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General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
PrinciplesPrinciples of of VeterinaryVeterinaryRadiologyRadiology
PrinciplesPrinciples of of VeterinaryVeterinaryRadiologyRadiology
Attila ARANYAttila ARANY --TÓTHTÓTHAttila ARANYAttila ARANY --TÓTHTÓTH
websitewebsite: : www.kisallatsebeszet.huwww.kisallatsebeszet.huwebsitewebsite: : www.kisallatsebeszet.huwww.kisallatsebeszet.hu
US: US: surgerysurgeryPW: PW: studentstudentUS: US: surgerysurgeryPW: PW: studentstudent 3
RadiologyRadiology:: thethe diagnosticdiagnostic and and therapeuticaltherapeuticaluseuse of of ionisingionising radiationradiation inin thethe medicinemedicine
>>>>radiologistradiologist
RadiographRadiograph:: thethe photographicphotographic ((staticstatic) image) image
RadiographyRadiography:: toto produceproduce and and interpretinterpret thetheradiographradiograph
FluoroscopyFluoroscopy:: toto produceproduce and and interpretinterpretdinamicdinamic radiographicradiographic image image
RadiologyRadiology:: thethe diagnosticdiagnostic and and therapeuticaltherapeuticaluseuse of of ionisingionising radiationradiation inin thethe medicinemedicine
>>>>radiologistradiologist
RadiographRadiograph:: thethe photographicphotographic ((staticstatic) image) image
RadiographyRadiography:: toto produceproduce and and interpretinterpret thetheradiographradiograph
FluoroscopyFluoroscopy:: toto produceproduce and and interpretinterpretdinamicdinamic radiographicradiographic image image
Definition
Wilhelm KonradWilhelm Konrad RöntgenRöntgen 1895 1895
cathode ray tube fluorescent plate
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
cathode ray tube fluorescent plate cathode ray tube fluorescent plate
cathode ray tube photopaper
••1895 1895 discoverydiscovery of of thethe xx--rayray
••1896 1896 thousandsthousands of of xx--rayray booksbooks
••1901 Nobel 1901 Nobel PrizePrize
••1895 1895 discoverydiscovery of of thethe xx--rayray
••1896 1896 thousandsthousands of of xx--rayray booksbooks
••1901 Nobel 1901 Nobel PrizePrize
I. What is x-ray?I. What is x-ray?
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
visible lightvisible light
photonphoton
1. wavelenght (l)2. frequency (γ)1. wavelenght (l)2. frequency (γ)
γ * l = cγ * l = c1020 1018 1016 1014 1012 1010 108 106 104
gamma
x-rays
UV
visible
light
infrared
micro-
waves
U
S
W
radioradio
longwaves
10-12 m 10-9 m 10-6 m 10-2 m 1m 103 m
frequency
wavelenght
1022
The spectrum of the electromagnetic radiationThe spectrum of the electromagnetic radiation
E
II. Production of x-raysII. Production of x-rayscathode
cloud of electrons
mA
kV
s
anode
99% heat,light
1% X-ray
The Anatomy of the XThe Anatomy of the X--ray Machineray MachineThe Anatomy of the XThe Anatomy of the X--ray Machineray Machine
control panel image receptor
x-ray tubegenerator
collimator
FluoroscopyFluoroscopyFluoroscopyFluoroscopy
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
Digital Digital radiographyradiographyDigital Digital radiographyradiography
(CR- computed radiography)
Indirect digital radiography
reader
cassette
PSP plate
(DR- digital radiography)
Direct digital radiography
flat panel
III. The characteristics of xIII. The characteristics of x--rayrayIII. The characteristics of xIII. The characteristics of x--rayray
1. invisible1. invisible
2. travels 2. travels
-- at the speed of light, at the speed of light,
-- in a straight linein a straight line
-- from given focal spotfrom given focal spot
-- to every direction of the space to every direction of the space
3. a magnetic field cannot deflect its direction3. a magnetic field cannot deflect its direction
4. can penetrate the matters, while its intensity 4. can penetrate the matters, while its intensity decreases and will be scattereddecreases and will be scattered
1. invisible1. invisible
2. travels 2. travels
-- at the speed of light, at the speed of light,
-- in a straight linein a straight line
-- from given focal spotfrom given focal spot
-- to every direction of the space to every direction of the space
3. a magnetic field cannot deflect its direction3. a magnetic field cannot deflect its direction
4. can penetrate the matters, while its intensity 4. can penetrate the matters, while its intensity decreases and will be scattereddecreases and will be scattered
IV. The effects of xIV. The effects of x--ray ray
(interaction with the matter)(interaction with the matter)
IV. The effects of xIV. The effects of x--ray ray
(interaction with the matter)(interaction with the matter)
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
The effects of xThe effects of x--rayrayThe effects of xThe effects of x--rayray
x-ray beamx-ray beam
bodybody
absorption = interactionabsorption = interaction
xx--ray beam + ray beam + material material = = interactioninteractionxx--ray beam + ray beam + material material = = interactioninteraction
biologicalbiological tissuetissue = = tissuetissue damagedamage
photoemulsionphotoemulsion == photochemicalphotochemical changechange
((e.ge.g radiographyradiography))
phosphourphosphour = = fluorescentfluorescent effecteffectcompoundscompounds ((e.ge.g. . intensifyingintensifying screenscreen,,
fluoroscopyfluoroscopy))
biologicalbiological tissuetissue = = tissuetissue damagedamage
photoemulsionphotoemulsion == photochemicalphotochemical changechange
((e.ge.g radiographyradiography))
phosphourphosphour = = fluorescentfluorescent effecteffectcompoundscompounds ((e.ge.g. . intensifyingintensifying screenscreen,,
fluoroscopyfluoroscopy))
The The effectseffects of of xx--rayray
The radiographic imageThe radiographic imageThe radiographic imageThe radiographic image
x-ray
x-ray
X-rayX-ray
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
The degree of the absorption depends on:
- thickness
- physical density
- atomic number
of the object.
The degree of the absorption depends on:
- thickness
- physical density
- atomic number
of the object.
Differential absorption→contrast
(different shades of grey)
Differential absorption→contrast
(different shades of grey)Human eye:
5% difference in density
(20-25 shades of gray)
Human eye:
5% difference in density
(20-25 shades of gray)
RadiographicRadiographic
opacities:opacities:
RadiographicRadiographic
opacities:opacities:
METAL/STONEMETAL/STONE
BONEBONEBONEBONE
FLUID/
SOFT TISSUE
FLUID/
SOFT TISSUE
FATFATFATFAT
GASGAS
The radiograph is The radiograph is a a negative photographic negative photographic image:image:
exposed areas: blackexposed areas: black
RADIOLUCENTRADIOLUCENT
unexposed areas: whiteunexposed areas: white
RADIOPAQUERADIOPAQUE
The radiograph is The radiograph is a a negative photographic negative photographic image:image:
exposed areas: blackexposed areas: black
RADIOLUCENTRADIOLUCENT
unexposed areas: whiteunexposed areas: white
RADIOPAQUERADIOPAQUE
Radiograph is a two dimensional Radiograph is a two dimensional image of a threeimage of a three--dimensional objectdimensional objectRadiograph is a two dimensional Radiograph is a two dimensional
image of a threeimage of a three--dimensional objectdimensional object
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
A radiographic image is alwaysA radiographic image is alwaysA radiographic image is alwaysA radiographic image is always
1.1. distorteddistorted
2.2. enlargedenlarged
3.3. unsharpunsharp
1.1. distorteddistorted
2.2. enlargedenlarged
3.3. unsharpunsharp
1. Distorsion1. Distorsion1. Distorsion1. Distorsion
2. Enlargment2. Enlargment2. Enlargment2. Enlargment
Film -object distance Film -focus distance
3. Image detail3. Image detail
1. Geometrical1. Geometrical
-- focal spot sizefocal spot size
-- focusfocus--film distancefilm distance
-- objectobject--film distancefilm distance
2. Motion (respiratory, voluntary etc.)2. Motion (respiratory, voluntary etc.)
3. Film speed, screen, grid3. Film speed, screen, grid
1. Geometrical1. Geometrical
-- focal spot sizefocal spot size
-- focusfocus--film distancefilm distance
-- objectobject--film distancefilm distance
2. Motion (respiratory, voluntary etc.)2. Motion (respiratory, voluntary etc.)
3. Film speed, screen, grid3. Film speed, screen, grid
SummationSummation
cassettecassette
filmfilmintensifying screenintensifying screen
intensifying screenintensifying screenspongespongespongesponge
gridgridgridgrid
TThe he aanatomynatomy of the of the
conventional conventional ffilmilm--ccassetteassette
TThe he aanatomynatomy of the of the
conventional conventional ffilmilm--ccassetteassette
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
penetratepenetratepenetratepenetrate
absorbedabsorbedabsorbedabsorbed
scatteredscattered
The xThe x--ray can (be)ray can (be)The xThe x--ray can (be)ray can (be)Scattered (secondary) radiationScattered (secondary) radiationScattered (secondary) radiationScattered (secondary) radiation••SecondarySecondarySecondarySecondarySecondarySecondarySecondarySecondary beambeambeambeambeambeambeambeam ::::::::-------- changedchangedchangedchangedchangedchangedchangedchanged directiondirectiondirectiondirectiondirectiondirectiondirectiondirection
-------- decreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreased intensityintensityintensityintensityintensityintensityintensityintensity
••DoesDoesDoesDoesDoesDoesDoesDoes notnotnotnotnotnotnotnot taketaketaketaketaketaketaketake part part part part part part part part inininininininin image image image image image image image image formationformationformationformationformationformationformationformation
••ProducesProducesProducesProducesProducesProducesProducesProduces „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” onononononononon filmfilmfilmfilmfilmfilmfilmfilm
••IncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreases thethethethethethethethe radiationradiationradiationradiationradiationradiationradiationradiation riskriskriskriskriskriskriskrisk forforforforforforforfor thethethethethethethethepersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnel
••SecondarySecondarySecondarySecondarySecondarySecondarySecondarySecondary beambeambeambeambeambeambeambeam ::::::::-------- changedchangedchangedchangedchangedchangedchangedchanged directiondirectiondirectiondirectiondirectiondirectiondirectiondirection
-------- decreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreaseddecreased intensityintensityintensityintensityintensityintensityintensityintensity
••DoesDoesDoesDoesDoesDoesDoesDoes notnotnotnotnotnotnotnot taketaketaketaketaketaketaketake part part part part part part part part inininininininin image image image image image image image image formationformationformationformationformationformationformationformation
••ProducesProducesProducesProducesProducesProducesProducesProduces „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” „fog” onononononononon filmfilmfilmfilmfilmfilmfilmfilm
••IncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreasesIncreases thethethethethethethethe radiationradiationradiationradiationradiationradiationradiationradiation riskriskriskriskriskriskriskrisk forforforforforforforfor thethethethethethethethepersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnelpersonnel
GridGrid(Lysholm )(Lysholm )GridGrid(Lysholm )(Lysholm )
GridGrid((LysholmLysholm ))GridGrid((LysholmLysholm ))
•• objects more than 10 cm objects more than 10 cm
•• higher higher kV/kV/mAsmAs valuesvalues areare requiredrequired!!
GridGridGridGrid
parallelparallelparallelparallel focused focused focused focused
GridGridGridGrid
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
pseudofocused pseudofocused pseudofocused pseudofocused
GridGridGridGrid
•• ConvertsConverts thethe xx--rayray toto visiblevisible lightlight
• Reduces the amount of x-ray
IntensifyingIntensifying screenscreenIntensifyingIntensifying screenscreen
Radiographic film is much more
sensitive to light then to x-ray
Intensifying screen
x -r ay beam
scr een
f i lm
x -r ay beam
scr een
f i lm
Intensifying screenIntensifying screen
Cristal Cristal sizesize
SpeedSpeed Image Image sharpnesssharpness
FactorFactor XX--ray ray neededneeded
slowslow
mediummedium
fastfast
2525
12001200
IntensifyingIntensifying screenscreen
•• CaWoCaWo screensscreens:: blueblue lightlight
•• fromfrom 19801980-- rarerare earthearth screenscreen ::
–– blueblue oror greengreen
–– more more efficientefficient intensifyingintensifying
•• CaWoCaWo screensscreens:: blueblue lightlight
•• fromfrom 19801980-- rarerare earthearth screenscreen ::
–– blueblue oror greengreen
–– more more efficientefficient intensifyingintensifying
Film ProcessingFilm ProcessingFilm ProcessingFilm Processing
General Radiology 07/02/2014
Arany-Toth Attila
Film ProcessingFilm ProcessingFilm ProcessingFilm Processing
FilmFilm Latent ImageLatent Image Visible ImageVisible ImageFilmFilm Latent ImageLatent Image Visible ImageVisible Image
EXPOSUREEXPOSURE PROCESSINGPROCESSING
X-ray,
light
AgBr exposed Agphysical changephysical change chemical changechemical change
metalic Agmetalic Ag
DEVELOPINGDEVELOPING FIXATIONFIXATIONFIXATIONFIXATIONEXPOSIT IONEXPOSIT IONEXPOSIT IONEXPOSIT ION
•• The The unchangedunchanged AgBrAgBr is is dissolvabledissolvable ; here ; here thethe film film becomesbecomestransparenttransparent
•• The The unchangedunchanged AgBrAgBr is is dissolvabledissolvable ; here ; here thethe film film becomesbecomestransparenttransparent
Steps of film processing:
1. Developing
(2. Rinsing or stop bath)
3. Fixing
4. Washing
5. Drying
Steps of film processing:
1. Developing
(2. Rinsing or stop bath)
3. Fixing
4. Washing
5. Drying