PRINCIPLES OFPOLITICAL SCIENCE

Dr. ANUP CHAND KAPURM.A., Ph.D.

S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.(AN ISO 9001 : 2000 COMPANY)

RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI-110 055

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

S. CHAND & COMPANY LTD.(An ISO 9001 : 2000 Company)Head Office: 7361, RAM NAGAR, NEW DELHI - 110 055Phone: 23672080-81-82, 9899107446, 9911310888Fax: 91-11-23677446Shop at: schandgroup.com; e-mail: info@schandgroup.com

Branches :AHMEDABAD : 1st Floor, Heritage, Near Gujarat Vidhyapeeth, Ashram Road, Ahmedabad - 380 014,

Ph: 27541965, 27542369, ahmedabad@schandgroup.comBENGALURU : No. 6, Ahuja Chambers, 1st Cross, Kumara Krupa Road, Bengaluru- 560 001,

Ph: 22268048, 22354008, bangalore@schandgroup.comBHOPAL : 238-A, M.P. Nagar, Zone 1, Bhopal - 462 011, Ph: 4274723. bhopal@schandgroup.comCHANDIGARH : S.C.O. 2419-20, First Floor, Sector - 22-C (Near Aroma Hotel), Chandigarh -160 022,

Ph: 2725443, 2725446, chandigarh@schandgroup.comCHENNAI : 152, Anna Salai, Chennai - 600 002, Ph: 28460026, 28460027, chennai@schandgroup.comCOIMBATORE : Plot No. 5, Rajalakshmi Nagar, Peelamedu, Coimbatore -641 004, (M) 09444228242,

coimbatore@schandgroup.comCUTTACK : 1st Floor, Bhartia Tower, Badambadi, Cuttack - 753 009, Ph: 2332580; 2332581,

cuttack@schandgroup.comDEHRADUN : 1st Floor, 20, New Road, Near Dwarka Store, Dehradun - 248 001,

Ph: 2711101, 2710861, dehradun@schandgroup.comGUWAHATI : Pan Bazar, Guwahati - 781 001, Ph: 2738811, 2735640 guwahati@schandgroup.comHYDERABAD : Padma Plaza, H.No. 3-4-630, Opp. Ratna College, Narayanaguda, Hyderabad - 500 029,

Ph: 24651135, 24744815, hyderabad@schandgroup.comJAIPUR : A-14, Janta Store Shopping Complex, University Marg, Bapu Nagar, Jaipur - 302 015,

Ph: 2719126, jaipur@schandgroup.comJALANDHAR : Mai Hiran Gate, Jalandhar - 144 008, Ph: 2401630, 5000630, jalandhar@schandgroup.comJAMMU : 67/B, B-Block, Gandhi Nagar, Jammu - 180 004, (M) 09878651464KOCHI : Kachapilly Square, Mullassery Canal Road, Ernakulam, Kochi - 682 011, Ph: 2378207,

cochin@schandgroup.comKOLKATA : 285/J, Bipin Bihari Ganguli Street, Kolkata - 700 012, Ph: 22367459, 22373914,

kolkata@schandgroup.comLUCKNOW : Mahabeer Market, 25 Gwynne Road, Aminabad, Lucknow - 226 018, Ph: 2626801,

2284815, lucknow@schandgroup.comMUMBAI : Blackie House, 103/5, Walchand Hirachand Marg, Opp. G.P.O., Mumbai - 400 001,

Ph: 22690881, 22610885, mumbai@schandgroup.comNAGPUR : Karnal Bag, Model Mill Chowk, Umrer Road, Nagpur - 440 032, Ph: 2723901, 2777666

nagpur@schandgroup.comPATNA : 104, Citicentre Ashok, Govind Mitra Road, Patna - 800 004, Ph: 2300489, 2302100,

patna@schandgroup.comPUNE : 291/1, Ganesh Gayatri Complex, 1st Floor, Somwarpeth, Near Jain Mandir,

Pune - 411 011, Ph: 64017298, pune@schandgroup.comRAIPUR : Kailash Residency, Plot No. 4B, Bottle House Road, Shankar Nagar, Raipur - 492 007,

Ph: 09981200834, raipur@schandgroup.comRANCHI : Flat No. 104, Sri Draupadi Smriti Apartments, East of Jaipal Singh Stadium, Neel Ratan

Street, Upper Bazar, Ranchi - 834 001, Ph: 2208761, ranchi@schandgroup.comVISAKHAPATNAM: Plot No. 7, 1st Floor, Allipuram Extension, Opp. Radhakrishna Towers, Seethammadhara

North Extn., Visakhapatnam - 530 013, (M) 09347580841,visakhapatnam@schandgroup.com

© 1950, Dr. A.C. KapurAll rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrievalsystem or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Publishers.tF irs t E d itio n 1 9 5 0T w e n tie th E d itio n 1 9 9 6S u b s e q u e n t E d itio n s a n d R e p rin t s 1 9 9 7 , 9 9 , 2 0 0 0 , 2 0 0 2 , 2 0 0 1 , 2 0 0 3 , 2 0 0 4 , 2 0 0 5 ,2 0 0 6 ( T w ic e ) , 2 0 0 7 , 2 0 0 8 , 2 0 0 9R e v is e d a n d E n la rg e d E d itio n 2 0 1 0ISBN : 81-219-0276-2 Code : 17A 001PRINTED IN INDIA

By Rajendra Ravindra Printers Pvt. Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055and published by S. Chand & Company Ltd., 7361, Ram Nagar, New Delhi -110 055.

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

PREFACE TO THE 21ST REVISED EDITION

The Twentieth Edition of this book received as wide reception and within a shortspan of just about two years there was a rapid succession of reprints which necessitatedto bring out a fresh edition consolidating the entire text and give it a logical shape.

I am grateful to the learned teachers, at all levels, for their wide patronage inrecommending the book to their students. I am equally grateful to my Publishers for theircooperation.

GOKAL NIWAS Dr. Anup Chand KapurTurner Road, Clement TownDehradun-248002

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

PREFACE TO THE FIRST EDITIONThere are some admirable textbooks on Political Science, yet I have ventured to

bring out another volume on the subject. India having become a Sovereign and IndependentRepublic, the Independent Republic, the study of Political Science has acquired an addedimportance for all of us, particularly for students. Our students must be familiar with thecomplexity of the national and international problems, and must also cultivate a scientificand unbiased approach to all such problems. Students of today are the statement andadministrators of tomorrow and they will have to use their best talents for making Indiaa great nation.

In writing this book I do not claim any originality. My aim throughout has been togive students an easily intelligible exposition of the origin of the State and forms andtypes of government, and I have taken special pains to present impartially the differentaspects of every question. I have illustrated the text, wherever necessary, with the actualworking of the political institutions in different countries of the world, with specialemphasis on Indian Administration—past and present—embracing, too, the provisionsof the Draft Constitution of India. While doing so I have not been oblivious of the factthat the book is primarily intended to cater to the needs of the students offering PoliticalScience as one of their electrify subjects for the degree examination of Indian universities.The course covered, however, is substantially that prescribed by the Punjab Universityfrom 1950.

I have tried to consult the best available sources of information in respect of thevarious subjects dealt within the book. I take this opportunity to acknowledge myindebtedness to the great masters from whom I have borrowed so profusely. I also expressmy respectful feelings of gratitude to my teachers, Principal G.D. Sondhi, I.E.S. (Retd.),Dr. C.J. Chacko, now Principal, Saint Andrew’s College, Gorakhpur, Dr. J.N. Khosala,sometime Head of the Department of Political Science, Punjab University, now a memberof the Indian Foreign Service, and Principal Sri Ram Sharma, D.A.V. College, Shoplapur,who inspired me with zeal for the study of Political Science, and always gave me theirunflinching support, guidance and encouragement. My grateful thanks are due to ProfessorDinanath Kak of my college for his indefatigable and ungrudging assistance in readingthe manuscript of the book and for offering many valuable suggestions. In fact, the bookowes many improvements in expression to him.

My wife, as in case of almost everything which I have ever published, has helpedme in reading the proofs.

KAPURTHALA AuthorApril 15, 1950

(v)

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

CONTENTSPART–I

THE NATURE AND ORIGIN OF THE STATEChapters Pages

1. Nature and Scope of Political Science 3–502. Modern Politics 51–713. The Nature of the State 72–984. Origin of the State 99–1265. Origin of the State (Contd.) 127–1396. The Evolution of the State 140–1497. Nationalism 150–1728. Sovereignty 173–2079. Relation between the Individual and the State—Rights and Duties 208–252

10. Liberty and Equality 253–27011. Relation between the Individual and the State (Contd.) 271–28612. Relations between States 287–336

PART–IITHE ORGANISATION OF THE STATE

13. Forms of Government 339–37214. Forms of Government (Contd.) 373–40815. Parliamentary, Presidential and Totalitarian Patterns 409–44016. Separation of Powers 441–45417. The Framework of Government—Constitution 455–47818. The Electorate and Representation 479–51019. The Legislature 511–53920. The Executive 540–56321. Consultative and Advisory Bodies 564–57522. The Judiciary 576–59823. The Party System 599–63024. Public Opinion 631–64725. Local Government 648–65726. The Finances of the State 658–666

(vii)

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

PART–IIITHE FUNCTIONS OF THE STATE

27. The Limits of Political Control 669–68728. Theories of the Sphere of State Activity 688–72729. Theories of the Sphere of State Activity (Contd.) 728–75330. Theories of the Sphere of State Activity (Contd.) 754–79731. Gandhian Way of Life 798–826

Index 827–832

(viii)

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

P A R T - I

T h e N a tu r e a n d O r ig ino f th e S ta te

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

3

Nature of Political Science. Aristotle tells us a simple truth when he says, “He who isunable to live in society, or who has no need because he is sufficient for himself, mustbe either a beast or god.” It means that man is a social animal. He is born in society andlives in society. This is obviously for two reasons. Man is a very gregarious animal. Heis easily affected by sympathy and the desire for sympathy. He prefers company tosolitude. He admires and imitates others, and he likes to be admired and imitated. Thesesocial impulses aside, necessity also compels man to live a social life. No man is self-sufficient, and nature has not created one. His needs are many and purposes numerous.For the satisfaction of his diverse needs and the fulfilment of his various purposes, hemust associate with his fellows and seek their cooperation. Such is the testimony ofhistory. Here and there an individual or a family has subsisted apart from the rest of thehuman race, but that is an exception rather than a rule. The general rule is that men live,and always have lived, in social groups.

If man is social by nature, he is selfish and quarrelsome too. This aspect of the natureof man, and the instinct of living together and cooperating with one another requireadjustment of behaviour according to some accepted rules. These rules prescribe a courseof conduct based upon men’s need for one another. The first and the most important ruleof social conduct is: “To do unto others as you would have others do unto you.” It means,that I should provide for others the same conditions of life as I wish for myself. If I wishto grow and prosper, I owe it to others that they, too, should have the same conditionsof life as I wish for myself. When I allow others what I wish for myself, I recognise myobligations to others, while establishing my claims on others. Realization of this fact isa way of regulating human conduct. But all conduct in society must conform to certainset rules of common behaviour. The rules governing a society may be few or many. Theycan range from a few primitive traditions, handed down orally, from one generation toanother, or to the whole complex set of constitutional and governmental regulationswhich we associate with the modern State.

A prerequisite of such a society is that it must be properly organised. An unorganisedsociety is more a mob than a society and the mob is subject to no restraint. An organisedsociety must also be territorially settled. People do not develop a community of interestsunless they live a settled life occupying a definite territory distinct from other communities

Nature andScope of Political Science

C H A P T E R1

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

4 PRINCIPLES OF POLITICAL SCIENCE

similarly organised. Mutual adjustment and cooperation, a life to share common weal andwoe, is the sine qua non of a common life on a common land. Then, an organised societyrequires the presence of some individuals to enforce rules of universal application foruniform behaviour and ensure their observance. In the absence of such an agency, thereis neither cohesion nor unity of purposes for which men had organised themselves andsettled down territorially.

The society, thus organised, is called the State, rules which determine social conductare the laws of the State and the individuals who enforce the laws and see that they areequally observed by all constitute its government. The subject that deals with man inrelation to the State and its government is called Political Science. Political Science maybe defined, in its simplest form, as the study of man in the process of governing himself.

Is man a political animal ? An elementary starting point for all political theory,therefore, is the existential fact that members of the human species live together, whatevermay be the elements of instinct, habit, necessity or choice that induce people to formsocieties. If man is a social animal, is he then necessarily a political animal? Aristotlesaid he is, and it has remained a generally accepted truth until recently. But opinion nowveers round the belief that man is neither instinctively nor by learning necessarily apolitical animal. Adherents of this point of view, who are now many, particularly in theUnited States of America, admit that few people ever live outside the State. They alsoadmit that the advantages of living together far outweigh the disadvantages. “Nonetheless,though human beings must and do live in political systems and share the benefits ofpolitical life, they do not necessarily participate in political life; they are not necessarilyinterested in politics, nor do they always care what happens in politics; nor know muchabout political events, or share in making decisions.”1 In fact, in most States “the politicalstratum is a minority of the adult population. Moreover, those who are highly interested,concerned, informed, and active are an even smaller minority, within the political stratum.”2

Political systems, they argue, are developed simply because human beings are social andas they cannot live together without entering into relationships of influence, consequently,“Whenever these relationships become stable and repetitive, political systems exist.”3

But this is exactly not so. The practice of politics is necessarily as old as societyitself. It is born when men began to speculate about the rules of conduct by which theyshould be governed and matured with the succeeding generations when they began to askwhether these rules by which their ancestors were governed ought to be accepted, orought to have been accepted in the past, why some societies choose different rules fromothers, whether it is possible to discover general rules of conduct which could or shouldbe applicable to all societies. In answering these questions they go into the basic questionsof purposes for which human societies exist and their relation to the purposes of humanlife itself. It is obviously a quest for a just and happy life for men assembled togetherin a territorially integrated society and, as such, the best form of relationship manifestedin their governance that can ensure such a life. This quest has been incessantly going on

1. Dahl, Robert A., Modern Political Analysis, pp. 59-60.2. Ibid, p. 60.3. Ibid, p. 56.

Created with Print2PDF. To remove this line, buy a license at: http://www.software602.com/

Principles of Political Science

Publisher : SChand Publications ISBN : 9788121902762Author : Dr Anup ChandKapur

Type the URL : http://www.kopykitab.com/product/5359

Get this eBook

10%OFF