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8/3/2019 Principles Of Management - Culture & Multi Culture
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/principles-of-management-culture-multi-culture 1/13
Chapter 7
CULTURE ANDMULTICULTURALISM
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Definition and Characteristics
Culture: The complex mixture of
assumptions,behaviors,stories,myths,metaphors
and other ideas that fit together to define what itmeans to be a member of a particular society.
Organizational Culture: The set of importantundrstanding,such as norms, values, attitudes andbeliefs, shared by organizational members.
For ex,large Japanese firm’s culture, dress code at
IBM,employee oriented culture at park plazahotel,ahemedabad.
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Organizational Culture Continued
– A philosophy regarding how employees andcustomers should be treated
– Rules that dictate the do’s and don’ts of employee
behavior relating to:productivity
customer relations
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Three basic elements ofculture
Artifacts: are the things that “one sees, hears, and
feels when one encounters a new group with anunfamiliar culture". For ex,CEO’s dress code at two
different company,cultute at IIM and other collages.
Espoused values: The reasons given by anorganization for the way things are done:Ex,dardenschool has an espoused value of being a “teaching
school” .
Basic assumptions: The belief that are taken forgranted by the members of an organization.:Ex, atAT&T.Service available.
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Organizational Cultures in MNCs
Aspects in determining MNC organizational
culture: The relationship between the employees and their organization
The hierarchical system of authority that defines the roles ofmanagers and subordinates
The general views that employees hold about the MNC’s purpose,destiny, goals, and their places in them
4 types of organizational cultures: Family
Eiffel Tower
Guided Missile
Incubator
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Organizational Cultures
Equity
Fulfillment-oriented Project-oriented
culture culture
INCUBATOR GUIDED MISSILE
Person Task
FAMILY EIFFEL TOWER
Power-oriented Role-oriented
culture culture
Hierarchy
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Family Culture
Strong emphasis on the hierarchyand orientation to the person
headed by a leader who is regarded as a caring parent
personnel look to leaders for both guidance and approval inexchange for looking after them
characterized by traditions, customs, and associations that bindtogether the personnel
and make it difficult for outsiders to become members EX.) Turkey, Venezuela, China, and Singapore
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Eiffel Tower Culture
Strong emphasis on the hierarchy andorientation to the task -- impersonal andefficient
Jobs are well defined
everything is coordinated from the top.
Person holding top position could be replaced at any timewithout having an effect on the work being done
assessment centers, appraisal systems, training anddevelopment programs, and job rotation are common in
managing human resources. Ex.) North American and Northwest European countries
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Guided Missile Culture
Strong emphasis on equality in the workplace and orientation to the task
Teams and project groups are common
Formal hierarchical considerations are given low priorityand individual expertise is of greater importance
360-degree feedback systems are common Change comes quickly
Ex.) United States and United Kingdom
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Incubator Culture
Strong emphasis on equality and personalorientation
based on the concept that organizations are secondary to thefulfillment of the individuals within them
Little formal structure -- participants are there to perform roles
This culture is composed of creative work teams
Change is fast and spontaneous
Leadership is achieved, not gained by position
Ex.) entrepreneurial companies
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Multiculturalism
As applied to the workplace, the view that are manydifferent cultural back-grounds and factors that areimportant in organizations, and that people fromdifferent back-grounds can coexist and flourishwithin an organization it refers to cultural factorssuch as ethnicity, race, gender, physical ability.
Gender issues in multiculturism:
Glass Ceiling syndrome
Stereotyping
• Racial and ethnic minority issues:Earning Gap
Revolving door syndrome
Other issues:
Ageism
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Glass Ceiling
refers to "the unseen, yet unbreachable barrier that keepsminorities and women from rising to the upper rungs of the
corporate ladder, regardless of their qualifications orachievements."[Initially, the metaphor applied to barriers in thecareers of women but was quickly extended to refer to obstacles
hindering the advancement of minority men, as well as women.
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Advantages of Diversity
Generation of more and betterideas
Prevents “groupthink”
Culturally diverse groups can
enhance creativity, lead to betterdecisions, and result in moreeffective and productiveperformance