary depending on the actual antenna pattern and gain.
NOTE
Power densitymeasurements
While installation calculations such as the above are useful and essential in planning anddesign, validation that the operating facility using this equipment actually complies willrequire making power density measurements. For information on measuring RF fields fordetermining compliance with ANSI IEEE C95.1-1991, see IEEE Recommended Practicefor the Measure of Potentially Hazardous Electromagnetic Fields - RF and Microwave,IEEE Std C95.3-1991. Copies of IEEE C95.1-1991 and IEEE C95.3-1991 may bepurchased from the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, Inc., Attn:Publication Sales, 445 Hoes Lane, P.O. Box 1331, Piscattaway, NJ 08855-1331,(800) 678-IEEE or from ANSI, (212) 642-4900. Persons responsible for installation of thisequipment are urged to consult these standards in determining whether a giveninstallation complies with the applicable limits.
Other equipmentWhether a given installation meets ANSI standards for human exposure to radiofrequency radiation may depend not only on this equipment but also on whether theenvironments being assessed are being affected by radio frequency fields from otherequipment, the effects of which may add to the level of exposure. Accordingly, the overallexposure may be affected by radio frequency generating facilities that exist at the timethe licensee’s equipment is being installed or even by equipment installed later.Therefore, the effects of any such facilities must be considered in site selection and indetermining whether a particular installation meets the FCC requirements.
Version 1 Revision 0 Beryllium health and safety precautions
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Beryllium health and safety precautions
Introduction
Beryllium (Be), is a hard silver/white metal. It is stable in air, but burns brilliantly inOxygen.
With the exception of the naturally occurring Beryl ore (Beryllium Silicate), all Berylliumcompounds and Beryllium metal are potentially highly toxic.
Health issues
Beryllium Oxide is used within some components as an electrical insulator. Captive withinthe component it presents no health risk whatsoever. However, if the component shouldbe broken open and the Beryllium Oxide, which is in the form of dust, released, thereexists the potential for harm.
Inhalation
Inhalation of Beryllium Oxide can lead to a condition known as Berylliosis, the symptomsof Berylliosis are similar to Pneumonia and may be identified by all or any of thefollowing:
Mild poisoning causes fever, shortness of breath, and a cough that producesyellow/green sputum, or occasionally bloodstained sputum. Inflammation of the mucousmembranes of the nose, throat, and chest with discomfort, possibly pain, and difficultywith swallowing and breathing.
Severe poisoning causes chest pain and wheezing which may progress to severeshortness of breath due to congestion of the lungs. Incubation period for lung symptomsis 2-20 days.
Exposure to moderately high concentrations of Beryllium in air may produce a veryserious condition of the lungs. The injured person may become blue, feverish with rapidbreathing and raised pulse rate. Recovery is usual but may take several months. Therehave been deaths in the acute stage.
Chronic response. This condition is more truly a general one although the lungs aremainly affected. There may be lesions in the kidneys and the skin. Certain featuressupport the view that the condition is allergic. There is no relationship between thedegree of exposure and the severity of response and there is usually a time lag of up to10 years between exposure and the onset of the illness. Both sexes are equallysusceptible. The onset of the illness is insidious but only a small number of exposedpersons develop this reaction.
First aid
Seek immediate medical assistance. The casualty should be removed immediately fromthe exposure area and placed in a fresh air environment with breathing supported withOxygen where required. Any contaminated clothing should be removed. The casualtyshould be kept warm and at rest until medical aid arrives.
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Skin contact
Possible irritation and redness at the contact area. Persistent itching and blisterformations can occur which usually resolve on removal from exposure.
First aid
Wash area thoroughly with soap and water. If skin is broken seek immediate medicalassistance.
Eye contact
May cause severe irritation, redness and swelling of eyelid(s) and inflammation of themucous membranes of the eyes.
First aid
Flush eyes with running water for at least 15 minutes. Seek medical assistance as soonas possible.
Handlingprocedures
Removal of components from printed circuit boards (PCBs) is to take place only atMotorola approved repair centres.
The removal station will be equipped with extraction equipment and all other protectiveequipment necessary for the safe removal of components containing Beryllium Oxide.
If during removal a component is accidently opened, the Beryllium Oxide dust is to bewetted into a paste and put into a container with a spatula or similar tool. The spatula/toolused to collect the paste is also to be placed in the container. The container is then to besealed and labelled. A suitable respirator is to be worn at all times during this operation.
Components which are successfully removed are to be placed in a separate bag, sealedand labelled.
Disposalmethods
Beryllium Oxide or components containing Beryllium Oxide are to be treated ashazardous waste. All components must be removed where possible from boards and putinto sealed bags labelled Beryllium Oxide components. These bags must be given to thesafety and environmental adviser for disposal.
Under no circumstances are boards or components containing Beryllium Oxide to be putinto the general waste skips or incinerated.
Product life cycleimplications
Motorola GSM and analogue equipment includes components containing Beryllium Oxide(identified in text as appropriate and indicated by warning labels on the equipment).These components require specific disposal measures as indicated in the preceding(Disposal methods) paragraph. Motorola will arrange for the disposal of all suchhazardous waste as part of its Total Customer Satisfaction philosophy and will arrangefor the most environmentally ‘friendly’ disposal available at that time.
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General cautions
Introduction
Observe the following cautions during operation, installation and maintenance of theequipment described in the Motorola GSM manuals. Failure to comply with thesecautions or with specific cautions elsewhere in the Motorola GSM manuals may result indamage to the equipment. Motorola assumes no liability for the customer’s failure tocomply with these requirements.
Caution labels
Personnel working with or operating Motorola equipment must comply with any cautionlabels fitted to the equipment. Caution labels must not be removed, painted over orobscured in any way.
Specific cautions
Cautions particularly applicable to the equipment are positioned within the text of thismanual. These must be observed by all personnel at all times when working with theequipment, as must any other cautions given in text, on the illustrations and on theequipment.
Fibre optics
The bending radius of all fibre optic cables must not be less than 30 mm.
Static discharge
Motorola equipment contains CMOS devices that are vulnerable to static discharge.Although the damage caused by static discharge may not be immediately apparent,CMOS devices may be damaged in the long term due to static discharge caused bymishandling. Wear an approved earth strap when adjusting or handling digital boards.
See Devices sensitive to static for further information.
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Devices sensitive to static
Introduction
Certain metal oxide semiconductor (MOS) devices embody in their design a thin layer ofinsulation that is susceptible to damage from electrostatic charge. Such a charge appliedto the leads of the device could cause irreparable damage.
These charges can be built up on nylon overalls, by friction, by pushing the hands intohigh insulation packing material or by use of unearthed soldering irons.
MOS devices are normally despatched from the manufacturers with the leads shortedtogether, for example, by metal foil eyelets, wire strapping, or by inserting the leads intoconductive plastic foam. Provided the leads are shorted it is safe to handle the device.
Special handlingtechniques
In the event of one of these devices having to be replaced observe the followingprecautions when handling the replacement:
� Always wear an earth strap which must be connected to the electrostatic point(ESP) on the equipment.
� Leave the short circuit on the leads until the last moment. It may be necessary toreplace the conductive foam by a piece of wire to enable the device to be fitted.
� Do not wear outer clothing made of nylon or similar man made material. A cottonoverall is preferable.
� If possible work on an earthed metal surface. Wipe insulated plastic work surfaceswith an anti-static cloth before starting the operation.
� All metal tools should be used and when not in use they should be placed on anearthed surface.
� Take care when removing components connected to electrostatic sensitivedevices. These components may be providing protection to the device.
When mounted onto printed circuit boards (PCBs), MOS devices are normally lesssusceptible to electrostatic damage. However PCBs should be handled with care,preferably by their edges and not by their tracks and pins, they should be transferreddirectly from their packing to the equipment (or the other way around) and never leftexposed on the workbench.
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Motorola GSM manual set
Introduction
The following manuals provide the information needed to operate, install and maintain theMotorola GSM equipment.
Generic manuals
The following are the generic manuals in the GSM manual set, these manuals arerelease dependent:
Categorynumber
Name Cataloguenumber
GSM-100-101 System Information: General 68P02901W01
GSM-100-201 Operating Information: GSM System Operation 68P02901W14
GSM-100-311 Technical Description: OMC in a GSM System 68P02901W31
GSM-100-313 Technical Description: OMC Database Schema 68P02901W34
GSM-100-320 Technical Description: BSS Implementation 68P02901W36
GSM-100-321 Technical Description: BSS CommandReference
68P02901W23
GSM-100-403 Installation & Configuration: GSM SystemConfiguration
68P02901W17
GSM-100-423 Installation & Configuration: BSS Optimization 68P02901W43
GSM-100-501 Maintenance Information: Alarm Handling atthe OMC
68P02901W26
GSM-100-521 Maintenance Information: Device StateTransitions
68P02901W57
GSM-100-523 Maintenance Information: BSS FieldTroubleshooting
68P02901W51
GSM-100-503 Maintenance Information: GSM StatisticsApplication
68P02901W56
GSM-100-721 Software Release Notes: BSS/RXCDR 68P02901W72
Tandem OMC
The following Tandem OMC manuals are part of the GSM manual set for systemsdeploying Tandem S300 and 1475:
Categorynumber
Name Cataloguenumber
GSM-100-202 Operating Information: OMC SystemAdministration
68P02901W13
GSM-100-712 Software Release Notes: OMC System 68P02901W71
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Scaleable OMC
The following Scaleable OMC manuals replace the equivalent Tandem OMC manuals inthe GSM manual set:
Categorynumber
Name Cataloguenumber
GSM-100-202 Operating Information: Scaleable OMC SystemAdministration
68P02901W19
GSM-100-413 Installation & Configuration: Scaleable OMCClean Install
68P02901W47
GSM-100-712 Software Release Notes: Scaleable OMCSystem
68P02901W74
Related manuals
The following are related Motorola GSM manuals:
Categorynumber
Name Cataloguenumber
GSM-001-103 System Information: BSS Equipment Planning 68P02900W21
GSM-002-103 System Information: DataGen 68P02900W22
GSM-005-103 System Information: Advance OperationalImpact
68P02900W25
GSM-008-403 Installation & Configuration: Expert Adviser 68P02900W36
Service manuals
The following are the service manuals in the GSM manual set, these manuals are notrelease dependent. The internal organization and makeup of service manual sets mayvary, they may consist of from one to four separate manuals, but they can all be orderedusing the overall catalogue number shown below:
Categorynumber
Name Cataloguenumber
GSM-100-020 Service Manual: BTS 68P02901W37
GSM-100-030 Service Manual: BSC/RXCDR 68P02901W38
GSM-105-020 Service Manual: M-Cell2 68P02901W75
GSM-106-020 Service Manual: M-Cell6 68P02901W85
GSM-201-020 Service Manual: M-Cellcity 68P02901W95
GSM-202-020 Service Manual: M-Cellaccess 68P02901W65
GSM-101-SERIES ExCell4 Documentation Set 68P02900W50
GSM-103-SERIES ExCell6 Documentation Set 68P02900W70
GSM-102-SERIES TopCell Documentation Set 68P02901W80
GSM-200-SERIES M-Cellmicro Documentation Set 68P02901W90
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Category number
The category number is used to identify the type and level of a manual. For example,manuals with the category number GSM-100-2xx contain operating information.
Cataloguenumber
The Motorola 68P catalogue number is used to order manuals.
Orderingmanuals
All orders for Motorola manuals must be placed with your Motorola Local Office orRepresentative. Manuals are ordered using the catalogue number. Remember, specifythe manual issue required by quoting the correct suffix letter.
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Chapter 1
Role of Signalling System
No 7 in GSM
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Chapter 1Role of Signalling System No 7 in GSM i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 1–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 in GSM 1–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . GSM Network Overview 1–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Network Switching Subsystem 1–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Base Station System 1–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Management Centre (NMC) 1–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
2Mbits PCM 1–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Interfaces 1–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GSM Interface Names 1–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interface Names 1–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Objectives
At the end of this chapter the student will be able to:
� Identify the two Subsystems and their components in GSM.
� Identify the components and interfaces of the GSM network and describe theirfunction.
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SS7 in GSMGSM network components
GSM NetworkOverview
The diagram opposite shows a simplified GSM network. Each network component isillustrated only once. However, many of the components will occur several timesthroughout a network.
Each network component is designed to communicate over an interface specified by theGSM standards. This provides flexibility and enables a network provider to utilizesystem components from different manufacturers. For example Motorola Base StationSystem (BSS) equipment may be coupled with an Ericsson Network Switching System.
The principle component groups of a GSM network are:
The Mobile Station (MS)
This consists of the mobile telephone, fax machine etc. This is the part of the networkthat the subscriber will see.
The Base Station System (BSS)
This BSS is the part of the network that provides the radio interconnection from the MSto the land-based switching equipment.
The Network Switching System (NSS)
The NSS consists of the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC) and its associatedsystem-control databases and processors together with the required interfaces. This isthe part that provides for interconnection between the GSM network and the PublicSwitched Telephone Network (PSTN).
The Operations and Maintenance Centre (OMC)
This enables the network provider to configure and maintain the network from a centrallocation.
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GSM Network Components
CP03_Ch1_01
NMC
OMC
Operations andMaintenance System
Network Switching System
Base Station System
Interface/Connection
Mobile Station
PSTN
VLR HLR
AUC
EIRMSC
IWFEC
BTS
BSC
ME
SIM
XCDR
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The Network Switching Subsystem
Network Switching System
The Network Switching System includes the main switching functions of the GSMnetwork. It also contains the databases required for subscriber data and mobilitymanagement. Its main function is to manage communications between the GSMnetwork and other telecommunications networks.
The components of the Network Switching System are listed below:
� Mobile Services Switching Centre (MSC)
� Home Location Register (HLR)
� Visitor Location Register (VLR)
� Equipment Identity Register (EIR)
� Authentication Centre (AUC)
� InterWorking Function (IWF)
� Echo Canceller (EC)
In addition to the more traditional elements of a cellular telephone system, GSM hasLocation Register network entities. These entities are the Home Location Register(HLR), Visitor Location Register (VLR), and the Equipment Identity Register (EIR). Thelocation registers are database-oriented processing nodes, which address the problemsof managing subscriber data and keeping track of a MS’s location as it roams around thenetwork.
Functionally, the Interworking Function and the Echo Cancellers may be considered asparts of the MSC, since their activities are inextricably linked with those of the switch as itconnects speech and data calls to and from the MSs.
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Networking Switching System
CP03_Ch1_02
VLR
EC IWF
MSC
HLR
AUC
EIR
Network Switching System
VLR
EC IWF
MSC
HLR
AUC
EIR
Network Switching System
PSTNPSTNPSTN
Operationsand
Maintenance System
Operationsand
Maintenance System
Operationsand
Maintenance System
BSSBSSBSS
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The Base Station SystemThe GSM Base Station System is the equipment located at a cell site. It comprises acombination of digital and RF equipment. The BSS provides the link between the MobileStation (MS) and the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC).
The BSS communicates with the MS over the digital air interface and with the MSC via 2Mbit/s links.
The BSS consists of three major hardware components:
The Base Transceiver Station (BTS)
The BTS contains the RF components that provide the air interface for a particular cell.This is the part of the GSM network that communicates with the MS. The antenna isincluded as part of the BTS.
The Base Station Controller (BSC)
The BSC as its name implies provides the control for the BSS. The BSC communicatesdirectly with the MSC. The BSC may control single or multiple BTSs.
The Transcoder (XCDR)
The transcoder is used to compact the signals from the MS so that they are moreefficiently sent over the terrestrial interfaces. Although the transcoder is considered to bea part of the BSS, it is very often located closer to the MSC.
The transcoder is used to reduce the rate at which the traffic (voice/data) is transmittedover the air interface. Although the transcoder is part of the BSS, it is often foundphysically closer to the NSS to allow more efficient use of the terrestrial links.
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Base Station System
CP03_Ch1_03
BSC
BSS
BTS
XCDR
BTS
BTSBTS
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Network Management Centre (NMC)The NMC offers the ability to provide hierarchical regionalized network management of acomplete GSM system.
It is responsible for operations and maintenance at the network level, supported by theOMCs which are responsible for regional network management.
The NMC is therefore a single logical facility at the top of the network managementhierarchy.
The NMC has a high level view of the network, as a series of network nodes andinterconnecting communications facilities.
The OMC, on the other hand, is used to filter information from the network equipment forforwarding to the NMC, thus allowing it to focus on issues requiring nationalco-ordination. The NMC can also co-ordinate issues regarding interconnection to othernetworks, for example the Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN).
The NMC can take regional responsibility when an OMC is not manned, with the OMCacting as a transit point between the NMC and the network equipment. The NMCprovides operators with functions equivalent to those available at the OMC.
Functionality of the NMC
� Monitors node on the network.
� Monitors GSM Network Element Statistics.
� Monitors OMC regions and provides information to OMC staff.
� Passes on statistical information from one OMC region to another to improveproblem strategies.
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Network Management Centre
CP03_Ch1_04
NMC
OMC
OMC
OMC
NETWORK
REGION 1
REGION 2 REGION 3
Q3 PROTOCOL(GSM 12 SERIES)
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2Mbits PCM
2 Mbit/s Trunk 32-channel PCM
This diagram opposite shows the logical GSM system with the 2 Mbit/s interfaceshighlighted.
The interfaces carry traffic from the PSTN to the MSC, between MSCs, from an MSC toa BSC and from a BSC to remotely sited BTSs.
These links are also used between the MSC and IWF.
Each 2.048 Mbit/s link provides thirty-two 64 kbit/s channels available to carry speech,data, or control information. The control information may contain C7, LAPD or X.25formatted information.
These 2 Mbit/s links commonly act as the physical bearer for the interfaces usedbetween the GSM system entities.
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2Mbit trunks
CP03_Ch1_05
NMC
OMC
VLR
MSC
ECIWFXC
XC
VLR
EC IWF XC
MSC
HLR
AUC
EIR
PSTN
BTS BSC
CO–LOCATED ENTITIES
BSS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS BTS BTS
MS
MS
MS
VLR
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SS7 InterfacesThe term C7 and SS7 are describing the same function, they both describe the signallingfunction of the network, either term may be used
ITU-TS Signalling System #7
The diagram opposite illustrates the use of C7 in the GSM system; carrying signallingand control information between most major entities, and to and from the PSTN.
The following message protocols, which are part of C7, are used to communicatebetween the different GSM network entities:
Interfacing the PSTN, the MSC performs call-signalling functions using the TelephoneUser Part (TUP), or interfacing ISDN, the ISDN User Part (ISUP).
Between the MSC and the BSC, the Base Station System Management Application Part(BSSMAP) is used.
The Direct Transfer Application Part (DTAP) is used to send messages between theMSC and the mobile (MS).
MAP is used between the MSC and the VLR, EIR, and HLR.
Acronyms:
BSSAP Base Station System Application Part
BSSMAP Base Station System Management Application Part
DTAP Direct Transfer Application Part
ISUP ISDN User Part
MAP Mobile Application Part
SCCP Signalling connection Control Part
TUP Telephone User Part
TCAP Transaction Capabilities Application Part
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C7 Interfaces
CP03_Ch1_06
MAP
NMC
OMC
VLR
MSC
ECIWFXC
XC
VLR
EC IWF XC
MSC
HLR
AUC
EIR
PSTN
BTS BSC
BSS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS BTS BTS
MS
MS
MS
VLR
BSSMAP TUP
BSSAP
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GSM Interface Names
Interface Names
Each interface specified within the GSM system has a name associated with it. Thediagram opposite illustrates the names of all the interfaces specified by GSM.
Air-interface MS–BTS
A-bis(Mo-bis) BTS–BSC
A-interface BSS–MSC
B-Interface MSC–VLR
C-interface MSC–HLR
D-interface HLR–VLR
E-interface inter–MSC
F-interface MSC–EIR
G-interface VLR–VLR
R-interface MS–DTE (Data Terminating Equipment)
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GSM interface names
CP03_Ch1_07
NMC
OMC
VLR
MSC
ECIWFXC
XC
VLR
EC IWF XC
MSC
HLR
AUC
EIR
PSTN
BTS BSC
CO–LOCATED ENTITIES
BSS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS BTS BTS
MS
MS
MS
VLR
A
E
Abis
Um
G
B
D
BC
H
F
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Chapter 2
The SS7 Network
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Chapter 2The SS7 Network i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 2–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Main Requirements of SS7 2–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Elements in a Network 2–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer Point 2–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Point Code 2–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Format of Signalling Point Code 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Numbering of International Signalling Points 2–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Link and Link Sets 2–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . SS7 Signalling Link Types 2–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Route and Route Set 2–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Routing across a network 2–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Methods 2–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
E1 PCM 2–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCP Database 2–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Switching Point (SSP) 2–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Service Control Point (SCP) 2–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The SS7 Network 2–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Objectives
At the end of this chapter you will be able to:
� Identify the different functions that make up a signalling network.
� Understand the functionality within an SS7 network.
Version 1 Revision 0Main Requirements of SS7
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Main Requirements of SS7There are two main requirements of the signalling system.
� All calls must be set-up, monitored and broken down in a correct manner.
� The signalling system must be able to support all non-circuit applications such asdatabase enquires and supplementary services.
The SS7 network and protocol are used for:
� Basic call set-up, management, and tear down.
� Wireless services such as personal communications services (PCS), wirelessroaming, and mobile subscriber authentication.
� Local number portability (LNP).
� Toll-free (800/888) and toll (900) wire line services.
� Enhanced call features such as call forwarding, calling party name/number display,and three-way calling.
� Efficient and secure worldwide telecommunications.
Network management information must also be carried across the network. This enablesthe network to maintain itself during failures and then recover from them.
The network also needs to deal with load sharing and re-routing this is also achievedthrough the use of SS7
When looking at any signalling requirements within a telephone network it is important tounderstand that all voice calls breakdown into two separate components, the voicecomponent and the signalling component. All other calls are just seen by the network asdata that is signalling
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Main Requirements of SS7
CP03_Ch2_01
Circuit related applications concerned with the connection anddisconnection of telephone calls
Non circuit related applications which support the circuit relatedapplications
To achieve call processing the different components in the network mustbe able to interact with each other.
A call is made up of two components:– The voice/data component.– The signalling component.
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Elements in a Network
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Signalling Elements in a NetworkSP/STP The basic blocks in the network
SPC An address of a single unit in the network
Signalling link The physical connection
Link set More than one physical connection between the same two points
Route The logical connection between two points in a network
Route set More than one logical connection between the same two points
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Signalling Elements
CP03_Ch2_02
SP/STP
SPC ( opc–dpc)
Signalling Link
Link set
Route
Route set
�
�
�
�
�
�
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer Point
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Signalling Point/Signalling Transfer Point
Signalling Point (SP)
A Signalling Point is any node in the network that is able to handle signalling messages.These signalling messages can either be generated or received
Signalling transfer Point (STP)
A Signalling Transfer Point is able to receive a message on one signalling link and thentransfer that message to another link, without processing the contents of the message.
STP is able to transfer in three dimensions, national, regional and international
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Signalling Point/STP
CP03_Ch2_03
SP is a processing node in a signalling network, which hasSS7 implemented
STP is a processing node where a message is received inone link and transferred to another.
SPSPSTPSTP
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�
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Point Code
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Signalling Point Code
Signalling Point Code (SPC)
In the SS7 network all signalling points (SP) need to be identified in order to allow forcommunication between each other. All Signalling Points are identified by a unique codeknown as the Signalling Point Code (SPC)
The Signalling Point at which the signalling message is generated, or is the source userpart is known as the Originating Point Code (OPC)
The Signalling Point to which the signalling message is destined, or is the receiving userpart is known as the Destination Point Code (DPC)
In order to allow for multiplayer signalling there must be a method that allows forcommunication between different networks. It is the Network Indicator (NI) that must bedefined for this.
SP = NI – SPC
The SPC is normally 14 bits long in the binary form. This can be translated to either hexor various national presentations
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Signalling Point Code
CP03_Ch2_04
All signalling points in a SS7 network are identified by a unique codeknown as a Signalling Point Code SPC
There are two components to a SPC
SP = NI –SPC
�
�
Version 1 Revision 0Format of Signalling Point Code
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Format of Signalling Point Code
Numbering ofInternationalSignalling Points
A 14-bit binary code is used for the identification of signalling points (ITU-I Q708).
An international signalling point code (ISPC) should be assigned to each signalling point,which belongs to the international signalling network. For some network environment,one physical network node may serve as more than one signalling point, and maytherefore be assigned more than one signalling point code. All international signallingpoint codes (ISPC) should consist of three identification sub-fields as indicated. Thesub-field of 3 bits (NML) should identify a world geographical zone. The sub-field of 8 bits(K–D) should identify a geographical area or network in a specific zone. The sub-field of3 bits (CBA) should identify a signalling point in a specific geographical area or network.The combination of the first and second sub-fields could be regarded asa signallingarea/network code (SANC).
Each country (or geographical area) should be assigned at least one signallingarea/network code (SANC).
The system of International Signalling Point Codes (ISPC) will provide for 6�256�8(12288) ISPCs.
If a country (or geographical area) should require more than 8 international signallingpoints, one or more additional signalling area/network code(s) (SANC) would be assignedto it.
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Format of Signalling Point Code
CP03_Ch2_05
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Link and Link Sets
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Signalling Link and Link SetsA signalling link is the physical data link that connects two signalling points. It is abi-directional transmission path for signalling, comprising two data channels operatingtogether in opposite directions at the same data rate. It constitutes the lowest functionallevel (level 1) in the Signalling System No. 7 (SS7) functional hierarchy.
� A link set is a group of one to sixteen links between two nodes.
� All of the links must have the same attributes.
� Multiple link sets can be deployed between two nodes.
SS7 SignallingLink Types
Signalling links are logically organized by link type (“A” through “F”) according to their usein the SS7 signalling network.
A Link: An “A” (access) link connects a signalling end point (e.g., an SCP or SSP) to anSTP.
B Link: A “B” (bridge) link connects an STP to another STP. Typically, a quad of “B” linksinterconnect peer (or primary) STPs (e.g., the STPs from one network to the STPs ofanother network). The distinction between a “B” link and a “D” link is rather arbitrary. Forthis reason, such links may be referred to as “B/D” links.
C Link: A “C” (cross) link connects STPs performing identical functions into a mated pair.
D Link: A “D” (diagonal) link connects a secondary (e.g., local or regional) STP pair to aprimary (e.g., inter-network gateway) STP pair in a quad-link configuration. Thedistinction between a “B” link and a “D” link is rather arbitrary. For this reason, such linksmay be referred to as “B/D” links.
E Link: An “E” (extended) link connects an SSP to an alternate STP.
F Link: An “F” (fully associated) link connects two signalling end points.
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Signalling link & Link Set
CP03_Ch2_06
The physical connection between two nodes (SP/STP) in theSS7 network
One or more links connected between the same two nodes inthe network Can be used for Load distribution
Link 2
SPSP
STPSTP
Link 1 Link Set
Link 2
SPSP
STPSTP
Link 1 Link Set
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Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Route and Route Set
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Signalling Route and Route SetA signalling route is the pre-determined path, consisting of a succession of STPs andinterconnecting SLs that take a message through the network between the originatingpoint to the destination point.
Each route carries traffic to only one destination, the route may be direct or over severalSTPs, the SLs in a route may belong to several routes and as such carry traffic toseveral destinations
SLs and data in STPs combine to form a signalling route.
All the signalling routes that may be used between an originating point and a destinationpoint are known as a Signalling Route Set.
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Signalling Route and Route Set
CP03_Ch2_07
A signalling route is a predetermined path that takes themessage through the signalling network
A route set is one or more routes linked together
SPSPSPSP
STPSTP
Link Set
STPSTP
Link Set
STPSTP
Link Set
STPSTP
Link Set
STPSTP
Link Set
Signalling route
�
�
Version 1 Revision 0Message Routing across a network
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Message Routing across a networkThere are two signalling points that have a requirement to pass a message, the networkneeds to have various elements in order to pass the message.
If the two SPs are connected then the SL between them is the only network element.
If the SPs are in two different networks then all of the elements are required:
Signalling Route: Needs to be in place in order to pass the message
STP: Able to transfer message between networks
Signalling Link: Connects the SP to STP/SPs
SP: Start point and end point of message
Link Set: If more that one SL exists between SP and STP
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Message Routing
CP03_Ch2_08
Link SetOPC 2 –2–2
SPSP
STPSTP
STPSTP
Link Set
STPSTP
Link Set
signallinglink
Link Set
OPC 1 –1–1
STPSTPSTPSTP
SPSP
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Methods
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Signalling MethodsThere are two methods of signalling that can be used to achieve call processing, theyare:
� Channel Associated Signalling (CAS), where the speech and signalling areassociated to each other and follow the same physical path.
� Common Channel Signalling (CCS), is a signalling method in which a singlechannel conveys in data packets signalling information that relates to userspecified connections – as a result, speech and voice do not need to be physicallyrelated. Also known as associated mode when voice and signalling take the samepath, if the path is different then the signalling mode is associated.
SS7 has two signalling types:
� Connection orientated signalling where two nodes establish a link to transferinformation
� Connectionless signalling where a node sends information that does not requireacknowledgement of receipt
Version 1 Revision 0 Signalling Methods
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Signalling Methods
CP03_Ch2_09
Voice and Signalling Channel
Signalling Channel
Voice Channels
CAS
CCS
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E1 PCMAn E1 or 2.048Mbit/s PCM frame is made up of 32 eight-bit timeslots, numbered from 0to 31. Timeslot (T/S) 0 is always used for sync, this enables incoming slots to be read atthe correct time, timeslot 16 is normally used for signalling – this is not mandatory but itis widely accepted as the norm.
Sampling of the analogue signal is done at 8000 times per second. Each frame consistsof 8 bits from each timeslot. So, each timeslot is 8�8000=64,000 bits per second 64Kbit/sec
When referred to, the term E1 indicates both transmission and reception components.
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E1 PCM
CP03_Ch2_10
VOICE
32 timeslots @64 kb/s
0 16 31
What is an E1 PCM?
VOICE
SYNC SIG
Version 1 Revision 0SCP Database
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SCP DatabaseThe terms SSP and SCP are used in the Intelligent Network (IN), they explain theoperation of database enquiries.
ServiceSwitching Point(SSP)
SSPs are switches that originate, terminate, or tandem calls. An SSP sends signallingmessages to other SSPs to set-up, manage, and release voice circuits required tocomplete a call. An SSP may also send a query message to a centralized database (anSCP) to determine how to route a call (e.g., a toll-free 1-800/888 call in North America).
Service ControlPoint (SCP)
An SCP sends a response to the originating SSP containing the routing number(s)associated with the dialled number. An alternate routing number may be used by theSSP if the primary number is busy or the call is unanswered within a specified time.Actual call features vary from network to network and from service to service.
Databases may be either physically internal or external to the SCP, but must beconsidered a separate device. There are several types of database, which include:
� Call Management Service Database (CMSDB)
� Number Portability (NP)
� Line Information Database (LIDB)
� Home Location Register (HLR)
� Visitor Location Register (VLR)
Registers act as an interface to the telephone company database, and translate nongeographical numbers from a database to provide information for calling card, subscriberservices, fraud protection and intelligent networks
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Network Databases
CP03_Ch2_11
SCP
SSP
SSP
SCP
SS7 LINKS
SCPSCP
SSP
SSP
SCPSCP
SS7 LINKS
Version 1 Revision 0The SS7 Network
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The SS7 NetworkThe SS7 network can be divided into two parts, Voice and Signalling. As alreadymentioned they do need to follow the same physical path, and the two components arerequired to achieve a completed call.
In the network the signalling can also be broken into separate parts, one for the control ofthe voice and a second that is involved with database access. The database queries areclose to register signalling, however they can also be from many User Parts (UP) orapplication parts (AP).
The first parts of the network that will be used are the SPs and the SSPs these willestablish the validity of the call and also prepare the voice circuit, behind these parts theother components in the network the STPs and the SSPs will be used in the set up, or toanswer database queries and send reponses.
Version 1 Revision 0 The SS7 Network
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The SS7 Network
CP03_Ch2_12
STP
STP
SCP
SCP
SS7 Links
STP
STP
SCPSCP
SCPSCP
SS7 LinksVOICE CIRCUITS
SP
SP
SSP
SSP
VOICE CIRCUITS
SP
SP
SSP
SSP
Version 1 Revision 0The SS7 Network
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Chapter 3
SS7 4 Level Model
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Chapter 3SS7 4 Level Model i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 3–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protocols 3–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protocol Layers of the OSI 7 Model 3–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Protocol Comparison of OSI to SS7 3–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 to OSI Overview 3–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 1 3–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 2 3–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 2 Functionality 3–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 3 3–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Layer 3 Functionality 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Traffic Handling 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Signalling Network Management 3–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MTP Functionality 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message discrimination 3–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Transfer Part 3–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 layer 4 3–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 to OSI layers 3–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Connection Control Part 3–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transaction Capabilities Application Part 3–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Application Part (MAP) 3–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP services 3–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP Services and Primitives 3–36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Objectives
At the end of this chapter you will be able to:
� State the rules of a protocol and identify the different layers that constitute aprotocol.
� Identify the different levels in SS7 and their function.
� Understand how SS7 relates to the OSI model.
Version 1 Revision 0Protocols
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ProtocolsA Protocol is an agreed set of rules and procedures that if followed by all participants, willallow the orderly and controlled transfer of information between and among theseparticipants.
Or in simple terms a protocol:
� Allows unique physical addressing for separate entities
� Controls the flow of information between the network layers for guaranteeddelivery.
� Processor outages
� Error detection and correction
Protocols also define the rules for data exchange, using fixed or variable length packets,enables error free data transmission. It has the ability to append network managementinformation in predefined message structures using segmentation of data blocks fortransmission over established layers for different functions.
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What is a Protocol?
�
CP03_Ch3_01
The Definition of a protocol is:
– A protocol is a set of definitions and agreements on how tocommunicate
Version 1 Revision 0Protocol Layers of the OSI 7 Model
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Protocol Layers of the OSI 7 Model
Number Layer Description
1 Physical Is responsible for the actual transmission ofthe data and the provision of the necessaryfacilities, could be copper, wire, radio, satellite
2 Data Link Is responsible for the packaging of the data tobe transmitted. Also error detection andcorrection
3 Network Prescribes the path a message has to takeand who the message is routed to. Layer 3has all responsibility for all routing
4 Transport Guarantees the correct end–to–end orderingof message packets, also end–to–end datacontrol
5 Session Global synchronization, both parties use thislayer to co–ordinate the communicationprocess between themselves
6 Presentation Is responsible for the definition andpreparation of data before it is passed to theapplication layer, it is able to distinguishdifferent data types and perform datacompression and decompression
7 Application Is the interface of specific application to thetransmission medium
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Protocol Layers of the OSI Model
CP03_Ch3_02
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
OSI 7 Layer Model
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Protocol Comparison of OSI to SS7The model that is most often spoken about when referring to the SS7 network is the OSImodel, this covers all layers within the SS7 model but the OSI model is laid out over 7layers whilst the SS7 model is a 4 level one.
The major problem is that one can not then define directly across the two, the simpleview is that layers 1–3 in OSI are almost covered by level 1–3 in SS7, and that the Level4 in SS7 can be laid over the layers 4–7 in the OSI model
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Protocol Comparison of OSI to SS7
CP03_Ch3_03
Level 1–3
Level 4Level 4
OSI SS7
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Version 1 Revision 0SS7 to OSI Overview
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SS7 to OSI OverviewThe layers in the SS7 model the three lowest levels form the message transfer part(MTP) and the fourth level contains the user parts (UP).
The OSI model uses layer 4–7 as the message handling part. In SS7 the messagehandling also uses part of what would be layer three in OSI, and as a consequence themessage transfer part layer 1–3 in OSI does not equate to level 1–3 in the SS7 model.
The layers 4–7 in OSI are known as User Parts in SS7, these can be a specific User Partsuch as the ISDN–User Part (ISUP) or can be comprised of different parts to make upthe signalling:
SCCP – Signalling Connection Control Part
TCAP – Transaction Capabilities Application Part
MAP – Mobile Application Part
ASE – Application Service Elements
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SS7 to OSI Overview
CP03_Ch3_04
MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
ISUP
TCAP
ASE
MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
ISUP
TCAP
ASE
OSI SS7
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
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MTP Layer 1The MTP Layer 1 is the physical level and it is virtually the same as the OSI model.Layer 1 defines the physical, electrical and functional characteristics of a signalling datalink and the means to access it. The Layer 1 element provides a bearer for a signallinglink.
In a digital environment, 64 kbit/s digital paths will normally be used for the signallingdata link. The signalling data link may be accessed via a switching function, providing apotential for automatic reconfiguration of signalling links.
� Provides the physical connection between two nodes.
� The protocol should be able to use any type of physical interface.
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MTP layer 1
CP03_Ch3_05
MTP–L1
MAP ASE
TCAP
SCCP
MTP–L3
MTP–L2
MTP–L1
ISDN –UP
Physical Data Link
Version 1 Revision 0MTP Layer 2
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MTP Layer 2Level 2 defines the functions and procedures for, and relating to, the transfer of signallingmessages over one individual signalling data link. The layer 2 functions together with alayer 1 signalling data link as a bearer provide a signalling link for reliable transfer ofsignalling messages between two points.
A signalling message delivered by the higher levels is transferred over the signalling linkin variable length signal units. For proper operation of the signalling link, the signal unitcomprises transfer control information in addition to the information content of thesignalling message.
The signalling link functions include:
� Delimitation of signal unit by means of flags;
� Flag imitation prevention by bit stuffing;
� Error detection by means of check bits included in each signal unit;
� Error correction by retransmission and signal unit sequence control by means ofexplicit sequence numbers in each signal unit and explicit continuousacknowledgements;
� Signalling link failure detection by means of signal unit error rate monitoring andsignalling link recovery by means of special procedures.
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MTP layer 2
CP03_Ch3_06
SPSP SPSP
MTPMTP––L1L1MTP–L1
MAP ASE
TCAP
SCCP
MTP–L3
MTP–L2
MTP–L1
ISDN–UP
SS7LINKSPSP SPSP
MTPMTP––L1L1MTP–L1
MAP ASE
TCAP
SCCP
MTP–L3
MTP–L2
MTP–L1
ISDN–UP
SS7LINK
Version 1 Revision 0MTP Layer 2 Functionality
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MTP Layer 2 FunctionalityLayer 2 defines the functions and procedures for, and relating to the transfer of signallingmessages over one individual signalling data link. The function of Layer 2 is to ensuremessages are delivered in the correct sequence and without loss or error, it alsoperforms initial alignment of the link and to supervise the performance of the link.
Functions include:
Buffer functions : Three buffers are contained at both ends of the signallinglink, used to ensure the messages are transported correctly
Signalling Delimitation : This removes or adds the flag as required.
Signalling Alignment : This checks that the bit pattern corresponds to therules of bit stuffing.
Error Detection : this is performed by the Frame Check Sequence (FCS) ifthe checksum is different the Message Signalling Unit (MSU) is rejected
Delimitation, Alignment and error detection: perform acceptanceprocedure
Error Correction : operates to ensure the correct MSU stream, eachmessage is assigned a sequence number, the MSUs are retransmitted whenan error is detected, Link Status Signalling Units (LSSUs) and Fill In SignalUnits (FISUs) are not retransmitted.
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MTP Layer 2 Functionality
CP03_Ch3_07
Level 1
Level 3
TransmissionBufferTransmissionBuffer
ChecksumgenerationChecksumgenerationChecksumgeneration
Message LengthCheck
Message LengthCheck
RetransmissionBufferRetransmissionBuffer
ReceiveBufferReceiveBuffer
Sequence NumberCheckSequence NumberCheck
ChecksumDecodingChecksumDecoding
Bit destuffingFlag detectionBit destuffingFlag detection
Bit stuffingFlag generationBit stuffingFlag generation
Level 2
IncomingMSUs
IncomingMSUs outgoingMSUs
outgoing MSUs
Supervision(LSSU)
Sequence numbergeneration
Supervision(LSSU)
Supervision(LSSU)
Sequence numbergenerationSequence numbergeneration
DelimitationDelimitation
Error detectionError detection
Error correctionError correction
Version 1 Revision 0MTP Layer 3
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MTP Layer 3Layer 3 in principle defines those transport functions and procedures that are commonto, and independent of, the operation of individual signalling links.
These functions fall into two major categories:
1. Signalling message handling functions – These are functions that, at the actualtransfer of a message, direct the message to the proper signalling link or UserPart.
2. Signalling network management functions – These are functions that, on the basisof predetermined data and information about the status of the signalling network,control the current message routing and configuration of signalling networkfacilities. In the event of changes in the status, they also control reconfigurationsand other actions to preserve or restore the normal message transfer capability.
The different Layer 3 functions interact with each other and with the functions of otherlevels by means of indications and controls as well as the testing and maintenanceactions may include exchange of signalling messages with corresponding functionslocated at other signalling points. Although not User Parts, these parts of layer 3 can beseen as serving as “User Parts of the Message Transfer Part”. As a convention in thesespecifications, for each description, general references to User Parts as sources or sinksof a signalling message, implicitly include these parts of Layer 3 – unless the opposite isevident from the context or explicitly stated.
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MTP Layer 3
CP03_Ch3_08
SCP
SSP SSP
STPSTP STPSTP
SCP
MTP–L1
MAP ASE
TCAP
SCCP
MTP–L3
MTP–L2
MTP–L1
ISDN–UP
NETWORKNETWORK
SCPSCP
SSP SSP
STPSTP STPSTP
SCPSCP
MTP–L1
MAP ASE
TCAP
SCCP
MTP–L3
MTP–L2
MTP–L1
ISDN–UP
NETWORKNETWORK
Version 1 Revision 0MTP Layer 3 Functionality
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MTP Layer 3 FunctionalityThe Layer 3 function is signalling network, and can be divided into two basic categories,Traffic Handling and Signalling Network Management.
Traffic Handling
Traffic Handling has the purpose of ensuring that signalling messages from a User Partat a Signalling Point are delivered to the same user part at the destination indicated bythe sending User Part. The signalling message handling functions are divided into thethree areas detailed below.
Message Discrimination
This determines whether or not the received message is destined to the point itself
Message Distribution
This is used to deliver the received messages to the appropriate user part
Message Routing
This is used at each signalling point to determine the outgoing signalling link on which amessage is forwarded to the destination point.
SignallingNetworkManagement
The Signalling Network Management function is to provide reconfiguration of thesignalling network in the case of failures. The signalling network functions are divided intofour main areas:
Network flow control
The purpose of network flow control is to limit signalling traffic at source, this is done tocontrol congestion of a destination
Network control
This contains the rules and procedures for routing the traffic in both normal and abnormalstates. This provides all the necessary information to traffic handling to perform therouting.
Signalling link Management
This is used to restore failed links, activates idle links and to deactivate aligned signallinglinks, the function monitors and controls signalling resources.
Policing
This is a method by which operators are able to restrict the use of their signalling networkby external operators; this can be implemented in STPs and at the MTP level.
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MTP layer 3 Functionality
CP03_Ch3_09
Traffic Handling
MessageDistribution
MessageDiscrimination
MessageRouting
Traffic Handling
MessageDistributionMessageDistribution
MessageDiscriminationMessageDiscrimination
MessageRoutingMessageRouting
Signalling network management
Networkcontrol
Policing
Network flowcontrol
Signalling resourcemanagement
Signalling network management
NetworkcontrolNetworkcontrol
PolicingPolicing
Network flowcontrolNetwork flowcontrol
Signalling resourcemanagementSignalling resourcemanagement
IncomingMessage
OutgoingMessage
To UserPart
From UserPart
MTP Layer 2
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MTP FunctionalitySince the Message Transfer Part forms the interface at a node with the rest of thesignalling network, the signalling network will have significant impact on the MTP. TheMTP must however be independent of the signalling network in that it has to be capableof performing its set functions and attaining its objectives, no matter what networkstructure or status prevails.
The MTP has therefore to contain the necessary functions to ensure any impact that thenetwork has does not impair MTP performance. The components that must beconsidered by the MTP are:
– Signalling points (including signalling transfer points);
– Signalling relations between two signalling points;
– Signalling links;
– Signalling link sets (including link groups);
– Signalling routes;
– Signalling route-sets.
The modes applicable to SS No. 7 MTP are:
– Associated mode;
– Quasi–associated mode.
The standard routing label is suitable for national applications. The signalling systemincludes the possibility for using different routing labels nationally.
Message routing is the process of selecting the signalling to be used, for each signallingmessage sent. Message routing is destination-code dependent with an additionalload-sharing element allowing different portions of the signalling traffic to a particulardestination to be distributed over two or more signalling links. This traffic distribution maybe limited to different links within a link set, or applied to links in different link sets.
Message distribution is the process, which, upon receipt of a message at its destinationpoint, determines to which User Part or Layer 3 function the message is to be delivered.
Messagediscrimination
Upon receipt of a message at a signalling point, message discrimination determineswhether or not that point is the destination point of that message. This decision is basedon analysis of the destination code in the routing label in the message. If the signallingpoint is the destination point, the message is delivered to the message distributionfunction. If it is not the destination point, and the signalling point has the transfercapability, the message is delivered to the routing function for further transfer on asignalling link.
Version 1 Revision 0 MTP Functionality
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MTP Functionality
CP03_Ch3_10
Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4 Level 1Level 2Level 3Level 4
Message Transfer PartMessage Transfer Part
Signalling NetworkFunctions
SignallingMessageHandling
SignallingMessageHandling
SignallingNetworkManagement
SignallingNetworkManagement
SignallingMessageHandling
SignallingMessageHandling
SignallingMessageHandling
SignallingMessageHandling
SignallingMessageHandling
SignallingMessageHandling
Signalling LinkFunctions
Signalling LinkFunctions
TUP
ISUP
SCCP
TUP
ISUP
SCCP
Version 1 Revision 0 Message Transfer Part
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Message Transfer PartMTP is responsible for the delivery of messages between switches
The MTP covers the first three levels of the SS7 protocol, the function of MTP is to serveas a common transport system that provides reliable transmission of signalling messagesbetween communicating users, SS7 network does not equate directly to the OSI model,for the SS7 model to match to the OSI first 3 layers some of the SCCP functionality mustbe included in the MTP, in SS7 the MTP and SCCP is known as the Network ServicePart.
The MTP will ensure that the messages are transferred
� Correctly, all the received messages will be checked before they are accepted
� Without loss or duplication
� In correct sequence
The MTP will also react to system and network features that will affect the reliabletransport of messages and will take the necessary action to ensure a high degree ofreliability.
Version 1 Revision 0 Message Transfer Part
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Message transfer Part
CP03_Ch3_11
Data Link
Network
Physical
3
2
1 MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
OSI SS7
Data Link
Network
Physical
3
2
1 MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
OSI SS7
Version 1 Revision 0SS7 layer 4
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SS7 layer 4The 4th level in SS7 equate to layers 4–7 in the OSI model, in SS7 the 4th level is knownas the User Parts (UP).
The user parts contain functions connected with the processing of signal information, theUPs generate and analyse signalling messages, they use the MTP as a transportfunction to carry the information to other user parts.
The combination of MTP 1–3 and SCCP is called the Network Services Part.
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SS7 level 4
CP03_Ch3_12
This level is known as the user part and is made up ofseveral different applications.
These are split into two main functions.
Telephone user parts.
SS7 user parts.
�
�
�
�
Version 1 Revision 0SS7 to OSI layers
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SS7 to OSI layersSS7 User Parts are
� ISDN User Part (ISUP)
� Telephone User Part (TUP)
� Data User Part (DUP)
� Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP)
For some applications more complex signalling maybe required, in these casesApplication parts have been defined.
Application parts include
� Mobile Telephony Application Part (MAP)
� Intelligent Network Application Part (INAP)
� Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)
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SS7 to OSI Overview
CP03_Ch3_13
Presentation
Transport
Session
Application7
6
5
4 SCCP
ISUP
TCAP
ASE
OSI SS7
Presentation
Transport
Session
Application7
6
5
4 SCCP
ISUP
TCAP
ASE
OSI SS7
SS7 Level 4
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Connection Control Part
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Signalling Connection Control PartSCCP sits at level 4 and is part of the SS7 protocol. It provides the following functions:
� Connectionless and connection oriented network services
� Tracking of application status.
� Transfer of messages between subsystems at the originating and destinationnodes
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Signalling Connection Control Part
CP03_Ch3_14
Data Link
Network
Transport
Physical
4
3
2
1 MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
Data Link
Network
Transport
Physical
4
3
2
1 MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
OSI SS7
Version 1 Revision 0Transaction Capabilities Application Part
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Transaction Capabilities Application PartTCAP is an SS7 level 4 application and is part of the SS7 Protocol.
TCAP provides a common protocol which allows a large number of applications whichuse databases to operate. The protocol is independent of application.
TCAP is responsible for
� Maintaining the connection once it is established.
� Transferring information between nodes to allow applications to operate
� Containing a transaction portion and a component portion.
TCAP provides support for interactive applications in a distributed environment.
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Transaction Capabilities Application Part
CP03_Ch3_15
MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
TCAP
MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
TCAP
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Version 1 Revision 0Mobile Application Part (MAP)
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Mobile Application Part (MAP)For some applications more complex signalling maybe required, in these casesApplication Parts have been defined.
MAP’s functions are to perform signalling within the GSM network, SS7 signalling isrequired between the MSC and all the registers such as HLR, VLR, EIR and AUC.
MAP consists of all signalling messages on the SS7 network that are not call control(ISUP) messages (e.g. statistics, mobility, SMS)
MAP is the interface between TCAP and the application, because the MAP function iscontrol tasks and data exchange between subsystems MAP can be considered anapplication.
As the MAP services are seen as primitives it cannot really be considered to be withinthe OSI reference Model
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Mobile Application Part
CP03_Ch3_16
MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
TCAP
MAP
MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
TCAP
MAP
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
Data Link
Network
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application
Physical
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
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MAP servicesMAP must be considered as both an application in its own right and part of the GSMsubsystems. This is because it uses the TCAP within the signalling system forpeer-to-peer communication and also has a functionality of its own for the applicationentities to allow them to operate in the GSM environment.
Because the function of MAP service is control and data exchange between theapplications and MAP, two functions are required.
– Common MAP services, for pure communication control
– Special MAP services, for carrying signalling data
MAP subsystems include MSC, BSC, HLR, VLR, AUC and SMSC.
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MAP services
CP03_Ch3_17
MAP
TCAP
MAP
TCAP
MAP user MAP user
Peer to peer protocol
Peer to peer protocol
MAP
TCAP
MAP
TCAP
MAP user MAP user
Peer to peer protocolPeer to peer protocol
Peer to peer protocolPeer to peer protocol
MAP services(Primitives)
Primitives
Version 1 Revision 0MAP Services and Primitives
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MAP Services and PrimitivesThe common MAP services can be used to control a communication between MAP andits application. Depending on the task of the service either all, or only some of theprimitives will be used.
The purpose of the special MAP services is to carry the data between MAP and theapplication. It is only a special MAP service that will contain the actual parameters.
Up to four of the primitives could be defined for the special MAP services
Included in the special MAP services are the message types, the local operation code,used to identify the special MAP services within MAP. The primitives used could be“request”, “indication”, “response” and “confirmation”.
It is only the special MAP message that will contain the actual parameter
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Map Services (cont)
CP03_Ch3_18
There are six common MAP services, these are used to control acommunicationBetween Map and an application. Depending on the service beingusedeither all or only some of the primitives will be used.
Common MAP services
–MAP–DELIMITER–MAP–OPEN–MAP–CLOSE–MAP–U–ABORT (U=user)–MAP–P–ABORT (P=provider)–MAP–NOTICE
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Chapter 4
SS7 Network Addressing and
Routing
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Chapter 4SS7 Network Addressing and Routing i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 4–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Network Addressing 4–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Point Codes 4–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Point Codes 4–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Global Title 4–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Subsystem Numbering 4–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Objectives
At the end of this chapter you will be able to:
� Describe the different types of addressing and routing structures.
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Network AddressingIn an SS7 network the signalling information is not always exchanged between adjacentSPs or STPs
In a GSM system the exchange of information may involve several STPs, as aconsequence the network needs to understand how to each STP is addressed and howcan the system rout the signalling information to the correct point.
The addressing systems work on a national and international basis, with the services ofhigher layers being used for international addressing.
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Network Addressing
CP03_Ch4_01
There are three types of network addressing information these are:
– Point code routing
– Sub system routing
– Global title translation
�
elements
Version 1 Revision 0Point Codes
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Point CodesIn order to find the destination SP/STP certain signalling messages have routing labels.Contained in the routing label is the Originating Point Code (OPC) (that is the point codeof the sender) and the addressee or Destination Point Code (DPC).
Addressing using signalling point codes will only work on a national basis.
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Point Codes
CP03_Ch4_02
Point codes are a unique address of a signalling point within anetwork
Originating point code (OPC)
Destination point code (DPC)
Signalling point code (SPC)
�
�
�
�
Version 1 Revision 0Point Codes
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Point CodesIf two SPs need to communicate with each other if they are part of the same network, allthat is required is a signalling link between the two SPs.
The key element is the Point Code, this will allow unique addressing of each individualelement within a network.
For example, if the two SPs 1–134 and 1–234, as part of the same networks, areenabled correctly they can communicate without requiring an STP, this would allow fullcommunication between the two points.
If two SPs that are not in the same network, SPs 1–134 and 4–234, which can be eitherdifferent layers or international networks, require to communicate they will require allelements of the signalling networks to be in place. Because the network needs to eithercross network layers or is accessing a different network there is a requirement to gothrough an STP. The STP is the only part of the signalling network that is able to changethe layer on which a network may communicate.
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Point Code Layers
CP03_Ch4_03
SPSTP
SS7 LINKS
Point Code = 1–334
SS7 LINKS
STP
SS7 LINKS
Point Code = 1–334
SS7 LINKS
SP SPVOICE CIRCUITS
Point Code = 1–134 Point Code = 1–234
SS7 LINKS
SP SPVOICE CIRCUITS
Point Code = 1–134 Point Code = 1–234
SS7 LINKSPoint Code = 4–234Point Code = 4–234
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Global TitleA Global Title (GT) is not an element within a signalling network that on its own is able toprovide routing within the network, a translation function is required to define the DPC.
A Global Title is an address such as a dialled digit.
The Global Title consists of a directory number and information on how to read thenumber in order to achieve a routing solution.
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Global Title Translations
CP03_Ch4_04
Global title translation is performed by an STP to enable routinga message towards its final destination
The destination point code or subsystem number is determinedfrom the the dialled digits
�
�
of
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Subsystem NumberingA Subsystem Number (SSN) is an identification of a specific User Part, each user partwill have its own specific number.
The subsystem is identified either directly as in SCCP or indirectly, using a layer to carrythe signalling MAP.
Subsystem Numbers
SSN (Hex) Subsystem
00 SSN not available
01 SCCP Management
02 Reserved
03 ISUP
04 OMAP
05 MAP
06 HLR
07 VLR
08 MSC
09 EIR
0A AuC
FE NSSAP
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Subsystem Numbering
CP03_Ch4_05
The Subsystem Number (SSN) specifies the user that either sent theSCCP message, or to which subsystem it is addressed.
The SSN is transmitted in the SCCP message and has a hex value
Subsystems might be
SCCP managementISUPOMAPMAP
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Chapter 5
SS7 Signalling Units
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FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY iii
Chapter 5SS7 Signalling Units i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 5–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Units Overview 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Circuit Switch 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Switch 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Packet Switch 5–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Packet Switching 5–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signal Unit Packets (Generic) 5–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Flag 5–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error Correction and Flow Control 5–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Error Correction and Flow Control 5–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
FIB p BIB 5–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Retransmission of Signalling Units 5–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Length Indicator (LI) 5–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Field Check Sum 5–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Units Overview 5–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fill in Signal Unit 5–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Link Status Signal Unit 5–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LSSU Status Indication 5–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Link Alignment 5–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Link Alignment Test Duration 5–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Message Signal Unit 5–34. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Information Octet 5–36. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Service Indicator (SI) 5–38. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sub-Service Field 5–40. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Information Field 5–42. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Routing Label 5–44. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Management and Test Messages 5–46. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Header Fields 5–48. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Network Management and Network Test Messages 5–50. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Network Management and Network Test Messages 5–52. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Version 1 Revision 0 Objectives
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FOR TRAINING PURPOSES ONLY 5–1
Objectives
At the end of this chapter you will be able to:
� Understand the different types of switching.
� Identify the SS7 signalling units and describe their function and composition.
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Units Overview
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Signalling Units OverviewIn all networks there are three types of switching, they can either be implementedtogether, working with and over each other, or a network could have one method ofswitching.
Circuit Switch
Where an open circuit is required at all times during the call, such as voice, this isexpensive and wasteful of resources. With the relationship to voice this is currently thebest option because open circuit reduces time delay.
Message Switch
With message switching the circuit is open for as long as each message takes to send.This is good for a point-to-point data transmission. The sending switch does not stayactive but once the message has been sent the circuit closes down
Packet Switch
With the packet switch the circuit is made up only to send the packet of data, the packetsare of a set size, this allows packets that are going to multiple points to be sent down thesame links. This allows a high connection rate to one link. A packet switch will switchuser data and control data.
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Signalling units overview
�
CP03_Ch5_01
There are three basic methods of switching within a network
– Circuit switching
– Message switching
– Packet switching
Version 1 Revision 0SS7 Packet Switching
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SS7 Packet SwitchingThe SS7 network uses a packet switch to send the information around, this allows a lotof information to be sent and also allows for fewer links to control more points.
If switch A has data to send to switch B, using packet data it does not require the circuitA–B to be active all the time. This means it could be used as a signalling link within adifferent route.
Packets can be sent directly or via different signalling routes. The data arrives at itsdestination and can arrive in any order, this is because the destination is able toreassemble the data in the correct order by using the Packet Assembler/Dissembler(PAD).
Version 1 Revision 0 SS7 Packet Switching
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Network using Packet
CP03_Ch5_02
1
1
1
2 2 2
1
1
1 11
11
11
22 22 22
412
3441122
33 3
3 3
333
33 33
33
4 4 444 44 44
21
34
2211
3344
Version 1 Revision 0Signal Unit Packets (Generic)
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Signal Unit Packets (Generic)The definition of SS7 message types is a functionality of MTP 2. In level 2 of SS7 thereare three different message types. Each one has its own role.
All messages follow the same basic format, the frame structure is laid down by ITU-TQ.701.
All signalling messages are an assembly of information that is to be transferred as a datapacket by the MTP, the signalling information can be exchanged between User Parts,Application Parts or Message Transfer Parts.
The frame structure is as follows:
� A flag to indicate the start
� An acknowledgement field which houses sequence numbers
� A length indicator
� An optional information field the length varies with usage
� The field check sum field
� An end flag.
The end flag may also be used as the start flag for the next frame. Two flags should notbe sequenced.
Version 1 Revision 0 Signal Unit Packets (Generic)
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Signal Packet Generic
CP03_Ch5_03
Length(Bits)
FirstTransmissionDirection
Last FirstTransmissionDirection
Last
Flag FlagFCS Information field Length AcknowledgmentFlag FlagFCS Information field Length Acknowledgment
Version 1 Revision 0Flag
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FlagEach signalling unit is enclosed between two flags, the opening flag and closing flag. Theclosing flag may also be the opening flag of the next frame. As a consequence two flagsshould not be sequenced.
The flag is made up of 8 bits, this is a unique 8 bits pattern, 01111110 (zero-sixones-zero). As this is a unique pattern to stop it appearing elsewhere in the signal unit,bit stuffing is used. The sender is responsible for the stuffing and the receiver isresponsible for the removal or de-stuffing.
Version 1 Revision 0 Flag
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Flag
CP03_Ch5_04
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag
0 1 1 1 1 1 1 00 1 1 1 1 1 1 0
LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag
FLAG
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Version 1 Revision 0Error Correction and Flow Control
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Error Correction and Flow ControlThe error correction field contains 16 bits and consists of the Forward Sequence Number(FSN), the Backward Sequence Number (BSN), the Forward Information Bit (FIB) andthe Backward Information Bit (BIB).
The error correction field ensures the reception of messages in the right order andrequests resending in case of any error.
Backward Sequence Number (BSN),
There are 7 bits reserved for sequence numbers. The BSN are used to acknowledge thecorrect transmission of a signalling unit.
Backward Information Bit (BIB)
The BIB marks the signalling unit as to the state of received signalling units.
Forward Sequence Number (FSN),
There are 7 bits reserved for a 128 modulo counter function, it is stepped up whenever asignalling unit is transmitted, FSN is used to recognise signalling units that are out ofsequence.
Forward Information Bit (FIB)
The FIB informs the receiver if the signalling unit is a retransmission or a first timetransmission.
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Error Correction Field
CP03_Ch5_05
LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag
16 Bits
LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag
16 Bits
Error Correction FieldError Correction Field
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Version 1 Revision 0Error Correction and Flow Control
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Error Correction and Flow ControlThere are two error correction methods, the Basic Error Correction Method (BASIC) andthe Preventive Cyclic Retransmission Error Correction (PCR).
The Basic Error Correction Method (BASIC)
The receiving terminal sends a negative acknowledgement in response to an incorrectlyreceived signal unit, this will initiate a retransmission of the incorrect message signallingunit and all those that follow.
The Preventive Cyclic Retransmission Error Correction (PCR)
In PCR, retransmission of not positively acknowledged message signal units is initiatedwhen there are no new message signal units to send from the transmission buffer. Thisleads on to the sending of FISUs when the transmission buffer is empty and there are nonew message signalling units to send. Also if a timer is used, once the time frame isover, retransmission takes place. During a period when there are no new signal units totransmit, all units, which have not been positively acknowledged, will be retransmittedcyclically.
Both methods are used in GSM. The PCR is easier to understand, when a timer has rundown or if no positive acknowledgement is received retransmission takes place.
With the BASIC method, the BSN and FSN use modulo 128 counters to indicate themessage signalling units numbers, the FIB and BIB are used to indicate if the messagesignalling units have been received or to indicate a transmission error.
If the link has just been brought into service all of the values for the FSN, BSN, BIB andFIB are 1, the return information will be of the same values if there are no errors or needto retransmit.
Because FIB= BIB this can be thought of as a positive acknowledgement and theoriginating signalling point will now remove the message from the buffer.
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Error Correction and flow control
CP03_Ch5_06
SP SPSP SP
FIB = 1, FSN = 50, BIB = 1, BSN= 0FIB = 1, FSN = 50, BIB = 1, BSN= 0
BSN = 50, BIB = 1, FSN = 1, FIB = 1BSN = 50, BIB = 1, FSN = 1, FIB = 1
Version 1 Revision 0FIB p BIB
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FIB ≠ BIBThe value of the FIB and BIB are the keys to error correction. Both the FIB and BIB are 1bit symbols and can either be 1 or 0.
To indicate a transmission error the BIB is inverted either from 1 to 0 or from 0 to 1, it isthe sending of the inverted BIB that indicates an error.
The function of the FIB is to indicate if the message signalling unit is a retransmission.This is shown by the inversion of the FIB.
When the receiving point receives an incorrect message two actions are taken:
The BIB is inverted, and the FSN of the last correct received message will be insertedinto the BSN field, this will indicate an error to the sending point and which messagesignalling unit needs to be retransmitted.
When it is received at the sending point, the FIB will then be compared to the BIB,because FIB ≠ BIB, it means that it is a negative acknowledgement.
When a negative acknowledgement is received the sending of new signalling units isinterrupted, all signals in the buffer, which have not been positively acknowledged, willnow be retransmitted. Any message signalling units in the buffer that have sequencenumbers that are higher than the retransmitted signal unit will also be retransmitted.
If a signalling message has been lost completely, then because the sequencing numbersare not consecutive, the receiving point is able to ask for retransmission.
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FIB ≠ BIB
CP03_Ch5_06
SP SPSP SP
FIB = 1, FSN = 51, BIB = 1, BSN= 1FIB = 1, FSN = 51, BIB = 1, BSN= 1
BSN = 50, BIB = 0, FSN= 2, FIB = 1,BSN = 50, BIB = 0, FSN= 2, FIB = 1,
Version 1 Revision 0Retransmission of Signalling Units
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Retransmission of Signalling UnitsThe sending point on receipt of the indication of a signalling error will retransmit themessage signalling unit. On transmission the FIB will now be inverted to indicate that thisis a retransmission.
The sending point will then send the signalling unit, on receipt of a successfulre-transmission the receiving point will send message signalling units as normal. If theFIB = BIB then the signalling is correct.
Version 1 Revision 0 Retransmission of Signalling Units
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Retransmission of Signalling Unit
CP03_Ch5_08
SP SPSP SP
FIB = 0, FSN = 51, BIB = 0, BSN= 2FIB = 0, FSN = 51, BIB = 0, BSN= 2
BSN = 51, BIB = 0 , FSN= 3, FIB = 0,BSN = 51, BIB = 0 , FSN= 3, FIB = 0,
Version 1 Revision 0Length Indicator (LI)
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Length Indicator (LI)The length indicator is used to distinguish between the types of signalling units, MSU,FISU and LSSU. The LI relates to the length of the optional Data Field.
The field consists of two parts, it is an 8 bit field, the first 6 bits are used to indicate avalue of between 0–63.
The final 2 bits are spare and not currently used.
Version 1 Revision 0 Length Indicator (LI)
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Length Indicator
CP03_Ch5_09
LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag
8 bits
2 Bits 6 Bits
MSULI>2
LSSULI=1,2
FISULI=0
Signalling UnitLI
MSULI>2
LSSULI=1,2
FISULI=0
Signalling UnitLI
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Version 1 Revision 0Field Check Sum
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Field Check SumThe error detection function of the message signalling unit is performed by means of the16 bit Field Check Sum (FCS).
The sending terminal generates the check bits, the FCS consists of the preceding bits ofthe signalling unit being applied to a specified algorithm, and the FCS is opened at thereceiving terminal. The same algorithm is applied and the new check sum is compared tothe received. If an error occurs then the error correction operates.
Version 1 Revision 0 Field Check Sum
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Field Check Sum
CP03_Ch5_10
LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag LI FlagBSNBIB
FSNFIB
SpareFCSFlag
16 Bits
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Field used to check the signalling units for errors
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Units Overview
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Signalling Units OverviewThere are three different formats of messages. The message type is another functionalityof MTP 2, in SS7 level 2 the types of message are defined.
Although no field is available to determine what type the message is, it is possible to doso based on their different lengths, it is the LI that provides the information.
Version 1 Revision 0 Signalling Units Overview
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Signalling Units Overview
CP03_Ch5_11
There are three different types of packets in the SS7 network anthese are:
Fill in signal unit (FISU)
Link status signal unit (LSSU)
Message signal unit (MSU)
�
�
�
�
Version 1 Revision 0Fill in Signal Unit
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Fill in Signal UnitWhen no data is being sent across the SS7 network Fill In Signal Units (FISU) aretransmitted
They contain no network information, but are used to monitor link quality
The frame check sequence field is used to determine if there are any errors on the link.When a FISU is sent the last sent FSN would be sent constantly. The FISU does not usethe sequence counter.
The length indicator is used to identify the type of message unit being sent.
As there is no information sent in an FISU, the length indicator is set to zero
Because the FISU is used in the idle state the BSN, FSN, FIB and BIB do not changetheir values. Both ends of the link poll each other in the idle state. The FISU can also beused to acknowledge receipt of an MSU.
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Fill In Signal Unit
CP03_Ch5_12
Flag BSNBIB
FSNFIB
LISpareFCS
Length(Bits)
Flag BSNBIB
FSNFIB
LISpareFCS
Length(Bits)
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Flag
8 71716216 88 71716216 8
Version 1 Revision 0Link Status Signal Unit
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Link Status Signal UnitThe Link Status Signal Unit (LSSU) is used to transfer information dealing with thephysical state of the signalling link. The LSSUs are only used to bring a link into service,take a link out of service and during error situations, between two SPs/STPs.
Link Status Signal Units can also be used to align signalling links.
The status field of the LSSU can under ITU-T either be 1 or 2 octets long. This is reallyinconsequential because it is only the first 3 bits that carry actual status information.
The receiver of an LSSU does not confirm its receipt.
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Link Status Signal Unit
CP03_Ch5_13
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
87171628 or 16
Length(Bits)
168
FCS Status FlagFlag Spare LIFIB
BIB
FSN BSNFCS Status FlagFlag Spare LIFIB
BIB
FSN BSN
Version 1 Revision 0LSSU Status Indication
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LSSU Status IndicationThe term, Status Field, in the LSSU is not normally used and the term Status Informationis used to explain the data that the LSSU carries.
The SF (or status field) according to ITU-T is 1 or 2 octets long, only the first three bits ofthe first octet are used. All other bits are currently spare.
SI is the term STATUS INDICATION
Value Abbreviation Description
0 SIO Start of link alignment
1 SIN A link brought into service with anormal surveillance time of 8.2 secs
2 SIE A link brought into service with anemergency surveillance time of 500
msecs
3 SIOS An error situation or before a link isin service, no MSU’s can be sent or
received
4 SIPO When layer 2 of an SP detects aproblem within layer 3 within it’s ownnode it indicate the problem status to
the peer entity.
5 SIB Signals overload on the originatingside, acknowledgements will not be
sent, link failure usually follows
Version 1 Revision 0 LSSU Status Indication
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LSSU Status Indication
CP03_Ch5_14
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
000 SIO Out of alignment001 SIN Normal Alignment010 SIE Emergency Alignment011 SIOS Out of Service100 SIPO Processor Outage101 SIB Busy
5 or 13 Spare Bits
000 SIO Out of alignment001 SIN Normal Alignment010 SIE Emergency Alignment011 SIOS Out of Service100 SIPO Processor Outage101 SIB Busy
5 or 13 Spare Bits
Status
8 or 16
Spare LIFCS Status
8 or 16
Spare LIFCS
Version 1 Revision 0Link Alignment
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Link AlignmentThe operation of a signalling link is a duplex operation – that is the link must be createdin both directions. Both terminals are equal, and as such, both need to establish thecorrect link.
The first stage is the sending of SIOS indicating that the link is in error and out of service(OOS).
The second stage is the sending of the SIO, this is the link out of alignment and the startof alignment.
These steps are returned from the other SP involved in the link, to establish layer 2between the two SPs
Version 1 Revision 0 Link Alignment
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Link Alignment
CP03_Ch5_15
LSSU OOS = SIOS
STPSP
STPSP
LSSU OOS = SIOS
LSSU OOS = SIO
LSSU OOS = SIO
Version 1 Revision 0Link Alignment Test Duration
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Link Alignment Test DurationThe test period is started once the duplex link has been established in layer 2, the LSSUsent depends on the test duration, if the test duration is normal at 8.2 secs, then the SINis sent, the other option, Emergency, the time duration of test is 500 msecs, then the SIEis sent.
During this time all FISUs that are sent must demonstrate no errors.
The SIE or emergency alignment is only used if no alternative link exists and the linkneeds to be in service.
When the test time is over and layer 2 is in service layer 3 will then initiate further tests,an Signalling Link Test Message (SLTM)is sent for this purpose and it transmits a numberof test octets to layer 3 of the receiving end, if the test is correctly completed by thesending of a Signalling Link Test Acknowledgement (SLTA) message, layer 3 is alsoconsidered to be in traffic.
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Link Alignment Test
CP03_Ch5_16
STPSP
STPSP
1 LSSU = SIN/SIE
3 MSU = SLTM
2 LSSU =SIN/SIE
4 MSU = SLTM
Version 1 Revision 0Message Signal Unit
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Message Signal UnitMessage Signalling Units (MSU) are the third type of signalling unit and they are themost diverse. The message signalling units are used for transmission of layer 3information or layer 4 signalling. Whenever an MSU is received it must be acknowledgedto the peer entity.
Layer 3 information includes Signalling Network Management messages (SNM) andSignalling Network Testing and Maintenance messages (SNT).
Layer 4 information is mainly User Parts or Application Parts signalling information.
In the Message Signal Unit the status field is divided into two parts – the ServiceInformation Octet (SIO) and the Signal Information Field (SIF). The Signal InformationOctet is used to associate signalling information with a User Part, while the SignalInformation Field contains the actual user data.
Version 1 Revision 0 Message Signal Unit
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Message Signal Unit
CP03_Ch5_17
BIB
BIB
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
87171628n
N< 272
Length(Bits)
168 8
FCS SIF FlagFlag Spare LIFIB
FSN BSNSIOFCS SIF FlagFlag Spare LIFIB
FSN BSNSIO
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Service Information OctetThe Service Information Octet (SIO) is 8 bits long and is divided in two parts, the ServiceIndicator (SI) and the Sub-Service Field (SSF). Both of these two sub fields are 4 bits inlength.
The Service Indicator is used to associate signalling information with a User Part and isonly used with MSU messages.
The Sub-Service Field allows for a distinction to be made between national andinternational signalling messages.
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Service Information Octet
CP03_Ch5_18
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
8 bits
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
SF SISF SISF SI
Version 1 Revision 0Service Indicator (SI)
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Service Indicator (SI)The Service Indicator (SI) is used to point out the recipient User Part of the message unitand is used by the distribution function of Level 3 in MTP to distribute the MSU to thecorrect User Part. The association of signalling to User Part is only used with MSUmessages.
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Service Indicator
CP03_Ch5_19
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
8 bitsSF SISF SISF SI
Data User Part (DUP) (call admin)0110
Telephone User Part (TUP)0100
ISDN User Part (ISUP)0101
Service IndicatorDCBA
Signalling Network Testing and Maintenance0001
Data User Part (DUP) (Supp Services)0111
Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP)0011
Operation and Maintenance Application Part (OMAP)0010
Signalling Network Management0000
Data User Part (DUP) (call admin)0110
Telephone User Part (TUP)0100
ISDN User Part (ISUP)0101
Service IndicatorDCBA
Signalling Network Testing and Maintenance0001
Data User Part (DUP) (Supp Services)0111
Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP)0011
Operation and Maintenance Application Part (OMAP)0010
Signalling Network Management0000
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
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Sub-Service FieldThe Sub-Service Field indicates the type of signalling network used. Bits C and D areused to specify if the network is international or national. Bits A and B are used in theUSA for priority but are spare under ETSI.
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Sub-Service Field
CP03_Ch5_20
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
8 bitsSF SISF SISF SI
International 10100
Network IndicatorDCBA
National 11100
National 01000
International 00000
International 10100
Network IndicatorDCBA
National 11100
National 01000
International 00000
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Information Field
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Signalling Information FieldThe Signalling Information Field (SIF) is the only part of the MSU that refers to the UserPart. The SIF consists of two sub fields, the user information with the contained messageelements and the label field.
The user information is all the information carried in the message-signalling unit thatrelates to the User Part of the message.
The label field refers to the transfer of the message through the signalling system.
MSUs do not need to be exchanged only between adjacent SP/STP. In a GSM systemthe information may involve several STPs.
As SS7 uses signalling Point Codes (SPC) each SP/STP has a unique identifier to map itin the GSM system.
MSUs can be exchanged through SP/STPs and as a result need a routing label withinthe signalling unit, because FISUs and LSSUs are only between adjacent SP/STPs theyhave no requirement for routing labels.
Each type of MSU within the SS7 network has its own label type.
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Signalling Information Field
CP03_Ch5_21
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
LabelMessage elements
MTP Management
SCCP User Data
ISUP Information Elements
TUP Information Elements
MTP Management
SCCP User Data
ISUP Information Elements
TUP Information Elements
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
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Routing LabelThe Routing Label is separately defined for each of the User Parts and this label is usedby the MTP to route the message to the correct destination. Each User Part within theSS7 system has its own label format.
Destination Point Code (DPC) indicates the Signalling Point Code of the receiver of thesignalling message
Originating Point Code (OPC) indicates the signalling point code of the sender of thesignalling message
Signalling Link Selection (SLS), these 12 bits have various uses depending on the userpart that the signalling message belongs to.
Depending on the user part the SLS may carry the Circuit Identification Code or it may bea separate field. The Signalling Link Selection (SLS), depending again on the user part,might have its own field or might be imposed in the CIC fields, as in TUP. The length ofthe SLS field allows for the definition of a maximum of 16 signalling links per link set, assuch it is used to determine which Signalling Link within a link set will be used to transferthe message.
If the user part is Signalling Network Management messages (SNM) or SignallingNetwork Testing and Maintenance messages (SNT), then the SLS is replaced bySignalling Link Code (SLC) again 12 bits long but only 4 are used, this indicates theSignalling Link Number.
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Routing Label
CP03_Ch5_21
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Routing LabelRouting Label
Signalling Link Selection (SLS) OPC DPCSignalling Link Selection (SLS) OPC DPC
12/4 bit 14 bit 14 bit
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
Version 1 Revision 0SS7 Management and Test Messages
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SS7 Management and Test MessagesThe core of a Message Signalling Unit (MSU) is generated on level 3 or 4. At level 3there are two kinds of MSU that are generated:
� Signalling Network Management messages (SNM-MSU) or
� Signalling Network Testing and Maintenance messages (SNT-MSU).
In the Service Information Octet (SIO) the Service Indicator (SI) identifies the MSU,
0000 for SNM-MSUs
0001 for SNT-MSUs
for these messages contained in the Service Information Field (SIF) after the label willbe the header and then the data field which is optional. This applies only to layer 3.
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SS7 Management and Test Messages
CP03_Ch5_23
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Routing LabelData Field Heading Code
8n (272 >n>3) bits
32 bits8 bitsData opt.
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
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Header FieldsBecause this is a Layer 3 only, all of the signaling messages will relate to the signallingnetwork and not the user part. It is these dedicated user parts in layer 3 thatautomatically detects error situations.
Errors can be separated into one of three groups
� Overload on a single SS7 link
� Outage/bringing into service an SP/STP
� Outage/bringing into service an SS7 link between SPs/STPs
The SI will already define the MSUs and as such the SIF will be of a set nature.
Heading Code 0 (H0) defines a whole message group, whilst Heading Code 1 (H1) isused to define a single message within the group.
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Header Fields
CP03_Ch5_24
By using the SI field it is possible to differentiate between user partswithin the network, this is only a layer 3 function, it will indicates what iscontained in both the heading codes and how much of the data field willused.
The SI field and the Heading Code are necessary for message andmessage –group coding.
Heading code 0 (H0) defines the whole message group.
Heading code 1 (H1) identifies a single message in that group.
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SS7 Network Management and Network Test MessagesField H0 and H1 work together to give full message. H0 explains what is being appliedand H1 explains each task to achieve H0
The heading code (H0) is the 4-bit field following the label and identifies the messagegroup.
The different heading codes for message groups are allocated as follows:
0000 Spare
0001 Changeover and change back messages
0010 Emergency changeover message
0011 Transfer-controlled and signalling-route-set congestion messages
0100 Transfer-prohibited-allowed-restricted messages
0101 Signalling-route-set-test messages
0110 Management inhibit messages
0111 Traffic restart allowed message
1000 Signalling-data-link-connection messages
1001 Spare
1010 User part flow control messages
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SS7 Network Management and Network Test Messages
CP03_Ch5_25
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Heading Code Routing Label
H1 H0
4 bits 4 bits
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
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SS7 Network Management and Network Test MessagesThe heading code (H1) is the 4-bit field following the label and identifies the messagegroup- message ITU-T Q.704
CBA Change back-acknowledgement signal
CBD Change back-declaration signal
CHM Changeover and change backmessages
CNP Connection-not-possible signal
CNS Connection-not-successful signal
COA Changeover-acknowledgement signal
COO Changeover-order signal
CSS Connection-successful signal
DLC Signalling-data-link-connection-ordersignal
DLM Signalling-data-link-connection-ordermessage
ECA Emergency-changeover-acknowledgement signal
ECM Emergency-changeover message
ECO Emergency-changeover-order signal
FCM Signalling-traffic-flow-controlmessages
LFU Link forced uninhibit signal
LIA Link inhibit acknowledgement signal
LID Link inhibit denied signal
LIN Link inhibit signal
LLT Link local inhibit test signal
LUA Link uninhibit acknowledgementsignal
LUN Link uninhibit signal
LRT Link remote inhibit test signal
MIM Management inhibit messages
RCT Signalling-route-set-congestion-testsignal
RSM Signalling-route-set-test message
RSR Signalling-route-set-test signal forrestricted destination (national option)
RST Signalling-route-set-test signal forprohibited destination
TFA Transfer-allowed signal
TFC Transfer-controlled signal
TFMTransfer-prohibited-transfer-allowed-transfer-restricted messages
TFP Transfer-prohibited signal
TFR Transfer-restricted signal (nationaloption)
TRA Traffic-restart-allowed signal
TRM Traffic-restart-allowed message
UFC User part flow control messages
UPU User part unavailable signal
With SNT the SI sub field in the SIO has the value 0001 to indicate that it is a MSU-SNTmessage, the H0 code is SLT indicating signalling link test messages, the two messagetypes are M, for message and A, for acknowledgement.
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SS7 Network Mngt and Network Test Messages
CP03_Ch5_25
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Heading Code Routing Label
H1 H0
4 bits 4 bits
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
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Chapter 6
Signalling Connection Control Part
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Chapter 6Signalling Connection Control Part i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 6–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Signalling Connection Control Part 6–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Signalling Services 6–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Services 6–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Primitives 6–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Protocol Classes 6–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Embedded in MSU 6–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Message 6–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Routing Label 6–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message type code. 6–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Parameters 6–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Message Structure 6–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Message Type Code 6–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Routing 6–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Routing Calling Party and Called Party 6–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Addressing for Routing 6–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Called Party Address 6–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Address information 6–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SCCP Functional Structure 6–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Objectives
At the end of this chapter you will be able to:
� Identify the SCCP protocol class and describe their functions.
� Explain the connection–oriented and commectionless processes.
� Explain SCCP routing and SCCP management methods.
Version 1 Revision 0Signalling Connection Control Part
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Signalling Connection Control PartThe Signalling Connection Control Part (SCCP) is a functional entity, which is situatedabove the message transfer part (MTP). In SS7 the SCCP and MTP combine to form theNetwork Service Part (NSP). This then meets the requirements of the network layer –Layer 3 of the OSI model. SCCP is defined in ITU-T recommendation Q.711– Q.716.
SCCP was designed to communicate with databases without any speech connections. InGSM new protocols have been developed to handle the signalling between the MSC/VLRand BSC the protocol Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP), and for theMSC/VLR and HLR the protocol is Mobile Application Part (MAP). SCCP will work withboth the Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) and MAP on the interfaces thatare within the Network Switching Subsystem (NSS).
The SCCP maintains both Connection Orientated (CO) and Connection-less (CL)network services. CO services allow the transfer of signals via an established path. COservices are used normally when there are many messages to transfer or if the signallingmessages are so large they need to be segmented. In CL the address required to routethe information to its destination is included in each data packet, no logical connectionbetween the nodes is established in CL service.
SCCP has addressing capabilities that allow for end-to-end routing. This is possible asthe SCCP supplements the addressing found in MTP which is only possible to deliver amessage to a node by the use of a four bit code. In SCCP the addressing is enhanced bythe use of Destination Point Codes (DPC) and Subsystem Numbers (SSN). A secondfeature in SCCP addressing is the ability to translate Global Titles into DPC and SSN.
Although SCCP is considered a Layer 3 functionality it is able to provide features that areLayer 4, such as error detection and segmentation of data. SCCP also provides its ownmanagement for administrative tasks. These are independent from the SS7 signallingNetwork Management.
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Signalling Connection Control Part
�
CP03_Ch6_01
SCCP is used by the Base Station Subsystem Application Part(BSSAP) on the A–interface and by the TCAP and MAP on variousinterfaces within the Network Subsystem (NSS)
The SCCP can operate in either the connectionless or connection–orientated service. It also maintains circuit and non–circuit signalling
The SCCP offers end to end addressing even across networks,national or international.
SCCP also has it’s own management and administrative functions.
�
�
�
either
Version 1 Revision 0SCCP Signalling Services
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SCCP Signalling ServicesThe SCCP protocol is able to provide two types of signalling service –Connection-orientated (CO) service and connection-less (CL). Distinguishing betweenconnection-oriented and connection-less service within the SCCP is done using aparameter called the protocol class.
Connection-orientated (CO) service is when a virtual connection is established betweennodes and identification of the connection is via reference numbers, these being theSource Local Reference (SLR) and the Destination Local Reference (DLR), when theconnection is active data can be exchanged not only between the nodes but also toaddress individual transactions, such as a location update in GSM or a mobile originatingcall.
Connection-less (CL) service is different, there is no referencing, and as a result thereceiver of the message must assign it to an active process, such as paging in theBSSAP.
The SCCP user is the functionality that determines if the connection for SCCP is CO orCL.
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SCCP Signalling Services
CP03_Ch6_02
Connection–orientated services allow transfer of messages via anestablished path, this is used either for multiple messages or when thesignalling message needs to be segmented. BSSAP
Connection–less service is when no logical path is established and theSCCP message will contain the destination. MAP or BSSAP
MTP Level 3
SCCP
MAP
TCAP
BSSAP
CL CO
DTAPBSSMAP
MTP Level 3
SCCP
MAP
TCAP
BSSAP
CL CO
DTAPBSSMAP
�
�
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SCCP ServicesThe connection-oriented services enable the transfer of signalling over establishedsignalling connections. These connections are either temporary or permanent. If theconnection is a temporary connection the control of signalling can be divided into threephases.
1. Connection Establishment – this provides the method to establish the signallingconnection. At this stage both the reference numbers are assigned to the link andeach node.
2. Data transfer – this provides the transfer of data in Network Service Data Units(NSDU). The transfer can be in simultaneous directions or in answer responsemethod. The data transfer service is compiled of SCCP messages. the SCCPmessage contains two elements – Network Protocol Information (NPCI) andNetwork Service Data Unit (NSDU).
� Network Protocol Control Information (NPCI)
The NPCI contains a connection reference number that allocated themessage to a signalling connection.
� Network Service Data Unit (NSDU)
The NSDU contains the user data, if the data is too large for one SCCPmessage to be carried in the SIF of an SS7 message the protocol class willcontrol segmenting and reassembling
3. Connection release – this provides the method to breakdown the connection andrelease of the reference numbers.
The permanent connections have the same phases as temporary connection but mayhave additional safeguarding mechanisms at the end points to ensure re-establishment incase of processor outage.
In connectionless signalling all data for routing is carried in each data packet, so nological path is created in the network, the functions of the connectionless service are,mapping of the network address to signalling relations, sequence services andsegmenting.
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SCCP services
CP03_Ch6_03
Connection orientated transfer mode can be divided into three phases
Establishing the connectionData transferRelease of the connection
Connection less orientated transfer all of the information required to routethe data to its destination is contained in each packet.
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SCCP PrimitivesSCCP is a layer within the SS7. Because SCCP is not a top layer or a base layer itmeans that it must be able to transfer information and communicate with the layersabove and below it in the protocol stack.
Layers either side of the SCCP are known as the service user and the SCCP is theservice provider, communication is achieved using Service Primitives.
Primitives consist of commands and responses that are associated with the servicesrequested of the layers. Service primitives are data units sent between layers to invoke adifferent procedure.
There is a general syntax applied to all primitives:-
Layer Identifier Generic Name Specific Name Parameter
The Layer Identifier specifies which layer is providing the service e.g. N=SCCP,MTP=MTP, TR=transaction sub layer TCAP, TC=service provider in TCAP
The Generic Name defines the action to be performed
The Specific Name indicates the purpose of the primitive, it also indicates the direction ofprimitive flow.
The parameter contains elements of information that will be transferred between layers.
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Primitive Structure
CP03_Ch6_04
MTP Level 3
SCCP
ISUP
TCAPService
Primitives
ServicePrimitives
ServicePrimitives
Network Service Part
Service Access Point
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SCCP Protocol ClassesThe protocol used by SCCP to provide network services is divided into four classes.
Two classes are defined for each signalling services, 0 and 1 represent theconnection-less service and 2 and 3 represent the connection-orientated services.
Class 0 and 2 form the basic version whilst 1 and 3 allow for additional data security andsegmentation.
In GSM protocol classes 0,1 and 2 are used, class 3 is never used in GSM
Over the A interface protocol classes, 0 and 2 are used.
When using GSM MAP protocol classes, 0 and 2 are used
Protocol class 0 – the NSDUs are transported independently of each other and may bedelivered out of sequence, this protocol class is a pure connection-less network service
Protocol class 1 – all the features of class 0 are included and added to. An additionalsequencing feature is added and the signalling link selection is encoded into the routinglabel. This is a connection-less network service.
Protocol class 2 – allows for bi-directional transfer of NSDUs and it ensures sequencingas in protocol class 1. This corresponds to a connection-oriented network service.
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SCCP Protocol Classes
CP03_Ch6_05
There are four Protocol classes defined within the SCCP protocol
Protocol Classes
Dataform2 packets DT2Flow Control Connection–orientated Class3
Dataform1 packets DT1Basic Connection–orientated Class2
Unit Data (UDT) or UnitData Service (UDTS)
Sequenced Connection–less class1
Unit Data (UDT) or UnitData Service (UDTS)
Basic Connection–less Class0
Dataform2 packets DT2Flow Control Connection–orientated Class3
Dataform1 packets DT1Basic Connection–orientated Class2
Unit Data (UDT) or UnitData Service (UDTS)
Sequenced Connection–less class1
Unit Data (UDT) or UnitData Service (UDTS)
Basic Connection–less Class0
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SCCP Embedded in MSUSCCP messages are carried on signalling links by means of MSUs.
The Service Indicator (SI) in the Service Information Octet (SIO) is coded to 0011 toindicate that the payload of the Signalling Information Field (SIF) is an SCCP. The maxsize of the SCCP message is 272 octets.
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SCCP embedded in MSU
CP03_Ch6_06
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
87171628n
n< 272
168 8
FCS SIF FlagFlag Spare LIFIB
BIB
FSN BSNSIO
SCCP Message
87171628n
n< 272
168 8
FCS SIF FlagFlag Spare LIFIB
BIB
FSN BSNSIO
SCCP Message
87171628n
n< 272
168 8
FCS SIF FlagFlag Spare LIFIB
BIB
FSN BSNSIOFCS SIF FlagFlag Spare LIFIB
BIB
FSN BSNSIO
SCCP MessageSCCP Message
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SCCP MessageAn SCCP message consists of the following parts,
Routing Label
This contains the DPC, OPC and SLS.
Message typecode.
This is a 1 octet field and defines the function and format of the SCCP message.
Parameters
This field is variable and depends on the information that needs to be carried. The SCCPmay contain a number of parameters with the signalling information. These parameterscan be of either a fixed or variable length and can also be mandatory or optional.
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Signalling Connection Control Part Msg
CP03_Ch6_07
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Routing LabelMandatory variable Part Message type Code
8n (272 >n>3) bits
Mandatory Fixed Part
Parameters
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
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SCCP Message StructureThe complete message is hosted by the MSU. The SCCP breaks down into various partsand the SCCP message that is sent will have three types of fields filled as laid out byITU-T.
Message TypeCode
This is the protocol class, it is using the message type code that the SCCP includes inthe MSU. The message type will also indicate if it is a CO or CL service. For CL themessage is either Unit Data (UDT) or Unit Data Service (UDTS). For CO the messagewill be Data form 1 (DT1).
The parameters are further broken down into two sub fields.
� Mandatory fixed Part
� Mandatory variable Part
The contents of these two sub fields are specific for each SCCP message. This isbecause each SCCP message has its specific number and type of parameters. Thelength of these can be fixed or variable.
The Mandatory Part includes segmentation information, Destination/Source LocationRegister DLR/SLR, or calling party and called party address.
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SCCP Message Structure
CP03_Ch6_08
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Routing LabelMandatory variable Part Message type CodeMandatory Fixed Part
Msg.typeCode
Param
. A
Param
. B
Pointer A
Pointer O
pt
Pointer B
LengthParam. ALength
Param. B
Param
. N
Length
NA
ME
EndOptParm.
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SCCP RoutingThe SCCP messages are carried in the SIF of the MSU. The only identifier is carried inthe SIO. The routing label carries information about the correct routing of the message
In the Parameter field there is a division of parameter groups. It is here that the protocolclass for service is indicated. Also included in the parameters is the Called Partyaddress, this is for SCCP routing. The information carried here will identify the type ofaddress and the address itself.
This information, being SCCP routing and addressing must be carried in both CO and CLservices.
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SCCP routing
CP03_Ch6_09
When SCCP is used to transfer a message, two parameters are used toroute it to the next node
– Called Party Address
– Calling Party Address
Both parts are included in connection–less Unidata and Unidata services.
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SCCP Routing Calling Party and Called PartyWithin the SCCP message structure there must be parameters that enable non-circuitrelated signalling for point-to-point communication between two users.
These address parameters are Called Party Address (CdPA) and Calling Party Address(CaPA). The format of these two sub fields is the same and they identify the type ofaddress and the address itself.
An address may consist of any combination the following,
� SPC
� SSN
� Global Title
The parameters CaPA and CdPA are necessary for end-to-end addressing of SCCPmessages
MAP uses all possible combinations for addressing, while BSSAP requires only the SPCand SSN.
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SCCP Routing Calling Party and Called Party
CP03_Ch6_10
The calling –party address ( CaPA) and the called–party address (CdPA)have the same format and also identify the type of address beingused.
The address may consist of any combination of the following
– SPC
– SSN
– Global title
�
�
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SCCP Addressing for RoutingWithin SCCP there must be a method by which the addressing of node across thenetwork can be carried and understood. These addresses would be used to resolve therouting to enable the transfer of SCCP message to the destination node throughout thenetwork.
The Addressing within SCCP has two basic categories:
1. Global Title (GT), a global title consists of a regular directory number andinformation as to how to interpret the number, only the SCCP layer in differentnodes is able to use the GT
2. Destination Point Code (DPC) and Sub System Number (SSN), this system allowsdirect routing, it bypasses the SCCP, the sub system number (SSN) is used by theSCCP to identify different applications in a node, this is to identify the part of anode and establish if it uses SCCP directly or indirectly.
Sub Systems of the SCCP
SSN (Hex) Sub System
00 SSN not known oravailable
01 SCCP management
02 Reserved
03 ISUP
04 OMAP
05 MAP
06 HLR
07 VLR
08 MSC
09 EIR
0A AuC
FE BSSAP
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SCCP Addressing for Routing
CP03_Ch6_11
There are two methods of addresses for SCCP routing
– Global title (GT), is a destination address, it is used by differentnodes to solve routing
– DPC and SSN, this allows direct routing, as a result no
translation is required by the SCCP
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SCCP Called Party AddressThe format of the Called Party Address (CdPA) and the Calling Party Address (CaPA)are the same, so by looking at one it is possible to explain both.
The Called Party Address field breaks down into three sub fields:
Address Length. This indicates the amount of information in the SCCP address subfield.
Address Indicator . Because address information handled by the SCCP can appear indifferent variants, it is then practical to have a sub field that defines the structure of theaddress related information.
SCCP address . This is made up from the Sub-System Number (SSN), Signaling PointCode (SPC) and Global Title (GT) (which is defined by lower level parameters).
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SCCP Called Party Addressing
CP03_Ch6_12
Address LengthSSN Address IndicatorSPCGT Address LengthSSN Address IndicatorSPCGT
FirstTransmission DirectionLast
SCCP Address
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
SCCP Address
Point Code IndicatorGT Indicator SSN IndicatorRouting IndicatorSpare Point Code IndicatorGT Indicator SSN IndicatorRouting IndicatorSpare Point Code IndicatorGT Indicator SSN IndicatorRouting IndicatorSpare
0=SPC not included1=SPC included0=SPC not included1=SPC included0=SPC not included1=SPC included
0=SSN not included1=SSN included0=SSN not included1=SSN included0=SSN not included1=SSN included
0000=GT not included00010010
=GT included00110100
0000=GT not included00010010
=GT included00110100
0000=GT not included00010010
=GT included00110100
Routing based on0=GT1=DPC+SSN
Routing based on0=GT1=DPC+SSN
Routing based on0=GT1=DPC+SSN
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SCCP Address informationAs the SCCP is embedded in MTP layer 3 using the MSU to transport the user data, inthe routing label of the MTP the DPC and OPC for the link being used to transfer theinformation is enclosed. This information is only between two SP/STP’s and is notend-to-end addressing.
Within the SCCP the subdivisions of address field includes the Calling Party Address(CaPA) and the Called Party Address (CdPA), because SCCP can provide end-to-endrouting these address are used to achieve it.
The Called Party Address and Calling Party Address are of the same format and as bylooking at one in detail it is possible to understand either.
The Called Party Address field breaks down into three sub fields, the SCCP address, thisis made up from the SPC, SSN and GT (which is defined by lower level parameters).
SPC, this indicates the SPC of the Called/Calling Party SCCP node
SSN, this is the SCCP sub system number
GT, this is the Global Title, which is a sub parameter that is defined by lower level subparameters:
� Address Information
this indicates the called or calling party’s number
� Nature of Address
defines the type of number contained in the GT – National number or InternationalNumber
� Numbering Plan
indicates the numbering plan – PLMN, ISDN/Mobile
� Translation type
defines the routing table – GSM or Short Message Centre
The format of the information is laid out in ITU-T Q713
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SCCP Address Information
CP03_Ch6_13
MTP
SCCP
MAP
TCAP
MTP
SCCP
MAP
TCAP
Routing Label
Calling Address
Called Address
Routing LabelRouting Label
Calling AddressCalling Address
Called AddressCalled Address
DPC
OPC
DPCDPC
OPCOPC
Translation type
Numbering Plan
Nature of Address
Address Information
Translation typeTranslation type
Numbering PlanNumbering Plan
Nature of AddressNature of Address
Address InformationAddress Information
Global Title
SSN
SPC
Global TitleGlobal Title
SSNSSN
SPCSPC
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SCCP Functional StructureThe SCCP is able to transfer messages both to higher layers, SCCP Users and aroundthe network using MTP, in order to do so it must have separate functionality within theSCCP to achieve this
The SCCP function consists of the following main sub functions:
SCCP Connection-Oriented Control (SCOC). The function of the SCOC is to control theestablishment and release of signalling connection and to provide for data transfer onsignalling connections.
SCCP Connectionless Control (SSLC). This sub function is responsible for theconnectionless transfer of data units.
SCCP Management (SCM). The purpose of the SCCP Management is to providecapabilities to handle the congestion or failure of the SCCP, the SCCP user or thesignalling route to the SCCP/SCCP user. These are in addition to the MTPs signallingroute management and flow control.
SCCP Routing Control. On receipt of a message from the MTP or any of the above subfunctions, the SCCP Routing Control provides the necessary routing functions to forwardthe message. If the called party is a local user then the message is passed to eitherSCOC, SSLC or SCM. If the called party is not a local user, then it is passed to MTP fortransfer to a distant SCCP user.
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SCCP Functional Structure
CP03_Ch6_14
SCCP MTPSCCP MTP
SCCPManagement
(SCM)
SCCPConnectionless
Control(SCLC)
SCCPConnection
OrientedControl(SCOC) SCCP
RoutingControl(SCRC)
MTPSCCP
USERS
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Chapter 7
Transaction Capabilities
Application Part and Mobile
Application Part
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Chapter 7Transaction Capabilities Application Part and Mobile Application Part i. .
Objectives 7–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) 7–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Purpose of TCAP 7–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mobile Application Part 7–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP Application Entities 7–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP and MAP Interworking 7–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP and MAP in the OSI Model 7–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
AE Functionality 7–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Structure 7–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Component Sub Layer (CSL) 7–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . The Transaction Sub layer (TSL) 7–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Message Interfaces 7–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Embedded Message Structure 7–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Information Elements 7–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Primitives and Constructor IE 7–24. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Message Structure 7–26. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP Transaction Procedures 7–28. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MAP user Communication 7–30. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
TCAP/MAP Transactions 7–32. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Objectives
At the end of this chapter you will be able to:
� Describe the functionality of TCAP and MAP.
� Identify the portions of the TCAP and MAP environment.
� Identify the TCAP message structure and explain the function of the elements.
� Describe the procedure for a TCP transaction.
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Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP)Transaction Capabilities Application Part (TCAP) was introduced above the SCCP andMTP as a reaction for the need to deal with increasing Database-to-Databasecommunication. TCAP uses SCCP to carry the information throughout the signallingnetwork and it is TCAP that provides the core functionality to support roaming.
TCAP is the serving interface between SCCP and the functionality that sits above TCAPproviding GSM with a lot of dialogues running concurrently with a wide variety ofmessages carrying numerous parameters. These communications are now not onlyconcerned with data transfer but are now able to invoke operations at the remote end.The element named Transaction Capabilities (TC) provides general standardised protocolfunctions.
TCAP information is carried within SCCP messages as user data. This is known asembedded data, allowing the TCAP message through the SS7 levels. It relies on theNSP for physically transporting the messages over the network.
TCAP defines an end-to-end protocol between TC users. This means that in acommunication link between two TCAP nodes, the TCAP is not processed in anyintermediate node.
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Transaction Capabilities Application Part
CP03_Ch7_01
TCAP and MAP sit over SCCP and MTP 1–3
TCAP is routed using the SCCP routing function, this provides logicalrouting through the MTP layers
TCAP defines an end–to–end protocol between TC users, this means thaa communication link between two TCAP nodes is not processed byTCAP in any intermediate node
�
�
�
Version 1 Revision 0Purpose of TCAP
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Purpose of TCAPThe purpose of TCAP is to provide means for the transfer of information between nodes,which will enable generic services for applications in mobile telephony and different typesof Intelligent Network services.
The main purpose of TCAP is to support interactive applications. This allows for transferof information and interactive applications. This element is called Transaction Capabilities(TC) and are defined in ITU-T Q.771-775.
TC provides the means to establish non-circuit related communications between twonodes in a TC enabled signalling network.
Examples of interactive applications are:
� Mobile service applications
� 0800 service applications
� HLR/VLR communication
� Credit Card Calling
An important function of TCAP is that the information obtained is able to be acted on inthe receiving node.
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Purpose of TCAP
�
�
�
CP03_Ch7_02
TCAP provides the capability for an application to invoke an operation inanother node and provides a means for the transfer of informationbetween nodes
TCAP information flow between two nodes is known as dialogue
It can also receive the results of the operation and act upon them
It was developed to support interactive applications, both in GSM anddatabase access. E.g. HLR/VLR communication, 0800 services and IN
�
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Mobile Application PartMobile Application Part (MAP) is a protocol that is designed to support GSMrequirements. This protocol is required between the MSC and all registers in the GSMsystem, the protocol is installed in the MSC, VLR, HLR, EIR and AUC to allow thesenode communication. A second application part is required from the MSC to the BSC,this has been designed and is known as the Base Station System Application Part(BSSAP).
MAP is a TC user and it utilises the dialogue and component-handling facilities forpeer-to-peer communication offered by TCAP. It uses the services of the NSP (SCCPand MTP) for the transmission of messages.
Because most of the applications that use MAP are not part of the OSI, MAP servicesare required for control tasks and data exchanges between the different applications andMAP. The MAP services are primitives.
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Mobile Application Part
�
�
�
CP03_Ch7_03
MAP is a protocol that was designed to support GSM requirements, awith TCAP, MAP resides above level 4 in the SS7 model
MAP is installed in the GSM network entities. HLR/VLR, MSC, EIR
MAP is a TC user utilising the dialogue and component handling ofTCAP in an end–to–end solution
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MAP Application EntitiesIn order for MAP to communicate with the applications that sit outside the OSI modelthere needs to be a method within MAP to establish a link with these applications.
MAP is divided into five Application Entities (AE)
MAP-MSCMAP-VLRMAP-HLRMAP-EIRMAP-AUC
Each AE consists of a number of Application Service Elements (ASEs). There are twotypes of ASE – common and specific. Common ASEs are required by all AEs in order tooperate, and specific ASEs are dependant on each AE.
Application Service Elements (ASE) support the interworking of AEs and will consist ofone or several operations with their associated parameters. Any entity using the MAPprotocol can communicate with several other entities simultaneously.
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TCAP and MAP
�
CP03_Ch7_04
MAP is divided into five Application Entities (AE)
MAP–MSC
MAP–VLR
MAP–HLR
MAP–EIR
MAP–AUC
� Each AE is divided into Application Service Elements (ASE). These are grouped as common and specific. ESEssupport the interwork of the AEs, they may be combined to perform a certain task.
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TCAP and MAP InterworkingEach of the AEs are assigned a Sub System Number (SSN). These are the same SSNsthat are used by the SCCP to address certain GSM network entities.
The functionality of AEs are subdivided into Application Service Elements (ASE). ASEsare grouped as common ASEs and specific ASEs. ASEs support the interworking ofAEs. ASEs consist of one or more operations and these operations can be combined toperform a certain task. E.g. in handover a system may require interaction with severalother systems at once and any entity using MAP protocol can communicate with severalothers simultaneously.
TCAP is common to all ASEs and is always included in the MAP-AEs
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TCAP and MAP Interworking
CP03_Ch7_05
MTP
SCCP
MAPHLR
MAPAuC
SSN SSN
TCAPASE common
MTP
SCCP
MAPHLR
MAPAuC
SSN SSN
TCAPASE common
MAP MSC
ASE 1 ASE 2
MAP MSC
ASE 1 ASE 2
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TCAP and MAP in the OSI ModelWhen looking at the OSI model compared to the SS7 levels it is important to rememberthat the OSI model is only used as a guide to explain the functionality of a signallingnetwork.
SCCP sits both on the functionality of MTP-3 and layer 4. Layers 5 and 6 are transparentto the SS7 4 level system – this does not mean that they are not in place but are coveredby TCCP. It is also possible to show TCAP as being spread across Layers 4 to 7. Thebiggest problem is that SS7 does not cross directly to the OSI.
MAP protocol is designed to support GSM requirements. In the OSI model, MAP residesabove TCAP, both are thought of as belonging to layer 7. As MAP does not requireconnected signalling links it uses the connection-less service of the SCCP.
The Application Entities (AE) are logically part of the MAP protocol within a signallingnetwork but are physically outside the SS7 model – they are thought of as MAP users.
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TCAP and MAP in the OSI Model
CP03_Ch7_06
SCCP
MAP
TCAP
SCCP
MAP
TCAP
OSI Layer
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application7
6
5
4
OSI Layer
Transport
Session
Presentation
Application7
6
5
4
EIRMSCVLRHLR AUCEIRMSCVLRHLR AUC AE’s
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AE FunctionalityThere are five Application Entities (AE) within the GSM architecture and all operate in thesame manner. However their functions supported within the GSM network are different.
All application entities (AE) consist of a number of Application Service Elements (ASEs).ASEs are grouped as common ASEs and specific ASEs. TCAP is a common ASE to allAEs – this is because it is always included in all MAP-AEs.
Common ASEs
Common ASEs control communication between MAP and the application
MAP-OPEN – allows MAP to establish a dialogueMAP-CLOSE – terminates the existing processMAP-U-ABORT – indicates that an application wishes to interrupt a dialogueMAP-P-ABORT – indicates that TCAP wishes to interrupt a dialogueMAP-NOTICE – provides an application with information about problems on the peersideMAP-DELIMITER – this indicates that a data packet is ready to be passed.
Specific ASEs
Specific ASEs contain and transfer the actual data. The common service only containsthe applications context name and establishes the requested protocol for the dialogue tobe established. The specific ASE’s depend on the MAP application entity
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AE Functionality
CP03_Ch7_07
OTHER ASE OTHER ASE
TCAP(common ASE)
APPLICATION ENTITY
OTHER ASE OTHER ASE
TCAP(common ASE)
APPLICATION ENTITY
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TCAP StructureThe TCAP is divided into two main parts – The Component Sub Layer (CSL) and theTransaction Sub Layer (TSL).
The ComponentSub Layer (CSL)
The CSL is responsible for individual actions or data requested, and is concerned withthe exchange of information between the TC user and TCAP. The component layerequates to Layers 5 and 6 in the OSI model. The CSL also provides the TC user with thecapabilities of invoking remote operations and receiving replies. The CSL provides auniform data interface to its users, represented by the Application Protocol Data Unit(APDU). These transport the payload which MAP and the application uses. The CSLallows many dialogues to be run concurrently between TC users.
The TransactionSub layer (TSL)
The TSL deals with the actual exchange of messages between two TC users, containingthe components from the CSL. The term “transaction” is used because the dialoguecontrol is translated to transaction control with one-to-one mapping.
TCAP packages a message with all its parameters and components in a special format,before it is handed over to the NSP. Because there is a transaction id, dialogue id, invokeid and operation code included in the message, the destination TCAP is able to handlemulti dialogues and transactions concurrently between two nodes without mixing themessages.
� “Dialogue” is between TC users
� “Transaction” is between TCAP
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TCAP Structure
�
CP03_Ch7_08
TCAP has two main parts
– Component Sub layer, which is responsible for individual actions ordata requests, it is concerned with the exchange of informationbetween the TC user and TCAP
– Transaction Sub layer, this deals with the actual exchange ofmessages. The term transaction is used because each TCAPmessage is associated with one transaction.
Version 1 Revision 0TCAP Message Interfaces
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TCAP Message InterfacesThe TCAP resides between SCCP and MAP and as such it has the requirement tofunction in both directions.
The Transaction Sub Layer (TSL) defines the transaction ID that is comparable to theSLR/DLR in SCCP to invoke addressing. This is used with the invoke ID, it is possible tohave several dialogues open at once. TCAP allows for the dialogues to run concurrentlybetween two users. The TSL provides the capability for the exchange of componentsbetween TC users and it is the TSL that interfaces with the SCCP.
The Component Sub Layer (CSL) is responsible for the synchronisation andco-ordination of a communication. The CSL consists of two functions:
� Dialogue Handling (DHA)
� Component Handling (CHA)
There are two dialogue facilities provided – unstructured and structured. The differencebetween unstructured and structured is that in unstructured the dialogue is terminated assoon as the component is transferred. In structured dialogue several flows ofcomponents are allowed to co-exist between two TC users. The component handling isrelated to the request to perform an operation or a reply and it is the CHA which isresponsible for the correct component.
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TCAP Message Interfaces
CP03_Ch7_09
Network Service e.g SCCPNSP
Network Service e.g SCCPNSP
APDUTransfer
AddressingInformation
MAP TC–user
Actions or dataAPDUTransfer
AddressingInformation
APDUTransfer
AddressingInformationAddressingInformation
MAP TC–user
Actions or dataActions or data
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP Component SublayerTCAP
Exchange of components
Network ServiceAccess Point
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP Component SublayerTCAP
Exchange of componentsExchange of components
Network ServiceAccess PointNetwork ServiceAccess Point
Version 1 Revision 0TCAP Embedded Message Structure
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TCAP Embedded Message StructureThe TCAP message is carried as a payload of an SCCP message, this in turn is hostedby the MSU.
The SCCP breaks down into various parts
Label is a type D this is the routing label which is of standard format,
| sig info | SLS | OPC | DPC .
Message type indicates what the SCCP message is carried.
The SCCP message header carries the protocol class and the standard SCCPinformation, such as CaPA and CdPA
The User data within the message will indicate it is a TCAP message, this is broken intothe transaction portion and the component portion.
EOP = end of optional part
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TCAP Embedded Message Structure
CP03_Ch7_10
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
LabelMessage TypeSCCP message HeaderUser message/dataEOP LabelMessage TypeSCCP message HeaderUser message/dataEOP
Transactionportion
Component Portion
Component n Component 2 Component 1
Transactionportion
Component Portion
Component n Component 2 Component 1
Transactionportion
Component Portion
Component n Component 2 Component 1TCAP
FCS SIFFlag Spare LISIOFCS SIFFlag Spare LISIO
Version 1 Revision 0TCAP Information Elements
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TCAP Information ElementsAll types of information in a TCAP message are divided into modules. These are calledinformation elements.
All information elements have the same structure and they consist of three fields whichwill always appear in a set order:
1. TAG, this distinguishes one information element from another, and controls theinterpretation of the contents.
2. LENGTH specifies the length of the contents of an information element.
3. CONTENTS, this is the substance of an information element.
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TCAP Information Elements
CP03_Ch7_11
Information in TCAP messages are divided into modules calledinformation elements, all information elements have the same structure
– TAG
– Length
– Contents
�
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Primitives and Constructor IEThe content of each element is either one Information Element (primitive) or multipleInformation Elements (constructor)
If primitives are used the information elements are always Tag, Length and thenContents.
If it is more than one information element it is a constructor and the Tag will then be usedto distinguish between one information element and another.
The first Field indicators will indicate the information in the Constructor InformationElement.
The length of content is coded to indicate the number of octets. The Length does notinclude the Tag or the length of the Contents octets.
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Primitives and Constructor IE
CP03_Ch7_12
Tag
Length
Tag
Length
Contents
Contents
Contents
Tag
Length
Tag
Length
Tag
Length
Contents
Tag
Length
Tag
Length
Tag
Length
Contents
ContentsPrimitive
Constructor
Version 1 Revision 0TCAP Message Structure
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TCAP Message StructureA TC user invoking an operation creates the structure of a TCAP message. It consists ofa Dialogue portion part, Transaction portion part and a Component portion part.
Message Type Tag
There are five types of messages defined for the transaction portion
� Unidirectional
� Begin
� End
� Continue
� Abort
Message length
The message length indicates the total length of the message.
Transaction portion information element
The Transaction portion information element carries the transaction ID. It will carry eitherthe destination and/or originating ID.
Dialogue portion information element
The Dialogue portion information element consists of two elements – the applicationcontext and the user information.
Component portion
The Component portion is a constructor and consists of two elements, the invoke ID andOperation code information element. The Invoke ID distinguishes between differentoperations invoked within one dialogue. The Operation code information element,identifies the operation that is to be invoked at the far end. The number of parametersand constructors included in the Operation code constructor is not limited, so a numberof constructors may be included in the same message.
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TCAP Message Structure
CP03_Ch7_13
Total Message LengthMessage Type Tag
TransactionPortion
ComponentPortion
Transaction Portion Information Element
Dialogue Portion Information Element
Component Portion TagComponent Portion Length
Component Portion Contents
Component Portion TagComponent Portion Length
Component Portion Contents
Component Information Element
Component Portion TagComponent Portion Length
Component Portion Contents
Component Portion TagComponent Portion Length
Component Portion Contents
Version 1 Revision 0TCAP Transaction Procedures
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TCAP Transaction ProceduresThe operation of TCAP is logical.
The originating TC user will send a dialogue request (this is a BEG message – BEGin)for TCAP to open a dialogue for one user with another. The BEG message comprises ofthe transaction ID and identifies a dialogue within the transaction layer.
The second TC user will either send a CON (CONtinue) or END message. If it is a CONmessage it means that the transport of information may take place. The first CONmessage confirms that the requested protocol and application context are accepted. Ifthe message is an END it means that the process is to be terminated.
The only other message is the ABT (AborT) message and this can be sent by either TCuser and the reason for termination does not need to be provided. There is, however adistinction between the user abort, U-ABT and the service provider abort, P-ABT.
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TCAP transaction Procedures
CP03_Ch7_14
BEGIN [OTID = x, Invoke (#1, provide dialled freephone number)]
CONTINUE [OTID = y DTID = x,Invoke(#2, play announcement and collect digits)]
CONTINUE [OTID = x DTID = y,Return result (#2 collected digits)}
END [DTID = x, Return result (#1, routing number)]
ORIGINATINGEXCHANGE
DATABASE
BEGIN [OTID = x, Invoke (#1, provide dialled freephone number)]
CONTINUE [OTID = y DTID = x,Invoke(#2, play announcement and collect digits)]
CONTINUE [OTID = x DTID = y,Return result (#2 collected digits)}
END [DTID = x, Return result (#1, routing number)]
ORIGINATINGEXCHANGE
DATABASE
Version 1 Revision 0MAP user Communication
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MAP user CommunicationAs can be seen, all of the Application Parts interact using primitives. A primitive is acommunication between layers.
Service primitives are data units, or functional signals that are sent between adjacentlayers in order to invoke different procedures. The data units contain parameters withinformation that is used in the interaction between the two users.
TCAP primitives contain the portions of information that make up a TCAP message
Primitives can be sent in both directions
The virtual communication is the apparent communication that is seen by the user.
Primitives are used to access the different layers and levels. This is done through accesspoints and each layer has its own service access point. A service access point is anentry/exit point between two protocols and each service access point has a designatedfunction.
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MAP user Communication
CP03_Ch7_15
MAP
TCAP
MAP User
MAP
TCAP
MAP User
MAP ServicePrimitives
Primitives
Virtual Peer to Peercommunication
To/From SCCP To/From SCCP
Virtual Peer to Peercommunication
MAP ServicePrimitives
Primitives
PrimitivesPrimitives
MAP
TCAP
MAP User
MAP
TCAP
MAP User
MAP ServicePrimitives
Primitives
Virtual Peer to Peercommunication
To/From SCCP To/From SCCP
Virtual Peer to Peercommunication
MAP ServicePrimitives
Primitives
PrimitivesPrimitives
Version 1 Revision 0TCAP/MAP Transactions
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TCAP/MAP TransactionsIn MAP there is an important need for the direction of the services to be known. Thereare four variants defined for every MAP service.
Initiating MAP user will start with a request (REQ), this translates itself as an indication(IND) at the responding MAP user.
When the responding MAP user replies the MAP service will respond with the response(RSP). This indicates that the message being sent, although known that it is leaving theresponding MAP user, it is in response to an already sent REQ. The RSP when it isreceived at the initiating MAP user it translated to a Confirmation (CNF) message.
These actions are important to understand the operation of direction control in MAP.
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TCAP/MAP transactions
CP03_Ch7_16
Initiating MAP User Responding MAP UserInitiating MAP User Responding MAP User
ConfirmationCNF
RequestREQ
IndicationIND
ResponseRES
APDU Transfer
MAP MAP
AddressingInformation
AddressingInformation
APDU Transfer
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP ComponentSublayer
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP ComponentSublayer
To/From SCCP To/From SCCP
ConfirmationCNF
RequestREQ
IndicationIND
ResponseRES
ConfirmationCNF
RequestREQ
IndicationIND
ResponseRES
APDU Transfer
MAP MAP
AddressingInformation
AddressingInformation
APDU Transfer
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP ComponentSublayer
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP ComponentSublayer
To/From SCCP To/From SCCP
APDU Transfer
MAP MAP
AddressingInformation
AddressingInformation
APDU Transfer
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP ComponentSublayer
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP ComponentSublayer
To/From SCCP To/From SCCP
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP ComponentSublayer
TCAP Transaction Sublayer
TCAP ComponentSublayer
To/From SCCP To/From SCCP
Version 1 Revision 0TCAP/MAP Transactions
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Chapter 8
GSM Network Overview to SS7
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Chapter 8GSM Network Overview to SS7 i. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Objectives 8–1. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GSM Network Components 8–2. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
GSM Interface Names 8–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Interface Names 8–4. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Interface Protocols 8–6. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Interface between MSC and BSS 8–8. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
BSSAP Message Structure 8–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . BSSMAP Message 8–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . DTAP Message 8–10. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Interfaces Between BSC, BTS and MS 8–12. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAPD frame Structure 8–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Address Field 8–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control field 8–14. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAPDm Frames 8–16. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
LAPDm Frame Structure 8–18. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A and B format Frame Structure 8–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Address Field 8–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Control Field 8–20. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
SS7 Connection to GPRS 8–22. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
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Version 1 Revision 0 Objectives
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Objectives
At the end of this chapter the student will be able to:
� Identify the two Subsystems and their components in GSM.
� Identify the components and interfaces of the GSM network and describe theirfunction.
� Understand the A interface, LApD and LApdM message formats.
Version 1 Revision 0GSM Network Components
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GSM Network ComponentsEach network component is illustrated only once, however, many of the components willoccur several times throughout a network.
Each network component is designed to communicate over an interface specified by theGSM standards. This provides flexibility and enables a network provider to utilize systemcomponents from different manufacturers. For example Motorola Base Station System(BSS) equipment may be coupled with an Ericsson Network Switching System.
The principle component groups of a GSM network are:
The Mobile Station (MS)
This consists of the mobile telephone, fax machine etc. This is the part of the networkthat the subscriber will see.
The Base Station System (BSS)
This is the part of the network that provides the radio interconnection from the MS to theland-based switching equipment.
The Network Switching System
This consists of the Mobile services Switching Centre (MSC) and its associatedsystem-control databases and processors together with the required interfaces. This isthe part that provides for interconnection between the GSM network and the PublicSwitched Telephone Network (PSTN).
The Operations and Maintenance System
This enables the network provider to configure and maintain the network from a centrallocation.
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GSM Network Components
CP03_Ch8_01
NMC
OMC
Operations andMaintenance System
Network Switching System
Base Station System
Interface/Connection
Mobile Station
PSTN
VLR HLR
AUC
EIRMSC
IWFEC
BTS
BSC
ME
SIM
XCDR
Version 1 Revision 0GSM Interface Names
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GSM Interface Names
Interface Names
Each interface specified within the GSM system has a name associated with it. Thediagram opposite illustrates the names of all the interfaces specified by GSM.
Air-interface MS-BTS
A-bis(Mo-bis) BTS-BSC
A-interface BSS-MSC
B-Interface MSC-VLR
C-interface MSC-HLR
D-interface HLR-VLR
E-interface inter-MSC
F-interface MSC-EIR
G-interface VLR-VLR
R-interface MS-DTE (Data Terminating Equipment)
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GSM Interface Names
CP03_Ch8_02
NMC
OMC
VLR
MSC
ECIWFXC
XC
VLR
EC IWF XC
MSC
HLR
AUC
EIR
PSTN
BTS BSC
CO–LOCATED ENTITIES
BSS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BTS
BSC
BTS BTS BTS
MS
MS
MS
VLR
A
E
Abis
Um
G
B
D
BC
H
F
Version 1 Revision 0A Interface Protocols
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A Interface ProtocolsThe A interface is the interface between the BSS and the MSC. The protocol usedacross the A interface is called Base Station System Application Part (BSSAP). TheBSSAP sends messages associated with specific MS in the SCCP connection-orientatedmode.
The BSSAP is used for signalling between MSC and BSS and it is made up of threetypes of signalling messages
� DTAP
� BSSMAP
� Initial MS message
DTAP and Initial signalling can be looked at as one as they are both transparent to theBSS, both of these messages carry user information.
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A Interface Protocols
CP03_Ch8_03
DTAP
MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
BSSMAP
BSSAPDTAP
MTP Level 1
MTP Level 2
MTP Level 3
SCCP
BSSMAP
BSSAP
MSC
BSS
BSC/BTS
Transparent to BSS
DTAP
BSSAP LAPDm
Initial MSMSC
BSS
BSC/BTS
Transparent to BSS
DTAP
BSSAP LAPDm
Initial MS
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A Interface between MSC and BSSThe signalling channel between the MSC and BSS is able to serve one or more basetransceiver stations. Motorola’s feature is 100 BTSs supported by one BSC.
The protocols used for signalling between the MSC and BSS are BSSAP, SCCP andMTP.
The distribution sub layer performs the distribution of BSSAP messages to eitherBSSMAP or DTAP. It is able to do this by reading the distribution data unit which iscontained in the header of the message. This information is used to determine if themessage is BSSMAP or DTAP.
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A Interface between MSC and BSS
CP03_Ch8_04
MTP
SCCP
Distribution Sublayer
BSSAP
MTP
SCCP
Distribution Sublayer
BSSAP
MTP
SCCP
Distribution Sublayer
BSSAP
MTP
SCCP
Distribution Sublayer
MTP
SCCP
Distribution Sublayer
BSSAP
DTAPBSSMAP DTAPBSSMAP DTAPBSSMAP DTAPBSSMAP
A–InterfaceMSC BSS
A–InterfaceMSC BSS
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BSSAP Message StructureThe entire BSSAP message is embedded in an SCCP message. The first 8 or 16 bits ofthe BSSAP indicate if the message is either a BSSMAP or a DTAP. This is thediscrimination field.
BSSMAP, the 8-bit header discriminates the message as a BSSMAP.
DTAP, the 16 bits break into the first 8 bits indicate a DTAP and the second 8 bitsindicate the data link connection identifier (DLCI).
A length indicator, indicates the length of the information/data field.
BSSMAPMessage
Message type is an 8-bit field indicating the code of the message.
Information field consists of the information element identifier (IEI), a length indicator anda data field.
DTAP Message
Data Link Connection Identification (DLCI), part of the distribution data unit, is used toidentify the radio channel and also specifies which SAPI value used on the radio link:
� SAPI 0= call control signalling
� SAPI 1= short message service
Message type is an 8-bit field indicating the code of the message
TI/PD
The purpose of Transaction Identifier (TI) is to distinguish between multiple parallelactivities within one MS.
Protocol Discriminator (PD) is to distinguish between messages belonging to following:
� Call control
� Mobility management
� Radio resource management
� Supplementary service control
� Other signalling procedures
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BSSAP Message Structure
CP03_Ch8_05
BSSMAP
Discrimination
Length
Message Type
Info
BSSMAP
Discrimination
Length
Message Type
Info
DTAP
Discrimination
Length
Message Type
Info
DLCI
TI / PD
DTAP
Discrimination
Length
Message Type
Info
DLCI
TI / PD
Version 1 Revision 0Interfaces Between BSC, BTS and MS
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Interfaces Between BSC, BTS and MSBetween the BSC and the BTS one 64 kbit/sec channel is used for sending all thesignalling information. This requires a special protocol and this is the link accessprocedure on D channel (LAPD).
The sending portion constructs a LAPD frame, which is then transmitted octet by octetover the PCM link. At the receiving end the octets are put back into the LAPD frame andthe information data is extracted and then delivered to the user.
LAPD supports both unacknowledged and acknowledged information transfer.
Between the BTS and the MS which is the Air interface, it is not possible to use TDMA tosend a signalling frame that is the length of LAPD. As a result the message needs to bedivided into segments. To meet the radio requirements the LAPD functionality has beenused to create the LAPDm.
LAPD and LAPDm are Layer 2 in the OSI protocol Stack.
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Interfaces Between BSC, BTS and MS
Between the BSC and the BTS the protocol for transporting signallingmessages is Link Access Procedure on D–channel (LAPD)
Between the BTS and the MS, which is viewed as the air interface, amodified LAPD protocol is used. (LAPDm). This protocol is based onLAPD functionality but has been adapted to match radio requirements.Due to the length of LAPD frame, sending the frame over the air interfacerequires that frame to be segmented.
�
�
CP03_Ch8_06
Version 1 Revision 0LAPD frame Structure
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LAPD frame StructureThe LAPD frame follows the same format as all signalling frames, the fields are outlinedbelow.
Address Field
EA Extension Address – one EA per octet, first ia always set to 0 indicating that thefollowing octet is part of the address field, the second one is set to 1, meaning it is thelast octet of the address
SAPI Service Access Point Identifier – this address is used to access differentfunctions. GSM uses 3 SAPI
� 0–Radio signalling/traffic management, call control
� 62–operational and maintenance
� 63–layer 2 management
C/R command or response – is the message a command or an answer/response
TEI Terminal Endpoint Identifier – this allows for distinction among identical functionentities, e.g. transceivers
Control field
There are 3 types of Control Field, either 8 bits or 16 bits long, depending on the frametype.
� Information frame – I
� Supervision frame – S
� Unnumbered frame – U
N (S) (R) Number send and receive – used for modulo counting used in I frame only
P/F polling bit final bit – used for forcing a response to a frame by setting p=1 in acommand frame, f bit is the response.
The P/F bit varies with frame type and is dependant on the frame requiringacknowledgement.
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LAPD Frame Structure
CP03_Ch8_07
C/RTEI SAPIEA EAC/RTEI SAPIEA EA
FirstTransmission DirectionLast FirstTransmission DirectionLast
Flag FlagFCSInformation field
Layer 3Control Address
8 816 0–260 octets 16 16
Flag FlagFCSInformation field
Layer 3Control AddressFlag FlagFCS
Information fieldLayer 3
Control Address
8 816 0–260 octets 16 16
N(S)PFN(R) 0N(S)PFN(R) 0N(S)PFN(R) 0
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LAPDm FramesThere are two operation modes in LAPDm
Unacknowledged
Messages that do not need to be acknowledged are sent in Unnumbered Informationframes (UI), there is no error correction or flow control for these frames.
Acknowledged
These are sent when it is necessary to obtain an answer. The frame is a NumberedInformation Frame (I-frame). They require acknowledgement before the next frame issent.
There are three formats of the LAPDm frame:
� A-format
� B-format
� Bbis format
A and B formats are used in both directions. Bbis format is used in downlink only.
Version 1 Revision 0 LAPDm Frames
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LAPDm Frames
CP03_Ch8_08
There are two type of frame, Unacknowledged (UI) and Acknowledged (and three formats for the LAPDm frame, which one is sent depends onthe type of information to be sent
– A–format, sent with no payload but has addressing information
– B–format, used to transport signalling information
– Bbis –format, used for broadcast when no addressing information isneeded
– All formats are of identical length 23 octets
�
Version 1 Revision 0LAPDm Frame Structure
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LAPDm Frame StructureThe three frame types that are used can be separated into two frame structures – theA-format and B-format can be viewed as the same format and the Bbis format isdifferent.
The Bbis format is the easiest structure to view. It consists of an information field, whichis the signalling data which takes the frame length to 23 octets.
The A-format and B-format frame length sub field contains more information.
EL Extension Length bit, is always set to 0 unless another length indicator field followswhen it is set to 1.
M More data bit this bit indicates segmentation if the layer 3 message.
� M=1 part of a segmented message
� M=0 last segment of message
The last bits 2–7 are used in all three frames to indicate the length of the informationfield.
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LAPDm Frame Structure
CP03_Ch8_09
Bbis format
Signalling Data
Bbis format
Signalling Data
B–format
Fill–in octet Signalling Data Frame Length Control Field Address FieldFill–in octet Signalling Data Frame Length Control Field Address Field
Fill octets Frame Length Control Field Address FieldFill octets Frame Length Control Field Address Field
A–format
Length MLengthLength M EL
Version 1 Revision 0A and B format Frame Structure
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A and B format Frame StructureThe A-format and B-format have the same structure – the only difference being after theframe length sub field.
Address Field
EA Extension Address – one EA per octet, the first EA is permanently set to 0indicating following octet is part of the address field.
C/R command or response – is the message a command or an answer/response.
SAPI Service Access Point Identifier – this address is used to access differentfunctions. LAPDm uses different SAPI on the air interface.
� SAPI 0= Radio Resources, Mobility Management, Call Control.
� SAPI 3= Short Message Service, Supplementary Services.
LPD Link Protocol Discriminator – a 2-bit field always coded 00, unless Cell Broadcastservice is used then it is coded 01.
X is a fill bit.
Control Field
The MT message Type bit – indicates what the frame is being used for,
� 0 = Information Frame
� 1 = Supervisory frame
In unnumbered frames the N(S) field is not used and becomes part of the MT field, theMT field then is a 2bit field.
11 = Unnumbered frame.
N (S) (R) Number send and receive – used for modulo counting used in I frame only.
P/F polling bit final bit – used for forcing a response to a frame by setting p=1 in acommand frame, f bit is the response.
The P/F bit varies with frame type and is dependant on the frame requiringacknowledgement.
In the B-format, if the information to be transmitted requires less space than thesignalling data field, the space is filled in with fill-in octets.
Version 1 Revision 0 A and B format Frame Structure
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A and B format Frame Structure
CP03_Ch8_10
B–format
Fill–in octet Signalling Data Frame Length Control Field Address FieldFill–in octet Signalling Data Frame Length Control Field Address Field
Fill octets Frame Length Control Field Address FieldFill octets Frame Length Control Field Address Field
A–format
N(S)P/FN(R) MTN(S)P/FN(R) MTN(S)P/FN(R) MT
SAPIX C/RLPD EASAPIX C/RLPD EASAPIX C/RLPD EA
Version 1 Revision 0SS7 Connection to GPRS
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SS7 Connection to GPRSGPRS is a new set of GSM bearer services that provide packet mode transmission withinthe PLMN.
There remains a requirement to interface with certain components within the GSMnetwork over SS7 interfaces.
The interfaces that are used are:
Gs – the interface between the MSC/VLR and the SGSN
Gr – the interface between the SGSN and the HLR.
The Gs is the interface that is used to establish what state the subscriber is in – if thesubscriber has initialised the GPRS services or not (IMSI attached). The Gs is also usedfor circuit switching paging messages.
The Gr is the interface that is used to establish if the subscriber has the servicesenabled.
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SS7 Connections to GPRS
CP03_Ch8_11
External Gateway
IP Routers
Gateway IP Router
Gateway GSN
Comm Hub ISS
SF
Serving GSN
FR access
BSC
PCU
BTS
MSC – VLRs
SMS – SC
SS7 Network
Signaling Transfer Points
HLRs
Gr Gs Gd
Gn
FR access
Frame Relay Network
IP host
IP host
IP host
IP host IP
host
IP host IP
host External IP Network
External Gateway
IP Routers
Gateway IP Router
Gateway GSN
Serving GSN
FR access
FR access
MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS
MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS MS
Gn
Gn Gn
Gi Gi
BSC
PCU
BTS
BSC
PCU
BTS
BSC
PCU
BTS
cell
External IP Network External IP Network
MS
Version 1 Revision 0SS7 Connection to GPRS
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